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Academic literature on the topic 'Aérosols atmosphériques – Aspect environnemental'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aérosols atmosphériques – Aspect environnemental"
Abidi, Ehgere. "Sources des aérosols en milieu urbain : cas de la ville de Paris." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4794.
Full textKnowing the sources of airborne fine particulate matter in ambient area became a major concern since their adverse effects on health were. Then, knowing in detail the nature and the sources of the fine particles (PM) is necessary to quantify the relative importance of the emissions on the total PM concentration. In this context, the main objective is to better know the chemical composition and the sources of the organic aerosol. This works is integrated within the MEGAPOLI framework. Two intensive campaigns were led in Paris region in summer and in winter at an urban (LHVP) and a suburban (SIRTA) sites. During the both sampling campaigns, a complete PM2.5 chemical characterization was made. The contributions of the PM2.5 primary sources were calculated by CMB modelling and the results were intercompared with those obtained by the AMS/PMF and the radiocarbon 14C approaches. The CMB analysis showed that in winter, the main contributing sources were primary, dominated by vehicular exhaust and biomass burning. In summer, the PM2.5 ambient concentrations were mainly governed by secondary species. According to the approach based on the secondary organic markers, the traditional biogenic SOA contribution to the PM2.5 mass was. The both CMB and AMS-PMF approaches comparison showed that in winter, the differences were particularly observed for both major organic aerosol sources: biomass burning and vehicular exhaust. In summer, the differences between both approaches were less visible. The comparisons of the CMB modeling approach results with the radiocarbon 14C measurements, a totally independent approach, show a very good agreement between both approaches
Rouspard, Pierre. "Etude phénoménologique du dépôt sec d’aérosols en milieu urbain : Influence des propriétés des surfaces, de la turbulence et des conditions météorologiques." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0007/document.
Full textAerosol dry deposition is not much known for urban areas due to the lack of data. Knowledge on this phenomenon is necessary to understand pollutant fluxes in cities and to estimate inhabitant exposition to ionizing radiation of radioactive aerosols. A data providing could enable to enhance dry deposition models for these areas. An original experimental approach is performed to study submicron aerosol dry deposition on urban surfaces. Wind tunnel coupled to in situ experiments give results to study different physical phenomen on governing dry deposition. Dry deposition velocities are measured using aerosol tracers. These data are associated to turbulent and meteorological measured conditions. This database permits to classify the principal physical phenomenon for each experiment type. Finally, different phenomenon must be considered for chronic and acute exposition of urban surfaces to atmospheric particles
Sylvestre, Alexandre. "Caractérisation de l'aérosol industriel et quantification de sa contribution aux PM2.5 atmosphériques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4714/document.
Full textIn order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area
Calec, Nevenick. "Dépôt sec des aérosols submicroniques sur une surface liquide en mouvement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4770/document.
Full textWhether by chronic or accidental releases, the impact of a nuclear installation on the environment mainly depends on atmospheric transfers; and as the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima show, affect the contamination of surfaces and impacts on the environment and the population. This work focuses on the characterization and modeling of dry deposition of submicronic aerosols on liquid surfaces in motion such as rivers. The evaluation of dry deposition is based on the estimation of flux modeling as the product of particle concentration and deposition velocity. Due to the lack of data on the dry deposition of submicronic aerosols on a liquid surface in motion, the approach was based on two axes: 1) the acquisition of experimental deposition velocities and 2) the analysis and interpretation of results through modeling. The experiments were performed with uranine aerosols released into the IOA-IRPHE wind tunnel. These experiments have given many dry deposition velocities for different configurations characterized according to wind, current, ambient temperature and relative humidity, the liquid surface deformations (measured significant wave height) and size distribution of aerosols released. The modeling part was to adapt the model to resistance. Slinn and Slinn (1980). The main adjustments made by this work have been to take specific account of the different classes of particle size distribution, the spectrum variation as a function of hygroscopicity, and mechanisms of aggregation. It is integrated mechanisms of diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis, respectively produced by the evaporation of water and the temperature gradient at the air-water interface
Zhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Full textAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Delhomme, Olivier. "Etude de la variabilité et de l'évolution de la composition chimique de l'aérosol organique en fonction du lieu et de la période de prélèvement." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13040.
Full textThe purpose of this study is intended to obtain a better knowledge of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in urban areas. The study targets the evaluation of the airborne particulate phase contamination by various families of pollutants compounds, by carrying out seasonal and daily follow-up of their concentration levels. The PM10 particles sampling was carried out simultaneously related to the Besancon, Spicheren and Strasbourg target areas, all conducted by taking air samples on a daily basis, collecting four consecutive batches, each of a duration of six hours along a day. The most of the concentrations levels collected from the Strasbourg area are higher than those observed on the Besancon and Spicheren areas. Seasonal follow-up of the contamination by compounds made it possible to highlight that apart some exceptions, the studied concentrations, are in general higher the winter, than during milder seasons. Generally, regarding the summer period, it appears from the study that the main source of these compounds seems especially related to the automobile traffic. In winter period, this main source is completed by domestic heating, and for the Strasbourg area, by an apparent industrial source by airborne transportation. A source of emission related to the activities of kitchen is also present all over the year, mostly on the Strasbourg area. Last of all, related to the compounds only emitted from the biomass combustion, the contribution from domestic heating using wood in cold season, increases the abundance of the studied compounds
Pierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textMedina, Sylvia. "Pollutions atmosphériques urbaines : études épidémiologiques et impact en Santé Publique." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P602.
Full textAlleman, Laurent. "Apport des isotopes stables du plomb au suivi des traces métalliques en Méditerranée et en Atlantique du Nord." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30026.
Full textRojo, Escude-Cofiner Carolina. "Impact environnemental des aérosols formés dans les panaches d'avions : modélisation et application à l'utilisation de carburants alternatifs." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF047/document.
Full textAircraft emit important amounts of particulate and gaseous matter in the atmosphere contributing on the one hand to local air pollution and on the other hand to the atmospheric radiative forcing and to climate change. Introducing alternative fuels in aviation can be considered as a viable option to reducing the impact of aviation, being economically and environmentally sustainable. These selected biofuels tend to have lower aromatic and sulphur contents inducing a simultaneous reduction in sulphuric acid and soot emissions. However modifying the nature and composition of the fuel used can entail unexpected consequences. It is therefore essential to study and determine the evolution of aerosols in the aircraft plume. To manage this task, a microphysical trajectory box, previously tested with standard kerosene, has been developed. After an assessment concerning the typical emissions from the combustion of biofuels in aviation, simulations have been undertaken in order to predict aerosol evolution. Several microphysical processes have been revised such as droplet homogeneous freezing or the behaviour of organic compounds