Academic literature on the topic 'Aerosols Australia, Northern'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aerosols Australia, Northern"
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Yang, Xingchuan, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yikun Yang, and Hao Fan. "Long-term multi-source data analysis about the characteristics of aerosol optical properties and types over Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 3803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3803-2021.
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Abstract. The spatiotemporal distributions of aerosol optical properties and major aerosol types, along with the vertical distribution of major aerosol types over Australia, are investigated based on multi-year Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at nine sites, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), and back-trajectory analysis from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT). During the observation period from 2001–2020, the annual aerosol optical depth (AOD) at most sites showed increasing trends (0.002–0.029 yr−1), except for that at three sites, Canberra, Jabiru, and Lake Argyle, which showed decreasing trends (−0.004 to −0.014 yr−1). In contrast, the annual Ångström exponent (AE) showed decreasing tendencies at most sites (−0.045 to −0.005 yr−1). The results showed strong seasonal variations in AOD, with high values in the austral spring and summer and relatively low values in the austral fall and winter, and weak seasonal variations in AE, with the highest mean values in the austral spring at most sites. Monthly average AOD increases from August to December or the following January and decreases during March–July. Spatially, the MODIS AOD showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high values appearing over the Australian tropical savanna regions, Lake Eyre Basin, and southeastern regions of Australia, while low values appeared over the arid regions in western Australia. MERRA-2 showed that carbonaceous aerosol over northern Australia, dust over central Australia, sulfate over densely populated northwestern and southeastern Australia, and sea salt over Australian coastal regions are the major types of atmospheric aerosols. The nine ground-based AERONET sites over Australia showed that the mixed type of aerosols (biomass burning and dust) is dominant in all seasons. Moreover, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) showed that polluted dust is the dominant aerosol type detected at heights 0.5–5 km over the Australian continent during all seasons. The results suggested that Australian aerosol has similar source characteristics due to the regional transport over Australia, especially for biomass burning and dust aerosols. However, the dust-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent over central Australia, while the biomass-burning-prone characteristic of aerosol is more prominent in northern Australia.
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Milic, Andelija, Marc D. Mallet, Luke T. Cravigan, Joel Alroe, Zoran D. Ristovski, Paul Selleck, Sarah J. Lawson, et al. "Biomass burning and biogenic aerosols in northern Australia during the SAFIRED campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 6 (March 23, 2017): 3945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3945-2017.
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Abstract. There is a lack of knowledge of how biomass burning aerosols in the tropics age, including those in the fire-prone Northern Territory in Australia. This paper reports chemical characterization of fresh and aged aerosols monitored during the 1-month-long SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) field study, with an emphasis on the chemical signature and aging of organic aerosols. The campaign took place in June 2014 during the early dry season when the surface measurement site, the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS), located in the Northern Territory, was heavily influenced by thousands of wild and prescribed bushfires. ATARS was equipped with a wide suite of instrumentation for gaseous and aerosol characterization. A compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to monitor aerosol chemical composition. Approximately 90 % of submicron non-refractory mass was composed of organic material. Ozone enhancement in biomass burning plumes indicated increased air mass photochemistry. The diversity in biomass burning emissions was illustrated through variability in chemical signature (e.g. wide range in f44, from 0.06 to 0.18) for five intense fire events. The background particulate loading was characterized using positive matrix factorization (PMF). A PMF-resolved BBOA (biomass burning organic aerosol) factor comprised 24 % of the submicron non-refractory organic aerosol mass, confirming the significance of fire sources. A dominant PMF factor, OOA (oxygenated organic aerosol), made up 47 % of the sampled aerosol, illustrating the importance of aerosol aging in the Northern Territory. Biogenic isoprene-derived organic aerosol factor was the third significant fraction of the background aerosol (28 %).
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Yang, Xingchuan, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yikun Yang, Xing Yan, and Hao Fan. "Statistical aerosol properties associated with fire events from 2002 to 2019 and a case analysis in 2019 over Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 3833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3833-2021.
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Abstract. Wildfires are an important contributor to atmospheric aerosols in Australia and could significantly affect the regional and even global climate. This study investigates the impact of fire events on aerosol properties along with the long-range transport of biomass-burning aerosol over Australia using multi-year measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) at 10 sites over Australia, a satellite dataset derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), reanalysis data from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), and back-trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The fire count, fire radiative power (FRP), and aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed distinct and consistent interannual variations, with high values during September–February (biomass-burning period, BB period) and low values during March–August (non-biomass-burning period, non-BB period) every year. Strong correlation (0.62) was found between FRP and AOD over Australia. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between AOD and fire count was much higher (0.63–0.85) during October–January than other months (−0.08 to 0.47). Characteristics of Australian aerosols showed pronounced differences between the BB period and non-BB period. AOD values significantly increased and fine-mode aerosol dominated during the BB period, especially in northern and southeastern Australia. Carbonaceous aerosol was the main contributor to total aerosols during the BB period, especially in September–December when carbonaceous aerosol contributed the most (30.08 %–42.91 %). Aerosol size distributions showed a bimodal character, with both fine and coarse aerosol particles generally increasing during the BB period. The megafires during the BB period of 2019/2020 further demonstrated the significant impact of wildfires on aerosol properties, such as the extreme increase in AOD for most of southeastern Australia, the dominance of fine particle aerosols, and the significant increase in carbonaceous and dust aerosols in southeastern and central Australia, respectively. Moreover, smoke was found to be the dominant aerosol type detected at heights from 2.5 to 12 km in southeastern Australia in December 2019 and at heights from roughly 6.2 to 12 km in January 2020. In contrast, dust was detected more frequently at heights from 2 to 5 km in November 2019 and January and February 2020. A case study emphasized that the transport of biomass-burning aerosols from wildfire plumes in eastern and southern Australia significantly impacted the aerosol loading, aerosol particle size, and aerosol type of central Australia.
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Shi, Ge, Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan, Joachim Ribbe, Leon Rotstayn, and Martin Dix. "Variability and Trend of North West Australia Rainfall: Observations and Coupled Climate Modeling." Journal of Climate 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2008): 2938–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1908.1.
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Abstract Since 1950, there has been an increase in rainfall over North West Australia (NWA), occurring mainly during the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer season. A recent study using twentieth-century multimember ensemble simulations in a global climate model forced with and without increasing anthropogenic aerosols suggests that the rainfall increase is attributable to increasing Northern Hemisphere aerosols. The present study investigates the dynamics of the observed trend toward increased rainfall and compares the observed trend with that generated in the model forced with increasing aerosols. It is found that the observed positive trend in rainfall is projected onto two modes of variability. The first mode is associated with an anomalously low mean sea level pressure (MSLP) off NWA instigated by the enhanced sea surface temperature (SST) gradients toward the coast. The associated cyclonic flows bring high-moisture air to northern Australia, leading to an increase in rainfall. The second mode is associated with an anomalously high MSLP over much of the Australian continent; the anticyclonic circulation pattern, over northern Australia, determines that when rainfall is anomalously high, west of 130°E, rainfall is anomalously low east of this longitude. The sum of the upward trends in these two modes compares well to the observed increasing trend pattern. The modeled rainfall trend, however, is generated by a different process. The model suffers from an equatorial cold-tongue bias: the tongue of anomalies associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation extends too far west into the eastern Indian Ocean. Consequently, there is an unrealistic relationship in the SH summer between Australian rainfall and eastern Indian Ocean SST: the rise in SST is associated with increasing rainfall over NWA. In the presence of increasing aerosols, a significant SST increase occurs in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. As a result, the modeled rainfall increase in the presence of aerosol forcing is accounted for by these unrealistic relationships. It is not clear whether, in a model without such defects, the observed trend can be generated by increasing aerosols. Thus, the impact of aerosols on Australian rainfall remains an open question.
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Mallet, Marc D., Maximilien J. Desservettaz, Branka Miljevic, Andelija Milic, Zoran D. Ristovski, Joel Alroe, Luke T. Cravigan, et al. "Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 22 (November 17, 2017): 13681–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13681-2017.
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Abstract. The SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) campaign took place from 29 May until 30 June 2014 at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The purpose of this campaign was to investigate emissions from fires in the early dry season in northern Australia. Measurements were made of biomass burning aerosols, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic carbons, greenhouse gases, radon, speciated atmospheric mercury and trace metals. Aspects of the biomass burning aerosol emissions investigated included; emission factors of various species, physical and chemical aerosol properties, aerosol aging, micronutrient supply to the ocean, nucleation, and aerosol water uptake. Over the course of the month-long campaign, biomass burning signals were prevalent and emissions from several large single burning events were observed at ATARS.Biomass burning emissions dominated the gas and aerosol concentrations in this region. Dry season fires are extremely frequent and widespread across the northern region of Australia, which suggests that the measured aerosol and gaseous emissions at ATARS are likely representative of signals across the entire region of north Australia. Air mass forward trajectories show that these biomass burning emissions are carried north-west over the Timor Sea and could influence the atmosphere over Indonesia and the tropical atmosphere over the Indian Ocean. Here we present characteristics of the biomass burning observed at the sampling site and provide an overview of the more specific outcomes of the SAFIRED campaign.
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Winton, V. Holly L., Ross Edwards, Andrew R. Bowie, Melita Keywood, Alistair G. Williams, Scott D. Chambers, Paul W. Selleck, Maximilien Desservettaz, Marc D. Mallet, and Clare Paton-Walsh. "Dry season aerosol iron solubility in tropical northern Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 14, 2016): 12829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12829-2016.
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Abstract. Marine nitrogen fixation is co-limited by the supply of iron (Fe) and phosphorus in large regions of the global ocean. The deposition of soluble aerosol Fe can initiate nitrogen fixation and trigger toxic algal blooms in nitrate-poor tropical waters. We present dry season soluble Fe data from the Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season (SAFIRED) campaign in northern Australia that reflects coincident dust and biomass burning sources of soluble aerosol Fe. The mean soluble and total aerosol Fe concentrations were 40 and 500 ng m−3 respectively. Our results show that while biomass burning species may not be a direct source of soluble Fe, biomass burning may substantially enhance the solubility of mineral dust. We observed fractional Fe solubility up to 12 % in mixed aerosols. Thus, Fe in dust may be more soluble in the tropics compared to higher latitudes due to higher concentrations of biomass-burning-derived reactive organic species in the atmosphere. In addition, biomass-burning-derived particles can act as a surface for aerosol Fe to bind during atmospheric transport and subsequently be released to the ocean upon deposition. As the aerosol loading is dominated by biomass burning emissions over the tropical waters in the dry season, additions of biomass-burning-derived soluble Fe could have harmful consequences for initiating nitrogen-fixing toxic algal blooms. Future research is required to quantify biomass-burning-derived particle sources of soluble Fe over tropical waters.
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Kanniah, Kasturi Devi, Jason Beringer, Nigel J. Tapper, and Chuck N. Long. "Aerosols and their influence on radiation partitioning and savanna productivity in northern Australia." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 100, no. 3-4 (August 23, 2009): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0192-z.
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Mitchell, Ross M., Bruce W. Forgan, and Susan K. Campbell. "The Climatology of Australian Aerosol." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (April 20, 2017): 5131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5131-2017.
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Abstract. Airborne particles or aerosols have long been recognised for their major contribution to uncertainty in climate change. In addition, aerosol amounts must be known for accurate atmospheric correction of remotely sensed images, and are required to accurately gauge the available solar resource. However, despite great advances in surface networks and satellite retrievals over recent years, long-term continental-scale aerosol data sets are lacking. Here we present an aerosol assessment over Australia based on combined sun photometer measurements from the Bureau of Meteorology Radiation Network and CSIRO/AeroSpan. The measurements are continental in coverage, comprising 22 stations, and generally decadal in timescale, totalling 207 station-years. Monthly climatologies are given at all stations. Spectral decomposition shows that the time series can be represented as a weighted sum of sinusoids with periods of 12, 6 and 4 months, corresponding to the annual cycle and its second and third harmonics. Their relative amplitudes and phase relationships lead to sawtooth-like waveforms sharply rising to an austral spring peak, with a slower decline often including a secondary peak during the summer. The amplitude and phase of these periodic components show significant regional change across the continent. Fits based on this harmonic analysis are used to separate the periodic and episodic components of the aerosol time series. An exploratory classification of the aerosol types is undertaken based on (a) the relative periodic amplitudes of the Ångström exponent and aerosol optical depth, (b) the relative amplitudes of the 6- and 4-month harmonic components of the aerosol optical depth, and (c) the ratio of episodic to periodic variation in aerosol optical depth. It is shown that Australian aerosol can be broadly grouped into three classes: tropical, arid and temperate. Statistically significant decadal trends are found at 4 of the 22 stations. Despite the apparently small associated declining trends in mid-visible aerosol optical depth of between 0.001 and 0.002 per year, these trends are much larger than those projected to occur due to declining emissions of anthropogenic aerosols from the Northern Hemisphere. There is remarkable long-range coherence in the aerosol cycle across the continent, suggesting broadly similar source characteristics, including a possible role for intercontinental transport of biomass burning aerosol.
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Lin, Zhongda, and Yun Li. "Remote Influence of the Tropical Atlantic on the Variability and Trend in North West Australia Summer Rainfall." Journal of Climate 25, no. 7 (March 28, 2012): 2408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00020.1.
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Abstract Rainfall in North West Australia (NWA) has been increasing over the past decades, occurring mainly in the austral summer season (December–March). A range of factors such as decreased land albedo in Australia and increasing anthropogenic aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere, identified using simulations from climate models, have been implicated in this wetting trend. However, the impact of land albedo and aerosols on Australian rainfall remains unclear. In addition, previous studies showed that dominant sea surface temperature (SST) signals in the Pacific–Indian Ocean including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), ENSO Modoki, and the Indian Ocean dipole mode have no significant impact on the NWA rainfall trend. The present study proposes another viewpoint on the remote influence of tropical Atlantic atmospheric vertical motion on the observed rainfall variability and trend in NWA. It is found that, with the atmospheric ascent instigated by the warming of SST over the tropical Atlantic, a Rossby wave train is emanating southeastward from off the west coast of subtropical South America to the midlatitudes of the South Atlantic Ocean. It then travels eastward embedded in the westerly jet waveguide over the South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans. The eastward-propagated Rossby wave induces an anticyclonic anomaly in the upper troposphere over Australia, which is at the exit of the westerly jet waveguide. This leads to an in situ upper-tropospheric divergence, ascending motion and a lower-tropospheric convergence, and the associated increase in rainfall in NWA. Thus, the increasing trend in atmospheric upward motion induced by the warming trend of SST in the tropical Atlantic may partially explain the observed rainfall trend in NWA.
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Nguyen, Hiep Duc, Matt Riley, John Leys, and David Salter. "Dust Storm Event of February 2019 in Central and East Coast of Australia and Evidence of Long-Range Transport to New Zealand and Antarctica." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110653.
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Between 11 and 15 February 2019, a dust storm originating in Central Australia with persistent westerly and south westerly winds caused high particle concentrations at many sites in the state of New South Wales (NSW); both inland and along the coast. The dust continued to be transported to New Zealand and to Antarctica in the south east. This study uses observed data and the WRF-Chem Weather Research Forecast model based on GOCART-AFWA (Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport–Air Force and Weather Agency) dust scheme and GOCART aerosol and gas-phase MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers) chemistry model to study the long-range transport of aerosols for the period 11 to 15 February 2019 across eastern Australia and onto New Zealand and Antarctica. Wildfires also happened in northern NSW at the same time, and their emissions are taken into account in the WRF-Chem model by using the Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN) as the emission input. Modelling results using the WRF-Chem model show that for the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, peak concentration of PM10 (and PM2.5) as measured on 14 February 2019 at 05:00 UTC at the monitoring stations of Geraldine, Ashburton, Timaru and Woolston (Christchurch), and about 2 h later at Rangiora and Kaiapoi, correspond to the prediction of high PM10 due to the intrusion of dust to ground level from the transported dust layer above. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) observation data from MODIS 3 km Terra/Aqua and CALIOP LiDAR measurements on board CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite also indicate that high-altitude dust ranging from 2 km to 6 km, originating from this dust storm event in Australia, was located above Antarctica. This study suggests that the present dust storms in Australia can transport dust from sources in Central Australia to the Tasman sea, New Zealand and Antarctica.