Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aérosols atmosphériques – Réactivité (chimie)'
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Fotsing, Kwetche Césaire Rostand. "Modélisation à l’échelle moléculaire de la réactivité des aérosols atmosphériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR058.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the molecular level understanding of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. The objective is to set up an hybrid classical/quantum methodology to treat the heterogeneous chemical mechanisms occurring at the surface of model aerosols attacked by various reactive species, either radicals (Cl, OH or RO2 peroxyl) or saturated (oxygen, ozone). Firstly, the quantum approach used to treat the reactivity between chlorine and a carboxylic acid molecule (valeric acid) or fatty acid (palmitic acid) has been validated in the gas phase. These calculations made it possible, on the one hand, to highlight the spontaneity of the abstraction of the hydrogen atoms of the acid by the chlorine radical and, on the other hand, the increase of the reaction rate constant as the chain of the acid molecule gets longer. In the second part dedicated to the simulation of a model submicrometer aerosol, we have built an aggregate of palmitic acid using classical molecular dynamics and analysed its structural and energetic properties. Then, addition of water molecules leads to the formation of water islands at the surface of the aggregate. Finally, we studied the heterogeneous reactivity at the surface of the aerosol by dividing the system into two regions treated differently (QM/MM approach, Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics). We have identified a sample of hydrogen atoms at the surface of the aggregate that can be captured by chlorine and calculated for each of them the reaction rate constant within the QM/MM scheme. We have finally been able to determine for the first time a theoretical value of the reactive uptake coefficient, which can be in principle compared to experimental data
Fotsing, Kwetche Césaire Rostand. "Modélisation à l’échelle moléculaire de la réactivité des aérosols atmosphériques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R058/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the molecular level understanding of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. The objective is to set up an hybrid classical/quantum methodology to treat the heterogeneous chemical mechanisms occurring at the surface of model aerosols attacked by various reactive species, either radicals (Cl, OH or RO2 peroxyl) or saturated (oxygen, ozone). Firstly, the quantum approach used to treat the reactivity between chlorine and a carboxylic acid molecule (valeric acid) or fatty acid (palmitic acid) has been validated in the gas phase. These calculations made it possible, on the one hand, to highlight the spontaneity of the abstraction of the hydrogen atoms of the acid by the chlorine radical and, on the other hand, the increase of the reaction rate constant as the chain of the acid molecule gets longer. In the second part dedicated to the simulation of a model submicrometer aerosol, we have built an aggregate of palmitic acid using classical molecular dynamics and analysed its structural and energetic properties. Then, addition of water molecules leads to the formation of water islands at the surface of the aggregate. Finally, we studied the heterogeneous reactivity at the surface of the aerosol by dividing the system into two regions treated differently (QM/MM approach, Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics). We have identified a sample of hydrogen atoms at the surface of the aggregate that can be captured by chlorine and calculated for each of them the reaction rate constant within the QM/MM scheme. We have finally been able to determine for the first time a theoretical value of the reactive uptake coefficient, which can be in principle compared to experimental data
Dubois, Clément. "Impact de la réactivité multiphasique sur la composition et les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’aérosol atmosphérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYO10223.
Full textUltrafine atmospheric aerosols are among the most abundant in the atmosphere. Their implications on the climate and air quality are proven. The various IPCC reports however, have shown that current knowledge is still insufficient to quantify with precision the impact of aerosols on the climate. These uncertainties come from the complexity of atmospheric aerosols and their importance in cloud formation. Indeed, the formation and evolution of these one in the atmosphere lead to changes their size, chemical composition, morphology, and therefore could have major repercussions on their physicochemical properties. Initially, this thesis work focused on the impact of chemical reactions on the physico-chemical properties of light scattering aerosols. Thus, the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfated particles has been shown to reduce the backscattered intensity of the aerosols formed. In a second step, the work carried out during this thesis aimed to study the implication of the pressure on the chemistry in the condensed phase of ultrafine aerosols, in particular due to the Young-Laplace pressure which can be important for ultrafine aerosols (d < 100 nm). This thesis work started with the development and optimization of an experimental system to study chemical reactions at high pressure. It was thus demonstrated that the photodegradation reactions (here, for vanillin) could be greatly modified at high pressures comparable to those of ultrafine particles. All the results of this thesis work made it possible to highlight the entanglement of multiphase chemical processes on the physico-chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols
Houjeij, Hanaa. "Etude expérimentale des réactions de capture/désorption des iodes gazeux (I2, CH3I) sur des aérosols environnementaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0172.
Full textGaseous iodine I131 mainly under I2 or CH3I forms, when released into the atmosphere during a severe nuclear power plant accident may affect both human health and environment. The atmospheric dispersion models of iodine do not take into account the potential reactivity of iodine with atmospheric gas or particles species. However, the modification of the chemical speciation and/or the physical form of iodine compounds is not without consequences on the transport of iodine in the atmosphere and its health effects. Within the framework of improving the atmospheric dispersion tools of radioactive iodine, this work aims to contribute to the actual state of knowledge of atmospheric iodine chemistry by experimental approaches focusing on understanding the CH3I-aerosols and CH3I-water interaction processes.The interaction between CH3I and water at the molecular scale has been investigated using cryogenic matrix experiments supported by theoretical DFT calculations. A large excess of water regarding CH3I was used in order to mimic atmospheric conditions. Dimers and trimers of CH3I are observed despite the high water amount in the initial mixture together with mixed aggregates between CH3I and water polymers. This may be explained by the low affinity of CH3I with water. This result highlights that, in the atmosphere, gaseous CH3I and H2O will likely form aggregates of water and CH3I polymers instead of (CH3I)m-(H2O)n hetero complexes. Further, the interaction between CH3I and amorphous ice as a model of atmospheric ice have been preliminary investigated. The adsorption of CH3I on amorphous has been observed but with a complete desorption of CH3I above 47 K.Experimental study of interaction processes between gaseous iodine (CH3I) and both dry and wet NaCl as surrogate of sea salt aerosols has been carried out using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transformed Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The DRIFTS spectra of NaCl surface clearly evidenced adsorbed CH3I on the NaCl surface particles. The FTIR spectra revealed new absorption bands that have been not clearly attributed. The adsorption process of CH3I on NaCl is likely a chemisorption since no desorption was observed. We have demonstrated that the adsorption of CH3I on NaCl did not reach saturation even after 5 hours of continuous flow of CH3I. CH3I capture at the NaCl surface presents a 1st order kinetics relative to its gas phase concentration. The uptake coefficients were determined to be in the order of 3 × 10-11, with a global adsorption energy of about -39 kJ.mol− 1. These results show a low probability of CH3I molecules to be captured by NaCl surface. The presence of water on the surface of NaCl seems to have no effect on the interaction between CH3I and NaCl, which is consistent with the low affinity of CH3I for water.The interactions of CH3I with various inorganic and organic powdered solids as models for atmospheric aerosols have been investigated using static reactor coupled with gas chromatography (GC) allowing the monitoring of the gas phase. We have highlighted a weak interaction between CH3I and inorganic and organic aerosols indicating a low affinity of CH3I whatever the aerosol surface composition. We hypothesis that the water content at the aerosol surface is a key parameter. So that, when released in the atmosphere, CH3I will interact very little with the surface of the aerosols and will stay in the gaseous phase. However, although in low content, a part of CH3I is irreversibly adsorbed on the surface of the halide salts that could be considered in the atmospheric iodine model to estimate potential impact
Mendez, Maxence. "Étude expérimentale de la réactivité hétérogène de particules ultrafines d’acides gras et modélisation de la composition chimique des aérosols à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10170/document.
Full textThe intensity of environmental and health impacts of atmospheric aerosol depend on their chemical composition. This composition varies as function of their emission source and transport time in the atmosphere where many chemical and physical transformations occur. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly, to study the initial steps of the atmospheric aging of organic aerosol in laboratory and, secondly, to provide with information on the modelling of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the study of the reactivity of model organic aerosol in an aerosol flow tube for two heterogeneous chemical systems: oleic acid + ozone; palmitic acid + chlorine radical. Chemical analyses in both gas phase and particle phase were performed to quantify the products and determine the chemical mechanisms.In the second part of the thesis, we have built a model to generate anthropogenic pollutant emission data for the chemistry weather forecast with the WRF-Chem model. The chemical speciation of primary aerosol permits us to model the chemical composition of aerosol over the French northern region. The model results have been validated by statistical comparison with data coming from measurements network (ATMO Nord-Pas de Calais) and also measurement campaigns performed with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Zhang, Cuihong. "Étude expérimentale des réactions élémentaires d'importance atmosphérique : la réactivité des radicaux peroxyles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR090.
Full textPeroxy radicals are important intermediates in atmospheric chemical reactions and play an important role in atmospheric radical chain reactions. Kinetics and product information of radicals are key parameters in global atmospheric model simulation, and are of great significance for understanding scientific questions such as atmospheric oxidation capacity, photochemical pollution, and secondary organic aerosol formation. Ethane is one of the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, its oxidation reaction generates the ethyl peroxy radical C2H5O2. However, in the literature there are still insufficient information and inconsistent measurement results in its self- and cross-reaction kinetics. Accurately measuring the rate constant and product branching ratio of C2H5O2 will help to understand the C2H5O2 chemistry in low NOx environments and its contribution to formation of OVOCs and secondary organic aerosol in the atmosphere.Absorption spectroscopy and photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS) have been used to study the kinetics and products of C2H5O2. Based on dual-path cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), the self- and cross- reaction of C2H5O2 radicals have been studied, and the rate constant and branch ratio has been obtained. Based on PIMS, and synchrotron radiation photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (PEPICO), the products were detected
Pouyes, Pauline. "Etude de l'aérosol organique secondaire d'origine biogénique : caractérisation de marqueurs moléculaires et étude de leur réactivité hétérogène d'intérêt atmosphérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0471.
Full textAmong the main environmental issues, secondary atmospheric aerosols, whose emissions cannot be regulated, have been the focus of much attention for several years because of their impact on both climate change and air quality. The aim of this work was to study the main tracers of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced by the oxidation of terpenes emitted by vegetation. Two complementary aspects were studied experimentally both on the field and in laboratory. The first one focused on the chemical characterisation at the molecular scale of atmospheric particles collected during intensive field campaigns in the Landes and Rambouillet forests, using liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, to better understand biosphere-atmosphere interactions. The second part dealt with atmospheric markers in the particulate phase, and more specifically with the limitations of their use as tracers of aerosol sources as well as formation and fate processes, related to heterogeneous (photo-)chemical degradation, which has been very poorly documented to date. Thus, the reactivity at the gas-particle interface of 6 tracers (i.e. terebic, terpenylic, pinonic, pinic, β-caryophyllinic acids and MBTCA) generated from the oxidation of α- and β-pinene as well as β-caryophyllene, was investigated with hydroxyl radicals, ozone or by photodegradation, to determine their atmospheric lifetimes
Riva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l'atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952636.
Full textRiva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d’une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l’atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14942/document.
Full textThis work deals with the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, hydroxyl radical, chlorine and nitrate radical). Among them, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as an important potential source of anthropogenic SOA. The oxidation of 4 main gaseous PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene) in the presence of main atmospheric oxidants has been performed in order to investigate the SOA formation. Characterization of both gas and particulate phases has been carried out using mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy allowing the identification of products in both phases. Then, chemical mechanisms have been proposed in order to explain SOA formation. SOA yields have been also determined to evaluate the impact of the gas phase oxidation of PAHs in SOA formation. Experiments have been carried out using flow tube and atmospheric simulation chambers. SOA fate has been investigated to determine the different oxidation processes involved in SOA aging
Ciuraru, Raluca. "Étude de la réactivité du chlore atomique avec des particules d’aérosol d’intérêt atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10142/document.
Full textThe atmosphere is an oxidizing environment in which the homogeneous phase reactions initiated by radical species (OH in particular) are dominant. Atomic chlorine could be the most important oxidant in the marine boundary layer at dawn when the concentration of OH radicals is low. The atmosphere is loaded with aerosol particles, on the surface of which reactive collisions can occur at the gas / solid or gas / liquid interfaces. It is therefore important to take into account the basic mechanisms of heterogeneous chemistry for a better description of atmospheric chemical and physical processes. The objective of this thesis is to study the reactivity between chlorine atoms and particles representative of sea salts (NaCl and synthetic sea salts). Measurements have also been carried out with ammonium sulfate and nitrate particles, the major components in the secondary particles formed by the condensation of gaseous species of anthropogenic origin. The principle is to put a gas phase in contact with a solid surface in a coated wall flow tube reactor and microwave discharge coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The contact time between the two phases can be varied inside the reactor. In this work, we have measured the reaction rate and determined the uptake coefficient of these reactions and the possible products formed. Several parameters have been studied: the concentration, the temperature and the presence or absence of surface adsorbed water. The solid surface was analyzed after reaction by advanced microscopy techniques (XPS, TOF SIMS) during this study
Tomaz, Sophie. "Etude des composés polyaromatiques dans l’atmosphère : caractérisation moléculaire et processus réactionnels en lien avec l’aérosol organique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0416/document.
Full textThis PhD work deals with a better characterization, at the molecular level of the organic atmospheric aerosol in relation to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and has been structured using two different but complementary approaches. Field measurements were conducted in Grenoble (France) and concentration levels, seasonal variability and gas/particle partitioning distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) have been investigated for one whole year. This field study allowed to a better understanding of primary vs secondary sources of OPAHs and NPAHs and specific molecular markers related to different sources have been identified. A complementary study was carried out using an atmospheric smog chamber, in order to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, two of the most abundant PAHs in the gas-phase. The formation of organosulfates and sulfonates, from the oxidation of gaseous PAHs, has been highlighted for the first time in this work and these compounds have been proposed as potential SOA markers of PAH photooxidation. UV-Visible absorption of SOA generated during these experiments was investigated and led to the identification of specific molecules responsible for this absorption. A wide chemical characterization of SOA was performed and emphasized its dependence on many experimental factors (nature of seed particles, relative humidity and seed acidity) and allowed to propose some new chemical reaction pathways
Duporte, Geoffroy. "Formation et devenir de l’aérosol organique secondaire : étude expérimentale de formation d’organosulfates à l’interface gaz-particules." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0262/document.
Full textThis work deals with the formation and aging processes of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). More precisely, the objective was to document organosulfate formation, recently identified in ambient aerosol. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as monoterpenes have been recognized as potentially important precursors of organosulfates in the atmosphere. However, organosulfate formation is not yet well understood. Reliable chemical mechanisms can only be accessible when studying individual reactions at the molecular level. In this work, organosulfate formation was studied for the reactions of α-pinene and associated oxidized species (α-pinene oxide, myrtenal, isopinocampheol and pinanediol) with acidified ammonium sulfate particles. On-line quantification of VOCs was carried out using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Identification of products in the particulate phase has been performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Experiments from quasi-static reactor and atmospheric simulation chamber experiments are compared and discussed, allowing to propose chemical mechanisms explaining organosulfate formation for the heterogeneous reactions of interest
Lauraguais, Amélie. "Contribution de la combustion du bois à la qualité de l'air et étude de la réactivité atmosphérique des méthoxyphénols en chambre de simulation." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0364/document.
Full textOne of the objectives of the Grenelle Environment Forum is to increase the quantity of the renewable energy up to 23% in the final energy consumption in France in 2020, to reduce fossil fuel consumption and thus restrict the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The wood-energy represents an alternative to fossil fuel, but it also a source of atmospheric pollutants. It is necessary to determine its potential contribution to the degradation of air quality (indoor and outdoor). During this PhD, my works focused on the study, in simulation chambers, of the atmospheric degradation of compounds emitted by wood combustion : the methoxyphenols. In the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA) of the Universite of Littoral-Côte d’Opale (ULCO), tests were carried out to be sure that the walls of the chamber (in PMMA PolyMethacrylate of Methyl) are not a source of artifacts during its irradiation and chemical reactions with ozone, hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals. The rate coefficient of the reaction of syringol with OH radicals was determinate at (294 ± 2) K and is 9,65 x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹. Then the atmospheric lifetime was calculated : it is about 2 hours during the day. During the oxidation of guaiacol and syringol, we observed the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) with yields ranging from of 0.003 to 0.87 and from 0.10 to 0.36, respectively. Oxidation products study in the gas- and particle- phases for the reaction of guaiacol with OH radicals showed principally the presence of nitroguaiacols in the gas phase, which may be potential wood combustion tracers due to their low atmospheric reactivity. The kinetic studied of NO₃ radicals with guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol and syringol were realized at (294 ± 3) K. They were leaded to rate coefficients in the range of (1,15 – 21,7) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and so associated atmospheric lifetimes about 2 minutes, overnight. At the Bergische Universität Wuppertal (Germany), the reaction of a series of methoxylated aromatic compounds (anisole, 2-methylanisole, guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, syringol and 2,3-dimethoxyphenol) with hydroxyl radicals were studied leading to the following rate coefficients for methoxybenzenes and metoxyphenols, (2,12 -4,64) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and (5,75 -8,10) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, respectively. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes are in the range from 4 to 8 hours and from 2 to 3 hours, for methoxybenzenes and methoxyphenols, respectively. For these compounds, we also determined, the rate coefficients for their reaction with chlorineatoms, which are between (1,07 – 1,20) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxybenzenes, and (2,71 – 4,73) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxyphenols. Thus, their respective atmospheric lifetimes are 46-52 hours and 12-21 hours. This study of tropospheric oxidation of methoxyphenols is to our knowledge the first one. It allows underlining a high reactivity of these compounds during the day and overnight and also their contribution to SOA formation. The wood-energy is thus both a source of primary and secondary aerosols. Its use therefore impacts human health and the environment
Aghnatios, Carole. "Études d'interactions entre le dioxyde d'azote et des particules minérales d'intérêt atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10022/document.
Full textThere is no doubt nowadays that heterogeneous processes of atmospheric chemistry affect significantly the radiation balance and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The goals of our study are the identification of heterogeneous tropospheric reactions and the determination of their kinetic parameters such as the uptake coefficient (y). On one band, the heterogeneous interactions between NO2 and aqueous surfaces (H2O, HNO3, H2SO4, NaCI) were monitored with a wetted wall flow tube reactor coupled to an UV Visible absorption spectrometer. We have measured uptake coefficients in the range of 10-7/10-6 al ambient temperature and for NO2 densities between 1014 and 1016 cm-3. We have observed an enhancement of y as function of the NO2 density. On the other band, the heterogeneous interactions between NO2 and solid minerai surfaces (NaCl and
Abouhaidar, Rawan. "Molecular Scale Modeling of Heterogeneous Reactivity on the Surface of Particles of Atmospheric Interest." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2024/2024ULILR061.pdf.
Full textThe atmosphere is a complex component of the Earth system, comprising various chemical species. Many of these atmospheric compounds are surface-active, with enhanced concentrations at surfaces of aqueous droplets. The partitioning of these compounds between surface and bulk phases can significantly influence heterogeneous chemistry and other properties of aerosol and cloud droplets. Therefore, a molecular-level understanding of the structure of liquid interfaces is essential for unraveling their roles in various chemical processes.Ozonolysis of unsaturated hydrocarbons is particularly important for the atmosphere, as it generates diverse oxygen-containing compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. In this study, we investigate the multiphase ozonolysis reaction of maleic acid in water droplets using classical and quantum theoretical methods (QM/QM') along with Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) simulations to explore the formation of primary ozonide and its subsequent breakdown into Criegee intermediate within a water cluster. Kinetic calculations reveal that water molecules significantly enhance the reaction rate compared to the gas phase, with a larger rate coefficient observed in the bulk phase than at the interface. Additionally, water facilitates hydrogen atom transfer through dynamic loop structures, promoting a collective proton exchange mechanism.Another critical aspect of cloud formation is heterogeneous ice nucleation, which is influenced by the surface properties of aerosol particles, particularly those with chemical groups capable of hydrogen bonding with water. Short-chained alcohols, such as 1-pentanol and 3-hexanol, which readily accumulate at the air-water interface, are of particular interest due to their potential impact on ice nucleation, but their role in freezing processes remains largely underexplored. To address this gap, we utilized Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations combined with topological graph analysis to investigate the onset of alcohol-water surface freezing at temperatures ranging from 283 K to 192 K. Our study analyzed surface tension, solubility, and the integration of alcohols into the 2D hydrogen-bonded network of surface water. The results indicate that 1-pentanol forms more organized, tightly packed surface layers than 3-hexanol, effectively reducing surface tension and enhancing the formation of six-membered hydrogen-bonded rings at lower temperatures. This promotes the formation of ice-like structures, with 1-pentanol being more effective in facilitating freezing, offering insights relevant to cloud formation and climate dynamics.Finally, the multiphase cycling of halogen species in sea spray aerosol particles is linked to the abundance of halide ions at the aqueous air-water interface, which impacts both the Earth's ozone budget and radiative balance. Inspired by liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments, we performed MD simulations to assess the impact of electrostatic interactions between monofunctional surfactants with positive (hexylammonium) and negative headgroups (propylsulfate) on the abundance of bromide and sodium ions at the interface. The MD simulations, which try to mimic experimental conditions, confirm the surface enhancement of interfacial bromide concentration in solutions containing hexylammonium and hexylamine. In contrast, the negatively charged propylsulfate leads to an increased presence of sodium ions at the interface.In conclusion, this thesis combines various theoretical methods and explores surface chemistry at air-water interfaces, providing valuable insights into our understanding of atmospheric processes
Michaud, Vincent. "Etude des propriétés hygroscopiques des aérosols atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724536.
Full textMichaud, Vincent. "Etude des propriétés hygroscopiques des aérosols atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21997.
Full textChiappini, Laura. "Développement d'une technique d'analyse pour l'étude de la composition chimique et des voies de formation de l'aérosol organique secondaire en atmosphère simulée." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077010.
Full textThe atmosphere is a complex System in which gaseous, liquid and particulate phases coexist. Indeed, it contains particle in suspension, either solid or liquid, called aerosols. Atmospheric photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may lead to the formation of particulate matter, also called secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Hence, SOA is nowadays known to play an important role in the radiative balance, linked to climate change. At a local scale, it also reduces visibility and causes health effects. Because these phenomena are associated to SOA chemistry, it is necessary to include it in atmospheric models in order to better assess SOA climate and health impact. This implies to carry out investigations focused on specific precursors and performed in close to real and controlled conditions. Atmospheric simulation chambers are essential tools to achieve this task. Moreover, to elucidate comprehensive mechanism, SOA chemical composition has to be determined at a molecular level. However, no standard technique for SOA analysis exists. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop such a technique based on supercritical fluid extraction directly coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry technique. After the development phase, this technique has been validated by studding SOA formed from a biogenic VOC precursor and used to study SOA formed from three precursors of different origin. In each case, we managed to identify and quantify some SOA components and propose formation pathways. Thus, this work contributes to a better understanding of SOA formation and evolution pathways in the atmosphere and consequently allows to better assess its effects
Guillaume, Bruno. "Les aérosols : émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance, zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30260.
Full textGratpanche, Franck. "Cinétique hétérogène des radicaux OH, OH2 et NO3 sur des matériaux d'aérosols atmosphériques." Lille 1, 1998. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b81eee9b-e38d-4b65-a5eb-5294ebc08c48.
Full textBressi, Michael. "Les aerosols fins en Ile-de-France : chimie, sources et origines géographiques." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0042.
Full textThis PhD thesis aims at documenting the chemical composition, the sources and the geographical origins of fine aerosols in the region of Paris, on an extended spatial and temporal scale. Five sampling sites -urban, suburban and rural- covering the entire region were used to sample PM2. 5 on a daily basis for one year. Major chemical compounds and source tracers were analysed. Statistical tools allowed the sources and the geographical origins of PM2. 5 to be determined, based on their chemical composition and back-trajectories analyses, respectively. Unexpectedly, PM2. 5 levels measured in Paris are amongst the lowest in Europe due to the flat orography of the region favouring the dispersion of pollutants. Aerosol pollution events were primarily due to the import of secondary aerosols -resulting from gas to particle conversion- stemming from Continental Europe. On the other hand, local sources (mainly biomass burning and road transport) only contribute a quarter of PM2. 5 levels on an annual scale
Menegoz, Martin. "Modélisation globale des interactions atmosphère-aérosols." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/700/.
Full textAerosols influence the Earth radiative budget, both scattering and absorbing solar radiation and through their interactions with clouds. Before quantifying the impact of aerosols on climate, it is necessary to evaluate their concentration in the atmosphere. This is the topic of this work. In particular, three aerosols are studied : sulphate, black-carbon and desert dust. Multi-year simulations are analysed over Europe and high latitudes as a first step and at the global scale as a second step. They are compared with observations and with simulations performed by other models. Our model describe the atmospheric concentration of aerosols quite well. Mains sinks and sources are put forward for each aerosol, which allows to identify ways to better simulate their atmospheric distribution
Camredon, Marie. "Développement d'un modèle déterministe pour la formation des aérosols organiques secondaires : application à la sensibilité du système AOS/COV/NOx." Paris 12, 2007. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990004071120204611&vid=upec.
Full textProgressive gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) leads to the formation of a myriad of intermediate species. These secondary organics are more functionalized than their parent compounds, and the numbe of functions typically increases as oxidation preceeds. Highly functionalized species have lower vapour pressures and/or higher polarities, allowing substantial gas/particle partioning, thus leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This organic particulate matter constitutes a large and variable fraction of fine particles (Dp <1 μm). Therefore SOA is suspected to modify significantly physical and chemical aerosol properties, such as mass distribution, acidity, reactivity, hygroscopic and optical properties. . . Despite the impacts of SOA on climate, our current understanding of SOA formation, composition and evolution remains incomplete. We develop in thisstudy an explicit SOA formation model enabling (i) to evaluate our understanding of mechanisms involved in SOA formation, (ii) to explore the sensitivity of SOA production to external parameters and (iii) to serve as a benchmark for the systematic development and testing of simplified chemical mechanisms for use in three-dimensional models. The explicit SOA formation model has been used to explore the evolution of the SOA/VOC/NOx system
Wang, Junnan. "Caractérisation et mise en oeuvre d'une nouvelle Chambre Expérimentale de Simulation Atmosphérique Multiphasique (Projet CESAM)." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077079.
Full textA better understanding for the mechanism of secondary photochemical pollution production and the atmospheric aerosols formation and their future during the transport in the air may greatly improve the estimation of global radiative forcing and the prediction of climate changing of our planate. In the laboratory, an efficient way to study the gas-phase photochemistry and aerosol chemistry is to carry out the experiences under the well controlled conditions as close as possible to the real atmosphere. Today, the big atmospheric simulation reactors have been widely used for atmospheric chemistry studies. In this thesis, we present the design of a new experimental atmospheric simulation chamber for multiphase's chemistry investigation. The main objective of my thesis is to complete and characterise the entire instrumentation and ail basic technical and physic-chemical chamber parameters. To eventually qualify our results, several experiences have been carried out in the chamber by simulating more complex photochemical models, and by simulating secondary organic aerosol formation. The results have shown a capability of studying the reactivity of photochemistry in CESAM chamber by simulating the environment of troposphere and even at a higher altitude till 25 km. The powerful technical equipments and analytical methods allow us as well to carry out the experiences for aerosol chemistry studies: quantification and dynamic observation of secondary organic aerosol produced in the chamber and their evolution of physic-chemical properties during the aging in the atmosphere
Hijazi, Houssam. "Réactivité chimique des aérosols d'iode en conditions accidentelles dans un réacteur nucléaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10098/document.
Full textIf a nuclear severe accident happens to a nuclear power plant, fission products can be released in the environment by some leakages of the nuclear containment building. Among them radioactive iodine is one of the most dangerous species due to its high radiological consequences during the first weeks after the accident, mainly due to 131I isotope. Some iodide aerosols, formed in the reactor coolant system, are expected to reach the containment, typically CsI and AgI, and next can react in moist oxidizing atmosphere resulting from steam/oxygen radiolysis to form gaseous molecular iodine, I2. The aim of this work is to study the reactivity of iodide aerosols, it means understand/identify possible chemical pathways leading to the formation of volatile iodine species. Theoretical study based on density functional theory (DFT) including Van Der Waals corrections were performed to study at the molecular scale the chemical reactivity at the aerosol surfaces. Thermodynamic model was used also to determine the effect of temperature and pressure on the reactivity.The results show that adsorption of water on the CsI and AgI particles is only possible at low temperatures, not representative of severe accident conditions. Several reaction pathways leading to the formation of volatile iodine species (I2, IOH and IH) were explored. These works show that formation of these species requires the oxidation the surface twice. One type of oxidant were tested which is OH°, resulting from steam radiolysis and initially present in the containment after radiolysis of water. The activation energy of I2 formation using OH° oxidants is respectively 1.2 and 1.0 eV for CsI and AgI oxidation processes
Heimburger, Alexie. "Chimie et dépot de l'aérosol minéral en zone océanique australe." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077095.
Full textAtmospheric supplies bringing trace metals are believed to have a significant impact on biogeochemical processes in HNLC oceanic areas. Time series of atmospheric deposition samplesand aerosols were continuously collected in 2009-2010 on Kerguelen and Crozet Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean. We found very low levels of dust concentrations and high total dust deposition fluxes, which are in good agreement with atmospheric models but not with previous observations. Scavenging ratio calculation highlights that surface concentrations are not representative of the total dust column. This leads to the conclusion that deposition flux is difficult to derive from aerosol surface concentrations at remote ocean sites. Deposition fluxes were also presented for a suite of elements identified as coming either from sea-salt and crustal sources. Some of them (Pb, As,. . . ) have an anthropogenic contribution during the winter only. Al, Fe, Mn and Si deposition fluxes are similar for the both locations; we observed differences for the other non-sea-salt elements from a factor of two to a factor of five with a decreasing gradient from Crozet to Kerguelen Islands. Pb isotopic ratios highlight that aerosols on Kerguelen Islands corne predominantly from South America; Crozet Island receives aerosols from South Africa. REE profiles could confirm this behavior. Finally, concentrations in rainwaters are very low and difficult to measure accurately because of possible contamination issues. Deduced solubilities are generally high
Coll, Patrice. "Modélisation expérimentale de l'atmosphère de Titan : production et caractérisations physico-chimiques d'analogues des aérosols et de la phase gazeuse enfin représentatifs." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120057.
Full textFally, Sophie. "Composition, propriétés et comportement des aérosols atmosphériques, des brouillards, des rosées et des pluies en région bruxelloise." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211558.
Full textL'objectif du présent travail est de déterminer la composition chimique, les propriétés et le comportement des particules et des dépôts humides en Région bruxelloise. On a distingué les aérosols atmosphériques, les brouillards, les rosées (ou givres) récoltés à la fois sur les végétaux et sur un collecteur inerte, les pluies et les dépôts totaux (formés des pluies et des dépôts secs accumulés dans l'entonnoir de collecte en l'absence de pluie). Ce vaste objectif a été réalisé grâce à la collecte de nombreux échantillons sur une échelle de temps suffisante en différents endroits de la capitale, et à l'analyse de ces échantillons par des techniques variées et complémentaires (techniques classiques d'analyse d'échantillons liquides telles que spectrométrie d'absorption et d'émission atomique, chromatographie liquide, colorimétrie, ainsi que microscopie électronique et fluorescence des rayons-X). Trois collecteurs (pour le brouillard, la pluie et la rosée) ont été entièrement conçus et réalisés au laboratoire dans le cadre de ce travail. Les éléments suivants sont analysés: NO3, SO4, NH4, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, CI, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb.
Afin de comprendre les causes de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des concentrations, l'influence de paramètres tels que la saison, la direction du vent, et le lieu de prélèvement a été examinée. De plus, dans le cas des pluies et des brouillards, l'étude de l'évolution des concentrations au cours d'un même épisode a permis d'investiguer les processus physico-chimiques qui contrôlent le dépôt humide. Elle a permis d'acquérir une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes d'incorporation des aérosols dans la phase aqueuse et du phénomène de lessivage de l'atmosphère. Tout au long de ce travail, les interactions entre la phase particulaire (aérosols) et les phases liquides (brouillards, rosées, pluies) ont été examinées. Une relation entre les concentrations en éléments dissous et le volume d'eau de l'échantillon a été établie dans le cas des pluies, des rosées et des brouillards. Cette relation traduit un effet de dilution et démontre l'importance du mécanisme de condensation-évaporation des gouttes d'eau. L'importance du phénomène de nucléation des sulfates, nitrates et chlorures d'ammonium constitutifs de la fraction fine de l'aérosol soluble a été démontrée. Ces sels d'ammonium sont formés secondairement par des réactions de conversion gaz-particules. L'abondance des ions ammonium, et l'importance de leur action de neutralisation de l'acidité, constituent une particularité de l'atmosphère bruxelloise.
L'identification des sources de particules et d'éléments en relation avec leurs propriétés chimiques et granulométriques a été réalisée en utilisant divers outils statistiques (corrélations entre éléments, analyse factorielle) et géochimiques (rapports de concentration, facteurs d'enrichissement, granulométrie). Les apports d'origine marine, continentale, biologique et anthropique (trafic, incinération des déchets, processus de combustion) ont ainsi été clairement mis en évidence dans l'aérosol et le brouillard bruxellois.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Nicolas, José. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de l’aérosol troposphérique en Méditerranée : Sources et Devenir." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0074.
Full textThe study of tropospheric aerosols impacts on regional climate and air quality is amongst the objectives of ChArMEx (The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean EXperiment), including the ones of this PhD. This work is based on annual observations of physico-chemical aerosol properties in the western basin, and on two intensive field campaigns dedicated on particulate organic matter in the two basins (Est and West). A new atmospheric station, started in Corsica (France, western basin) in June 2012, showed low background aerosol levels, lower than in the eastern basin. A seasonal variation of aerosol mass concentrations (diameter 1-10 µm) appeared, due to dust, secondary aerosols, and a deficit of rain in summer. An other striking point is the highly and constant oxidation state of organic aerosols in summer in the two basins
Maurin, Nicolas. "Formation et devenir de l'aérosol organique secondaire issu de l'ozonolyse de l'alpha-pinène : étude expérimentale en atmosphère simulée et analyse chimique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077087.
Full textEl, masri Ahmad. "Étude cinétique et mécanistique de la réactivité des composés organophosphorés avec les photooxydants atmosphériques." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS026/document.
Full textThis thesis establishes the mechanism of heterogeneous degradation of chlorpyrifos (CLP) towards OH-radicals and ozone for CLP on quartz plaques and towards ozone for various contaminations of sand with CLP. The kinetic constants of the heterogeneous degradation are determined in a photo-chemical reactor coupled with a GC/MS. The chlorpyriphos-oxon (CLPO) and the trichloropyridinol (TCP) are the degradation products in the heterogeneous phase for different oxidizer and medium. The heterogeneous reactivity of CLPO towards ozone and OH-radicals are also studied. The results show that the OH-radicals constitute the main pathway of heterogeneous degradation of the CLP and that the CLPO is more persistent than the CLP. The CLPO can be transported far from its point of application. The heterogeneous ozonolysis of the CLP on sand shows that the kinetics are dependent of the contamination in CLP with an exponential behavior.The mechanism established from the analysis of products detected in the condensed phase plans the formation of small organophosphate molecules transferred in the gas phase. We studied the reactivity of two volatile organophosphate molecules the O,O,O-triethylphosphate (TEP) and the O,O-diethylethylphosphonate (DEEP) towards OH-radicals and towards the atomic chlorine in gas phase as a function of the temperature. The TEP and the DEEP present rate constants above 10-10 cm3.molecule-1.s-1. These molecules thus quickly degrade in the atmosphere and are source of a local photochemical pollution.Finally, to complete the degradation pattern of the CLP, its gas phase UV spectra is measured and its constant of photolysis is determined to 1,8 10-5 s-1, involving a photolysis life time of around 16 hours
Rossignol, Stéphanie. "Développement d'une méthode de prélèvement simultané et d'analyse chimique des phases gazeuse et particulaire atmosphériques pour une approche multiphasique de l'aérosol organique secondaire." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077208.
Full textAmong the suspended particles in the atmosphere, influencing climate and impacting people's health, the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) is the result of complex reactive processes. The growing knowledge in this area has particularly highlighted the role of multiphase chemistry on its formation and evolution processes. SOA has nevertheless so far been most often experimentally studied from a particulate phase point of view, while the gas phase influence was neglected. In this context, this study aimed at establishing a new analytical methodology for a comprehensive approach of the atmospheric secondary organic matter through an extensive characterization of its chemical composition at the molecular scale and the quantification of semi-volatile compounds partitioning between the gas and the particulate phases. Based on the easy to use thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analytical coupling, the developed method involved simultaneous sampling of both phases and on sampling support derivatisation processes of gas and particulate samples - on sorbent tubes and on-filters respectively - for the detection and the quantification of oxygenated and functionalized secondary organic matter. The implementation of the developed methodology to the limonene ozonolysis study in different environments - simulated atmosphere, real outdoor atmosphere and indoor air - has highlighted its capabilities to explore the secondary organic matter chemical composition, and to quantify gas/particulate partitioning of oxygenated semi-volatile species
Argouges, Odile d'. "Mise en place d'une mesure rapide de la composition chimique de l'aérosol en zone urbaine : étude en mégapoles." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077206.
Full textThe continuous population growth in urban area is accompanied by an increasing number of megacities especially in South East Asia. These urban regions form intense pollution spots with a particular concern for atmospheric particles. To evaluate their impact on climate, environment or human health, studies to document main sources and fast transformations of pollutants are mandatory. This may be obtained by quasi real time measurements of chemical composition. In this context, the present work shows the development and the qualification of a field instrumental package that has been built to retrieve aerosol chemistry on short duration scales. The package is composed of a PILS-IC (Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler) for ion measurement, a thermo- optical analyser for EC and OC (EC-OC Sunset Field Analyzer), a PILS-TOC for water soluble OC measurements and a TEOM-FDMS for artefact free mass measurement. Optimisation and qualification of the instrument package are presented, followed by an evaluation of its potential using results of two field campaigns Paris (June 2007) and Beijing (August 2007) conducted at two different stages of its development. This package now allows PM-2. 5 mass and optical reconstructions on one-hour basis and provides data able to help for source identification (local vs regional, primary vs secondary) and a better understanding of organic aerosol properties (water solubility)
Rimetz, Juliette. "Les aérosols de pollution en zone urbaine et industrielle sous influence marine : physico-chimie des particules." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00282543.
Full textRimetz, Juliette. "Les aérosols de pollution en zone urbaine et industrielle sous influence marine : physico-chimie des particules." Phd thesis, Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-247.pdf.
Full textDrant, Thomas. "Chemistry of rocky exoplanet atmospheres ˸ towards a better understanding of gas and haze observables in the era of JWST." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ023.
Full textIn december 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was launched marking thebeginning of an active decade of research focusing on the characterization of exoplanet atmo-spheres. The first observations of JWST already suggest the detection of simple species (CO2 ,CH4 and H2O) and aerosols in rocky exoplanet atmospheres. These observables hold crucialinformation on the chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere. Their detection and thequantification of their abundances can help constrain important properties of the atmosphere,its origin and the conditions found at the surface. In this thesis, I focus on three types of observ-ables providing different information on rocky exoplanet atmospheres : gaseous photochemicalproducts in habitable worlds, haze extinction partly set by their intrinsic optical properties,and simple volatiles tracing properties of the rocky interior in warm and non-habitable envi-ronments. Using laboratory experiments and modelling, I studied these different observablesto better understand the information they can provide and to improve future interpretationof JWST data. For gas observables in habitable worlds, I assessed the formation of watervapor by photochemistry in the upper atmosphere, above the cloud layer, and its correlationto the presence of volcanic H2 . For warmer rocky exoplanet atmospheres, I used modellingcombining geochemical outgassing, atmospheric chemistry and radiative transfer to assess thecorrelation between the observed relative molecular abundances of volatiles in the atmosphere(e.g. CO2 /CO) and the interior redox state of the planet. To understand the extinction causedby photochemical hazes in exoplanet atmospheres, I focused on the influence of the particle'scomposition by deriving the refractive indices of laboratory analogs. I assessed the impact ofthe optical technique, gas composition and experimental conditions (irradiation, temperature,residence time of the gas) on these refractive indices
Leyssens, Gontrand. "Étude de l'incorporation du benzaldéhyde et de composés phénoliques dans des solutions aqueuses : paramètres thermo-cinétiques et implications atmosphériques." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/830921a1-77df-4227-b1a9-f750dc359b7b.
Full textEn ce qui concerne le benzaldéhyde, la faible valeur du coefficient d'accommodation massique déterminée à 293 K (=2. 10-4) laisse supposer que son incorporation dans les particules d'aérosols aqueux de l'atmosphère est probablement très limitée. Une étude préliminaire a été entreprise pour identifier les produits de réactions qui résulteraient de l'oxydation du p-crésol dissous dans l'eau par le dioxyde d'azote d'une part, et par les radicaux OH d'autre part. Enfin, dans le but de mieux évaluer l'impact potentiel de la chimie multiphasique des COVO étudiés dans ce travail, une étude de deux scénarii par temps de ciel clair et de ciel nuageux a été réalisée pour estimer les durées de vie et les temps caractéristiques des différents processus responsables de leur évolution spatio-temporelle dans la troposphère. Cette étude montre que l'accommodation massique des composés phénoliques étudiés s'avère. être un processus très rapide en regard des durées de vie de ces composés dans la phase gazeuse de la troposphère et que, par conséquent, leur assimilation par les hydrométéores ne devrait pas être limitée par le processus d'accommodation et serait plus rapide en présence de nuages. En modifiant la composition de la tropüsphère,. 1a chimie multiphasique des COVO étudiés pourrait avoir un impact sur sa capacité oxydante
Capouet, Manuel J. F. "Modeling the oxidation of alpha-pinene and the related aerosol formation in laboratory and atmospheric conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210935.
Full textArnold, Maurice. "Géochimie et transport des aérosols métalliques au-dessus de la méditerranée occidentale." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077002.
Full textSocorro, Joanna. "Etude de la réactivité hétérogène de pesticides adsorbés sur des particules modèles atmosphériques : cinétiques et produits de dégradation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4769/document.
Full textPesticides represent a topic which raise an important number of questions. During their application, one fraction of the pesticides is emitted in the atmosphere, an important dissemination vector. In the atmosphere, pesticides are partitioned between different phases. However, due to increased use of semi-volatile pesticides, they are mostly enriched in the atmospheric particulate phase. They are adsorbed on the surface of atmospheric particles and undergo photochemical processes which govern the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere. Currently, the atmospheric fate of pesticides is based only on gas-phase reactivity. In order to properly understand the fate of pesticides and their impact on human health and on the environment, heterogeneous reactivity of 8 pesticides (cyprodinil, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, permethrin and tetraconazole) adsorbed on the surface of silica particles, is evaluated. This work deals with the determination of lifetimes of these 8 pesticides under solar light irradiation, ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), in presence of humidity. With a daily average sunshine, the lifetimes of the pesticides in the particle phase are between ca. 1 day and 68 days. For an average mixing ratio of 40 ppb of O3 and 10^6 cm^-3 of OH radicals, the lifetimes span between 8 and more than 35 days and 24 and more than 54 days, respectively. This study shows that the reactivity in the particle phase is slower than in the gas phase and confirm the necessity to be taken into account. Degradation products are identified and reaction mechanism is proposed bringing to light the formation of compounds more toxic than their precursors
Al, Ajami Mohamad. "Caractérisation et déploiement d'un instrument FAGE pour l'étude des processus d'oxydation atmosphériques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R031/document.
Full textThe hydroxyl radical, OH, the hydroperoxyl radical HO2 (known collectively as HOx) and peroxy radicals RO2, play a key role in the tropospheric chemistry and are intricately related to the chemical cycles that control the concentration of greenhouse gases. Accurate quantification of these three important radicals and investigations on the chemical mechanisms that control their formation and removal in the atmosphere are needed to develop a better understanding of the atmospheric chemistry mechanisms. Different types of instruments have been developed and deployed to quantify HOx radicals in the field such as the FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion). This technique represents direct measurement of OH and indirect measurement of HO2 radicals by adding NO. However, some RO2 radicals can be potential interferences for HO2 measurements. For UL-FAGE, the conversion efficiency of various RO2 species to HO2 has been investigated and it has been shown that variation of NO allows to selectively detect HO2 and double bound RO2. With similar FAGE instruments, field campaigns have been carried out in remote biogenic environments in the last decade. They have highlighted unidentified interferences in these measurements. In our laboratory, we used our FAGE instrument in controlled conditions to investigate the origin of the interference and we have shown that ROOOH, product of radical-radical reactions in the atmosphere may be responsible. Finally, the UL-FAGE in both configurations (quantification and reactivity) was deployed to a field measurement (LANDEX) in forest environment. Part of the campaign was conducted to an intercomparison between UL-FAGE and LSCE-CRM instruments
Choël, Marie. "Analyse quantitative des particules atmosphériques par microscopie électronique à balayage couplée à la spectrométrie d'émission X." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011532.
Full textPiot, Christine. "Polluants atmosphériques organiques particulaires en Rhône-Alpes : caractérisation chimique et sources d'émissions." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284.
Full textFavez, Olivier. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution particulaire dans les mégapoles contrastées." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077007.
Full textThis work aims at characterizing the physics and the chemistry that govern particulate air pollution in two megacities (paris and cairo) for which the size distribution and the chemical composition of airborne particles were poorly documented. Seasonnal variations of the main aerosol sources and transformation processes are investigated in these two urban centers, with a particular attention to semi-volatile material and secondary organic aerosols. Short-term health effects of paris size-segregated aerosols, as well as particulate pollution during the cairo "black cloud" season, are also emphasized. Finally, the comparison of results obtained for these two megacities and for another one (beijing) allows investigating main factors responsible for particulate air pollution in megacities with contrasted climatic conditions and economic situations. Noteworthy, this work also allowed the build-up of an experimental dataset which is now available for the modelling of urban air quality and of environmental impacts of megacity air pollution
Tidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Full textLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Bteich, Sabath. "Caractérisation de précurseurs d’aérosols et leurs hydrates par spectroscopie microonde, infrarouge et calculs de chimie quantique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10169/document.
Full textThe formation of aerosols in the atmosphere follows complex processes. Rotation spectroscopy coupled with quantum chemistry calculations allows laboratory characterization and modeling of the physicochemical properties of gaseous precursors on a molecular scale. The aim of this work is to understand the process of hydration and dimerization. In this context, we first studied the methylglyoxal molecule, which is a precursor of secondary organic aerosols. The centimeter and millimeter rotation spectra were recorded and analyzed. We modeled to the experimental accuracy the large amplitude motion associated to the internal rotation of the methyl group at the ground state. Then, we recorded the spectrum of rotation of the same molecule in the presence of water with a microwave pulse spectrometer coupled to a supersonic jet. Two monohydrates were observed. With the support of structural calculations (performed with ab initio and the functional density method), we determined the position of the microsolvation sites (on the ketone function) and the energy of hydration. We observed and characterized the degradation products (diol and tetrol) as well. The last part of the thesis was devoted to the study of the cyclic dimer of the formic acid. This molecule, abundant in the atmosphere, was studied by the infrared spectroscopy. We recorded six rovibrational bands with high resolution by the Jet-AILES equipment at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The brightness of the radiation made it possible to observe, in particular, the fundamental band 24 in the far infrared. The spectrum revealed the presence of a large amplitude motion associated with the exchange of proton, which makes spectrum analysis very complex. Preliminary and encouraging results were obtained
Guth, Jonathan. "Modélisation des aérosols à l'aide du modèle de chimie transport MOCAGE : application à la qualité de l'air dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30354/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis are to establish a budget of the atmospheric aerosols on the Mediterranean basin and to characterize air quality over this region based on long term exposition indicators. Based on simulations made with the chemical transport model MOCAGE (Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle), the first part of this work is devoted to the development of a secondary inorganic aerosols module. This module was validated at different scales using a large variety of types of data. The MOCAGE model has then been used to simulate the chemical composition on the Mediterranean basin over the year 2013. We were able to show that the Mediterranean area is an export zone for aerosols. We also studied the impact of marine and coastal anthropogenic emissions on the aerosol budget and the air quality in the basin
Barbet, Christelle. "Modélisation régionale de la composition chimique des aérosols prélevés au puy de Dôme (France)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22473/document.
Full textIn the atmosphere, aerosol particles play a key role on both climate change and human health due to their effect on air quality. These particles are made of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic species emitted from several sources. Although the sources and the production mechanisms for inorganic species are now quite well understood, the characterization of the organic fraction is much more difficult to study. Indeed, particulate organic matter comes from primary organic aerosols directly emitted to the atmosphere and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which are formed from gas-to-particle conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Three-dimensional chemistry-transport models are developed to better understand the organic aerosol formation processes. However, these models underestimate the organic aerosol concentrations. The aim of this thesis is to study the transport, the emissions and the chemical transformations involved in the formation of the organic aerosols using the WRF-Chem chemistry-transport model (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry; Grell .et al., 2005). Model outputs are compared to measurements performed at the puy de Dôme station (France) during three campaigns. These measurements allow for characterizing various air masses and different seasonal behaviours (in autumn, winter and summer). The station hosts many probes for controlling meteorological parameters, gas phase species and aerosol properties. In particular, a mass spectrometer (AMS: Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) provides detailed time evolution of the chemical composition and mass concentration of the particulate matter. The comparisons between model results and observations have shown that seasonal variations of the aerosol chemical composition are captured by the WRF-Chem model. However, the organic aerosols mass concentrations are strongly underestimated and this underestimation is more important for the polluted summer case. The calculated origins of air masses are comparable to the results of the lagrangian model HYSPLIT currently used for atmospheric dispersion. The top of the puy de Dôme is observed to be either in the boundary layer or above depending on the season and these observations are correctly reproduced by the WRF-Chem model. As the anthropogenic VOC concentrations are underestimated by WFR-Chem model, sensitivity tests on the anthropogenic VOC emissions and SOA yields, used in the VBS secondary organic aerosols parameterisation, are done to better reproduce the organic aerosol concentrations observed at the puy de Dôme station
Falgayrac, Guillaume. "Physico-chimie de micro particules pour la prévision de la spéciation du plomb, du zinc et du cadmium dans des aérosols de pollution atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00282871.
Full textBteich, Sabath. "Caractérisation de précurseurs d’aérosols et leurs hydrates par spectroscopie microonde, infrarouge et calculs de chimie quantique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10169.
Full textThe formation of aerosols in the atmosphere follows complex processes. Rotation spectroscopy coupled with quantum chemistry calculations allows laboratory characterization and modeling of the physicochemical properties of gaseous precursors on a molecular scale. The aim of this work is to understand the process of hydration and dimerization. In this context, we first studied the methylglyoxal molecule, which is a precursor of secondary organic aerosols. The centimeter and millimeter rotation spectra were recorded and analyzed. We modeled to the experimental accuracy the large amplitude motion associated to the internal rotation of the methyl group at the ground state. Then, we recorded the spectrum of rotation of the same molecule in the presence of water with a microwave pulse spectrometer coupled to a supersonic jet. Two monohydrates were observed. With the support of structural calculations (performed with ab initio and the functional density method), we determined the position of the microsolvation sites (on the ketone function) and the energy of hydration. We observed and characterized the degradation products (diol and tetrol) as well. The last part of the thesis was devoted to the study of the cyclic dimer of the formic acid. This molecule, abundant in the atmosphere, was studied by the infrared spectroscopy. We recorded six rovibrational bands with high resolution by the Jet-AILES equipment at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The brightness of the radiation made it possible to observe, in particular, the fundamental band 24 in the far infrared. The spectrum revealed the presence of a large amplitude motion associated with the exchange of proton, which makes spectrum analysis very complex. Preliminary and encouraging results were obtained