Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aerial surveying'

(1) Reliable measures of population abundance are essential for managing wildlife effectively. Aerial surveys provide a rapid and efficient means of surveying large mammals and many techniques have been developed to adjust for the inability to count all animals within transects. The probability of detection varies according to a range of factors which are important to consider when estimating density. Standardised survey methods developed in flat country are not readily transferable to steep terrain due to safety, access and difficulties delineating transect widths. Other methods have logistic constraints and must adhere to various other assumptions. (2) Density estimators are seldom examined using actual population size, hence their ability to correct for true bias is unknown. Studies that compare techniques are difficult to interpret because of the uncertainty of adherence to their respective assumptions. Factors influencing detection probability, estimators that correct for bias, the validity of their assumptions and how these relate to true density are important considerations for selecting suitable methods. The aim of this study was to obtain accurate and reliable methods for estimating the density of feral goats by improving predictions of detection probability, investigating the assumptions of aerial surveys, and examining the accuracy of 15 density estimators by comparing with total counts of feral goats. (3) Group size, vegetation and observer were the most important factors influencing the probability of observing a group of goats during aerial surveys. However, different approaches to analysing these data influenced the significance of variables and the predicted probabilities. Goat colour, type of helicopter, site and rear observer experience in hours were also found to be significant (P<0.05) when using likelihood equations based on all animals in the population rather than only those in the sample. The slope of the terrain was also shown to significantly (P=0.014) affect the probability of detection. (4) Indices are commonly used in wildlife management for their simplicity and practicality, but their validity has been questioned because of variable probability of detection. Results of this study suggest aerial survey indices are useful in monitoring a range of medium-sized mammal species across space and time if differences in detection probability between species, group size, vegetation and observer are considered and their effects are standardised. (5) An assumption of most sampling regimes that is fundamental but rarely examined is that animals are not counted more than once. In this study the behavioural responses of feral goats to helicopters were investigated as a basis for estimating the probability that goats were recounted. No long-term consequences were evident in feral goat behaviour of responses to helicopters. However, helicopter surveys were found to alter the structure of 42% of groups observed, with 28% of groups merging with others and 14% splitting into separate groups. Therefore, group size estimated from the air should not be considered as biologically important, and when estimating density, researchers should also avoid using group sizes determined from independent ground observations to correct group sizes determined from aerial surveys. Goats were also more likely to flush further when helicopters were within 150 m, which is close to or within standard helicopter strip widths. Substantial movement occurred between transects and 21% of goats were estimated to be available for recounting in adjacent transects. (6) Different detection probabilities between groups of goats may be particularly relevant when using double-counting, where multiple observers are �capturing� and �recapturing� animals in the same instant. Many analyses test and adjust for this �unequal catchability� assumption in different ways, with the approaches of Huggins and Alho allowing prediction of unique probability values for a range of co-variates. The approach of Chao attempts to correct for skewed distributions in small samples. The Horvitz-Thompson approach provides a useful basis for estimating abundance (or density) when detection probability can be estimated and is known to vary between observations according to a range of independent variables, and also avoids errors associated with averaging group size. (7) After correcting for recounting, the Alho estimator applied to helicopter surveys was the most accurate (Bias = 0.02) and reliable of all techniques, which suggests that estimates were improved by taking into account unconditional detection probability and correcting individual observations according to their characteristics. The positive bias evident in the Chao (Bias = 0.28) and Petersen (Bias = 0.15) aerial survey estimators may have been a result of averaging detection probability across all observations. The inconsistency and inaccuracy of the ground-based area-count technique emphasises the importance of other assumptions in density estimation, such as representative sampling and availability bias. The accuracy of index-manipulation-index techniques was dependent on the indices used. Capture-recapture estimates using mustering showed slight negative bias (Bias = -0.08), which was likely a result of increased probability of re-capture (i.e. trap happy). Ground-based capture-resight estimates were labour intensive and positively biased (Bias = 0.13), likely due to underestimating the area sampled, or overestimating the number of unmarked individuals with each sample. (8) Helicopter survey using double-counting is recommended for estimating the density of feral goats in steep terrain. However, consideration of recounting under intensive sampling regimes and adjustments for the factors that influence unconditional detection probability is required.

This research assesses the accuracy of SRTM and AIRSAR DEMs acquired over the mountainous-hillands of Cameron Highlands with DEMs generated from Digital Aerial Photograph (DAP) with a fine (2 m) spatial resolution and height resolution of about 0.5 m. The ground control points used for generating stereo models from the DAP were acquired during field work using GPS which achieved accuracy better than 2 cm in most cases. To overcome the difficulty of overlaying the DEMs with the DAP DEM as no features can be easily identified on both the images, therefore a technique of using transects and contours generated from the DEMs were used to correct the horizontal displacement. For AIRSAR DEM, comparing the accompanying AIRSAR composite images was also employed. These then allowed an analysis of the height accuracy to be undertaken. The height of both the AIRSAR and SRTM DEMs were also corrected by applying Linear Regression Models. These models were produced by comparing pixels obtained from points, profiles and an area. Once again the corrected DEMs were assessed. Finally the extracted profiles and contours from the corrected SRTM and AIRSAR were compared with the reference DEM. From the comparisons, the horizontal errors were found to be about one and the half pixels (138.72 m: for SRTM) to the east and 1 pixel (10 m: for AIRSAR) to the south. The SD of height differences of the SRTM and AIRSAR DEMs using 90% data were 9.2 m and 5.2 m with profiles comparison; 10.4 m and 5.4 m with area comparison; 10.8 m and 2.4 m with GPS GCPs comparison respectively. From the three comparisons, the means of height differences are 5.2 m, 6.1 m and 15.2 m for SRTM and 8.1 m, 8.3 m and 7.9 m for AIRSAR DEM. The results suggest there is height offset in the AIRSAR DEM. When both heights of DEMs were corrected, the generated contours are close to each other and to reference contours. Using contour colours images and height modelling, the corrected DEM was found to have the potential to detect areas that prone to flash floods and mudslides.

Developing regions are often characterized by large areas that are poorly reachable or explored. The mapping and census of roaming populations in these areas are often difficult and sporadic. A recent spark in the development of small aerial vehicles has made them the perfect tool to efficiently and accurately monitor these areas. This paper presents an approach to aid area surveying through the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The two main components of this approach are an efficient on-device deep learning object identification component to capture and infer images with acceptable performance (latency andaccuracy), and a dynamic path planning approach, informed by the object identification component. In particular, this thesis illustrates the development of the path planning component, which exploits potential field methods to dynamically adapt the path based on inputs from the vision system. It also describes the integration work that was performed to implement the approach on a prototype platform, with the aim to achieve autonomous flight with onboard computation. The path planning component was developed with the purpose of gaining information about the populations detected by the object identification component, while considering the limited resources of energy and computational power onboard a UAV. The developed algorithm was compared to navigation using a predefined path, where the UAV does not react to the environment. Results from the comparison show that the algorithm provide more information about the objects of interest, with a very small change in flight time. The integration of the object identification and the path planning components on the prototype platform was evaluated in terms of end-to-end latency, power consumption and resource utilization. Results show that the proposed approach is feasible for area surveying in developing regions. Parts of this work has been published in the workshop of DroNet, collocated with MobiSys, with the title Surveying Areas in Developing Regions Through Context Aware Drone Mobility. Thework was carried out in collaboration with Alessandro Montanari, Alice Valentini, Cecilia Mascoloand Amanda Prorok.<br>Utvecklingsländer är ofta karaktäriserade av vidsträcka områden som är svåråtkomliga och outforskade. Kartläggning och folkräkning av populationen i dessa områden är svåra uppgifter som sker sporadiskt. Nya framsteg i utvecklingen av små, luftburna fordon har gjort dem till perfekta verktyg för att effektivt och noggrant bevaka dessa områden. Den här rapporten presenterar en strategi för att underlätta utforskning av dessa områden med hjälp av drönare. De två huvudkomponenterna i denna strategi är en effektiv maskininlärningskomponent för objektidentifiering med acceptabel prestanda i avseende av latens och noggrannhet, samt en dynamisk navigeringskomponent som informeras av objektidentifieringskomponenten. I synnerhet illustrerar denna avhandling utvecklingen av navigeringskomponenten, som utnyttjar potentialfält för att dynamiskt anpassa vägen baserat på information från objektidentifieringssystemet. Dessutom beskrivs det integrationsarbete som utförts för att implementera strategin på en prototypplattform, med målet att uppnå autonom flygning med all beräkning utförd ombord. Navigeringskomponenten utvecklades i syfte att maximera informationen om de populationer som upptäckts av objektidentifieringskomponenten, med hänsyn till de begränsade resurserna av energi och beräkningskraft ombord på en drönare. Den utvecklade algoritmen jämfördes med navigering med en fördefinierad väg, där drönaren inte reagerar på omgivningen. Resultat från jämförelsen visar att algoritmen ger mer information om objekten av intresse, med en mycket liten förändring i flygtiden. Integreringen av objektidentifieringskomponenten och navigeringskomponenten på prototypplattformen utvärderades med avseende på latens, strömförbrukning och resursutnyttjande. Resultaten visar att den föreslagna strategin är genomförbar för kartläggning och utforskning av utvecklingsregioner. Delar av detta arbete har publicerats i DroNets workshop, samlokaliserad med MobiSys, med titeln Surveying Areas in Developing Regions Through Context Aware Drone Mobility. Arbetet utfördes i samarbete med Alessandro Montanari, Alice Valentini, Cecilia Mascolo och Amanda Prorok.

The thesis investigates the concepts of archaeological spatial association within the context of both site and regional data sets. The techniques of geophysical surveying, surface distribution collection and aerial photography are described and discussed. Several new developments of technique are presented as well as a detailed discussion of the problems of data presentation and analysis. The quantitative relationships between these data sets are explored by modelling them as operands and describing association in terms of operators. Both local and global measures of association are considered with a discussion as to their relative merits. Methods for the spatial association of regional lattice and point processes are developed. A detailed discussion of distance based spatial analysis techniques is presented.

The thesis investigates the concepts of archaeological spatial association within the context of both site and regional data sets. The techniques of geophysical surveying, surface distribution collection and aerial photography are described and discussed. Several new developments of technique are presented as well as a detailed discussion of the problems of data presentation and analysis. The quantitative relationships between these data sets are explored by modelling them as operands and describing association in terms of operators. Both local and global measures of association are considered with a discussion as to their relative merits. Methods for the spatial association of regional lattice and point processes are developed. A detailed discussion of distance based spatial analysis techniques is presented.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>103<br>This thesis proposes a systematic and unified approach for design and implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles in autonomous surveying. Traditional ground surveying consumes large human resources and time. On the other hand, fixed-wing aerial surveying is restricted by the cursing altitude, where a high-cost professional camera is needed. In light of the above, this thesis implements an open source UAV system which integrates first person view (FPV) and image stabilization systems. The advantages of the approach are three fold: i) minimization of surveying time; ii) optimization of path efficiency; and iii) allowance of an individual person to execute complex tasks. Finally, the proposed system is field tested with captured images processed into geospatial data.

Resource managers frequently require moderate to high resolution imagery within short turnaround periods for use in a GIS-based management system. These spatial data can greatly enhance their ability to make timely, cost-saving decisions and recommendations. MBB Consulting Engineers, Inc., of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa had for many years made use of airborne videography to provide the imagery for several resource-based applications. Applications included detailed land use mapping in various South African river catchments and identification, density classification and mapping of alien vegetation. While the system was low cost and easy to operate, MBB had found that their system was inherently limited, particularly by its lack of automation and poor spatial resolution. This project was started because of a need to address these limitations and provide an airborne remote sensing system that was more automated and could produce higher resolution imagery than the existing system. In addition, the overall cost and time required to produce a map of the resource of interest needed to be reduced. The system developed in this project aimed to improve upon the pre-flight planning and in-flight image acquisition aspects of the existing system. No new post-flight image processing procedures were developed, but possible future refinement of the post-flight image processing routine was considered throughout the development of the system. A pre-flight planning software package was developed that could quickly and efficiently calculate the positions offlight lines and photographs or images with a minimum of user input. The in-flight image acquisition setup developed involved the integration of a high resolution digital still camera, a Global Positioning System (GPS), and camera control software. The use of the rapidly developing and improving technology of a digital still camera was considered to be a better alternative than a video graphic or traditional film camera system for a number of reasons. In particular, digital still cameras produce digital imagery without the need for development and scanning of aerial photographs or frame grabbing of video images. Furthermore, the resolution of current digital still cameras is already significantly better than that of video cameras and is rivalling the resolution of 35rnm film. The system developed was tested by capturing imagery of an urban test area. The images obtained were then rectified using photogrammetric techniques. Results obtained were promising with planimetric accuracies of 5 to 1 Om being obtained. From this test it was concluded that for high accuracy applications involving numerous images, use would be made of softcopy photogrammetric software to semi-automatically position and rectify images, while for applications requiring fewer images and lower accuracy, images could be rectified using the simpler technique of assigning GCPs for each image from scanned orthophotos.<br>Thesis (MSc.)- University of Natal,Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>地政學系<br>88<br>The objective of this thesis has been to investigate the feasibility of digital aerotriangulation using small format photos. A focal length of 9mm camera mounted on a helicopter with format of 11.5cm by 11.5cm color positives have been used for taking pictures of the research area. The premarked ground control points were surveyed by GPS. Photo control was executed using a Leica BC3 analytical plotter and an Intergraph ImageStation respectively. The coordinates measurements of photo points using the two instruments have been evaluated. Both of interior and exterior parameters computed from digital triangulation and digitized photos have been used to produce the orthoimage. The resultant orthoimage was then superimposed and compared with the existing 1/1000 digital map. The results have indicated that: 1. The RMSE of digital method were X = 0.097m, Y = 0.090m, Z = 0.161m; the RMSE of analytical method were X = 0.132m, Y = 0.120m, Z = 0.144m; 2. Digital aerotriangulation could be performed using small format photos.