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Academic literature on the topic 'Aérosols – Méditerranée (région)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aérosols – Méditerranée (région)"
Coquillat, Sylvain, Véronique Pont, Mickaël Pardé, Michaël Kreitz, Dominique Lambert, Ronan Houel, Didier Ricard, Eric Gonneau, Pierre de Guibert, and Serge Prieur. "Découverte d'une anomalie électrique dans des orages méditerranéens." La Météorologie, no. 120 (2023): 046. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2023-0016.
Full textNabat, Pierre, Samuel Somot, and Marc Mallet. "Les aérosols, composants essentiels du système climatique régional : illustrations pour le climat méditerranéen (prix Prud'homme 2015)." La Météorologie 8, no. 94 (2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/60701.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Aérosols – Méditerranée (région)"
Chrit, Mounir. "Formation des aérosols organiques et inorganiques en Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1027/document.
Full textThis work aims at understanding the origins and processes leading to the formation of organic aerosols (OA) and inorganic aerosols (IA) over the western Mediterranean Sea during different seasons, using the air-quality model Polyphemus. In the framework of ChArMEx (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment), measurements of both aerosol concentrations and properties are performed at a remote site (Ersa) on Corsica Island in the northwestern Mediterranean sea in the summers 2012, 2013 and the winter 2014. This thesis also benefits from measurements performed during flights above the western Mediterranean Sea in the summer 2014. The model is evaluated during these periods, and different processes/parameterizations are added or modified in order to have good model-to-measurements comparisons, not only of aerosol concentrations but also of their properties. Origins of aerosols are assessed through different sensitivity studies to the meteorological model, anthropogenic emissions inventory, sea-salt emissions and different input models. The contribution of marine emissions to inorganic aerosols (IA) is important, and the parameterization of sea-salt emissions is chosen such as having good comparisons to sodium measurements, which is a non-volatile compound emitted mainly by sea salts. Marine organic aerosols (OA), which are added to the model with a parameterization that uses the chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy parameter to model the marine chemistry, contribute to OA by only 2% at the maximum. The ground-based and airborne model-to-measurements comparisons show the importance of an accurate description of shipping emissions to model sulfate and OA concentrations. However, this is not true for nitrate and ammonium concentrations, which are very dependent on the hypotheses used in the model for condensation/evaporation (thermodynamic equilibrium, mixing state).During the summers 2012 and 2013, OA concentrations are mostly of biogenic origin, which is well reproduced by the model. Measurements show important concentrations of highly oxidized and oxygenated OA. For the model to reproduce not only the concentrations but also the oxidation and hydrophilicity properties of OA, three processes to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from monoterpenes are added to the model : the autoxidation process leading to the formation of extremely low volatility organic compounds, the organic nitrate formation mechanism and the second generational ageing. The high oxidation and oxygenation states of OA at Ersa are well modeled when organosulfate formation is also assumed. Winter simulations show that OA are mainly of anthropogenic origin. The influence of the anthropogenic intermediate/semi-volatile organic compound (ISVOC) emissions, which are missing from emission inventories, is low in summer. Nonetheless, the role and the contribution of ISVOC appear very significant during the winter, with a large contribution from residential heating. Different parameterizations to represent the emissions and the ageing of IS-VOC are implemented in the model, namely the volatility distribution of emissions, single-step vs multi-step oxidation scheme and non-traditional volatile organic compounds (NTVOC) chemistry. Sensitivity studies show that the volatility distribution at the emission is a key parameter to improve the modeling of OA concentrations. The model reproduces well the observed concentrations, but the observed organic oxidation and oxygenation states are strongly under-estimated, stressing the potential role of autoxidation and organic nitrate from anthropogenic precursors
Da, silva Nicolas. "Autour des relations température-précipitations dans la région Euro-Méditerranéenne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX069/document.
Full textThe study of the water cycle is of crucial importance for all societies and more particularly for those around the Mediterranean which suffer both from droughts in summer and floods due to extreme precipitation events occurring in the autumn and in winter. Temperature is one of the main factors that govern the maximum intensity of precipitation through the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relationship. This law expresses the maximum amount of water vapor that the atmosphere can contain at a given temperature. Using regional climate simulations and observations, we have shown that the temperature-precipitation extremes relationships of the Mediterranean basin have a hooked shape with an increase in extreme precipitation near CC at low temperatures and then a smaller increase (or even a decrease) at higher temperatures. Aerosols, which are present in large quantities around the Mediterranean, absorb and reflect part of the radiation, helping to cool the lower layers of the atmosphere. By their action on the surface temperature, aerosols reduce precipitation. The study of numerical simulations also shows a modification of the temperature-precipitation relationship by aerosols (their effect on clouds) in the Euro-Mediterranean region. In addition to the lowering the available water vapor content, aerosols stabilize the atmosphere by further cooling the lower layers of the atmosphere relatively to the upper layers. The temperature-precipitation relationship of a given climate is often studied in order to predict precipitation trends in a warmer future climate. However, this extrapolation assumes that the relationship between temperature and precipitation does not change between the present climate and the future climate, a hypothesis which proves to be fragile when looking at the sensitivity of this relationship to the aerosol content of the atmosphere, but also in view of the change in the availability of water vapor in a future climate. In this thesis, we have shown that for several coastal stations, projections in the future of several regional climate models suggest that extreme precipitation should increase in proportion to the temperature increases according to CC law. A phenomenon that we have not been able to observe for more isolated areas from the sea and where the influx of water vapor would be reduced
Drugé, Thomas. "Contribution des aérosols aux scénarios climatiques en Méditerranée pour le XXIème siècle à l'échelle régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30328.
Full textThe Euro-Mediterranean region is subject to high aerosol loads of various origins and with high spatial and temporal variability. The climate of this region will be impacted by their direct effect on radiation but also by their semi-direct and indirect effects on clouds and atmospheric dynamics. This thesis work, which is part of the Med-CORDEX and ChArMEx research programmes, will address through regional climate modelling the question of the direct radiative effect of the various aerosols over the historical period, their evolution between the period 1971-2000 and the period 2021-2050 as well as the sensitivity of the future climate of this region to these aerosols. In order to take into account as fully as possible anthropogenic aerosols in the ALADIN-Climat regional climate model, used throughout this thesis work, a new simplified aerosol module to represent nitrate and ammonium particles has been implemented in its interactive aerosol scheme TACTIC. A set of simulations, taking into account or not nitrate and ammonium particles, were carried out over the period 1979-2016. The results showed the significant impact of these atmospheric particles on the Euro-Mediterranean climate with a contribution of 40% to the total AOD (at 550 nm) and a direct radiative forcing higher than that of sulphate and organic carbon particles from 2005. Over a longer period of time and using different scenarios, results show a decrease of total AOD of 35% over Europe between 1971-2000 and 2021-2050. This is mainly due to the decrease of the sulphate aerosols AOD, partly offset by the increase of nitrates. Nitrate particles will also have the highest total AOD contribution over Europe, of 45%, during the future period. This evolution of the various aerosols will impact their direct radiative forcing, with a significant decrease in that exerted by sulphate particles and an increase in that of nitrate and ammonium aerosols. These changes, which are robust under the different scenarios, explain on an annual average about 6% of the expected global warming over Europe between the two periods, mainly due to aerosols-radiation interactions but also to a change in cloud albedo (first indirect effect) and atmospheric dynamics over this region
Mbemba, Kabuiku Lydie. "Contribution des observations ChArMEx en Méditerranée à l’analyse des produits avancés aérosols POLDER-3/PARASOL." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC290.
Full textBy scattering and absorbing solar and terrestrial radiations, and by modifying the properties of clouds, atmospheric aerosols have a direct and indirect radiative forcing on the climate that is still difficult to estimate and to predict. These considerations apply to the Mediterranean basin, one of the major climatic hot-spot of the globe, where there are high concentrations of aerosols from various natural (marine aerosols, Saharan dust) and anthropogenic (industry, transport, intentional fires) sources. In this context, satellite observations are essential to describe the spatial distribution and long-term temporal evolution of aerosol concentrations and properties, and to determine their impacts. In particular, POLDER-3 / PARASOL spatial instrument (2005-2013) is a polarized, multi-spectral/directional sensor that allows access to different optical properties of aerosols, especially over oceans, with a distinction between fine and coarse spherical / non-spherical aerosol components. In this framework, my thesis focused on the thorough validation of aerosol products measured by POLDER (notably the aerosol optical depth of the coarse spherical/non-spherical fractions not evaluated at the time of this work), with remote sensing and in situ observations of optical and physic-chemical properties obtained from ChArMEx project in the Mediterranean basin (summers 2012-2013) to assess their potential to characterize and quantify aerosols in this region. Thanks to this validation, it is possible to map and to analyze aerosol spatial and temporal distribution with a distinction on their size and their shape
Mbemba, Kabuiku Lydie. "Contribution des observations ChArMEx en Méditerranée à l’analyse des produits avancés aérosols POLDER-3/PARASOL." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC290/document.
Full textBy scattering and absorbing solar and terrestrial radiations, and by modifying the properties of clouds, atmospheric aerosols have a direct and indirect radiative forcing on the climate that is still difficult to estimate and to predict. These considerations apply to the Mediterranean basin, one of the major climatic hot-spot of the globe, where there are high concentrations of aerosols from various natural (marine aerosols, Saharan dust) and anthropogenic (industry, transport, intentional fires) sources. In this context, satellite observations are essential to describe the spatial distribution and long-term temporal evolution of aerosol concentrations and properties, and to determine their impacts. In particular, POLDER-3 / PARASOL spatial instrument (2005-2013) is a polarized, multi-spectral/directional sensor that allows access to different optical properties of aerosols, especially over oceans, with a distinction between fine and coarse spherical / non-spherical aerosol components. In this framework, my thesis focused on the thorough validation of aerosol products measured by POLDER (notably the aerosol optical depth of the coarse spherical/non-spherical fractions not evaluated at the time of this work), with remote sensing and in situ observations of optical and physic-chemical properties obtained from ChArMEx project in the Mediterranean basin (summers 2012-2013) to assess their potential to characterize and quantify aerosols in this region. Thanks to this validation, it is possible to map and to analyze aerosol spatial and temporal distribution with a distinction on their size and their shape
Guth, Jonathan. "Modélisation des aérosols à l'aide du modèle de chimie transport MOCAGE : application à la qualité de l'air dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30354/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis are to establish a budget of the atmospheric aerosols on the Mediterranean basin and to characterize air quality over this region based on long term exposition indicators. Based on simulations made with the chemical transport model MOCAGE (Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle), the first part of this work is devoted to the development of a secondary inorganic aerosols module. This module was validated at different scales using a large variety of types of data. The MOCAGE model has then been used to simulate the chemical composition on the Mediterranean basin over the year 2013. We were able to show that the Mediterranean area is an export zone for aerosols. We also studied the impact of marine and coastal anthropogenic emissions on the aerosol budget and the air quality in the basin
Tsamalis, Christoforos. "Variabilité de la distribution verticale de l'ozone et des aérosols troposphériques en région méditerranéenne : processus de transport et impacts radiatifs." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00528796.
Full textDebevec, Cécile. "Identification des déterminants de la concentration en polluants organiques gazeux dans le bassin méditerranéen Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10138/document.
Full textVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (OA). In the Mediterranean region, particulate and gaseous concentrations are usually higher than in most continental European regions especially during summertime. However, air pollution in this region remains difficult to characterize because of a lack of atmospheric measurements. This thesis provides a better understanding of the sources and fate of VOCs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. During the intensive field campaign held in March 2015 at a background site of Cyprus, real-time measurements of a large number of VOCs have been performed, allowing the evaluation of their concentration levels in ambient air, improving the understanding of their major sources in the area, and describing their variabilities and their potential origins. A factorial analysis (PMF) showed that the local biogenic sources and the regional background were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations observed at this site. Benefiting from real-time OA measurements, a parallel between organic aerosol and gas phase composition was conducted. Biogenic VOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds can influence formation and growth of newly particles, inducing a reinforcement of secondary OA fraction. Finally, on-line measurements of primary VOCs were performed from January 2015 to February 2016 to provide a better characterization of the seasonal variation in VOCs and their sources impacting the Eastern Mediterranean region
Cholakian, Arineh. "Evolution de la composition chimique de l’atmosphère au-dessus du bassin Méditerranéen : forçages, mécanismes et scénarios." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=5441&f=39753.
Full textSubject to numerous anthropogenic (gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollution burden) and natural (desert dust events ...) forcings, but also heavily populated on its shores, the Mediterranean is recognized as a region particularly sensitive to the evolution of atmospheric pollutants and climate change. Today, the assessment of the future composition of the atmosphere in the Mediterranean is a major environmental and health issue. In particular, the simulation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the western basin remains little discussed in the literature, particularly because of the complexity of the subject. The ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol MEditerranean Experiment) intensive campaign, which aims to scientifically evaluate the current and future state of the Mediterranean atmospheric environment, has given us the opportunity to improve our understanding of the organic fraction as well as total aerosols over the Mediterranean, using a 3D modeling approach. As a first step, different simulation schemes of organic aerosols (OA) taking into account the evolution of the semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere (functionalization versus fragmentation), as well as the formation of the non-volatile SOA, have been implemented in the CHIMERE model. The comparison of these schemes with the measurements make it possible to highlight the main sources of OA formation in the western basin of the Mediterranean and to define the configuration of the most appropriate scheme for the simulation of this aerosol. We found that the scheme that takes into account the non-volatile SOA fragmentation and formation processes fits best to the mass cocnentration, oxidation state, and origin of the OA measured in the ChArMEx project, especially in Cap Corse and Mallorca. Subsequently, we utilized the CHIMERE model in order to present a detailed look at the future conditions of the Mediterranean basin. Future scenarios proposing different intensities for climate change have been investigated. In particular, the isolated effects of different drivers (regional climate, anthropogenic emissions and long-distance transport) have been identified, and the share of each in the evolution of the composition of the atmosphere for the main components of particulate matter has been estimated. In order to quantify the effect of the change of the scheme used for the simulation of the OA on future scenarios, 15 years of historic simulations and 15 years of future simulations were performed with three different OA simulation schemes. The results show that the percentage change in biogenic SOA can be underestimated by a factor of 2 in a simple scheme for the simulation of the SOA, compared to a scheme taking into account the functionalization, fragmentation and formation of non-volatile SOA. In order to bring a more regional perspective on the Mediterranean coasts, 5 years of simulations have been carried out on the PACA region on the south-eastern coasts of France, in order to study the exposure of the population to atmospheric pollutants, as well as the combined impact of demographic evolution (population change) and future atmospheric scenarios on this exposure in two case studies at the 2030 and 2050 horizons. The results show that the individual exposure as well as the cumulative exposure of the population decreases for most atmospheric compounds. On the other hand, the risk associated with the exposure of the entire population to ozone, biogenic SOA and desert dust could increase over large parts of the region, particularly in urban areas with high levels of population growth
Rea, Géraldine. "Impact des feux de végétation sur la pollution particulaire en région Euro-Méditerranéenne et en Australie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066558/document.
Full textTo determine the health and climatic impacts of aerosols, the quantification of their precise concentrations, their chemical composition and their size distribution is needed. Among the several aerosols emitted from anthropogenic and natural activities, fire emissions and their transport are still a concern. This work aims to improve the characterization of these fires, to allow a better representation in models. To cover different types of fires, the study focuses on case studies in the Euro-Mediterranean region and in Australia. First, the information needed to compute fire emission fluxes is analyzed: the burnt area and injection heights are quantified using satellite observations. MODIS observations shows that the burnt area in Europe is mainly composed, on average, of cropland (70%), whereas savannah and shrubland fires are preponderant in Australia (50% and 40%). However, strong spatial heterogeneities are noticed, with by example forest fires representing 13% of the total observed burned area in Portugal and 65% in South-West of Australia. Using MISR and CALIOP observations of plume heights, it is shown that injection heights are mainly concentrated near the surface and at about 2000 m of altitude for the two regions. The highest differences are noticed above 4000 m, with 4,6-6,4% of emissions in Europe and 8,9-11% in Australia