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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerodynamic lens'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 April 2024

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1

Du, Xubing, Zeming Zhuo, Xue Li, Xuan Li, Mei Li, Junlin Yang, Zhen Zhou, Wei Gao, Zhengxu Huang, and Lei Li. "Design and Simulation of Aerosol Inlet System for Particulate Matter with a Wide Size Range." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040664.

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A novel aerodynamic lens-based inlet system was developed for a wide particle size range, and it could extend the size range of transmitted particulate matter (PM) to 50 nm–10 μm. The lens system adopted a seven-stage aerodynamic focusing orifice to extend the range of transmitted PM, and a relaxation system with a virtual impact function was introduced at the front of the aerodynamic lens. Through the innovative design, the system could concentrate the input samples as well as effectively enhance the focusing effect on large PM. Furthermore, an additional aerodynamic pre-focusing inlet system was innovatively added to the front of the sampling orifice of the traditional aerodynamic lens, and it could pre-focus large PM into the axis region before it entered the small orifice and then solve the previous problem with loss of large PM. Fluid simulations indicated that the inlet system could achieve 100% effective transmission and focusing for PM in the range of 0.18–10 μm. The characterization and verification results obtained from the improved single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) were remarkably consistent with the theoretical values. The practical tests indicated that bioaerosol particles up to 10 μm could be detected. Compared with the observation for the same type of lens, the focusing performance of this novel lens system has better advantages in particle size range and transmission efficiency and therefore, it has broad application prospects in bioaerosol research, single-cell analysis, etc.

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2

Wang, Xiaoliang, and Peter H. McMurry. "A Design Tool for Aerodynamic Lens Systems." Aerosol Science and Technology 40, no. 5 (June 2006): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820600615063.

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3

Wang, Xiaoliang, and Peter H. McMurry. "Instruction Manual for the Aerodynamic Lens Calculator." Aerosol Science and Technology 40, no. 5 (June 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820600616764.

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4

OKA, Nobuhito, Masato FURUKAWA, Kenta KAWAMITSU, and Kazutoyo YAMADA. "Optimum aerodynamic design for wind-lens turbine." Journal of Fluid Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (2016): JFST0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jfst.2016jfst0011.

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5

Williams, L. R., L. A. Gonzalez, J. Peck, D. Trimborn, J. McInnis, M. R. Farrar, K. D. Moore, et al. "Characterization of an aerodynamic lens for transmitting particles greater than 1 micrometer in diameter into the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 11 (November 28, 2013): 3271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3271-2013.

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Abstract. We have designed and characterized a new inlet and aerodynamic lens for the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) that transmits particles between 80 nm and more than 3 μm in vacuum aerodynamic diameter. The design of the inlet and lens was optimized with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of particle trajectories. Major changes include a redesigned critical orifice holder and valve assembly, addition of a relaxation chamber behind the critical orifice, and a higher lens operating pressure. The transmission efficiency of the new inlet and lens was characterized experimentally with size-selected particles. Experimental measurements are in good agreement with the calculated transmission efficiency.

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6

Gunasekaran, Sidaard, Madison Peyton, and Neal Novotny. "Aerodynamic Interactions of Wind Lenses at Close Proximities." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 4622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134622.

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The fundamental aerodynamic interactions between a pair of wind lenses is experimentally investigated. In prior work, wind tunnel testing of lensed turbines in a side-by-side configuration revealed that one lensed turbine outperformed its counterpart in terms of power production. In the current study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was performed in the wake of three different pairs of wind lens profiles and revealed an inherent bias in the wake properties at close proximities which led to one turbine outperforming the other. The merged wake location is skewed to a single lens in the lens pair depending on the extent of cancellation of inboard vorticity magnitude. At 0.1 to 0.2 x/D,the individual wakes merge as one, at which point the vortex shedding frequency and the modal strength behind the lens pairs is reduced. Coincidentally, it is at this spacing that the net power output of lensed turbines placed in a side-by-side configuration reaches the maximum.

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7

Novosselov, Igor V., and Peter C. Ariessohn. "Rectangular Slit Atmospheric Pressure Aerodynamic Lens Aerosol Concentrator." Aerosol Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (December 13, 2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.865832.

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8

Grund, J., Ch E. Düllmann, K. Eberhardt, Sz Nagy, J. J. W. van de Laar, D. Renisch, and F. Schneider. "Implementation of an aerodynamic lens for TRIGA-SPEC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 376 (June 2016): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.12.017.

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9

Worbs, Lena, Nils Roth, Jannik Lübke, Armando D. Estillore, P. Lourdu Xavier, Amit K. Samanta, and Jochen Küpper. "Optimizing the geometry of aerodynamic lens injectors for single-particle coherent diffractive imaging of gold nanoparticles." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 16, 2021): 1730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721009973.

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Single-particle X-ray diffractive imaging (SPI) of small (bio-)nanoparticles (NPs) requires optimized injectors to collect sufficient diffraction patterns to allow for the reconstruction of the NP structure with high resolution. Typically, aerodynamic lens-stack injectors are used for NP injection. However, current injectors were developed for larger NPs (>100 nm), and their ability to generate high-density NP beams suffers with decreasing NP size. Here, an aerodynamic lens-stack injector with variable geometry and a geometry-optimization procedure are presented. The optimization for 50 nm gold-NP (AuNP) injection using a numerical-simulation infrastructure capable of calculating the carrier-gas flow and the particle trajectories through the injector is also introduced. The simulations were experimentally validated using spherical AuNPs and sucrose NPs. In addition, the optimized injector was compared with the standard-installation `Uppsala injector' for AuNPs. Results for these heavy particles showed a shift in the particle-beam focus position rather than a change in beam size, which results in a lower gas background for the optimized injector. Optimized aerodynamic lens-stack injectors will allow one to increase NP beam density, reduce the gas background, discover the limits of current injectors and contribute to structure determination of small NPs using SPI.

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10

Williams, L. R., L. A. Gonzalez, J. Peck, D. Trimborn, J. McInnis, M. R. Farrar, K. D. Moore, et al. "Characterization of an aerodynamic lens for transmitting particles > 1 micrometer in diameter into the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 7, 2013): 5033–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-5033-2013.

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Abstract. We have designed and characterized a new inlet and aerodynamic lens for the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) that transmits particles between 80 nm and more than 3 μm in diameter. The design of the inlet and lens was optimized with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of particle trajectories. Major changes include a redesigned critical orifice holder and valve assembly, addition of a relaxation chamber behind the critical orifice, and a higher lens operating pressure. The transmission efficiency of the new inlet and lens was characterized experimentally with size-selected particles. Experimental measurements are in good agreement with the calculated transmission efficiency.

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11

Lee, Kwang-Seung, Song-Kil Kim, and Dong-Geun Lee. "Nanoparticle Focusing with A Novel Converging-Diverging-Type Aerodynamic Lens." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 32, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2008.32.8.589.

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12

KAWAMITSU, Kenta, Kota KIDO, Nobuhito OKA, and Masato FURUKAWA. "0908 Aerodynamic Design for Wind-lens Turbine Using Optimization Technique." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2012 (2012): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2012.347.

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13

Schreiner, J., C. Voigt, K. Mauersberger, P. McMurry, and P. Ziemann. "Aerodynamic Lens System for Producing Particle Beams at Stratospheric Pressures." Aerosol Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (January 1998): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829808965550.

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14

Oka, Akihiro, Yasushi Kurokawa, Kota Kido, Nobuhito Oka, and Masato Furukawa. "120 Aerodynamic Performance of a Wind-Lens Turbine with Optimized Blade Loading Distribution and Wind-Lens shape." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2014.67 (2014): _120–1_—_120–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2014.67._120-1_.

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15

Zahir, Muhammad Zeeshan, and Se-Jin Yook. "Numerical Investigation of Collection Efficiency of Virtual Impactor with Electro-Aerodynamic Lens." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 18, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2019.18.7.063.

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16

Zhang, Xuefeng, Kenneth A. Smith, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jose L. Jimenez, John T. Jayne, Charles E. Kolb, James Morris, and Paul Davidovits. "Numerical Characterization of Particle Beam Collimation: Part II Integrated Aerodynamic-Lens–Nozzle System." Aerosol Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (June 2004): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820490479833.

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17

Lee, Jin-Won, Min-Young Yi, and Sang-Min Lee. "Inertial focusing of particles with an aerodynamic lens in the atmospheric pressure range." Journal of Aerosol Science 34, no. 2 (February 2003): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(02)00158-1.

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18

Zelenyuk, Alla, Dan Imre, and Luis A. Cuadra-Rodriguez. "Evaporation of Water from Particles in the Aerodynamic Lens Inlet: An Experimental Study." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 19 (October 2006): 6942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061184o.

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19

Zhang, Xuefeng, Kenneth A. Smith, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jose Jimenez, John T. Jayne, and Charles E. Kolb. "A Numerical Characterization of Particle Beam Collimation by an Aerodynamic Lens-Nozzle System: Part I. An Individual Lens or Nozzle." Aerosol Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (May 2002): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820252883856.

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20

Molleker, Sergej, Frank Helleis, Thomas Klimach, Oliver Appel, Hans-Christian Clemen, Antonis Dragoneas, Christian Gurk, et al. "Application of an O-ring pinch device as a constant-pressure inlet (CPI) for airborne sampling." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 3651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3651-2020.

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Abstract. We present a novel and compact design of a constant-pressure inlet (CPI) developed for use in airborne aerosol mass spectrometry. In particular, the inlet system is optimized for aerodynamic lenses commonly used in aerosol mass spectrometers, in which efficient focusing of aerosol particles into a vacuum chamber requires a precisely controlled lens pressure, typically of a few hectopascals. The CPI device can also be used in condensation particle counters (CPCs), cloud condensation nucleus counters (CCNCs), and gas-phase sampling instruments across a wide range of altitudes and inlet pressures. The constant pressure is achieved by changing the inner diameter of a properly scaled O-ring that acts as a critical orifice. The CPI control keeps air pressure and thereby mass flow rate (≈0.1 L min−1) upstream of an aerodynamic lens constant, deviating at most by only ±2 % from a preset value. In our setup, a pressure sensor downstream of the O-ring maintains control of the pinch mechanism via a feedback loop and setpoint conditions are reached within seconds. The device was implemented in a few instruments, which were successfully operated on different research aircraft covering a wide range of ambient pressures, from sea level up to about 55 hPa. Details of operation and the quality of aerosol particle transmission were evaluated by laboratory experiments and in-flight data with a single-particle mass spectrometer.

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21

Shu, Jinian, Junwang Meng, Xi Shu, Yang Zhang, Shaokai Gao, Bo Yang, and Jie Gan. "Online MALDI-TOF MS Using an Aerodynamic Lens Assembly as a Direct Deposition Interface." Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 13 (July 2010): 5906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac100941z.

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22

Cho, Dae-Geun, Jung-Gil Na, Jae-Boong Choi, Young-Jin Kim, and Taesung Kim. "Effect of Slip Boundary Condition on the Design of Nanoparticle Focusing Lenses." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 3741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18339.

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The importance of nanoparticles as a building block for novel application has been emphasized in various fields. Especially, nanoparticle beam has been widely used to measure particle size distribution, synthesize materials, and generate micro-patterns, as it can enhance the measurement resolution and transport efficiency. The aerodynamic lens system has been developed to focus particles in a certain size range. The manufacturing of nanoparticles in gas phase is typically performed at the low pressure conditions and the design and simulation of lens at low pressure have been steadily reported. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been utilized to analyze the flow field and obtain particle trajectories. However, previous work has used no-slip boundary condition at low pressure. This paper describes the lens design and simulation with slip boundary condition at low pressure (∼1 Torr). The design of lens is discussed on the basis of the Wang et al.'s guidelines and the commercial code FLUENT is used for simulation. The results of this study show that the difference of particle beam radius between no-slip and slip boundary conditions is 0.03∼0.9 mm for particle size ranging from 3 to 200 nm with Brownian diffusion and that the transport efficiency is slightly higher with slip boundary condition.

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23

Dessoky, Amgad, Galih Bangga, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer. "Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance assessment of H-rotor darrieus VAWT equipped with wind-lens technology." Energy 175 (May 2019): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.066.

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24

Headrick, Jeffrey M., Paul E. Schrader, and Hope A. Michelsen. "Radial-profile and divergence measurements of combustion-generated soot focused by an aerodynamic-lens system." Journal of Aerosol Science 58 (April 2013): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.01.002.

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25

Eichler, P., M. Müller, B. D'Anna, and A. Wisthaler. "A novel inlet system for online chemical analysis of semi-volatile submicron particulate matter." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2015): 1353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1353-2015.

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Abstract. We herein present a novel modular inlet system designed to be coupled to low-pressure gas analyzers for online chemical characterization of semi-volatile submicron particles. The "chemical analysis of aerosol online" (CHARON) inlet consists of a gas-phase denuder for stripping off gas-phase analytes, an aerodynamic lens for particle collimation combined with an inertial sampler for the particle-enriched flow and a thermodesorption unit for particle volatilization prior to chemical analysis. The denuder was measured to remove gas-phase organics with an efficiency > 99.999% and to transmit particles in the 100–750 nm size range with a 75–90% efficiency. The measured average particle enrichment factor in the subsampling flow from the aerodynamic lens was 25.6, which is a factor of 3 lower than the calculated theoretical optimum. We coupled the CHARON inlet to a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) which quantitatively detects most organic analytes and ammonia. The combined CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS setup is thus capable of measuring both the organic and the ammonium fraction in submicron particles in real time. Individual organic compounds can be detected down to levels of 10–20 ng m−3. Two proof-of-principle studies were carried out for demonstrating the analytical power of this new instrumental setup: (i) oxygenated organics and their partitioning between the gas and the particulate phase were observed from the reaction of limonene with ozone and (ii) nicotine was measured in cigarette smoke particles demonstrating that selected organic target compounds can be detected in submicron particles in real time.

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26

KIDO, Kota, Kazuya KUSANO, Kazutoyo YAMADA, and Masato FURUKAWA. "J055034 Aerodynamic Design of Wind-Lens Turbine with Axisymmetric Viscous Flow Calculation Using Lattice Boltzmann Method." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013 (2013): _J055034–1—_J055034–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2013._j055034-1.

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27

Bahreini, Roya, Edward J. Dunlea, Brendan M. Matthew, Craig Simons, Kenneth S. Docherty, Peter F. DeCarlo, Jose L. Jimenez, Charles A. Brock, and Ann M. Middlebrook. "Design and Operation of a Pressure-Controlled Inlet for Airborne Sampling with an Aerodynamic Aerosol Lens." Aerosol Science and Technology 42, no. 6 (April 24, 2008): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820802178514.

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28

Lee, Kwang-Sung, Sung-Woo Cho, and Donggeun Lee. "Development and experimental evaluation of aerodynamic lens as an aerosol inlet of single particle mass spectrometry." Journal of Aerosol Science 39, no. 4 (April 2008): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.10.011.

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29

Kinney, Patrick, Gwi-Nam Bae, David Pui, and Benjamin Liu. "Particle Behavior in Vacuum Systems: Implications for In-Situ Particle Monitoring in Semiconductor Processing Equipment." Journal of the IEST 39, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.39.6.p7414773u18n5t20.

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The flow of aerosol in vacuum conditions representative of many semiconductor processes (100 sccm, 1 Torr). was investigated. The study was performed using aerosols with highly nonuniform spatial distributions. An ideally nonuniform aerosol was produced by generating an aerosol beam using an aerodynamic lens. The flow containing the aerosol beam was drawn through vacuum system components. The size of the beam was measured upstream and downstream of these components by collecting the aerosol on a filter and observing the deposition pattern. Very little mixing phenomenon was observed. These results point to a potential limitation in the methods employed by the semiconductor industry for in-situ particle monitoring in vacuum systems. A simple solution to this flaw is suggested.

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30

Oka, Nobuhito, Kota Kido, Masato Furukawa, and Kazutoyo Yamada. "113 Optimum Aerodynamic Design for Wind-Lens Turbine Using Genetic Algorithm and Quasi-Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2013.66 (2013): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2013.66.25.

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31

Lu, Han Lun, Lei Li, Xi Hui Liang, Jun Jun Wang, Ning Yang Liu, and Zhi Tao Chen. "Study of aerodynamic focusing lens stacks (ALS) for long focal length aerosol-assisted focused chemical vapor deposition (AAFCVD)." RSC Advances 11, no. 8 (2021): 4425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08447f.

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32

TABATA, Soichiro, Shinpei KOJIMA, Nobuhito OKA, and Masato FURUKAWA. "S0503-2-1 Experimental and Numerical Verification of Quasi-Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Design Method for Wind-Lens Turbine." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2010.2 (2010): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.2.0_101.

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33

Mysak, Erin R., David E. Starr, Kevin R. Wilson, and Hendrik Bluhm. "Note: A combined aerodynamic lens/ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiment for the on-stream investigation of aerosol surfaces." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 1 (January 2010): 016106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3276714.

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34

Sharke, Paul. "Let Light Be There." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 06 (June 1, 2001): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-jun-4.

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This article focuses on structures that today have moved completely away from sealed beam assemblies, relying instead on aerodynamic housings whose shapes are designed to flow with the contours of car bodies. Even before automotive high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting arrived, halogen bulbs had sought independence from their housings not only to free up lens shapes to the whimsy of stylists but to reduce drag as well. The advantage of, and trouble with, HID lighting is that it more than triples the output of halogen bulbs while consuming fewer watts. The light from an HID lamp, said to be closer to the hue of natural light and thus thought to be better at illuminating a rain-wrapped road, comes from an electrode-ignited xenon atmosphere. European lighting manufacturers, such as Hella, work in conjunction with automakers, other lighting manufacturers, and research groups in demonstrating for regulators the technology that might one day will be required on cars there.

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35

Liu, Peter S. K., Rensheng Deng, Kenneth A. Smith, Leah R. Williams, John T. Jayne, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Kori Moore, Timothy B. Onasch, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Terry Deshler. "Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer." Aerosol Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (July 5, 2007): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820701422278.

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36

Liu, Xinya, Bas Henzing, Arjan Hensen, Jan Mulder, Peng Yao, Danielle van Dinther, Jerry van Bronckhorst, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek. "Measurement report: Evaluation of the TOF-ACSM-CV for PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 measurements during the RITA-2021 field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 6 (March 19, 2024): 3405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024.

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Abstract. The recently developed time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor with a capture vaporizer and a PM2.5 aerodynamic lens (TOF-ACSM-CV-PM2.5) aims to improve the collection efficiency and chemical characterization of aerosol particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 µm. In this study, comprehensive cross-comparisons were performed between real-time online measurements and offline filter analysis with 24 h collection time. The goal was to evaluate the capabilities of the TOF-ACSM-CV-PM2.5 lens, as well as the accuracy of the TOF-ACSM-CV-PM2.5. The experiments were conducted at Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) during the RITA-2021 campaign. The non-refractory fine particulate matter (PM1.0 and PM2.5) was measured by two collocated TOF-ACSM-CV-PM2.5 instruments by placing them behind a PM2.5 and PM1.0 inlet, respectively. A comparison between the ACSMs and PM2.5 and PM1.0 filter samples showed a much better accuracy than ±30 % less given in the previous reports, with average differences less than ±10 % for all inorganic chemical species. In addition, the ACSMs were compared to the Monitoring Instrument for Aerosol and Gas (MARGA) (slope between 0.78 and 0.97 for inorganic compounds, R2≥ 0.93) and a mobility particle size spectrometer (MPSS), measuring the particle size distribution from around 10 to 800 nm (slope was around 1.00, R2= 0.91). The intercomparison of the online measurements and the comparison between the online and offline measurements indicated a low bias (< 10 % for inorganic compounds) and demonstrated the high accuracy and stability of the TOF-ACSM-CV-PM2.5 lens for the atmospheric observations of particle matter. The two ACSMs exhibited an excellent agreement, with differences less than 7 %, which allowed a quantitative estimate of PM1.0 vs. PM2.5 chemical composition. The result showed that the PM1.0 accounted for about 70 %–80 % of the PM2.5 on average. The NO3 mass fraction increased, but the organic carbon (OC) mass fraction decreased from PM1.0 to PM2.5, indicating the size dependence on chemical composition.

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37

Eichler, P., M. Müller, B. D'Anna, and A. Wisthaler. "A novel inlet system for on-line chemical analysis of semi-volatile submicron particulate matter." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 10109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-10109-2014.

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Abstract. We herein present the concept of a novel modular inlet system that allows using gas-phase analyzers for on-line chemical characterization of semi-volatile submicron particles. The "chemical analysis of aerosol on-line" (CHARON) inlet consists of a gas-phase denuder for stripping off gas-phase analytes, an aerodynamic lens for particle enrichment in the sampling flow and a thermo-desorption unit for particle volatilization prior to chemical analysis. We coupled the CHARON inlet to a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) which quantitatively detects most organic analytes and ammonia. The combined set-up measures submicron organic and ammonium nitrate/sulfate particles online. Two proof-of-principle studies were carried out for demonstrating the analytical power of the new set-up in analyzing primarily emitted and secondarily generated particles. Oxygenated organics and their partitioning between the gas and the particulate phase were observed from the reaction of limonene with ozone. Abundant quasi-molecular ions of organic particulate constituents were observed when submicron particles were sampled from diluted mainstream cigarette smoke.

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38

Cahill, John F., Thomas K. Darlington, Xiaoliang Wang, Joe Mayer, Matt T. Spencer, John C. Holecek, Beth E. Reed, and Kimberly A. Prather. "Development of a High-Pressure Aerodynamic Lens for Focusing Large Particles (4–10 μm) into the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer." Aerosol Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (August 21, 2014): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.947400.

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39

Kiesler, D., T. Bastuck, M. K. Kennedy, and F. E. Kruis. "Development of a high flow rate aerodynamic lens system for inclusion of nanoparticles into growing PVD films to form nanocomposite thin films." Aerosol Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 630–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1587149.

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40

Saarikoski, Sanna, Leah R. Williams, Steven R. Spielman, Gregory S. Lewis, Arantzazu Eiguren-Fernandez, Minna Aurela, Susanne V. Hering, et al. "Laboratory and field evaluation of the Aerosol Dynamics Inc. concentrator (ADIc) for aerosol mass spectrometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 3907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3907-2019.

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Abstract. An air-to-air ultrafine particle concentrator (Aerosol Dynamics Inc. concentrator; ADIc) has been designed to enhance online chemical characterization of ambient aerosols using aerosol mass spectrometry. The ADIc employs a three-stage, moderated water-based condensation growth tube coupled to an aerodynamic focusing nozzle to concentrate fine particles into a portion of the flow. The system can be configured to sample between 1.0 and 1.7 L min−1, with an output concentrated flow between 0.08 and 0.12 L min−1, resulting in a theoretical concentration factor (sample flow / output flow) ranging from 8 to 21. Laboratory tests with monodisperse particles show that the ADIc is effective for particles as small as 10 nm. Laboratory experiments conducted with the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) showed no shift in the particle size with the ADIc, as measured by the AMS particle time-of-flight operation. The ADIc-AMS system was operated unattended over a 1-month period near Boston, Massachusetts. Comparison to a parallel AMS without the concentrator showed concentration factors of 9.7±0.15 and 9.1±0.1 for sulfate and nitrate, respectively, when operated with a theoretical concentration factor of 10.5±0.3. The concentration factor of organics was lower, possibly due to the presence of large particles from nearby road-paving operations and a difference in aerodynamic lens cutoff between the two AMS instruments. Another field deployment was carried out in Helsinki, Finland. Two ∼10 d measurement periods showed good correlation for the concentrations of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium measured with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) with the ADIc and a parallel AMS without the concentrator. Additional experiments with an AMS alternating between the ADIc and a bypass line demonstrated that the concentrator did not significantly change the size distribution or the chemistry of the ambient aerosol particles.

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Dall'Osto, Manuel, David C. S. Beddows, Eoin J. McGillicuddy, Johanna K. Esser-Gietl, Roy M. Harrison, and John C. Wenger. "On the simultaneous deployment of two single-particle mass spectrometers at an urban background and a roadside site during SAPUSS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 15 (August 2, 2016): 9693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9693-2016.

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Abstract. The aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) provides size-resolved information on the chemical composition of single particles with high time resolution. Within SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies), continuous ATOFMS measurements of ambient particles were made simultaneously at two urban locations: urban background (UB) site and roadside (RS) site in the city of Barcelona (Spain) from 17 September to 18 October 2010. Two different instrumental configurations were used: ATOFMS (TSI 3800) with a converging nozzle inlet (high efficiency at about 800–2000 nm) at the UB site and ATOFMS (TSI 3800-100) with an aerodynamic lens inlet (high efficiency at about 300–700 nm) at the RS site. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that two ATOFMS instruments have been deployed in the same field study. The different instrument configurations had an impact on the observed particle types at the two sites. Nevertheless, 10 particle types were detected at both locations, including local and regional elemental carbon (22.7–58.9 % of total particles), fresh and aged sea salt (1.0–14.6 %), local and regional nitrate-containing aerosols (3–11.6 %), local lead-containing metallic particles (0.1–0.2 %), and transported Fe-nitrate particles (0.8–2.5 %). The ATOFMS at the UB also characterized four particle types: calcium-containing dust (0.9 %), Saharan dust (1.3 %), vanadium-containing particles (0.9 %), and vegetative debris (1.7 %). By contrast, the high statistical counts of fine particles detected at the RS allowed identification of eight particle types. Four of these contained organic nitrogen of primary and secondary origin, which highlights the complex nature of the sources and processes that contribute to this aerosol chemical component. Aminium salts were found related to coarse sulfate-rich particle types, suggesting heterogeneous reaction mechanisms for their formation. The other four particle types mainly containing organic carbon were found spiking at different types of the day, also showing a complex single-particle mixing state relationship between organic carbon and nitrate. This ATOFMS study clearly shows that the composition of atmospheric fine particles in Barcelona, and likely other Mediterranean urban areas, is complex, with a wide range of local and regional sources combining with chemical processing to produce at least 22 different particle types exhibiting different temporal behaviour. The advantage of using two ATOFMS instruments is also demonstrated, with the nozzle-skimmer configuration enabling detection of coarse dust particles and the aerodynamic lens configuration allowing better identification of particles rich in organic carbon and amines. Overall, we find that organic nitrogen is a considerable fraction of the single particles detected, especially at the traffic-dominated RS site. Further studies are needed, especially at high time resolution, to better understand the sources and properties of particulate organic nitrogen.

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Ferngenson, David P. "Comment on “Development of a High-Pressure Aerodynamic Lens for Focusing Large Particles (4–10 μm) into the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer”." Aerosol Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1006766.

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Wu, Xihong, N. Omenetto, and J. D. Winefordner. "Development, Characterization, and Application of a Versatile Single Particle Detection Apparatus for Time-Integrated and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Measurements—Part I: Theoretical Considerations." Laser Chemistry 2009 (June 14, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/295765.

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Recent progress in aerosol science has resulted in more challenging demands in the design of new particle beam introduction systems. In this paper, the concept of a variable orifice aerodynamic lens system is presented and supported by the numerical simulation results. This novel particle beam inlet can serve as either a narrow band pass filter (a particle segregator) that only confines particles with a specific size or a broad band pass filter (a particle concentrator) that allows particles with a wide size range to be concentrated on the beam axis. Following a brief description of the inlet system, computational details are described. Simulation of this inlet has been carried out by the commercial computational fluid dynamics protocol FLUENT. Focusing performance and characteristic of single-thin plate orifices have been first revealed and discussed, and then the dynamics and advantages of using multiple lenses with variable orifices are addressed. It is clearly shown that the focusing size range can be primarily adjusted by varying the working pressure, the orifice geometry, and/or the arrangement of orifices. As a result, a selection of the desired particle focusing size range can be achieved without the need of changing the inlet, thus increasing the versatility of the device for a broad range of applications.

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Hwang, Tae-Hyun, Seok-Hwan Kim, Soo Hyung Kim, and Donggeun Lee. "Reducing particle loss in a critical orifice and an aerodynamic lens for focusing aerosol particles in a wide size range of 30 nm — 10 μm." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (January 2015): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-1238-4.

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Cahill, John F., and Kimberly A. Prather. "Response to Comment on “Development of a High-Pressure Aerodynamic Lens for Focusing Large Particles (4–10 μm) into the Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer”." Aerosol Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1006765.

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46

Griffith, Martin D., Timothy N. Crouch, David Burton, John Sheridan, Nicholas AT Brown, and Mark C. Thompson. "A numerical model for the time-dependent wake of a pedalling cyclist." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119858434.

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A method for computing the wake of a pedalling cyclist is detailed and assessed through comparison with experimental studies. The large-scale time-dependent turbulent flow is simulated using the Scale Adaptive Simulation approach based on the Shear Stress Transport Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model. Importantly, the motion of the legs is modelled by joining the model at the hips and knees and imposing solid body rotation and translation to the lower and upper legs. Rapid distortion of the cyclist geometry during pedalling requires frequent interpolation of the flow solution onto new meshes. The impact of numerical errors, that are inherent to this remeshing technique, on the computed aerodynamic drag force is assessed. The dynamic leg simulation was successful in reproducing the oscillation in the drag force experienced by a rider over the pedalling cycle that results from variations in the large-scale wake flow structure. Aerodynamic drag and streamwise vorticity fields obtained for both static and dynamic leg simulations are compared with similar experimental results across the crank cycle. The new technique presented here for simulating pedalling leg cycling flows offers one pathway for improving the assessment of cycling aerodynamic performance compared to using isolated static leg simulations alone, a practice common in optimising the aerodynamics of cyclists through computational fluid dynamics.

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Hünig, Andreas, Oliver Appel, Antonis Dragoneas, Sergej Molleker, Hans-Christian Clemen, Frank Helleis, Thomas Klimach, et al. "Design, characterization, and first field deployment of a novel aircraft-based aerosol mass spectrometer combining the laser ablation and flash vaporization techniques." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 9 (May 11, 2022): 2889–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present the design, development, and characteristics of the novel aerosol mass spectrometer ERICA (ERC Instrument for Chemical composition of Aerosols; ERC – European Research Council) and selected results from the first airborne field deployment. The instrument combines two well-established methods of real-time in situ measurements of fine particle chemical composition. The first method is the laser desorption and ionization technique, or laser ablation technique, for single-particle mass spectrometry (here with a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser at λ = 266 nm). The second method is a combination of thermal particle desorption, also called flash vaporization, and electron impact ionization (like the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer). The same aerosol sample flow is analyzed using both methods simultaneously, each using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. By means of the laser ablation, single particles are qualitatively analyzed (including the refractory components), while the flash vaporization and electron impact ionization technique provides quantitative information on the non-refractory components (i.e., particulate sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, organics, and chloride) of small particle ensembles. These techniques are implemented in two consecutive instrument stages within a common sample inlet and a common vacuum chamber. At its front end, the sample air containing the aerosol particles is continuously injected via an aerodynamic lens. All particles which are not ablated by the Nd:YAG laser in the first instrument stage continue their flight until they reach the second instrument stage and impact on the vaporizer surface (operated at 600 ∘C). The ERICA is capable of detecting single particles with vacuum aerodynamic diameters (dva) between ∼ 180 and 3170 nm (d50 cutoff). The chemical characterization of single particles is achieved by recording cations and anions with a bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer. For the measurement of non-refractory components, the particle size range extends from approximately 120 to 3500 nm (d50 cutoff; dva), and the cations are detected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The compact dimensions of the instrument are such that the ERICA can be deployed on aircraft, at ground stations, or in mobile laboratories. To characterize the focused detection lasers, the ablation laser, and the particle beam, comprehensive laboratory experiments were conducted. During its first deployments the instrument was fully automated and operated during 11 research flights on the Russian high-altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica from ground pressure and temperature to 20 km altitude at 55 hPa and ambient temperatures as low as −86 ∘C. In this paper, we show that the ERICA is capable of measuring reliably under such conditions.

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Geddes, S., B. Nichols, K. Todd, J. Zahardis, and G. A. Petrucci. "Near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry for measuring organic aerosol at atmospherically relevant aerosol mass loadings." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 3 (May 5, 2010): 2013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-2013-2010.

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Abstract. A new method, near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (NIR-LDI-AMS), is described for the real time analysis of organic aerosols at atmospherically relevant total mass loadings. Particles are sampled with an aerodynamic lens onto an aluminium probe and moderate energy NIR laser pulse at 1064 nm is directed onto the probe to vaporize and ionize particle components. Delayed pulse extraction is then used to sample the ions into a reflectron time of flight mass spectrometer for chemical analysis. The soft ionization afforded by the NIR photons results in minimal fragmentation (loss of a hydrogen atom) producing intact pseudo-molecular anions at [M-H]−. The limit of detection measured for pure oleic acid particles (geometric mean diameter and standard deviation of 180 nm and 1.3, respectively) was 140 fg (or 1.7 ng m−3 per minute sampling time). As an example of the utility of NIR-LDI-AMS to measurements of atmospheric importance, the method was applied to laboratory chamber measurements of the secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of α-pinene. High quality mass spectra were recorded with a 2-min time resolution for total aerosol mass loadings ranging from 1.5 to 8.7 μg m−3. These results demonstrate the potential of NIR-LDI-AMS to allow for more accurate measurements of the organic fraction of atmospheric particulate at realistic mass loadings. Measurements at ambient-levels of SOA mass loading are important to improve parameterizations of chamber-based SOA formation for modeling regional and SOA fluxes and to aid in remediating the discrepancy between modeled and observed atmospheric total SOA production rates and concentrations.

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Geddes, S., B. Nichols, K. Todd, J. Zahardis, and G. A. Petrucci. "Near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry for measuring organic aerosol at atmospherically relevant aerosol mass loadings." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2010): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1175-2010.

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Abstract. A new method, near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (NIR-LDI-AMS), is described for the real time analysis of organic aerosols at atmospherically relevant total mass loadings. Particles are sampled with an aerodynamic lens onto an aluminum probe. A moderate energy NIR laser pulse at 1064 nm is directed onto the probe to vaporize and ionize particle components. Delayed pulse extraction is then used to sample the ions into a reflectron time of flight mass spectrometer for chemical analysis. The soft ionization afforded by the NIR photons results in minimal fragmentation (loss of a hydrogen atom) producing intact pseudo-molecular anions at [M-H]−. The limit of detection measured for pure oleic acid particles (geometric mean diameter and standard deviation of 180 nm and 1.3, respectively) was 140 fg (or 1.7 ng m−3 per minute sampling time). As an example of the utility of NIR-LDI-AMS to measurements of atmospheric importance, the method was applied to laboratory chamber measurements of the secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of α-pinene. High quality mass spectra were recorded with a 2-min time resolution for total aerosol mass loadings ranging from 1.5 to 8.7 μg m−3. These results demonstrate the potential of NIR-LDI-AMS to allow for more accurate measurements of the organic fraction of atmospheric particulate at realistic mass loadings. Measurements at ambient-levels of SOA mass loading are important to improve parameterizations of chamber-based SOA formation for modeling regional and global SOA fluxes and to aid in remediating the discrepancy between modeled and observed atmospheric total SOA production rates and concentrations.

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He, Zixin, Luc Mongeau, Rahul Taduri, and David Menicovich. "Feedforward Harmonic Suppression for Noise Control of Piezoelectric Synthetic Jet Actuators." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 266, no. 2 (May 25, 2023): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_01_1042.

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Piezoelectrically driven Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) are a class of pulsatile flow generation devices that promises to improve upon steady forced cooling methods in air flow generation, surface cleaning and heat transfer applications. Their acoustic emissions and vibrations, an intrinsic by-product of their operation, needs to be mitigated for applications in noise-sensitive contexts. Already used for aerodynamic control [1, 2], thrust vectoring [3], spray control [4], and heat transfer [5, 6], they are increasingly being considered for sensor lens cleaning in automobiles. In this study, the sound generation mechanisms of SJAs are discussed and an active noise reduction method is proposed and evaluated. Driven with a single frequency sinusoidal input, SJAs produce acoustic emissions at harmonic frequencies within the frequency range of speech communication. The sound pressure levels of those emissions are commensurate with that of other automotive subsystems and electronic components. Previous attempts at noise control include passive strategies, such as, nozzle design [7, 8], enclosure design [5], and mufflers. Active strategies, such as out-of-phase actuator pairs [9], and signal modulation have also been considered. Given their relative novelty, further reduction is possible at the source through the tuning of prominent tonal components of their emissions. The present study demonstrates that feedforward active control, achieved through input harmonic tuning, results in significant drops in the loudness of the radiated sound with minimal effects on flow and cleaning performance. Acoustic emissions from all prominent harmonics could be reduced using this method. Tuning is local to the location of the error microphone and further work is required to achieve global tuning. Preliminary performance investigations are presented.

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