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Academic literature on the topic 'Aérosols aqueux'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aérosols aqueux"
Petersen-Sonn, Emma Amalie. "Tropospheric triplet state chemistry in aqueous aerosols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10239.
Full textRecently, triplet states of organic species have gained attention as oxidants that are potentially important in aqueous environments, competing with singlet oxygen and OH radicals. Firstly, the thesis investigates extracts of aerosol samples, from winter and summer time, for their steady-state concentrations and quantum yields of the three main oxidants: triplet states, singlet oxygen, and OH radicals. Our findings show that when considering both steady-state concentrations and second-order rate constants for the oxidants with various classes of organic species, the triplet states will in most cases be the dominant oxidant. The thesis also show preliminary results of a collaborating study that investigates methods for standardizing singlet oxygen quantum yield measurements. The next study of this thesis involved the examination of the mass composition of one of the aerosol samples. This sample was analyzed using high resolution mass spectrometry before and after the sample was irradiated. Main results show that during aging larger species were formed. A proxy, vanillin, was chosen to investigate the degradation pathways of aerosol species, and showed a large number of products after irradiation. The effect of irradiating vanillin at 6 degree C showed an increased amount of species with larger carbon numbers, such as C23 species. The C23 species were attributed to trimers of vanillin. Lastly, the OH radical production from triplet state species were investigated in the aqueous phase. The OH formation from known sources of OH radicals, NO3- and H2O2, were compared to that of vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which were applied for proxies of organic species present in aqueous aerosols (and clouds/fog). A literature study of concentrations of the OH sources in aerosols and cloud/fog was compiled and used in combination with the OH formation rates. From these estimations, it was clear that triplet states could potentially have OH formation rates that are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than NO3- and H2O2. Overall, this thesis provides results that illustrates the importance of triplet states in the aqueous aerosols, and that they may be underestimated as both oxidants for organic species and as sources of OH radicals
Monfort, Marguerite. "Influence du milieu aqueux récepteur sur le devenir de produits de fission dans l'environnement : cas d'aérosols susceptibles d'être émis lors d'un accident grave survenant sur un réacteur à eau pressurisée." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20100.
Full textLiu, Yao. "Etudes des impacts de la réactivité en phase aqueuse atmosphérique sur la formation et le vieillissement des Aérosols Organiques Secondaires sous conditions simulées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10030/document.
Full textThis work focused on the impacts of aqueous phase OH-oxidation of methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone on the SOA formation, and impacts of aqueous phase OH-oxidation on aging of SOA that are formed by isoprene, -pinene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in gas phase. The chemical characterization of aqueous phase was performed by different analytical techniques. The results show the formation of small primary and secondary reaction products that were explained by suitable chemical reaction mechanisms. The formation of oligomers with high molecular mass (compared with their precursors) has also been observed during the OH-oxidation. These oligomers might be low volatile compounds that induce the formation of SOA during water evaporation. Their capacity to form SOA was experimentally demonstrated by nebulizing the aqueous phase solution at different reaction times. The results show that at least a part of oligomers remains in the particle phase during water evaporation, and contributes to the SOA formation. All of these results highlight that aqueous phase reactivity could induce important effects on the formation and aging of atmospheric SOA, which can induce modification of physico-chemical properties of SOA
Ballanger, Félix. "Confinement de la détonation d'un objet explosif par mousse aqueuse sèche. Etude expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0011/document.
Full textIn order to improve the protection of goods and persons, the French CEA DAM is interested in aqueous foams for their ability to mitigate the detonation outcome. Two objectives are put forward. The first one is to attenuate the blast effects induced by the detonation of an explosive device. The second one is to slow down or to capture potentially harmful solid particles, which could be dispersed by the considered device.As such, the aim is to understand the underlying physics of such phenomenon. Several experiments have been undertaken and compared to a multiphase numerical modelling.Aqueous foam is a two-phase medium, composed of gaseous bubbles within a liquid matrix made of films and Plateau Borders. This study focuses on dry aqueous foams, i.e. with a liquid volumic fraction lower than 5%. The presentation of the study is divided into three parts. The first one deals with the shock wave propagation through aqueous foam. An experimental campaign on a shock tube, at ENSTA Bretagne, is presented, whose results highlight the influence of the gas which fills the cells of the foam on the shock front behavior.The second part is related to the blast wave attenuation. Two experimental campaigns were conducted: one in a detonation tube with a reactive gaseous mixture, at ISAE-ENSMA and another one, using condensed explosive, at CEA/Gramat. In both cases, the results lead to the mitigation of the detonation induced blast effects.There is a good agreement between these three experimental results and the numerical results from the multiphase model. This enables us to clarify the phenomenology and quantify the different interphase exchange, which evolve as the foam fragmentation proceeds in two steps.The last part is about the aqueous foam ability to slow down or to capture micrometric particles. Two campaigns were conducted on this subject. The first one studied the high velocity dynamics of a cloud of particles propelled by an explosive into an aqueous foam. Using X-ray radiography, both the position and the shape of the cloud are analysed during its propagation through the foam. A strong decrease in speed of the particles is observed. The second campaign aimed to quantify the particle ratio captured by an aqueous foam confinement. To that end, several sizes of aqueous foam confinement have been compared. The results show the good properties of the foam to inhibit the particle dispersal by an explosive
Renard, Pascal. "Photochimie et oligomérisation des composés organiques biogéniques en phase aqueuse atmosphérique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4748.
Full textAir pollution caused by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is one of the major challenges of this century. We focus this thesis on SOA , through an innovative approach, i.e. multiphase photochemistry.The photochemical reactor allows to simulate in laboratory, the atmospheric aqueous phase oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) and in particular, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and thus, to study SOA.We study the reactivity of MVK in the presence of ●OH and its ability to oligomerize under various initial concentrations of oxygen, MVK and ●OH. A wide analytical strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to identify the reaction products, and establish a chemical mechanism. We focus on these oligomers systems, formation, yield and aging. Collected data are used as inputs to a multiphase box model to explore the sensitivity of oligomerization to the variations of physical and chemical atmospheric parameters. The photochemistry of pyruvic acid generates radical chemistry and initiates MVK oligomerization. We closely compare this reaction to MVK ●OH oxidation. Then, we measure the surface activity of both systems. The ability of oligomers to partition to the interface could affect the climate. Finally, we used ion mobility - mass spectrometry to observe ●OH co-oligomerization of a mixture of organic compounds most representative of the atmosphere.Atmospheric oligomerization implies (i) a minimal concentration of precursors that could be reached in wet aerosol via the co-oligomerization; (ii) a reactivity in competition with the addition of the dissolved oxygen, whose the atmospheric relevance remains to be explored
Salque-Moreton, Guillaume. "Etude d'aérosol atmosphérique par spectrométrie de masse à très haute résolution." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU013/document.
Full textAtmospheric aerosol has an important impact on the radiative balance of Earth. Organics compounds represent the major fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles; a large part is still not well characterized. A detailed understanding of the sources, transformations processes and fates of organics aerosols is needed. This work investigates the ability of the ESI-Orbitrap to characterize organics molecules of aerosol. Firstly, experimental and analytical methods were developed to unveil mechanistic ambiguities that were previously shown. Methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) (the two main gas phase atmospheric oxidation products of isoprene) were known to form oligomers and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) upon aqueous phase OHoxidation and subsequent water evaporation. For the two precursors, ESI-MS analysis of the reacting solutions brought clear evidence for the formation of oligomer systems having a mass range of up to 1400 Da.. Taking advantage of the regularities observed in the oligomer systems, the ESI-HRMS data were used to propose stoichiometries for more than 75% of the observed signal. Moreover, we show here that MACR oligomers aging give rise to HULIS production. In addition, global estimates of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation flux show that current descriptions miss a large fraction of the sources. This gaping underestimation has been linked to a poor understanding of aerosol functionalization in the atmosphere and lead to the formation of a new conceptual framework for the description of the aerosol, based on volatility versus polarity plots. This new framework is almost exclusively based on High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(HR-Tof-AMS) data, as this instrument gives access to average H:C, N:C and O:C ratios for the bulk aerosol. The AMS estimates for O:C and H:C ratios are thus based on heavy fragmentation of organics followed by stoichiometry attribution on those fragments. Given the resolution of the HR-ToF-AMS, such an attribution is not feasible above a certain mass, making fragmentation a necessary aspect of the measurement. Conversely, Orbitrap-HRMS provide a resolution of 100,000 at m/z 400, with a mass range 50 – 2000 amu, enabling stoichiometry retrieval up to higher masses than the AMS. Coupled to a “soft” electrospray ionization method, Orbitrap-HRMS gives O:C and H:C ratios on entire molecules in the analysed mixture. We used samples from three contrasted field campaigns: the two first at an urban kerbside site in summer and in winter, the third one in the roadway vicinity (Grenoble, France). Accelerated Solvent Extraction provides a clear overview of the chemical composition of organic extracts from aerosol particles collected at different season at an urban site. The elemental composition was obtained within 2-5 ppm, on the range 150-300 m/z. However, this study shows that both ionization polarity were needed to get a complete picture of the chemical composition of the samples. We showed that Esi-Orbitrap-HRMS allows to compute a statistical distribution of the elementary ratios that is different from a simple average value. Keywords: HRMS, SOA
Hazotte, Aurélie. "La micro chromatographie liquide à haute température pour l'analyse rapide et hautement discriminante des lipides d'intérêt biologique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA114818.
Full textThe structural complexity of lipids and their lack of chromophores make their separation and their detection difficult in liquid chromatography. The aim of this thesis is the development of an analysis technique which is at the same time discriminating, sensitive, fast and efficient. The micro high-temperature liquid chromatography (µHTLC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) adapted to micro flow rates, was implemented on porous graphitized carbon (PGC). A kinetic study has highlighted the real enhancement of efficiency obtained in µHTLC at elevated temperatures and flow rates. This technique allows to strongly decrease analysis times and to improve peaks shape. A scale of eluotropic strength was established on the basis of methylene selectivity on PGC: increasing emperatures modify the eluotropic strength of organic solvents which allows the use of alcohols solvents, less toxic that those classically used in lipids analysis. An application was realized on complex mixtures of lipids to illustrate the potential of the µHTLC and PGC in separation of these molecular species. In addition, µHTLC was coupled with DEDL, mass spectrometer and aerosol charged detector (CAD), in order to position this latter in term of performance compared to the two others detectors and to study effects of µHTLC on detectors response. Finally, concerning the modulation of the selectivity by temperature, a study was realized based on analysis of triacylglycerols in isotherm and temperature gradient mode