Journal articles: 'Aerial spread'

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Mundt, Christopher C., Kathryn E. Sackett, LaRae D. Wallace, Christina Cowger, and Joseph P. Dudley. "Aerial Dispersal and Multiple-Scale Spread of Epidemic Disease." EcoHealth 6, no. 4 (December 2009): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0251-z.

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Shelstad, Dixon, Lloyd Queen, David French, and Daniel Fitzpatrick. "Describing the Spread of Oak Wilt Using a Geographic Information System." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 17, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1991.047.

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The oak wilt fungus (C. fagacearum) spreads both through root grafts to adjacent trees and via insects over longer distances. Effective control of the disease requires a better understanding of the spatial and temporal components of both types of spread. Towards that end, color infrared aerial photography covering a ten-year interval of time was interpreted and then analyzed using a GIS for purposes of describing spread rates and areas affected. The GIS allowed rapid and thorough assessment of both overland and local disease spread. New infection centers were found to occur at greater distances than previously reported, and these new centers accounted in total for the most significant component of increase in total area affected by the fungus.

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Honda, Yoko, Norihisa Yokouchi, and Tomohide Okada. "Research on the Aerial Spread of Waterfront Development in Surrounding Areas." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 37 (2002): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/cpij1.37.0.1087.0.

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Honda, Yoko, Norihisa Yokouchi, and Tomohide Okada. "Research on the Aerial Spread of Waterfront Development in Surrounding Areas." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 37 (2002): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.37.1087.

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Lee, Jihwan, Chulyoung Kwak, Seongwon Kim, and Saewoong Bahk. "Reliable and Low-Complexity Chirp Spread Spectrum-Based Aerial Acoustic Communication." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 151589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017097.

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Baker, F. A., K. Knowles, T. R. Meyer, and D. W. French. "Aerial Applications of Ethylene-Releasing Chemicals Fail to Promote Abscission of Dwarf Mistletoe Aerial Shoots on Jack Pine." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65194-3.

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The ethylene-releasing chemical Cerone was applied in early August to two strands of jack pine infested with the lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe in northwestern Manitoba. Nine weeks after aerial application, Cerone failed to cause appreciable abscission of dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots, while almost 90% of the aerial shoots on branches treated from the ground had abscised. Ground application of Cerone could reduce spread of dwarf mistletoe by limiting seed production. Key Words: Arceuthobium, jack pine, chemical control

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Chok, S. E., M. C. E. Grafton, I. J. Yule, and M. J. Manning. "Capability of ground fertiliser placement when spread from fixed wing aircraft." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3230.

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Aerial topdressing using differential rate application technology improves fertiliser spreading on hill country farms. However, the system's ability to place fertiliser accurately and precisely within an area needs to be determined. Accuracy was determined by comparing measured and intended application rates. Precision was indicated by the coefficient of variation (CV), which is the standard deviation of the measured application rate over the mean of this rate. Two trials were carried out, where aircraft deposited fertiliser at two application rates and fertiliser was captured using cone-shaped collectors. The average measured application rate for both trials was less than the intended rate. The CV ranged from 35 to 57%, and was lower than CV's from pilot-operated hopper systems (78%). A one-way analysis of variance test found the difference between measured application rate in the high and low application zone was statistically significant. The results indicate work is required to improve the accuracy and precision of the differential rate system, however, the system shows promise. Keywords: differential rate application technology, aerial spreading, fertiliser placement

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Correia, Carlos A. M., Fabio A. A. Andrade, Agnar Sivertsen, Ihannah Pinto Guedes, Milena Faria Pinto, Aline Gesualdi Manhães, and Diego Barreto Haddad. "Comprehensive Direct Georeferencing of Aerial Images for Unmanned Aerial Systems Applications." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020604.

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Optical image sensors are the most common remote sensing data acquisition devices present in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). In this context, assigning a location in a geographic frame of reference to the acquired image is a necessary task in the majority of the applications. This process is denominated direct georeferencing when ground control points are not used. Despite it applies simple mathematical fundamentals, the complete direct georeferencing process involves much information, such as camera sensor characteristics, mounting measurements, attitude and position of the UAS, among others. In addition, there are many rotations and translations between the different reference frames, among many other details, which makes the whole process a considerable complex operation. Another problem is that manufacturers and software tools may use different reference frames posing additional difficulty when implementing the direct georeferencing. As this information is spread among many sources, researchers may face difficulties on having a complete vision of the method. In fact, there is absolutely no paper in the literature that explain this process in a comprehensive way. In order to supply this implicit demand, this paper presents a comprehensive method for direct georeferencing of aerial images acquired by cameras mounted on UAS, where all required information, mathematical operations and implementation steps are explained in detail. Finally, in order to show the practical use of the method and to prove its accuracy, both simulated and real flights were performed, where objects of the acquired images were georeferenced.

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Pastalka, Tomas, Suzanne Rooney-Latham, Kathleen Kosta, Karen Suslow, Vernon Huffman, Sibdas Ghosh, and Wolfgang Schweigkofler. "Monitoring Using a Sentinel Plant System Reveals Very Limited Aerial Spread of Phytophthora ramorum From Infected Ornamental Plants in a Quarantine Research Nursery." Plant Health Progress 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-16-0050.

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The potential aerial spread of Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of sudden oak death and Ramorum blight, from infected plants in a quarantine research nursery at the National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University of California (NORS-DUC) to the environment was monitored weekly for five years (2011 to 2016) using a sentinel system. Phytophthora ramorum was never detected on any of the sentinel plants (Rhododendron, Viburnum, and Loropetalum spp), indicating very limited aerial spread under suboptimal meteorological and environmental conditions. An infection experiment with host plants placed in the immediate vicinity of symptomatic plants proved the potential for short-distance (1 to 2 m) aerial transmission of P. ramorum. Other Phytophthora spp. causing symptoms similar to P. ramorum were detected during the rainy season (January to May) on the sentinel plants, among them potentially two novel species. These data reveal how sentinel monitoring at NORS-DUC allows for seasonal assessments of disease incidence and provide longitudinal data to assess the threat of P. ramorum movement in nurseries.

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Hart, Henry, Daniel D. B. Perrakis, Stephen W. Taylor, Christopher Bone, and Claudio Bozzini. "Georeferencing Oblique Aerial Wildfire Photographs: An Untapped Source of Fire Behaviour Data." Fire 4, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040081.

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In this study, we investigate a novel application of the photogrammetric monoplotting technique for assessing wildfires. We demonstrate the use of the software program WSL Monoplotting Tool (MPT) to georeference operational oblique aerial wildfire photographs taken during airtanker response in the early stages of fire growth. We located the position of the fire front in georeferenced pairs of photos from five fires taken 31–118 min apart, and calculated the head fire spread distance and head fire rate of spread (HROS). Our example photos were taken 0.7 to 4.7 km from fire fronts, with camera angles of incidence from −19° to −50° to image centre. Using high quality images with detailed landscape features, it is possible to identify fire front positions with high precision; in our example data, the mean 3D error was 0.533 m and the maximum 3D error for individual fire runs was less than 3 m. This resulted in a maximum HROS error due to monoplotting of only ~0.5%. We then compared HROS estimates with predictions from the Canadian Fire Behavior Prediction System, with differences mainly attributed to model error or uncertainty in weather and fuel inputs. This method can be used to obtain observations to validate fire spread models or create new empirical relationships where databases of such wildfire photos exist. Our initial work suggests that monophotogrammetry can provide reproducible estimates of fire front position, spread distance and rate of spread with high accuracy, and could potentially be used to characterize other fire features such as flame and smoke plume dimensions and spotting.

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Helms, Jackson A., Aaron P. Godfrey, Tayna Ames, and Eli S. Bridge. "Are invasive fire ants kept in check by native aerial insectivores?" Biology Letters 12, no. 5 (May 2016): 20160059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0059.

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Aerial predator–prey interactions may impact populations of many terrestrial species. Here, we use altitude loggers to study aerial foraging in a native insectivore, the purple martin ( Progne subis ), in the southern USA. Purple martins fed primarily on mating queens and males of the invasive red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ), and doubled their foraging efficiency by doing so. Across the USA, purple martins likely eat billions of fire ant queens each year, potentially impacting the spread of this species. Alternatively, predation on fire ants may help sustain populations of purple martins and other aerial insectivores.

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Fuhrmann, Matthew, and Michael C. Horowitz. "Droning On: Explaining the Proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." International Organization 71, no. 2 (2017): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000121.

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AbstractUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), more popularly known as “drones,” have become emblematic of twenty-first century military technologies but scholars have yet to convincingly explain the drivers of UAV proliferation. Using the first systematic data set of UAV proliferation, this research note examines the spread of UAVs in the context of scholarly debates about interests versus capacity in explaining policy adoption. The results yield important insights for both IR scholarship and the policy-making community. While countries that experience security threats—including territorial disputes and terrorism—are more likely to seek UAVs, drone proliferation is not simply a function of the threat environment. We find evidence that democracies and autocracies are more likely than mixed regimes to develop armed UAV programs, and suggest that autocracies and democracies have their own unique incentives to acquire this technology. Moreover, supply-side factors play a role in the UAV proliferation process: a state's technological capacity is a strong predictor of whether it will obtain the most sophisticated UAVs. The theories and evidence we present challenge emerging views about UAV proliferation and shed useful light on how and why drones spread.

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Livingston, R. L., J. E. Dewey, D. P. Beckman, and L. E. Stipe. "Distribution of the Balsam Woolly Adelgid in Idaho." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.4.227.

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Abstract The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) was introduced from Europe to northeastern North America in about 1900. In 1983, it was discovered infesting fir trees in Idaho. Since then, aerial and ground surveys have documented its spread in Idaho over an area of approximately 14,000 mi2 (8,960,000 ac). It now covers most of the central one-third of the state. Aerial surveys in 1997 and 1998 identified about 125,000 ac of host type with dead or damaged trees. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) is a critical species in many high elevation areas. The effects of the balsam wooly adelgid on aesthetics, hydrology, and other ecological values can be very important. The adelgid is likely to continue its spread throughout subalpine fir forests of Idaho and neighboring states. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):227-231,

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Orlikowski, Leszek, Magdalena Pļaszek, Adam Wojdyļa, and Czesļaw Skrzypczak. "First Notice of Phytophthora Aerial Blight and Crown Rot on Pansies in Poland." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0041-1.

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First Notice ofPhytophthoraAerial Blight and Crown Rot on Pansies in PolandPhytophthora cactorumwas detected on &9/10; of pansies showing yellowing of leaves and crown rot symptoms and constituted about 90% of isolates obtained.Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium avenaceum, F. solaniandPythium ultimumwere also isolated from diseased tissues. Using rhododendron leaves as the bait,P. cactorumwas detected in pansy substratum as well as from soil under the mata. Isolates obtained from diseased plants, substratum and soil under mata colonized leaves, stem parts and roots of pansy. Necroses spread faster on organs inoculated with cultures from plants and substratum. Among 25 cultivars inoculated withP. cactorum, disease symptoms did not occur on 3 of them, whereas the fastest spread of necrotic spots (3.8 mm/24 hrs) was noticed on 3 cultivars. Isolates ofP. cactorumfromBegonia semperflorensandMalus domesticacolonized leaf petioles of pansy with significantly faster spread when isolates from begonia and pansy were used for inoculation.

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Aylor, Donald E. "SPREAD OF PLANT DISEASE ON A CONTINENTAL SCALE: ROLE OF AERIAL DISPERSAL OF PATHOGENS." Ecology 84, no. 8 (August 2003): 1989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/01-0619.

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Todorovic, Branislav, and Vladimir Orlic. "Direct sequence spread spectrum scheme for an unmanned aerial vehicle PPM control signal protection." IEEE Communications Letters 13, no. 10 (October 2009): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2009.091293.

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Warburton, B. "Control of Bennett's and Tammar Wallabies in New Zealand Using Compound 1080 Gel on Foliage Baits." Wildlife Research 17, no. 5 (1990): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900541.

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Trials were carried out against Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) and tammar wallabies (M. eugenii) in areas of indigenous forest where browsing is preventing or damaging regeneration. Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in a carbopol gel was spread on the foliage of palatable plants. Numbers of Bennett's wallabies were reduced by 91% and tammar wallabies by 87%. These kill estimates compare favourably with those achieved using aerially sown baits. The costs per hectare of gel poisoning were estimated to be as little as 40% of those for aerial baiting, but the costs of using gel will increase as the control areas become larger, more rugged, and less easily traversed on foot.

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Call, PT, and FA Albini. "Aerial and Surface Fuel Consumption in Crown Fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 3 (1997): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970259.

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An empirical model is presented which relates fractional reduction in loading to fuel element diameter and moisture content for surface and aerial fuels consumed near the fire front in a spreading crown fire. The model is based upon data from a series of experimental crown fires in immature jack pine. Its intended use is to permit calculation of fuel consumption per unit area (kg/m2) needed to estimate edge intensity (kW/m) from the spread rate of a crown fire. Model predictions of small fuel component fractional loading reduction had a root-mean-square error of almost 0.2 for our calibration data set. Most of the error arises from the model prediction of complete consumption of crown foliage, some of which was not exposed to flame in the fires of our data set. The model does not address the longer term burning of duff and large woody fuels.

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Liu, J., S. Ji, C. Zhang, and Z. Qin. "EVALUATION OF DEEP LEARNING BASED STEREO MATCHING METHODS: FROM GROUND TO AERIAL IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-593-2018.

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Dense stereo matching has been extensively studied in photogrammetry and computer vision. In this paper we evaluate the application of deep learning based stereo methods, which were raised from 2016 and rapidly spread, on aerial stereos other than ground images that are commonly used in computer vision community. Two popular methods are evaluated. One learns matching cost with a convolutional neural network (known as MC-CNN); the other produces a disparity map in an end-to-end manner by utilizing both geometry and context (known as GC-net). First, we evaluate the performance of the deep learning based methods for aerial stereo images by a direct model reuse. The models pre-trained on KITTI 2012, KITTI 2015 and Driving datasets separately, are directly applied to three aerial datasets. We also give the results of direct training on target aerial datasets. Second, the deep learning based methods are compared to the classic stereo matching method, Semi-Global Matching(SGM), and a photogrammetric software, SURE, on the same aerial datasets. Third, transfer learning strategy is introduced to aerial image matching based on the assumption of a few target samples available for model fine tuning. It experimentally proved that the conventional methods and the deep learning based methods performed similarly, and the latter had greater potential to be explored.

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Matthews, G. A. "The Role for Drones in Future Aerial Pesticide Applications." Outlooks on Pest Management 32, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v32_oct_10.

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Aircraft have been used to apply pesticides for decades, but their use has been largely confined to spraying crops grown on very large fields, mostly in north, central and south America. Aerial spraying has also been vital in controlling locust swarms spread over vast areas. The development of unmanned aircraft, known as drones, has benefitted smallscale farmers as the drone can be controlled effectively over specific areas. Drones have also benefitted vector control by detecting the breeding sites of mosquitoes, which can be sprayed subsequently with larvicides, or controlled by applying space sprays. Smaller drones are an important way of replacing ground methods in difficult to reach areas such as wetlands, steep terrain for vineyards, and small areas of trees.

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Plucinski, Matt P., and Elsa Pastor. "Criteria and methodology for evaluating aerial wildfire suppression." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 8 (2013): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13040.

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Aircraft are often used to drop suppressants and retardants to assist wildfire containment. Drop effectiveness has rarely been measured due to the difficulties in collecting data from wildfires and running field experiments and the absence of definitions and measures. This paper presents a set of criteria and methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of aerial suppression drops. These consider drop placement, coverage and effect on fire behaviour. This paper also details drop site and delivery conditions that are required for determining causal factors that influence drop effectiveness and allow drops to be compared. Examples of drop impact evaluations made during experimental fires are used to demonstrate these methodologies. The main methods proposed are based on the analysis of orthorectified airborne infrared imagery of drops, which can be used to measure drop dimensions, proximity to fire perimeter and their effect on fire spread. These evaluations can be used to compare tactics, suppressants and delivery systems and to inform cost–benefit analyses of aerial suppression.

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Hong, Suk-Ju, Yunhyeok Han, Sang-Yeon Kim, Ah-Yeong Lee, and Ghiseok Kim. "Application of Deep-Learning Methods to Bird Detection Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071651.

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Wild birds are monitored with the important objectives of identifying their habitats and estimating the size of their populations. Especially in the case of migratory bird, they are significantly recorded during specific periods of time to forecast any possible spread of animal disease such as avian influenza. This study led to the construction of deep-learning-based object-detection models with the aid of aerial photographs collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The dataset containing the aerial photographs includes diverse images of birds in various bird habitats and in the vicinity of lakes and on farmland. In addition, aerial images of bird decoys are captured to achieve various bird patterns and more accurate bird information. Bird detection models such as Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN), Region-based Fully Convolutional Network (R-FCN), Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), Retinanet, and You Only Look Once (YOLO) were created and the performance of all models was estimated by comparing their computing speed and average precision. The test results show Faster R-CNN to be the most accurate and YOLO to be the fastest among the models. The combined results demonstrate that the use of deep-learning-based detection methods in combination with UAV aerial imagery is fairly suitable for bird detection in various environments.

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Szabolcsi, Róbert. "Pole Placement Technique Applied in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Automatic Flight Control Systems Design." Land Forces Academy Review 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2018-0011.

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Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicles are widely spread and intensively used ones both in governmental and in private applications. The standard arrangements of the commercial-off-the-shelves unmanned aerial vehicles sometimes neglect application of the automatic flight control system onboard. However, there are many initiatives to ensure autonomous flights of the unmanned aerial vehicles via pre-programmed flight paths. Moreover, automatic flight control system can ensure necessary level of the flight safety both in VFR and IFR flights. The aim of this study is to guide UAV users in set up commercial onboard autopilots available on the market. On the contrary, fitness of the autopilot to a given type of the air robot is not guaranteed, and, an extra load on users can appear in controller settings. The proposed pole placement technique is one of the proper methods eliminating difficulties, and, computer aided gain selection using MATLAB will be presented.

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Stilwell, Abby R., Donald C. Rundquist, David B. Marx, and Gary L. Hein. "Differential Spatial Gradients of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus into Winter Wheat from a Central Mite-Virus Source." Plant Disease 103, no. 2 (February 2019): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-18-0025-re.

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The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, transmits three potentially devastating viruses to winter wheat. An increased understanding of mite movement and subsequent virus spread through the landscape is necessary to estimate the risk of epidemics by the virus in winter wheat. Owing to the small size of WCMs, their dispersal via wind is hard to monitor; however, the viruses they transmit produce symptoms that can be detected with remote sensing. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial dispersal of the virus from a central mite-virus source. Virus infection gradients were measured spatially by using aerial remote sensing, ground measurements, geostatistics, and a geographic information system between 2006 and 2009. The red edge position vegetation index as measured via aerial imagery was significantly correlated with in-field biophysical measurements. The occurrence of virus symptoms extended differentially in all directions from mite-virus source plots, and predictions from cokriging revealed an oval pattern surrounding the source but displaced to the southeast. The variable dispersal in different directions appeared to be influenced by the mite source density and wind direction and speed, but temperature also seemed likely to have affected mite spread. The spatial spread revealed in this study may be used to estimate the potential sphere of influence of mite-infested volunteer wheat in production fields. These risk parameter estimates require further validation, but they may potentially aid growers in making better virus management decisions regarding differential virus spread potential away from a central source.

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Suharjo, S., Sugiharto Budi Santoso, Reshinta Purnaningsih, S. Suryanto, and Yuliarta Rudi Prasetyo. "The Use of Infra Red Aerial Photo for Identification the Existance and Spread of Cave in Planning sub District, Eromoko District, Wonogiri Regency." Forum Geografi 15, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v15i1.4662.

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Science that studied all of the aspect related to cave and their circles (speleology) in Indonesia does not still quite expand. Expantion more advanced need all sorts of research, publication and its interest to an academic party who get in touch with cave and their circles. One of them the basic of data collection about the existence and the spread of cave. The usual manner that is used to know the existence and the spread of cave, is by means of the analysis topography map which is continued by terrestrial research. Weakness for this manner is it need huge time, cost and energy. The making use of aerial photo can be done in supporting the basic of date collection, is the· interpretation to bug or detect appearances the phenomena in earth’s surface. One of them is appearances the edge of cave. The result of the research indicates that interpretation of aerial photo can be use to identify the spread of the edge of cave. It is olksified according to; the edge that obtained of center depression by the accuracy of 100%; the edge of cave that obtained of slope depression (the accuracy of 33.3%); the edge of cave that is obtained of river current (the accuracy of 100%); and the edge of cave that obtained of fragment (the accuracy of 50%).

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Jamieson, A., I. E. Bassett, L. M. W. Hill, S. Hill, A. Davis, N. W. Waipara, E. G. Hough, and I. J. Horner. "Aerial surveillance to detect kauri dieback in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5723.

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The causal agent of kauri dieback Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA) poses a significant threat to kauri (Agathis australis) in northern New Zealand Groundbased field surveys have previously confirmed PTA presence at several locations across Auckland and Northland However ground surveys are limited to areas adjacent to tracks because of difficulty and cost associated with offtrack access in steep terrain along with concern about furthering spread of PTA A methodology for aerial photographic surveillance of kauri dieback was developed and implemented in Wait257;kere Ranges Hunua Ranges and adjacent forest areas Using recently developed GPS technology photographs were embedded with position data so unhealthy trees were easily located later for groundtruthing Aerial survey was found to be a time and costeffective method for surveying large inaccessible areas of forest for kauri dieback The methodology would also be applicable for detection of visible disease or damage symptoms in other canopy tree species

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Kamiya, K., T. Fuse, and M. Takahashi. "APPLICABILITY EVALUATION OF OBJECT DETECTION METHOD TO SATELLITE AND AERIAL IMAGERIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-229-2016.

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Since satellite and aerial imageries are recently widely spread and frequently observed, combination of them are expected to complement spatial and temporal resolution each other. One of the prospective applications is traffic monitoring, where objects of interest, or vehicles, need to be recognized automatically. Techniques that employ object detection before object recognition can save a computational time and cost, and thus take a significant role. However, there is not enough knowledge whether object detection method can perform well on satellite and aerial imageries. In addition, it also has to be studied how characteristics of satellite and aerial imageries affect the object detection performance. This study employ binarized normed gradients (BING) method that runs significantly fast and is robust to rotation and noise. For our experiments, 11-bits BGR-IR satellite imageries from WorldView-3, and BGR-color aerial imageries are used respectively, and we create thousands of ground truth samples. We conducted several experiments to compare the performances with different images, to verify whether combination of different resolution images improved the performance, and to analyze the applicability of mixing satellite and aerial imageries. The results showed that infrared band had little effect on the detection rate, that 11-bit images performed less than 8-bit images and that the better spatial resolution brought the better performance. Another result might imply that mixing higher and lower resolution images for training dataset could help detection performance. Furthermore, we found that aerial images improved the detection performance on satellite images.

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Sreenath K, Hemalatha Reddy G, Venkata Ranga Reddy K, Sneha Sandhya G, and Mahaboob Basha M D. "Deep learning approach for uav-based wildfire detection and segmentation." South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/sajet.2022.12.45.

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Wildfires are a worldwide natural disaster causing important economic damages and loss of lives . Early detection and prediction of fire spread can help reduce affected areas and improve firefighting. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were employed to tackle this problem due to their HIGH flexibility, their low-cost, and their ability to cover wide areas during the day or night. However , they are still limited by challenging problems such as small fire size, background complexity, and image degradation .To deal with the limitations, we adapted and optimized Deep Learning methods to detect wildfire at an early stage. A novel deep ensemble learning method, which combines EfficientNet-B5 and DenseNet-201 models, is proposed to identify and classify wildfire using aerial images.

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Jafar Ali Ibrahim S, Prathyusha Y, Akhila B, Rajini M, and Naveen Sai U. "A machine learning-based prediction model for preterm birth in rural areas." South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/sajet.2022.12.46.

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Wildfires are a worldwide natural disaster causing important economic damages and loss of lives . Early detection and prediction of fire spread can help reduce affected areas and improve firefighting. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were employed to tackle this problem due to their HIGH flexibility, their low-cost, and their ability to cover wide areas during the day or night. However , they are still limited by challenging problems such as small fire size, background complexity, and image degradation .To deal with the limitations, we adapted and optimized Deep Learning methods to detect wildfire at an early stage. A novel deep ensemble learning method, which combines EfficientNet-B5 and DenseNet-201 models, is proposed to identify and classify wildfire using aerial images.

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조관행 and Heon Joo Jung. "Policy Implications of the Spread on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Northeast Asia and the Korean Peninsula." National Strategy 22, no. 4 (November 2016): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.35390/sejong.22.4.201611.004.

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Kamiya, K., T. Fuse, and M. Takahashi. "APPLICABILITY EVALUATION OF OBJECT DETECTION METHOD TO SATELLITE AND AERIAL IMAGERIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-229-2016.

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Since satellite and aerial imageries are recently widely spread and frequently observed, combination of them are expected to complement spatial and temporal resolution each other. One of the prospective applications is traffic monitoring, where objects of interest, or vehicles, need to be recognized automatically. Techniques that employ object detection before object recognition can save a computational time and cost, and thus take a significant role. However, there is not enough knowledge whether object detection method can perform well on satellite and aerial imageries. In addition, it also has to be studied how characteristics of satellite and aerial imageries affect the object detection performance. This study employ binarized normed gradients (BING) method that runs significantly fast and is robust to rotation and noise. For our experiments, 11-bits BGR-IR satellite imageries from WorldView-3, and BGR-color aerial imageries are used respectively, and we create thousands of ground truth samples. We conducted several experiments to compare the performances with different images, to verify whether combination of different resolution images improved the performance, and to analyze the applicability of mixing satellite and aerial imageries. The results showed that infrared band had little effect on the detection rate, that 11-bit images performed less than 8-bit images and that the better spatial resolution brought the better performance. Another result might imply that mixing higher and lower resolution images for training dataset could help detection performance. Furthermore, we found that aerial images improved the detection performance on satellite images.

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Pliushch, Oleksandr, Viktor Vyshnivskyi, Volodymyr Tolubko, Vadym Mukhin, Serhii Ishcheryakov, Mykhailo Okhramovych, and Vitalii Loza. "Performance Study of Spread Spectrum Systems with Hard Limiters." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 12, no. 5 (October 8, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2020.05.01.

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Use of spread spectrum systems in telecommunications is studied. It is shown that spread spectrum techniques can substantially enhance noise and interference immunity in the currently deployed information transmission networks. Primitive polynomials are proposed to obtain respective spreading codes. A spreading code consisting of 1023 chips is synthesized and its characteristics are studied. It is deduced that powerful interferences can exceed dynamic range of the receiving part of the system and, as a result, deteriorate information transmission. To overcome this problem, utilization of limiters is proposed, in which limitation level equals that of the internal noise of the receiving part. Computer simulation is employed to test the performance of the proposed solution. Performance of the spread spectrum system for information transfer is studied both without the limiter and with the limiter. Research results show that, for binary modulation, performance of the system with limitation and without limitation is nearly identical while limiters can substantially reduce requirements for the dynamic range. Compared to the existing approaches, it is proposed to use the synthesized spreading coding sequence with the limitation technique in practical implementations of those telecommunication networks, in which noise immunity and transmission concealment are required, such as in unmanned aerial vehicles. This can replace currently used approaches, such as frequency hopping, transmission power adjustment and antenna pattern changes.

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Michaletz, S. T., E. A. Johnson, W. E. Mell, and D. F. Greene. "Timing of fire relative to seed development controls availability of non-serotinous aerial seed banks." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (November 22, 2012): 16705–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-16705-2012.

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Abstract. The existence of non-serotinous, non-sprouting species in fire regimes where serotiny confers an adaptive advantage is puzzling, particularly when these species recruit poorly from soil seed banks or from burn edges. In this paper, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) was used to show that the timing of fire relative to seed development can control aerial seed bank availability for non-serotinous species. To estimate seed survival in closed cones during crown fires, cone heating was simulated using a one-dimensional conduction model implemented in a computational fluid dynamics (Navier–Stokes) fire spread model. To quantify the area burned when germinable seed would be contained in closed cones, empirical fire occurrence and seed development (germinability and cone opening) data were compared for multiple locations across the white spruce range. Approximately 12% of cones contained viable seed following crown fire simulations (0.072 m s−1 mean spread rate; 9147 kW m−1 mean intensity), and roughly half of the historical area burned resulted from fires that occurred when closed cones would contain germinable seed. Post-fire recruitment from in situ aerial seed banks can occur for non-serotinous species, and may be an important cause of their existence in fire regimes to which they otherwise seem poorly suited.

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Negrel, Lise, Raymonde Baltenweck, Gerard Demangeat, Françoise Le Bohec-Dorner, Camille Rustenholz, Amandine Velt, Claude Gertz, et al. "Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of Four Fabaceae and Relationship to In Vitro Nematicidal Activity against Xiphinema index." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103052.

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The grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), responsible for fanleaf degeneration, is spread in vineyards by the soil nematode Xiphinema index. Nematicide molecules were used to limit the spread of the disease until they were banned due to negative environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a growing interest in alternative methods, including plant-derived products with antagonistic effects to X. index. In this work, we evaluated the nematicidal potential of the aerial parts and roots of four Fabaceae: sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), sweet clover (Melilotus albus), and red clover (Trifolium pratense), as well as that of sainfoin-based commercial pellets. For all tested plants, either aerial or root parts, or both of them, exhibited a nematicidal effect on X. index in vitro, pellets being as effective as freshly harvested plants. Comparative metabolomic analyses did not reveal molecules or molecule families specifically associated with antagonistic properties toward X. index, suggesting that the nematicidal effect is the result of a combination of different molecules rather than associated with a single compound. Finally, scanning electron microscope observations did not reveal the visible impact of O. viciifolia extract on X. index cuticle, suggesting that alteration of the cuticle may not be the primary cause of their nematicidal effect.

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Cooke, Brian, Keith Springer, Lorenzo Capucci, and Greg Mutze. "Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: Macquarie Island rabbit eradication adds to knowledge on both pest control and epidemiology." Wildlife Research 44, no. 2 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16221.

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Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), introduced into in Australia and New Zealand as a biological-control agent for wild rabbits, is least efficacious in cool humid areas where a non-pathogenic calicivirus (RCV-A1) also circulates. Heavy rabbit mortality following release of RHDV on cold sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, where RCV-A1 was apparently absent, not only complemented the planned rabbit eradication operations, especially by reducing secondary poisoning of sea-birds from aerial baiting, but also ruled out cool or humid climate as a major limiting factor of disease spread. In turn, this has advanced the idea that RCV-A1 antibodies inhibit RHDV spread as well as reducing disease severity and mortality.

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Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Zahra Gharineiat, Junaid Akram, and Sara Imran Khan. "A Framework for Burnt Area Mapping and Evacuation Problem Using Aerial Imagery Analysis." Fire 5, no. 4 (August 19, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040122.

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The study aims to develop a holistic framework for maximum area coverage of a disaster region during a bushfire event. The monitoring and detection of bushfires are essential to assess the extent of damage, its direction of spread, and action to be taken for its containment. Bushfires limit human’s access to gather data to understand the ground situation. Therefore, the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could be a suitable and technically advanced approach to grasp the dynamics of fires and take measures to mitigate them. The study proposes an optimization model for a maximal area coverage of the fire-affected region. The advanced Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm will be applied to the swarm of drones to capture images and gather data vital for enhancing disaster response. The captured images will facilitate the development of burnt area maps, locating access points to the region, estimating damages, and preventing the further spread of fire. The proposed algorithm showed optimum responses for exploration, exploitation, and estimation of the maximum height of the drones for the coverage of wildfires and it outperformed the benchmarking algorithm. The results showed that area coverage of the affected region was directly proportional to drone height. At a maximum drone height of 121 m, the area coverage was improved by 30%. These results further led to a proposed framework for bushfire relief and rescue missions. The framework is grounded on the ABC algorithm and requires the coordination of the State Emergency Services (SES) for quick and efficient disaster response.

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Chehadeh, Mohamad, Mohammad Wahbah, Mohammad Awad, Oussama AbdulHay, Khalil Handawi, Lakmal Seneviratne, Ian Greatbatch, and Yahya Zweiri. "Aerial firefighting system for suppression of incipient cladding fires." Field Robotics 1, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55417/fr.2021008.

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Fires occurring at the exterior of high-rise buildings can be hard to tackle using current firefighting technology and tactics. Accessing fires at high floors is difficult, and can often result in delays in fire suppression, which in turn may lead to an uncontrollable fire. This paper proposes a semiautomated system of multiple, aerial robots that can suppress incipient cladding fires in high-rise buildings. Each developed UAV has six litres of pressurised aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) solution, a two degrees of freedom nozzle, a thermal imaging camera (TIC), and an automated algorithm that can efficiently spread the extinguishing material. To maximize payload delivery and minimize response time, we also developed a semi-autonomous firefighting system (SAFS) that compensates for platform movements, wind, and pressure drop in the fire extinguisher. Experimental results support the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed solution. Dual UAVs cooperate to suppress Class A wood crib fires of size 10A (est. 825 kW) and frontal area of more than one square metre imitating an exterior cladding fire in its incipient stage. In addition, the developed firefighting UAV was used in Challenge 3 of the Mohammad Bin Zayed International Robotics Competition (MBZIRC) 2020, where it delivered the highest amount of extinguishant to façade fires of any participating team.

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Hennon, P. E., E. M. Hansen, and C. G. Shaw III. "Dynamics of decline and mortality of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in southeast Alaska." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-085.

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Alaska-cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, has been dying in undisturbed forests throughout southeast Alaska for the last 100 years. To determine if decline spreads, boundaries of mortality at seven sites with decline were mapped using aerial photographs taken in 1927, 1948, 1965, and 1976. Mortality was present at all seven sites in 1927. The boundaries of mortality have since expanded, but not by more than 100 m beyond the 1927 limit. In ground surveys, dead Alaska-cedar trees, classified according to their degree of deterioration, were recorded in 427 plots along 39 transects. Fifty-five taxa of understory vegetation were also recorded from 280 plots along these 21 transects; an ordination was produced from their distribution that represented a gradient from bogs to sites with better drainage. Most mortality was associated with bog and semibog sites. Alaska-cedar has a disproportionate level of mortality (65% of basal area dead) relative to other conifers. Local spread of cedar decline occurred along this gradient, as plots with more recently killed cedar trees had high average ordination scores (better drainage) and plots with cedars killed long ago had low average scores (boggy). Snags that probably date from the onset of extensive mortality were relatively common (at least 8% of all snags) on all 23 sites where intensive mortality was surveyed on the ground. As all sites with mortality that we investigated throughout southeast Alaska have these snags, decline does not appear to have spread to new sites since its onset. Although decline is relatively species specific and has patterns of local spread, the spread of mortality is along a specific, preexisting ecological gradient. These results, and the apparent lack of any site to site spread in the last 100 years, suggest that Alaska-cedar decline is not caused by some biotic agent.

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Heim, René, Ian Wright, Peter Scarth, Angus Carnegie, Dominique Taylor, and Jens Oldeland. "Multispectral, Aerial Disease Detection for Myrtle Rust (Austropuccinia psidii) on a Lemon Myrtle Plantation." Drones 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3010025.

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Disease management in agriculture often assumes that pathogens are spread homogeneously across crops. In practice, pathogens can manifest in patches. Currently, disease detection is predominantly carried out by human assessors, which can be slow and expensive. A remote sensing approach holds promise. Current satellite sensors are not suitable to spatially resolve individual plants or lack temporal resolution to monitor pathogenesis. Here, we used multispectral imaging and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to explore whether myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) could be detected on a lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) plantation. Multispectral aerial imagery was collected from fungicide treated and untreated tree canopies, the fungicide being used to control myrtle rust. Spectral vegetation indices and single spectral bands were used to train a random forest classifier. Treated and untreated trees could be classified with high accuracy (95%). Important predictors for the classifier were the near-infrared (NIR) and red edge (RE) spectral band. Taking some limitations into account, that are discussedherein, our work suggests potential for mapping myrtle rust-related symptoms from aerial multispectral images. Similar studies could focus on pinpointing disease hotspots to adjust management strategies and to feed epidemiological models.

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Hoy, Marjorie A., J. J. Rob Groot, and Hugo E. Baan. "Influence of aerial dispersal on persistence and spread of pesticide-resistant Metaseiulus occidentalis in California almond orchards." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 37, no. 1 (January 1985): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03448.x.

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Xu, X. M. "Stochastic simulation of the spread of race-specific and race-nonspecific aerial fungal pathogens in cultivar mixtures." Plant Pathology 49, no. 2 (April 2000): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00444.x.

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Xu, X. M., and M. S. Ridout. "Stochastic simulation of the spread of race-specific and race-nonspecific aerial fungal pathogens in cultivar mixtures." Plant Pathology 49, no. 2 (April 2000): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000_t01-1-00444.x.

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Todorovic, Branislav, and Vladimir Orlic. "Analysis and optimization of direct sequence spread spectrum scheme for an unmanned aerial vehicle PPM control signal." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 23, no. 3 (2010): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1003319t.

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Binary pulse-position modulated (PPM) control signal is widely used in remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicles. It consists of data frames, which contain a synchronizing pulse followed by a number of shorter pulses equal to the number of channels N. In this paper we present analysis and optimization of direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) scheme for PPM control signal protection. That scheme uses (N+1) pseudonoise (PN) sequences: one of them (PN0) is assigned to the synchronizing pulse while the each of the remaining N sequences (PN1,PN2, . . . ,PNN) corresponds to the appropriate channel. At the receiving side, the set of (N+1) passive correlators is used to detect respective PN sequences and to reconstruct data. Onelevel and two-level detection are considered. Threshold settings optimization is based on the Neyman-Pearson procedure. As an additional performance measure we introduce probability of corruptive false alarms. Numerical results are presented.

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Papp, Levente, Boudewijn van Leeuwen, Péter Szilassi, Zalán Tobak, József Szatmári, Mátyás Árvai, János Mészáros, and László Pásztor. "Monitoring Invasive Plant Species Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data." Land 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010029.

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The species richness and biodiversity of vegetation in Hungary are increasingly threatened by invasive plant species brought in from other continents and foreign ecosystems. These invasive plant species have spread aggressively in the natural and semi-natural habitats of Europe. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) is one of the species that pose the greatest ecological menace. Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study is to map and monitor the spread of common milkweed, the most common invasive plant species in Europe. Furthermore, the possibilities to detect and validate this special invasive plant by analyzing hyperspectral remote sensing data were investigated. In combination with field reference data, high-resolution hyperspectral aerial images acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform in 138 spectral bands in areas infected by common milkweed were examined. Then, support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) classification algorithms were applied to the highly accurate field reference data. As a result, common milkweed individuals were distinguished in hyperspectral images, achieving an overall accuracy of 92.95% in the case of supervised SVM classification. Using the ANN model, an overall accuracy of 99.61% was achieved. To evaluate the proposed approach, two experimental tests were conducted, and in both cases, we managed to distinguish the individual specimens within the large variety of spreading invasive species in a study area of 2 ha, based on centimeter spatial resolution hyperspectral UAV imagery.

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Dvořák, P., J. Müllerová, T. Bartaloš, and J. Brůna. "UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR ALIEN PLANT SPECIES DETECTION AND MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (August 26, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-83-2015.

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Invasive species spread rapidly and their eradication is difficult. New methods enabling fast and efficient monitoring are urgently needed for their successful control. Remote sensing can improve early detection of invading plants and make their management more efficient and less expensive. In an ongoing project in the Czech Republic, we aim at developing innovative methods of mapping invasive plant species (semi-automatic detection algorithms) by using purposely designed unmanned aircraft (UAV). We examine possibilities for detection of two tree and two herb invasive species. Our aim is to establish fast, repeatable and efficient computer-assisted method of timely monitoring, reducing the costs of extensive field campaigns. For finding the best detection algorithm we test various classification approaches (object-, pixel-based and hybrid). Thanks to its flexibility and low cost, UAV enables assessing the effect of phenological stage and spatial resolution, and is most suitable for monitoring the efficiency of eradication efforts. However, several challenges exist in UAV application, such as geometrical and radiometric distortions, high amount of data to be processed and legal constrains for the UAV flight missions over urban areas (often highly invaded). The newly proposed UAV approach shall serve invasive species researchers, management practitioners and policy makers.

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Bogdanov, Vladimir, Aleksey Osipov, Vitaly Garmanov, Galina Efimova, Alexander Grik, Boris Zavarin, Vitaly Terleev, and Aleksandr Nikonorov. "Problems and monitoring the spread of the ecologically dangerous plant Heracleum Sosnowskyi in urbanized areas and methods to combat it." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 08028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125808028.

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The article contains information on the breeding of Heracleum Sosnowskyi for cultivation as a forage crop in the post-Soviet period. Information about the ecological danger of the spread of this plant is given. Its juice contains furocoumarins, which, when exposed to human skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays, cause serious burns on the surface of the body. The article presents materials testifying to the increased adaptability of the Heracleum Sosnowskyi to the habitat conditions and its high fertility. The spread of Heracleum Sosnowskyi in urban areas (in parks, playgrounds on undeveloped lands, etc.), as well as in rural settlements of the country, due to the environmental hazard for people, leads to the removal of land from economic circulation. The authors of the article have established the regions and reasons for the spread of Heracleum Sosnowskyi in the European part of Russia. The substantiation of the monitoring of lands for the registration of habitats of this dangerous for the ecosystem is given. The article provides information on assessing the extent of the spread of Heracleum Sosnowskyi in the territory using remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles. The article discusses measures to combat Heracleum Sosnowskyi.

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Havryliuk, Olesia, Vira Hovorukha, Iryna Bida, Yanina Danko, Galina Gladka, Oleg Zakutevsky, Ruslan Mariychuk, and Oleksandr Tashyrev. "Bioremediation of Copper- and Chromium-Contaminated Soils Using Agrostis capillaris L., Festuca pratensis Huds., and Poa pratensis L. Mixture of Lawn Grasses." Land 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050623.

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Environmental pollution by toxic metals is a common ecological problem. Chromium and copper compounds released into the environment as a result of human-made stress pose a serious threat to living organisms. Phytoremediation is a promising method of toxic metals removal from contaminated sites. The concentration of metals in grass biomass—in the roots and aerial parts—was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The estimation of numbers of microorganisms was conducted by a tenfold dilution and spread-plating method. It was shown that lawn grass accumulated from 69.1 ± 13.2 to 497.7 ± 74.1 mg/kg Cu and Cr during the growth in the contaminated soil with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of metals. In general, there was a pattern of accumulation of copper in the aerial part of the grass and chromium in the roots. Thus, the total copper concentration in the aerial part ranged from 105.2 ± 23.8 to 497.7 ± 74.1 mg/kg of plant biomass. The total chromium concentration in the roots ranged from 156.4 ± 47.9 to 426.8 ± 62.5 mg/kg. The viability of the soil microbiome was not inhibited at such metal concentrations. The obtained data allow lawn grass to be considered as promising for the phytoremediation of contaminated areas.

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Rajendrasozhan, Saravanan, Hani El Moll, Mejdi Snoussi, Ramy M. Romeilah, Emad A. Shalaby, Kareem M. Younes, and Hossam S. El-Beltagi. "Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Various Extracts of Aerial Parts of Rhanterium epapposum." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081351.

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Rhanterium epapposum, native to the Arabian Peninsula, is traditionally used to cure skin infections. The objective is to screen the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol and 80% methanol extracts of aerial parts of R. epapposum. The phytochemical screening of aqueous, methanolic, and 80% methanol extracts of R. epapposum was conducted using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were assessed by well diffusion and microdilution methods. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol in all three extracts, whereas ethanol, 2-methoxy-, acetate; n-hexadecanoic acid; and 2,3-butanediol are present in higher amount exclusively in the methanol, 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of R. epapposum, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by the aqueous extract S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, and K. pneumoniae, methanolic extract against S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and E. coli, and 80% methanol extract against S. epidermidis, and S. paucimobilis. Interestingly, 80% methanol extracts showed the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. guillermondii, C. vaginalis, C. utilis, and C. tropicalis. The aerial parts of R. epapposum showed broad-spread antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Especially, the 80% methanol extract showed potent antifungal activity against all the tested fungal strains.

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Долгих, В. С. "ОСНОВНІ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ СТВОРЕННЯ БЕЗПІЛОТНОЇ АВІАЦІЙНОЇ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ." Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, no. 94 (February 9, 2022): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2021.94.04.

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The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is at an early stage, which is characterized by a significant level of development of unmanned aerial vehicles and their elements, as well as the lack of grounds for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in real technological processes. The resolution of this contradiction requires the solution of various problems of a conceptual, technical, technological, methodological, organizational, legal and regulatory nature.The use of an unmanned aviation transport system helps to avoid the traditional mistakes that arise during the manned use of aviation technology, eliminating the human factor, helps to accelerate the delivery of goods, reduces the amount of inventory of goods and materials, and increases the productivity and efficiency of transportation.In general, today the use of unmanned aircraft systems in the civilian industry is practically limited to special cases of local applications in favor of solving current industrial or economic problems, mainly through an experimental procedure. Consequently, the market for unmanned aerial systems is expected to grow, which will overcome a number of technical and administrative barriers that restrict the use of unmanned aerial systems in national airspace. It should be noted the increasing spread of unmanned systems in public transport.The purpose of this work was to assess the main provisions of the concept of creating an unmanned aviation transport system from the point of view of aerodynamics, in terms of weight perfection, in terms of strength, in control, in aircraft systems, in electronics, in operational manufacturability, reliability and safety, and to show that such cargo drones will competitive with large manned commercial cargo planes and road transport.This research was motivated by the growing worldwide interest in unmanned cargo aircraft. It focused in particular on improving cargo drones over existing conventional general aviation aircraft, and this should be seen as a preliminary step towards a comprehensive assessment of unmanned cargo transport systems.

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Schenkel, Jared, Paul Taele, Daniel Goldberg, Jennifer Horney, and Tracy Hammond. "Identifying Potential Mosquito Breeding Grounds: Assessing the Efficiency of UAV Technology in Public Health." Robotics 9, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics9040091.

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Human ecology has played an essential role in the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. With standing water as a significant factor contributing to mosquito breeding, artificial containers disposed of as trash—which are capable of holding standing water—provide suitable environments for mosquito larvae to develop. The development of these larvae further contributes to the possibility for local transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas such as Zika virus. One potential solution to address this issue involves leveraging unmanned aerial vehicles that are already systematically becoming more utilized in the field of geospatial technology. With higher pixel resolution in comparison to satellite imagery, as well as having the ability to update spatial data more frequently, we are interested in investigating the feasibility of unmanned aerial vehicles as a potential technology for efficiently mapping potential breeding grounds. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study that evaluated the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle for identifying artificial containers to that of conventionally utilized GPS receivers. The study was designed to better inform researchers on the current viability of such devices for locating a potential factor (i.e., small form factor artificial containers that can host mosquito breeding grounds) in the local transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. By assessing the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle against ground-truth global position system technology, we can determine the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles on this problem through our selected metrics of: timeliness, sensitivity, and specificity. For the study, we investigated these effectiveness metrics between the two technologies of interest in surveying a study area: unmanned aerial vehicles (i.e., DJI Phantom 3 Standard) and global position system-based receivers (i.e., Garmin GPSMAP 76Cx and the Garmin GPSMAP 78). We first conducted a design study with nine external participants, who collected 678 waypoint data and 214 aerial images from commercial GPS receivers and UAV, respectively. The participants then processed these data with professional mapping software for visually identifying and spatially marking artificial containers between the aerial imagery and the ground truth GPS data, respectively. From applying statistical methods (i.e., two-tailed, paired t-test) on the participants’ data for comparing how the two technologies performed against each other, our data analysis revealed that the GPS method performed better than the UAV method for the study task of identifying the target small form factor artificial containers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aerial spread'

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