Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aerosols

Academic literature on the topic 'Aerosols'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Aerosols"

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Menezes, Jorge Almeida de, Rafael Da Silva Palácios, Evanízio Marinho Menezes Júnior, Amazonino Soares Júnior, and José De Souza Nogueira. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO ESPECTRAL DE PROPRIEDADES ÓPTICAS DE AEROSSÓIS EM REGIÃO DE FLORESTA TROPICAL." Nativa 6, no. 5 (September 4, 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i5.5669.

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Aerossóis atmosféricos desempenham um papel importante no equilíbrio de energia do sistema Terra-atmosfera. Medidas de aerossóis foram realizadas em área de floresta tropical utilizando fotômetro solar da rede global AERONET. Dados de 4 anos permitiram classificar as propriedades óticas dos aerossóis, definindo a climatologia para área de floresta tropical. Neste trabalho a profundidade óptica de aerossol (AOD) e expoente Ångström, α(440-870), foram utilizados para a análise espectral de aerossol. Médias de AOD(440nm) de 0,22 (±0,40), com média correspondente de α 1,27(±0,39). A AOD(440nm) mostra picos distintos para estação seca e chuvosa, sendo que podem estar relacionados com padrões sazonais de aerossóis característicos dessas regiões. O α (440-870) apresentou modos de frequência que se relacionam com os principais tipos de aerossóis presentes em regiões de Floresta. Um cenário principal de aerossóis foi definido como aerossóis oriundos de queima de biomassa, com forte influência de fontes locais de aerossóis poluídos. Mistura de aerossóis estão presentes, enquanto que poeira em suspensão tem uma ocorrência pouco relevante.Palavras-chave: AOD, expoente Ångström, climatologia. SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS IN FOREST REGION ABSTRACT:Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system. Aerosol measurements were performed in rainforest area, Manaus_Embrapa site using solar photometer from the AERONET global network. Data from 4 years allowed to classify the optical properties of the aerosols, defining the climatology for the site. In this work, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent, α (440-870), were used for aerosol spectral analysis. Mean AOD (440nm) of 0,22 (± 0.40), with corresponding mean of α 1,27 (± 0.39). AOD (440nm) shows distinct peaks for dry and rainy season, and may be related to seasonal aerosol patterns characteristic of these regions. The α (440-870) presented frequency modes that relate to the main types of aerosols present in Forest regions. A major aerosol scenario was defined as biomass-based aerosols, with strong influence from local sources of polluted aerosols. Mixtures of aerosols are present, while suspended dust has a slightly relevant occurrence.Keywords: AOD, Ångström exponent, climatology.
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Choi, Wonei, Hyeongwoo Kang, Dongho Shin, and Hanlim Lee. "Satellite-Based Aerosol Classification for Capital Cities in Asia Using a Random Forest Model." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132464.

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Aerosol types in Asian capital cities were classified using a random forest (RF) satellite-based aerosol classification model during 2018–2020 in an investigation of the contributions of aerosol types, with or without Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. In this study, we used the recently developed RF aerosol classification model to detect and classify aerosols into four types: pure dust, dust-dominated aerosols, strongly absorbing aerosols, and non-absorbing aerosols. Aerosol optical and microphysical properties for each aerosol type detected by the RF model were found to be reasonably consistent with those for typical aerosol types. In Asian capital cities, pollution-sourced aerosols, especially non-absorbing aerosols, were found to predominate, although Asian cities also tend to be seasonally affected by natural dust aerosols, particularly in East Asia (March–May) and South Asia (March–August). No specific seasonal effects on aerosol type were detected in Southeast Asia, where there was a predominance of non-absorbing aerosols. The aerosol types detected by the RF model were compared with those identified by other aerosol classification models. This study indicates that the satellite-based RF model may be used as an alternative in the absence of AERONET sites or observations.
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Penning de Vries, M., S. Beirle, and T. Wagner. "UV aerosol indices from SCIAMACHY: introducing the SCattering Index (SCI)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (June 19, 2009): 13569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-13569-2009.

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Abstract. The Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) is a useful tool for detecting aerosols that absorb UV radiation – especially in cases where other aerosol retrievals fail, such as over bright surfaces (e.g. desert) and in the presence of clouds. The AAI does not, however, consider contributions from "scattering" (hardly absorbing) aerosols and clouds: they cause negative AAI values and are usually discarded. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of the AAI's negative counterpart, the SCattering Index (SCI) to detect "scattering" aerosols. Maps of seasonally averaged SCI show significantly enhanced values in summer in Southeast USA and Southeast Asia, pointing to high production of "scattering" aerosols (presumably mainly sulphate aerosols and organic aerosols) in this season. The application of a cloud filter makes the presence of "scattering" aerosols even more clear. In a comparison of AOT from AERONET and our Aerosol Indices from SCIAMACHY, good agreement was found for two AERONET stations in Southeast USA, and two stations in Africa. This fact confirms the suitability of SCI as a tool to detect "scattering" aerosols. The combination of the UV Aerosol Indices AAI and SCI provides the unique possibility to characterise absorbing properties of aerosols from space. Accurate knowledge about aerosol absorption is crucial for the correct determination of the contribution of aerosols to the radiative budget.
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Pan, Li, Partha S. Bhattacharjee, Li Zhang, Raffaele Montuoro, Barry Baker, Jeff McQueen, Georg A. Grell, et al. "Analysis of the GEFS-Aerosols annual budget to better understand aerosol predictions simulated in the model." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-431-2024.

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Abstract. In September 2020, a global aerosol forecasting model was implemented as an ensemble member of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Ensemble Forecasting System (GEFS) v12.0.1 (hereafter referred to as “GEFS-Aerosols”). In this study, GEFS-Aerosols simulation results from 1 September 2019 to 30 September 2020 were evaluated using an aerosol budget analysis. These results were compared with results from other global models as well as reanalysis data. From this analysis, the global average lifetimes of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), dust, sea salt, and sulfate are 4.06, 4.29, 4.59, 0.34, and 3.3 d, respectively, with the annual average loads of 0.14, 1.29, 4.52, 6.80, and 0.51 Tg. Compared with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Earth Observing System–Goddard Chemistry Aerosol and Radiation Transport (GEOS4-GOCART) model, the aerosols in GEFS-Aerosols have a relatively short lifetime because of the faster removal processes in GEFS-Aerosols. Meanwhile, in GEFS-Aerosols, aerosol emissions are the determining factor for the mass and composition of aerosols in the atmosphere. The size (bin) distribution of aerosol emissions is as important as its total emissions, especially in simulations of dust and sea salt. Moreover, most importantly, the strong monthly and interannual variations in natural sources of aerosols in GEFS-Aerosols suggest that improving the accuracy of the prognostic concentrations of aerosols is important for applying aerosol feedback to weather and climate predictions.
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Chung, Chul E., Jung-Eun Chu, Yunha Lee, Twan van Noije, Hwayoung Jeoung, Kyung-Ja Ha, and Marguerite Marks. "Global fine-mode aerosol radiative effect, as constrained by comprehensive observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 13 (July 4, 2016): 8071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8071-2016.

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Abstract. Aerosols directly affect the radiative balance of the Earth through the absorption and scattering of solar radiation. Although the contributions of absorption (heating) and scattering (cooling) of sunlight have proved difficult to quantify, the consensus is that anthropogenic aerosols cool the climate, partially offsetting the warming by rising greenhouse gas concentrations. Recent estimates of global direct anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing (i.e., global radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions) are −0.35 ± 0.5 W m−2, and these estimates depend heavily on aerosol simulation. Here, we integrate a comprehensive suite of satellite and ground-based observations to constrain total aerosol optical depth (AOD), its fine-mode fraction, the vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds, and the collocation of clouds and overlying aerosols. We find that the direct fine-mode aerosol radiative effect is −0.46 W m−2 (−0.54 to −0.39 W m−2). Fine-mode aerosols include sea salt and dust aerosols, and we find that these natural aerosols result in a very large cooling (−0.44 to −0.26 W m−2) when constrained by observations. When the contribution of these natural aerosols is subtracted from the fine-mode radiative effect, the net becomes −0.11 (−0.28 to +0.05) W m−2. This net arises from total (natural + anthropogenic) carbonaceous, sulfate and nitrate aerosols, which suggests that global direct anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing is less negative than −0.35 W m−2.
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Abd Jalal, Khairunnisa, Arnis Asmat, and Noordin Ahmad. "Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom Exponent for Identification of Aerosols at Kuching, Sarawak." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5734.

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Anthropogenic and natural aerosols are important atmospheric constituents that significantly contribute to the Earth’s radiation budget but remain uncertainties due to the poor understanding of aerosol properties and its direct effects on scattering and absoprtion of solar radiation and the ability of aerosols to stay in atmosphere for a very short time. Different types of aerosols, representing biomass burning, urban or continental aerosols, maritime aerosols and dust particles will give different characterization and classification of aerosol properties. The data used in this study was obtained from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET).Two parameters were used for aerosol analysis which are Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at four wavelengths (440, 500, 675 and 870nm) and Angstrom exponent (α) derived from a multispectral log linear.
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Bréon, F. M. "Aerosol extinction to backscatter ratio derived from passive satellite measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 2351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-2351-2013.

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Abstract. Spaceborne reflectance measurements from the POLDER instrument are used to study the specific directional signature close to the backscatter direction. The data analysis makes it possible to derive the extinction to backscatter ratio (EBR) which is the invert of the scattering phase function for an angle of 180° and is needed for a quantitative interpretation of lidar observations (active measurements). In addition, the multi-directional measurements are used to quantify the scattering phase function variations close to backscatter, which also provide some indication of the aerosol particle size and shape. The spatial distributions of both parameters show consistent patterns that are consistent with the aerosol type distributions. Pollution aerosols have an EBR close to 70, desert dust values are on the order of 50, while marine aerosol's is close to 25. The scattering phase function shows an increase with the scattering angle close to backscatter. The relative increase ∂lnP/∂ γ is close to 0.01 for dust and pollution type aerosols and 0.06 for marine type aerosols. These values are consistent with those retrieved from Mie simulations.
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Wang, J., Y. N. Lee, P. H. Daum, J. Jayne, and M. L. Alexander. "Effects of aerosol organics on cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration and first indirect aerosol effect." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 28, 2008): 9783–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-9783-2008.

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Abstract. Aerosol microphysics, chemical composition, and CCN properties were measured on the Department of Energy Gulfstream-1 aircraft during the Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) conducted over the coastal waters between Point Reyes National Seashore and Monterey Bay, California, in July 2005. Aerosols measured during MASE included free tropospheric aerosols, marine boundary layer aerosols, and aerosols with high organic concentration within a thin layer above the cloud. Closure analysis was carried out for all three types of aerosols by comparing the measured CCN concentrations at 0.22% supersaturation to those predicted based on size distribution and chemical composition using Köhler theory. The effect of aerosol organic species on predicted CCN concentration was examined using a single hygroscopicity parameterization. For aerosols with organics volume fraction up to 70%, such as the marine boundary layer and free troposphere aerosols, CCN concentration and the corresponding first indirect aerosol effect are insensitive to the properties of organics, and can be accurately predicted with a constant hygroscopicity for all organic species. This simplification can facilitate the prediction of indirect aerosol effects using physically-based parameterizations in large scale models. However, for the aerosols within the thin layers above clouds, organics contributed up to 90% of the total aerosol volume, and a detailed knowledge of organic hygroscopicity is required to accurately predict CCN concentrations. Derivations of organic properties in future closure studies, when aerosols are dominated by organic species, would help constrain the descriptions of organics and aerosol-cloud parameterizations in large scale models.
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Chen, Qi-Xiang, Chun-Lin Huang, Yuan Yuan, Qian-Jun Mao, and He-Ping Tan. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Major Aerosol Types over China Based on MODIS Products between 2008 and 2017." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070703.

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Knowledge of aerosol-type distribution is critical to the evaluation of aerosol–climate effects. However, research on aerosol-type distribution covering all is limited. This study characterized the spatiotemporal distribution of major aerosol types over China by using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products from 2008 to 2017. Two aerosol-type classification methods were combined to achieve this goal. One was for relatively high aerosol load (AOD ≥ 0.2) using aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol relative optical depth (AROD) and the other was for low aerosol load (AOD < 0.2) using land use and population density information, which assumed that aerosols are closely related to local emissions. Results showed that the dominant aerosol-type distribution has a distinct spatial and temporal pattern. In western China, background aerosols (mainly dust/desert dust and continent aerosol) dominate with a combined occurrence ratio over 70% and they have slight variations on seasonal scale. While in eastern China, the dominant aerosols show strong seasonal variations. Spatially, mixed aerosols dominate most parts of eastern China in spring due to the influence of long-range transported dust from Taklamakan and Gobi desert and urban/industry aerosols take place in summer due to strong photochemical reactions. Temporally, mixed and urban/industry aerosols co-dominate eastern China.
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Bridhikitti, Arika, Pakorn Petchpayoon, and Thayukorn Prabamroong. "Integrated Remote Sensing Observations of Radiative Properties and Sources of the Aerosols in Southeast Asia: The Case of Thailand." Remote Sensing 15, no. 22 (November 10, 2023): 5319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15225319.

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Aerosols in Southeast Asia (SEA) are entangled with complex land–sea–atmosphere–human interactions, and it is difficult for scientists to understand their dynamic behaviors. This study aims to provide an insightful understanding of aerosols across SEA with respect to their radiative properties using several lines of evidence obtained from remote sensing instruments, including those from onboard Earth observation satellites (MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua, CALIOP/CALIPSO) and from ground-based observation (AERONET). The findings, obtained from cluster analysis of aerosol optical properties, showed seven aerosol types which were dominant across the country, exhibiting diverse radiative forcing potentials. The light-absorbing (prone to warm the atmosphere) aerosols were likely found in mainland SEA, both for background and high-aerosol events. The light-scattering aerosols were associated with aging processes and hygroscopic growth. The neutral potential, which comprised a mixture of oceanic and local anthropogenic aerosols, was predominant in background aerosols in insular SEA. Further studies should focus on carbonaceous aerosols (organic carbons, black carbon, and brown carbon), the aging processes, and the hygroscopic growth of these aerosols, since they play significant roles in the regional aerosol optical properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aerosols"

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Kwok, Philip Chi Lip. "Electrostatics of aerosols for inhalation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1934.

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Electrostatics of aerosols for inhalation is a relatively new research area. Charge properties of these particles are largely unknown but electrostatic forces have been proposed to potentially influence lung deposition. Investigation on the relationship between formulation and aerosol charging is required to understand the fundamental mechanisms. A modified electrical low pressure impactor was employed to measure the particles generated from metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. This equipment provides detailed size and charge information of the aerosols. The particles were sized by impaction onto thirteen stages. The net charges in twelve of the size fractions were detected and recorded by sensitive electrometers. The drug deposits were quantified by chemical assay. The aerosol charge profiles of commercial metered dose inhalers were product-dependent, which was due to differences in the drug, formulation, and valve stem material. The calculated number of elementary charges per drug particle of size ≤ 6.06 μm ranged from zero to several ten thousands. The high charge levels on particles may have a potential effect on the deposition of the aerosol particles in the lung when inhaled. New plastic spacers marketed for use with metered dose inhalers were found to possess high surface charges on the internal walls, which was successfully removed by detergent-coating. Detergent-coated spacer had higher drug output than the new ones due to the reduced electrostatic particle deposition inside the spacer. Particles delivered from spacers carried lower inherent charges than those directly from metered dose inhalers. Those with higher charges might be susceptible to electrostatic forces inside the spacers and were thus retained. The electrostatic low pressure impactor was further modified to disperse two commercial Tubuhaler® products at 60 L/min. The DPIs showed drug-specific responses to particle charging at different RHs. The difference in hygroscopicity of the drugs may play a major role. A dual mechanistic charging model was proposed to explain the charging behaviours. The charge levels on drug particles delivered from these inhalers were sufficiently high to potentially affect deposition in the airways when inhaled. Drug-free metered dose inhalers containing HFA-134a and 227 produced highly variable charge profiles but on average the puffs were negatively charged, which was thought to be due to the electronegative fluorine atoms in the HFA molecules. The charges of both HFAs shifted towards neutrality or positive polarity with increasing water content. The spiked water might have increased the electrical conductivity and/or decreased the electronegativity of the bulk propellant solution. The number of elementary charges per droplet decreased with decreasing droplet size. This trend was probably due to the redistribution of charges amongst small droplets following electrostatic fission of a bigger droplet when the Raleigh limit was reached.
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Kwok, Philip Chi Lip. "Electrostatics of aerosols for inhalation." Faculty of Pharmacy, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1934.

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PhD
Electrostatics of aerosols for inhalation is a relatively new research area. Charge properties of these particles are largely unknown but electrostatic forces have been proposed to potentially influence lung deposition. Investigation on the relationship between formulation and aerosol charging is required to understand the fundamental mechanisms. A modified electrical low pressure impactor was employed to measure the particles generated from metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. This equipment provides detailed size and charge information of the aerosols. The particles were sized by impaction onto thirteen stages. The net charges in twelve of the size fractions were detected and recorded by sensitive electrometers. The drug deposits were quantified by chemical assay. The aerosol charge profiles of commercial metered dose inhalers were product-dependent, which was due to differences in the drug, formulation, and valve stem material. The calculated number of elementary charges per drug particle of size ≤ 6.06 μm ranged from zero to several ten thousands. The high charge levels on particles may have a potential effect on the deposition of the aerosol particles in the lung when inhaled. New plastic spacers marketed for use with metered dose inhalers were found to possess high surface charges on the internal walls, which was successfully removed by detergent-coating. Detergent-coated spacer had higher drug output than the new ones due to the reduced electrostatic particle deposition inside the spacer. Particles delivered from spacers carried lower inherent charges than those directly from metered dose inhalers. Those with higher charges might be susceptible to electrostatic forces inside the spacers and were thus retained. The electrostatic low pressure impactor was further modified to disperse two commercial Tubuhaler® products at 60 L/min. The DPIs showed drug-specific responses to particle charging at different RHs. The difference in hygroscopicity of the drugs may play a major role. A dual mechanistic charging model was proposed to explain the charging behaviours. The charge levels on drug particles delivered from these inhalers were sufficiently high to potentially affect deposition in the airways when inhaled. Drug-free metered dose inhalers containing HFA-134a and 227 produced highly variable charge profiles but on average the puffs were negatively charged, which was thought to be due to the electronegative fluorine atoms in the HFA molecules. The charges of both HFAs shifted towards neutrality or positive polarity with increasing water content. The spiked water might have increased the electrical conductivity and/or decreased the electronegativity of the bulk propellant solution. The number of elementary charges per droplet decreased with decreasing droplet size. This trend was probably due to the redistribution of charges amongst small droplets following electrostatic fission of a bigger droplet when the Raleigh limit was reached.
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Gallavardin, Stéphane. "Analysis concepts of aerosols by on-line aerosol mass spectrometry." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/603768/document.pdf.

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Alfarra, Mohammedrami. "Insights into atmospheric organic aerosols using an aerosol mass spectrometer." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577471.

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Ma, Yilin. "Developments and improvements to the particle-into-liquid-sampler (PILS) and its applications to Asian outflow studies." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131244/unrestricted/ma%5Fyilin%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.

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Li, Xihao. "Characterization of Perphenazine and Scopolamine Aerosols Generated Using the Capillary Aerosol Generator." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/901.

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The characterization of perphenazine and scopolamine aerosols generated using the capillary aerosol generator (CAG) was reported. Variables including steady state power, the formulation vehicle, the drug concentration and the formulation flow rate were studied for their effects on the chemical stability and particle size of these drug aerosols.Stability-indicating HPLC and LC-MS assays were developed and validated for perphenazine and scopolamine, respectively. The chemical stability of each compound was investigated under a variety of stress conditions and the structure of degradation products was proposed.Perphenazine aerosols were generated from propylene glycol (PG) formulations with concentrations of 9, 48 and 90mM at formulation flow rates of 2.5 and 5.0µL/s at a series of steady state powers. At higher aerosolization powers, the low concentration formulation (9mM) degraded with dehalogenation being the major pathway. The size of perphenazine aerosols was between 0.4 to 0.6µm. Changing the solute concentration produced only small changes (~0.2µm) in perphenazine aerosol particle size. The formulation flow rate did not significantly affect the aerosol size.Scopolamine degraded significantly when aerosolized in PG formulations. It was possible to generate chemically stable scopolamine aerosols from ethanol formulations. Significant amounts of degradation products were formed only at or above 4.6W at 5.0µL/s. Hydrolysis and dehydration appeared to be the major degradation pathways at higher powers and low formulation flow rate. The MMAD of scopolamine aerosols was between 0.5 and 2.0µm from 8, 20 and 40mM formulations at 5.0 and 10.0µL/s. The size of scopolamine aerosols increased as a function of increasing the solute concentration. Increasing the formulation flow rate increased the linear velocity of the spray, thus the Reynolds number was increased and smaller particles were generated.
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Wurl, Daniela. "Optimal Estimation Retrieval of Aerosol Microphysical Properties in the Lower Stratosphere from SAGE II Satellite Observations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1533.

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A new retrieval algorithm has been developed based on the Optimal Estimation (OE) approach, which retrieves lognormal aerosol size distribution parameters from multiwavelength aerosol extinction data, as measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II in the lower stratosphere. Retrieving these aerosol properties becomes increasingly more difficult under aerosol background conditions, when tiny particles (« 0.1 µm) prevail, to which the experiment is nearly or entirely insensitive. A successful retrieval algorithm must then be able (a) to fill the 'blind spot' with suitable information about the practically invisible particles, and (b) to identify 'the best' of many possible solutions. The OE approach differs from other previously used aerosol retrieval techniques by taking a statistical approach to the multiple solution problem, in which the entire range of possible solutions are considered (including the smallest particles) and characterized by probability density functions. The three main parts of this thesis are (1) the development of the new OE retrieval algorithm, (2) the validation of this algorithm on the basis of synthetic extinction data, and (3) application of the new algorithm to SAGE II measurements of stratospheric background aerosol. The validation results indicate that the new method is able to retrieve the particle size of typical background aerosols reasonably well, and that the retrieved uncertainties are a good estimate of the true errors. The derived surface area densities (A), and volume densities (V ) tend to be closer to the correct solutions than the directly retrieved number density (N), median radius (R), and lognormal distribution width (S). Aerosol properties as retrieved from SAGE II measurements (recorded in 1999) are observed to be close to correlative in situ data. In many cases the OE and in situ data agree within the (OE and/or the in situ ) uncertainties. The retrieved error estimates are of the order of 69% (σN), 33% (σR), 14% (σS), 23% (σA), 12% (σV), and 13% (σReff ). The OE number densities are generally larger, and the OE median particle sizes are generally smaller than those N and R retrieved by Bingen et al. (2004a), who suggest that their results underestimate (N) or overestimate (R) correlative in situ data due to the 'small particle problem'. The OE surface area estimates are generally closer to correlative in situ profiles (courtesy of T. Deshler, University of Wyoming), and larger than Principal Component Analysis (PCA) retrieval solutions of A (courtesy of L. W. Thomason, NASA LaRC) that have been observed to underestimate correlative in situ data by 40-50%. These observations suggest that the new OE retrieval algorithm is a successful approach to the aerosol retrieval problem, which is able to add to the current knowledge by improving current estimates of aerosol properties in the lower stratosphere under low aerosol loading conditions.
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Wan, Chun Hong. "Sugars and polyol compounds in ambient aerosols and cooking fume aerosols /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CHEM%202006%20WAN.

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Svane, Maria. "Aerosol chemistry on the single particle level : an experimental study /." Göteborg : Göteborg University, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0801/2006411316.html.

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Posselt, Julia Rebekka. "Influence of giant sea salt aerosols on global precipitation and aerosol indirect effect /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17467.

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Books on the topic "Aerosols"

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Agranovski, Igor. Aerosols: Science and technology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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Hickey, Anthony J., and Heidi M. Mansour, eds. Inhalation Aerosols. Third edition. | New York, NY : CRC Press, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315159768.

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Tomasi, Claudio, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky, eds. Atmospheric Aerosols. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527336449.

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Valsaraj, Kalliat T., and Raghava R. Kommalapati, eds. Atmospheric Aerosols. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1005.

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Boucher, Olivier. Atmospheric Aerosols. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9649-1.

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Ltd, Marketing Strategies for Industry (UK). Aerosols, UK. Mitcham: MSI, 1986.

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R, Fouts James, Lippmann Morton, Kimmel Carole A, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Reproductive Effects Assessment Group., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Approaches to Quantitative Reproductive Risk Assessment Working Group., Symposium on the Health Effects of Acid Aerosols (1987 : Research Triange Park, N.C.), and Workshop on Quantitative Models for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment (1987 : Crystal City, Va.), eds. Acid aerosols. Research Triangle Park, N.C: National Institute of Environmental Health Services, 1989.

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Chamberlain, A. C. Radioactive aerosols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Delort, Anne-Marie, and Pierre Amato, eds. Microbiology of Aerosols. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119132318.

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Lighthart, Bruce, and Alan Jeff Mohr, eds. Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6438-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aerosols"

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Kahn, Ralph. "Aerosols." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 16–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_4.

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Fox, Malcolm A. "Aerosols." In Glossary for the Worldwide Transportation of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials, 3–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11890-0_2.

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Raulin, François. "Aerosols." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 55–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_38.

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Raulin, François. "Aerosols." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_38.

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Hatakeyama, Shiro. "Aerosols." In Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia, 21–42. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56438-6_2.

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Raulin, François. "Aerosols." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_38-4.

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Raulin, François. "Aerosols." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_38.

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Boucher, Olivier. "Stratospheric Aerosols." In Atmospheric Aerosols, 271–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9649-1_12.

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Boucher, Olivier. "Atmospheric Aerosols." In Atmospheric Aerosols, 9–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9649-1_2.

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Ivlev, Lev S. "Atmospheric Aerosols." In Aerosols - Science and Technology, 343–78. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630134.ch12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aerosols"

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Uchino, Osamu, Yoshinari Mizuno, Hideaki Takashima, Toshifumi Fujimoto, Tomohiro Nagai, and Yoshinobu Nikaidou. "Ground-based and airborne lidar measurements of atmospheric aerosols." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.owd4.

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Ground-based lidar measurements of free tropospheric aerosols and stratospheric aerosols have been made since 1982 at Tsukuba (36.1°N, 140.2°E) in Japan. The purposes of aerosol measurements are knowing aerosol variations related with pressure pattern and studying some transport mechanisms of aerosols which are originated from explosive volcanic eruptions, dust storms in China and fires such as the Kuwait’s oil wells.
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Grant, William B., Edward V. Browell, Bruce E. Anderson, and Syed Ismail. "Airborne Lidar Measurements of Aerosols." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.tha.4.

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Aerosols are now recognized as having a significant impact on global climate. Aerosols affect climate directly via scattering and absorption, and indirectly through their effect on cloud properties, generally acting in a manner that counteracts the warming induced by greenhouse gases such as CO2[Charlson et al., 1992; Fouquart and Isaka, 1992; Penner et al., 1992]. The NASA Langley Research Center's airborne UV DIAL system measures vertical-profile of aerosol scattering at IR, visible, and UV wavelengths at distances up to 25 km above and 12 km below the aircraft. The system has been operated in many different locations around the world during the past decade. The data sets obtained during these field experiments present an opportunity to contribute to the understanding of aerosol optical properties and their distribution, transportation and transformation, all of which bear on how they affect global climate. This paper presents an overview of work being undertaken to analyze and interpret the aerosol data as well as some preliminary results on lidar measurements of aerosols from biomass burning from a variety of locations.
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Ferrare, R. A., S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, and K. D. Evans. "Coincident Measurements of Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Water Vapor by a Scanning Raman Lidar." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.mb.2.

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Knowledge of the physical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols is required to determine the impact aerosols will have on radiative transfer, heterogeneous chemistry, and cloud dynamics. Since the composition and size of atmospheric aerosols are functions of the atmospheric water vapor, aerosols must be studied in their natural state in order to fully understand how they are affected by various meteorological conditions and how they in turn will affect the processes listed above. By measuring high resolution profiles of aerosol extinction and backscattering as well as simultaneous profiles of atmospheric water vapor, Raman lidar can provide information regarding aerosol microphysical characteristics [Ansmann, et al., 1992; Ferrare et al.,1992]. In addition, the aerosol extinction/backscatter ratio measured directly by Raman lidar can be used in the estimation of aerosol extinction and optical thickness in the inversion procedures used by simpler backscatter lidars. In this presentation, we discuss measurements of aerosol extinction, backscattering, extinction/backscatter ratio, water vapor mixing ratio, and relative humidity made by a scanning Raman lidar over Wallops Island, Virginia (37.95 N, 75.47 W) during August, 1992.
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Koie, Ryusuke, Munemichi Kawaguchi, Shinya Miyahara, Masayoshi Uno, and Hiroshi Seino. "A Study on Removal Mechanisms of Cesium Aerosol From Noble Gas Bubble in Sodium Pool (III) Measurement of Decontamination Factors in Water Simulation Test." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-94057.

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Abstract In a postulated accident of fuel pin failure of a sodium-cooled fast reactor, a fission product of cesium will be released from the failed pin as an aerosol such as cesium iodide and/or cesium oxide together with a fission product noble gas such as xenon and krypton. The xenon and krypton released with the cesium aerosols into the sodium coolant as bubbles have an influence on the removal of cesium aerosols by the sodium pool in a period of bubble rising to the sodium pool surface. Then, the cesium aerosols could transfer into the containment vessel as an initial inventory of a source term. To meet this target, we have developed the computer program AESOP that deals with the expansion and the deformation of the bubble together with the aerosol absorption and researched the sensitivities of the physical parameters on decontamination factor (DF) of cesium aerosols such as the initial bubble diameter, sodium pool depth, and temperature, aerosol particle diameter, and density, initial aerosol concentration in the bubble in previous our papers. In this study, we performed a water simulation test to measure the DFs of simulant aerosols with nitrogen gas bubbles rising through the water pool for the code validation. The experiments revealed that the DFs increased with the increase in the aerosol diameter and the water pool depth.
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Myers, Tanya L., Tracy J. Baker, Oliva Primera-Pedrozo, Russell G. Tonkyn, and Timothy J. Johnson. "Accurate Optical Constants Measurements of Liquids for Detection of Aerosols." In Optics and Photonics for Sensing the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/es.2023.em3e.4.

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Infrared (IR) and near-IR spectroscopy can enable standoff detection of both aerosols and gas-phase samples. Aerosols can be especially challenging since their spectra change based on the aerosol’s morphology. Knowledge of the complex index of refraction can allow for spectral modeling of various sample morphologies to support detection and identification of aerosols.
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De Cusatis, Carolyn J. Sher, Jose Raffucci, and Peter Boyce. "Predicting the visibility of exit signs through smoke." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.wtt.7.

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Smoke falls into the broad optical category of aerosols, along with other aerosols such as snow and rain. The visibility through an aerosol has been extensively studied, since interpreting satellite and aerial reconnaissance photographs through weather has defense applications.1–4 Aerosols attenuate and scatter light propogating through them, making images both dim and blurry.
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Srivastava, Vandana, Jeffry Rothermel, David A. Bowdle, Maurice A. Jarzembski, Diana M. Chambers, and Antony D. Clarke. "Aerosol Sulfate Chemistry Determination from Backscatter Measurements Using Continuous-Wave 9.1 and 10.6 μm Lidars." In Coherent Laser Radar. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/clr.1995.tub1.

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Aerosols exhibit wide range of size distributions and compositions which affect their scattering properties. Measurement of a scattering parameter, in this case lidar backscatter, can provide information about the aerosol properties. Atmospheric sulfate aerosols, in particular, are of extreme importance to climate and environment (Charlson et al, 1990). Their impact, however, has only been approximately parameterized, emphasizing a need to determine aerosol properties more accurately.
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Zhou, Yanmin, Haifeng Gu, Qiunan Sun, Zhongning Sun, Jiqiang Su, Li Gao, Qianchao Ma, Gan Zhu, and Li Yingzhi. "Research on Deposition of Micro-Nano Aerosols in Rising Bubble Under Pool Scrubbing Condition." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81160.

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Aerosols as the main component of radioactive products in migration performance, which is an important factor that a unclear reactor accident present strong diffusion and affects the distributions of source and dose level in reactor containment, and they are therefore expected to be deposited in liquid phase such as in suspension pool and filtered containment venting device. In this paper, the deposition characteristics of micro-nano aerosols in rising bubble under pool scrubbing condition is studied with experiment, the aerosols size in the research range from 20 nm to 600 nm, and the bubble morphology mainly concern homogeneous bubbly flow. The results show that the deposition efficiency and mechanism of aerosol closely relate to gas flow rate, liquid level, particle size and bubbles size and so on. The aerosol deposition near 85nm is proved most difficult because of the convert of deposition mechanisms. In a high liquid level condition, micro-nano aerosol filtration efficiency is enhanced but gradually gradual. Under different gas flow rate, air bubble residence time and the bubble size distributions affect the filtration efficiency of aerosols.
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DeFoor, T. E., S. Ryan, D. J. Hofmann, and E. G. Dutton. "Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Aerosols at Mauna Loa Observatory: 1974 to Present." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.tha.1.

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The measurement of stratospheric aerosols using a ruby lidar system has been an ongoing program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) since 1974. The 18 year MLO stratospheric aerosol record includes measurements of the injection growth and decay of aerosols following two of this centuries more important stratospheric aerosol producing eruptions: El Chichon (Mexico, 1982) and Mt. Pinatubo (Philippines, 1991). Also evident in the MLO lidar record are a number of lesser events which include the 1980 eruption of Mt. Saint Helens, the 1981 eruption of Nyamuragira, and the 1984 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz. Apparent, too, is a relatively quiescent period between 1985 and 1991 during which stratospheric aerosols decayed to near background aerosol levels. During this period, stratospheric aerosol backscatter ranged from as high 1E-2 sr-1 (El Chichon) to as low as 6E-5 sr-1.
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Ishikawa, Jun, and Yu Maruyama. "Analysis With ART Code for Adsorption of Molecular Iodine Onto Aerosols During Severe Accidents." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30152.

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Two tests performed in the THAI-2 project of the OECD/NEA on the adsorption of molecular iodine onto chemically inactive and active aerosols were analyzed with ART code for analysis of transportation of radioactive materials during a severe accident in order mainly to estimate adsorption velocities of I2 onto the aerosols. The results of the analysis for aerosol characteristics including airborne concentration and size distribution were reasonably agreed with the measured tendencies. The total surface areas of the aerosols, contributing to physisorption and chemisorption of I2, were evaluated to be comparable with the surface area of the THAI test vessel wall. It was found that, giving the adsorption velocity onto aerosol at 10−5 through 10−4 m/s, the decreasing tendency in the airborne concentration of I2 was well reproduced for the test with chemically inactive aerosol. The present analysis also indicated that the adsorption velocity in the test with chemically active aerosol was estimated to be larger than that in the test with chemically inactive aerosol by two orders.
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Reports on the topic "Aerosols"

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Seinfeld, John H. Marine Aerosols: Hygroscopocity and Aerosol-Cloud Relationships. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574144.

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Seinfield, John H. Marine Aerosols: Hygroscopocity and Aerosol-Cloud Relationships. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557147.

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Wehr, Tobias, ed. EarthCARE Mission Requirements Document. European Space Agency, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa.earthcare-mrd.2006.

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ESA's EarthCARE (Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer) mission - scheduled to be launched in 2024 - is the largest and most complex Earth Explorer to date and will advance our understanding of the role that clouds and aerosols play in reflecting incident solar radiation back into space and trapping infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface. The mission is being implemented in cooperation with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). It carries four scientific instruments. The Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID), operating at 355 nm wavelength and equipped with a high-spectral resolution and depolarisation receiver, measures profiles of aerosols and thin clouds. The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR, contribution of JAXA), operates at 94 GHz to measure clouds and precipitation, as well as vertical motion through its Doppler functionality. The Multi-Spectral Imager provides across-track information of clouds and aerosols. The Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR) measures the outgoing reflected solar and emitted thermal radiation in order to derive broad-band radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere. The Mission Requirement Document defines the scientific mission objectives and observational requirements of EarthCARE. The document has been written by the ESA-JAXA Joint Mission Advisory Group for EarthCARE.
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Uin, J., and S. Smith. Mobile Aerosol Observing System – Aerosols (MAOS-A) Instrument Handbook. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1740015.

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Moore, Murray E. Radioactive aerosols training. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1435505.

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Cristy, G. A. Emergency Protection from Aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/788898.

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Letcher, Theodore, Kent Sparrow, and Sandra LeGrand. Establishing a series of dust event case studies for East Asia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47824.

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Dust aerosols have a wide range of effects on air quality, health, land-management decisions, aircraft operations, and sensor data interpretations. Therefore, the accurate simulation of dust plume initiation and transport is a priority for operational weather centers. Recent advancements have improved the performance of dust prediction models, but substantial capability gaps remain when forecasting the specific location and timing of individual dust events, especially extreme dust outbreaks. Operational weather forecasters and US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) researchers established a series of reference case study events to enhance dust transport model evaluation. These reference case studies support research to improve modeled dust simulations, including efforts to increase simulation accuracy on when and where dust is lofted off the ground, dust aerosols transport, and dust-induced adverse air quality issues create hazardous conditions downstream. Here, we provide detailed assessments of four dust events for Central and East Asia. We describe the dust-event lifecycle from onset to end (or when dust transports beyond the area of interest) and the synoptic and mesoscale environ-mental conditions governing the process. Analyses of hourly reanalysis data, spaceborne lidar and aerosol optical depth retrievals, upper-air soundings, true-color satellite imagery, and dust-enhanced false-color imagery supplement the discussions.
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Hay, Michael J., Ernest J. Valeo, and Nathaniel J. Fisch. Geometrical Optics of Dense Aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089860.

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Balzli, Charles, April Lumley, Brian Duval, Bob Nichols, Rashelle McDonald, Brian Heimbuch, Delbert Harnish, and Michael McDonald. Toxic Aerosols and Pathogenic Bioaerosols. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1014070.

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Borghese, F. The Optical Spectra of Aerosols. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada158057.

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