Journal articles on the topic 'Aedes aegypti Infection Rate'
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Kirstein, Oscar David, Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera, Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña, Daniel Chan Espinoza, Azael Che-Mendoza, Azael Cohuo-Rodriguez, Pilar Granja-Pérez, et al. "Natural arbovirus infection rate and detectability of indoor female Aedes aegypti from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e0008972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008972.
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Arbovirus infection in Aedes aegypti has historically been quantified from a sample of the adult population by pooling collected mosquitoes to increase detectability. However, there is a significant knowledge gap about the magnitude of natural arbovirus infection within areas of active transmission, as well as the sensitivity of detection of such an approach. We used indoor Ae. aegypti sequential sampling with Prokopack aspirators to collect all mosquitoes inside 200 houses with suspected active ABV transmission from the city of Mérida, Mexico, and tested all collected specimens by RT-PCR to quantify: a) the absolute arbovirus infection rate in individually tested Ae. aegypti females; b) the sensitivity of using Prokopack aspirators in detecting ABV-infected mosquitoes; and c) the sensitivity of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and vectorial capacity (VC), two measures ABV transmission potential, to different estimates of indoor Ae. aegypti abundance. The total number of Ae. aegypti (total catch, the sum of all Ae. aegypti across all collection intervals) as well as the number on the first 10-min of collection (sample, equivalent to a routine adult aspiration session) were calculated. We individually tested by RT-PCR 2,161 Aedes aegypti females and found that 7.7% of them were positive to any ABV. Most infections were CHIKV (77.7%), followed by DENV (11.4%) and ZIKV (9.0%). The distribution of infected Aedes aegypti was overdispersed; 33% houses contributed 81% of the infected mosquitoes. A significant association between ABV infection and Ae. aegypti total catch indoors was found (binomial GLMM, Odds Ratio > 1). A 10-min indoor Prokopack collection led to a low sensitivity of detecting ABV infection (16.3% for detecting infected mosquitoes and 23.4% for detecting infected houses). When averaged across all infested houses, mean EIR ranged between 0.04 and 0.06 infective bites per person per day, and mean VC was 0.6 infectious vectors generated from a population feeding on a single infected host per house/day. Both measures were significantly and positively associated with Ae. aegypti total catch indoors. Our findings provide evidence that the accurate estimation and quantification of arbovirus infection rate and transmission risk is a function of the sampling effort, the local abundance of Aedes aegypti and the intensity of arbovirus circulation.
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Istianah, Siti, Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, and Eggi Arguni. "Aedes aegypti as potential vector of filariasis in Pekalongan, Central Java Province, Indonesia." Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol12.iss1.art8.
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Background: The filariasis elimination program in Indonesia has been conducted, but new cases and some chronic cases are still often found. Objective: This study aims to determine levels of endemicity and to identify filarial worm species in filariasis cases and s and their surrounding communities by using microscopic examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to examine levels of infection in vectors mosquito by surgery and PCR. Also to to determine that Ae. aegypti can act as vector of filariasis. Methods: This study was conducted at 10 locations in Pekalongan Regency, Central Java Province, with a cross sectional design. Intravenous blood sampling was conducted on 102 respondents consisting of 10 elephantiasis patients and 92 non-elephantiasis patients at night, starting at 8 pm, then examined microscopically and PCR. Mosquitoes in this study were collected by using a human landing collection method for 12 hours from 6 pm to 6 am by volunteers. Artificial infection of microfilaria W. bancrofti was held against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti from laboratory collection. Results: Results of this study found that there were 5.729 of mosquitos, consisting of 8 species, namely Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishnui, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles vagus, and Armigeres kesseli. Microfilarial (mf) rate was 0.89%, and and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92% and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92%. No larva was found in female mosquito dissection. The PCR results showed that the infection rate was 9.10% in Ae. aegypty pool respectively. Artificial infection results was negative both dissecting microscopis and PCR. Conclusion: This study revealed that the locations were low of filariasis endemicity. The mf rate was less than 1%, and there was a moderate density to high density of microfilaria in the patients. The low level of infection rates in mosquito is suggested as an alert to its potential transmission.
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Pérez-Pérez, Juliana, Víctor Hugo Peña-García, Arley Calle-Tobón, Marcela Quimbayo-Forero, Raúl Rojo, Enrique Henao, Talya Shragai, and Guillermo Rúa-Uribe. "Entomovirological Surveillance in Schools: Are They a Source for Arboviral Diseases Transmission?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 6137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116137.
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Surveillance and control activities for virus-transmitting mosquitoes have primarily focused on dwellings. There is little information about viral circulation in heavily trafficked places such as schools. We collected and analyzed data to assess the presence and prevalence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in mosquitoes, and measured Aedes indices in schools in Medellín (Colombia) between 2016–2018. In 43.27% of 2632 visits we collected Aedes adults, creating 883 pools analyzed by RT-PCR. 14.27% of pools yielded positive for dengue or Zika (infection rates of 1.75–296.29 for Aedes aegypti). Ae. aegypti was more abundant and had a higher infection rate for all studied diseases. Aedes indices varied over time. There was no association between Aedes abundance and mosquito infection rates, but the latter did correlate with cases of arboviral disease and climate. Results suggest schools are important sources of arbovirus and health agencies should include these sites in surveillance programs; it is essential to know the source for arboviral diseases transmission and the identification of the most population groups exposed to these diseases to research and developing new strategies.
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Noshirma, Monika, Ruben Wadu Willa, Muhammad Kazwaini, and Arief Wibowo. "Deteksi Virus Dengue pada Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) yang Tersebar di Kabupaten Sumba Timur dan Sumba Barat Daya." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 14, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v14i1.2421.
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Abstract
Incidence Rate (IR) of Dengue fever in east and southwest Sumba district in 2015 amounted to 10.7‰ and 12.95‰ respectively. The phenomenon which is often found during this time is the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The purpose of this research was to determine the presence of viral infections in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes through transovarial. It was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample was an adult Ae. aegypti mosquito that is 8 to 10 days old. Dengue virus in mosquito body was checked by using immunocytochemical method Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) at headsquash preparation. The resultshowed that the transovarial infection presence in male and female Ae. aegypti in East and Southwest Sumba District with Transovarial Infection Rate (TIR) in females and males ranging from 41.67%-41.92 and 25.00 – 50.00% respectively. The female and males mosquitoes TIR in East Sumba district were ranging from 20.00%-40.00% and 35.00%-40.00% respectively. East and Southwest Sumba districts are a high potential area for the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever with the presence of dengue virus in Ae. aegypti.
Abstrak
Incidence Rate (IR) Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada tahun 2015 masing-masing sebesar 10,7‰ dan 12,95‰. Fenomena yang sering ditemukan selama ini adalah transmisi trans-ovari virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui adanya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti melalui trans-ovari. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampelnya adalah nyamuk Ae. aegypti dewasa yang telah berumur delapan sampai 10 hari. Pemeriksaan virus Dengue dalam tubuh nyamuk menggunakan metode Imunositokimia Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) pada sediaan headsquash. Hasil penelitian infeksi virus dengue pada Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya menunjukkan adanya infeksi virus dengue melalui trans-ovari dengan Transovarial Infection Rate pada nyamuk betina berkisar antara 41,67% - 41,92, dan pada nyamuk jantan 25,00 – 50,00%. Transovarial Infection Rate di Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada nyamuk betina yang berkisar antara 20,00% - 40,00% dan pada nyamuk jantan 35,00% - 40,00%. Kesimpulannya Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan kabupaten Sumba Timur merupakan daerah yang berpotensi untuk terjadinya penularan DBD dengan ditemukannya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan.
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Gloria-Soria, A., P. M. Armstrong, J. R. Powell, and P. E. Turner. "Infection rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with dengue virus depends on the interaction between temperature and mosquito genotype." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 4, 2017): 20171506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1506.
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Dengue fever is the most prevalent arthropod-transmitted viral disease worldwide, with endemic transmission restricted to tropical and subtropical regions of different temperature profiles. Temperature is epidemiologically relevant because it affects dengue infection rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the major vector of the dengue virus (DENV). Aedes aegypti populations are also known to vary in competence for different DENV genotypes. We assessed the effects of mosquito and virus genotype on DENV infection in the context of temperature by challenging Ae. aegypti from two locations in Vietnam, which differ in temperature regimes, with two isolates of DENV-2 collected from the same two localities, followed by incubation at 25, 27 or 32°C for 10 days. Genotyping of the mosquito populations and virus isolates confirmed that each group was genetically distinct. Extrinsic incubation temperature (EIT) and DENV-2 genotype had a direct effect on the infection rate, consistent with previous studies. However, our results show that the EIT impacts the infection rate differently in each mosquito population, indicating a genotype by environment interaction. These results suggest that the magnitude of DENV epidemics may not only depend on the virus and mosquito genotypes present, but also on how they interact with local temperature. This information should be considered when estimating vector competence of local and introduced mosquito populations during disease risk evaluation.
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Yang, Cihan, Fei Wang, Doudou Huang, Haixia Ma, Lu Zhao, Guilin Zhang, Hailong Li, et al. "Vector competence and immune response of Aedes aegypti for Ebinur Lake virus, a newly classified mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): e0010642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010642.
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The global impact of mosquito-borne diseases has increased significantly over recent decades. Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV), a newly classified orthobunyavirus, is reported to be highly pathogenic in adult mice. The evaluation of vector competence is essential for predicting the arbovirus transmission risk. Here, Aedes aegypti was applied to evaluate EBIV infection and dissemination in mosquitos. Our experiments indicated that Ae. aegypti had the possibility to spread EBIV (with a transmission rate of up to 11.8% at 14 days post-infection) through biting, with the highest viral dose in a single mosquito’s saliva reaching 6.3 plaque-forming units. The highest infection, dissemination and ovary infection rates were 70%, 42.9%, and 29.4%, respectively. The high viral infection rates in Ae. aegypti ovaries imply the possibility of EBIV vertical transmission. Ae. aegypti was highly susceptible to intrathoracic infection and the saliva-positive rate reached 90% at 10 days post-infection. Transcriptomic analysis revealed Toll and Imd signaling pathways were implicated in the mosquito’s defensive response to EBIV infection. Defensin C and chitinase 10 were continuously downregulated in mosquitoes infected via intrathoracic inoculation of EBIV. Comprehensive analysis of the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for EBIV in laboratory has indicated the potential risk of EBIV transmission through mosquitoes. Moreover, our findings support a complex interplay between EBIV and the immune system of mosquito, which could affect its vector competence.
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GRAY, E. M., and T. J. BRADLEY. "Malarial infection in Aedes aegypti : effects on feeding, fecundity and metabolic rate." Parasitology 132, no. 02 (October 3, 2005): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005008966.
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Sanchez-Vargas, Irma, Laura Harrington, William Black, and Ken Olson. "Analysis of Salivary Glands and Saliva from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Infected with Chikungunya Viruses." Insects 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020039.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected Aedes (Stegomyia) species. In 2013–2014, Ae. aegypti transmitted CHIKV to humans in the Caribbean and in 2005–2006, Ae. albopictus transmitted CHIKV on La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean basin). CHIKV LR2006 OPY1 from the La Réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (E1:A226V) in the viral E1 glycoprotein that enhanced CHIKV transmission by Ae. albopictus. CHIKV R99659 from the Caribbean outbreak did not have the E1:A226V mutation. Here, we analyzed the salivary glands and saliva of Ae. albopictus strains from New Jersey, Florida, Louisiana and La Réunion after infection with each virus to determine their transmission potential. We infected the Ae. albopictus strains with blood meals containing 3–7 × 107 PFU/mL of each virus and analyzed the mosquitoes nine days later to maximize infection of their salivary glands. All four Ae. albopictus strains were highly susceptible to LR2006 OPY1 and R99659 viruses and their CHIKV disseminated infection rates (DIR) were statistically similar (p = 0.3916). The transmission efficiency rate (TER) was significantly lower for R99659 virus compared to LR2006 OPY1 virus in all Ae. albopictus strains and Ae. aegypti (Poza Rica) (p = 0.012) suggesting a salivary gland exit barrier to R99659 virus not seen with LR2006 OPY1 infections. If introduced, LR2006 OPY1 virus poses an increased risk of transmission by both Aedes species in the western hemisphere.
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Chung, Youne Kow, and Fung Yin Pang. "Dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Singapore." Tropical Medicine and International Health 7, no. 4 (April 2002): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00873.x.
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Peinado, Stephen A., Matthew T. Aliota, Bradley J. Blitvich, and Lyric C. Bartholomay. "Biology and Transmission Dynamics of Aedes flavivirus." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab197.
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Abstract Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes transmit pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, with significant global health consequences. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti also are susceptible to Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), an insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) first isolated in Japan from Ae. albopictus and Ae. flavopictus. ISFs infect only insect hosts and evidence suggests that they are maintained by vertical transmission. In some cases, ISFs interfere with pathogenic flavivirus infection, and may have potential use in disease control. We explored the host range of AEFV in 4 genera of mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and observed greater than 95% prevalence in the species of Aedes and Toxorhynchites tested. Anopheles and Culex species were less permissive to infection. Vertical transmission studies revealed 100% transovarial transmission and a filial infection rate of 100% for AEFV in a persistently-infected colony of Ae. albopictus. Horizontal transmission potential was assessed for adult and larval mosquitoes following per os exposures and in venereal transmission experiments. No mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV infection after blood feeding, and infection with AEFV after sucrose feeding was rare. Similarly, 2% of adult mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV after feeding on infected cells in culture as larvae. Venereal transmission of AEFV was most frequently observed from infected males to uninfected females as compared with transmission from infected females to uninfected males. These results reveal new information on the infection potential of AEFV in mosquitoes and expand our understanding of both vertical and horizontal transmission of ISFs.
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Dash, Paban Kumar, Ankita Agarwal, Devanathan Sukumaran, and Manmohan Parida. "Refractoriness of Indian Aedes aegypti to Oral Infection with Yellow Fever Virus 17D Strain." Defence Life Science Journal 1, no. 2 (October 7, 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.1.10740.
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Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the causative agent of yellow fever. It is one of the most important hemorrhagic arboviral infection of global public health significance. It is categorised under category ‘C’ of potential bioterrorism agent. Effect of geographical variation on vector competence in Ae. aegypti has been well documented for several viruses including YFV. In the present study, the vector competence of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from Gwalior, India for YFV 17D vaccine strain was evaluated to understand the risk of its transmission. Further the risk associated with transmission of YFV 17D vaccine strain from viremic vaccinees to mosquitoes and subsequently to naive individuals was assessed. Ae. aegypti were orally infected with high titer of YFV 17D strain and the infection status was investigated at 7 and 14 day post infection (dpi) using a highly sensitive quantitative RT-PCR assay. None of the Ae. aegypti mosquito orally infected with YFV 17D strain was found to be positive for YFV. The infection rate was found to be zero per cent at both 7 dpi and 14 dpi. These results demonstrated the inability of the YFV 17D strain to cause infection or replication in the midgut of Ae. aegypti. Due to the highly attenuated replication of this strain in Ae. aegypti midgut, there is a minimal risk of its transmission. Further, it is unlikely for a mosquito that feeds on a viremic vaccine to get infected with this vaccine strain. The risk of transmission of YFV 17D strain by Indian Ae. aegypti mosquitoes is negligible. Further vector competence study using epidemic strain of YFV will aid in risk assessment analysis of YFV in India.
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Triyana Y, Rahma. "Morphological Description of Den-3 Virus Infection Cells through EDTA Blood Feed In Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoe." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention 8, no. 09 (September 19, 2021): 5634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v8i09.09.
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Mosquito Ae. aegypti is the main dengue virus vector which causes the virus to grow and develop properly. The Artificial Membrane Feeding (AMF) method is a method of indirectly transmitting the dengue virus in the Ae. aegypti. This method uses blood feed with EDTA anticoagulant and DEN-3 virus in the insectarium. One way to detect the dengue virus found in Ae mosquito cells. aegypti is an immunohistochemical Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC). In this method, the morphological picture of DEN-3 virus infection cells will be seen through the heparin anticoagulant blood feed using the AMF method. Anticoagulants function to slow the blood clotting to feed the Ae mosquitoes. Aegypti. The aim of this study was to determine the Positive Infection Rate of DEN-3 virus and the morphological picture of DEN-3 virus infection cells using the AMF method of EDTA anticoagulant blood feed through SBPC immunocytochemical examination of Ae mosquitoes. aegypti. The design method of this study was experimental, infected Ae.aegypti mosquitoes using anticoagulant blood containing DEN-3 virus orally as an infectious sample. Negative control used Culex Sp mosquitoes and positive control used adult Ae.aegypti mosquitoes which were infected with DEN-3 virus by injection. Detection of DEN-3 virus in Ae.aegypti mosquitoes through SBPC immunositochemical examination. Results of Positive Infection Rate for Ae.aegypti mosquitoes with EDTA anticoagulant as much as 23.20% through SBPC immunocytochemical examination with a picture of cell morphology of DEN-3 virus infection. The conclusion of SBPC immunositochemical examination showed positive cell morphology of DEN-3 virus infection with EDTA anticoagulant in Ae.aegypti mosquitoes fed by human blood orally through the AMF method.
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Erb, Steven M., Siritorn Butrapet, John T. Roehrig, Claire Y. H. Huang, and Carol D. Blair. "Genetic Adaptation by Dengue Virus Serotype 2 to Enhance Infection of Aedes aegypti Mosquito Midguts." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071569.
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Dengue viruses (DENVs), serotypes 1–4, are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. The transmission cycle begins when Ae. aegypti ingest blood from a viremic human and the virus infects midgut epithelial cells. In studying viruses derived from the DENV2 infectious clone 30P-NBX, we found that when the virus was delivered to female Ae. aegypti in an infectious blood meal, the midgut infection rate (MIR) was very low. To determine if adaptive mutations in the DENV2 envelope (E) glycoprotein could be induced to increase the MIR, we serially passed 30P-NBX in Ae. aegypti midguts. After four passages, a single, non-conservative mutation in E protein domain II (DII) nucleotide position 1300 became dominant, resulting in replacement of positively-charged amino acid lysine (K) at position 122 with negatively-charged glutamic acid (E; K122E) and a significantly-enhanced MIR. Site directed mutagenesis experiments showed that reducing the positive charge of this surface-exposed region of the E protein DII correlated with improved Ae. aegypti midgut infection.
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Achinelly, María, and Nora Camino. "Evaluation of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) as alternative hosts for laboratory mass-rearing of Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae)." Nematology 7, no. 2 (2005): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054879638.
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AbstractThe effect of the number of pre-parasitic juveniles of Strelkovimermis spiculatus on infection rate in larvae of the culicid mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens, and the susceptibility of different larval instars of the culicids to the parasite, was studied in order to facilitate laboratory mass production of the nematode. The infection rate in each mosquito species varied between 72 and 100% for the different concentrations of pre-parasites used per host. Infection percentages in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae exposed to S. spiculatus varied from 11 to 98%. Significant differences in percentage infection were observed between 4th instar larvae and the earlier instars. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the feasibility of mass-rearing S. spiculatus in A. aegypti and C. pipiens under laboratory conditions.
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Mohapatra, R., M. R. Ranjit, and A. P. Dash. "The effect of chitin synthesis inhibitors on the development of Brugia malayi in Aedes aegypti." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 3 (September 1996): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015522.
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AbstractTwo chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) viz., triflumuron and hexaflumuron interfere with the development of Brugia malayi in Aedes aegypti (a black-eyed Liverpool strain). The development of B. malayi was slow in both the treated populations and the infection rate, infectivity rate and L3 load per mosquito decreased significantly (P< 0.001) in comparison with untreated controls. Hexaflumuron was found to be more inhibiting than triflumuron.
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Godoy, Raquel Soares Maia, Luiza dos Santos Felix, Alessandra da Silva Orfanó, Bárbara Aparecida Chaves, Paula Monalisa Nogueira, Breno dos Anjos Costa, Aline Silva Soares, et al. "Dengue and Zika virus infection patterns vary among Aedes aegypti field populations from Belo Horizonte, a Brazilian endemic city." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): e0009839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009839.
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Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) belong to the same viral family, the Flaviviridae. They cause recurring threats to the public health systems of tropical countries such as Brazil. The primary Brazilian vector of both viruses is the mosquito Aedes aegypti. After the mosquito ingests a blood meal from an infected person, the viruses infect and replicate in the midgut, disseminate to secondary tissues and reach the salivary gland (SG), where they are ready to be transmitted to a vertebrate host. It is thought that the intrinsic discrepancies among mosquitoes could affect their ability to deal with viral infections. This study confirms that the DENV and ZIKV infection patterns of nine Ae. aegypti field populations found in geographically separate health districts of an endemic Brazilian city vary. We analyzed the infection rate, disseminated infection, vector competence, and viral load through quantitative PCR. Mosquitoes were challenged using the membrane-feeding assay technique and were tested seven and fourteen days post-infection (early and late infection phases, respectively). The infection responses varied among the Ae. aegypti populations for both flaviviruses in the two infection phases. There was no similarity between DENV and ZIKV vector competencies or viral loads. According to the results of our study, the risk of viral transmission overtime after infection either increases or remains unaltered in ZIKV infected vectors. However, the risk may increase, decrease, or remain unaltered in DENV-infected vectors depending on the mosquito population. For both flaviviruses, the viral load persisted in the body even until the late infection phase. In contrast to DENV, the ZIKV accumulated in the SG over time in all the mosquito populations. These findings are novel and may help direct the development of control strategies to fight dengue and Zika outbreaks in endemic regions, and provide a warning about the importance of understanding mosquito responses to arboviral infections.
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Zilio, Giacomo, Lea Moesch, Nathalie Bovet, Anouk Sarr, and Jacob C. Koella. "The effect of parasite infection on the recombination rate of the mosquito Aedes aegypti." PLOS ONE 13, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): e0203481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203481.
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Kaushik, Suresh Chand, Sukhvir Singh, Purnima Srivastava, and R. Rajendran. "Detection of dengue virus in Aedes mosquitoes in Delhi, India." ENTOMON 44, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v44i3.466.
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Detection of viruses in human sera particularly in endemic areas is cumbersome and laborious. Therefore, an alternative approach, Immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA) was performed to determine dengue virus (DENV) positivity in mosquitoes. A total of 1055 adult Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes were tested for IFA test against DENV. Minimum infection rate (MIR) for DENV was found higher during August to November 2016 ranging from 10.75 to 20.83. The average yearly MIR was about 6.64. Higher MIR for Ae. aegypti was found in Sarfabad, Noida (12.71) and Khoda Colony, Ghaziabad (11.90). Minimum MIR (4.67) was observed in Sanjay colony (Faridabad). The main contribution of this study resides in the development of a more suitable monitoring system for early detection of viral circulation and to prioritize early intervention in the non-transmission season.
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RIVERO, A., P. AGNEW, S. BEDHOMME, C. SIDOBRE, and Y. MICHALAKIS. "Resource depletion in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected by the microsporidia Vavraia culicis." Parasitology 134, no. 10 (July 18, 2007): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002703.
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SUMMARYParasitic infection is often associated with changes in host life-history traits, such as host development. Many of these life-history changes are ultimately thought to be the result of a depletion or reallocation of the host's resources driven either by the host (to minimize the effects of infection) or by the parasite (to maximize its growth rate). In this paper we investigate the energetic budget of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae infected by Vavraia culicis, a microsporidian parasite that transmits horizontally between larvae, and which has been previously shown to reduce the probability of pupation of its host. Our results show that infected larvae have significantly less lipids, sugars and glycogen than uninfected larvae. These differences in resources were not due to differences in larval energy intake (feeding rate) or expenditure (metabolic rate). We conclude that the lower energetic resources of infected mosquitoes are the result of the high metabolic demands that microsporidian parasites impose on their hosts. Given the fitness advantages for the parasite of maintaining the host in a larval stage, we discuss whether resource depletion may also be a parasite mechanism to prevent the pupation of the larvae and thus maximize its own transmission.
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Albuquerque, C. M. R., and P. J. Ham. "Concomitant malaria (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and filaria (Brugia pahangi) infections in Aedes aegypti: effect on parasite development." Parasitology 110, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000080987.
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Mixed infections with malarial (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and filarial (Brugia pahangi) parasites were carried out in 8 trials with filaria susceptible (REFM) and filaria refractory (REP-RR) Aedes aegypti strains. A secondary infection with B. pahangi microfilariae (mff) by intrathoracic inoculation, reduced the development rate of a pre-existing P. gallinaceum infection. The level of reduction ranged from 9·5 to 49% in REFM and from 50 to 90% in REP-RR. An immune response against oocysts was seen as melanization in mosquitoes with a double infection in the strain refractory to B. pahangi (REP-RR) and a reduction in oocyst size in both mosquito strains. Melanization was not observed in mosquitoes infected only with P. gallinaceum. This may indicate that activation of the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade in response to mff in the haemolymph can also be addressed against oocysts in the midgut. No significant difference in the number of filarial parasites recovered was observed when comparing groups with a single or double infection. Retardation in development of filaria larvae was observed in mosquitoes with double infection (REFM strain), together with melanization and a higher rate of abnormal development. Nutritional deficiency caused by superinfection might also be responsible for the delay in filarial development and reduced oocyst size.
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Azar, Sasha, Shannan Rossi, Sherry Haller, Ruimei Yun, Jing Huang, Jessica Plante, Jiehua Zhou, et al. "ZIKV Demonstrates Minimal Pathologic Effects and Mosquito Infectivity in Viremic Cynomolgus Macaques." Viruses 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10110661.
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To evaluate the effects of ZIKV infection on non-human primates (NHPs), as well as to investigate whether these NHPs develop sufficient viremia to infect the major urban vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti, four cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were subcutaneously infected with 5.0 log10 focus-forming units (FFU) of DNA clone-derived ZIKV strain FSS13025 (Asian lineage, Cambodia, 2010). Following infection, the animals were sampled (blood, urine, tears, and saliva), underwent daily health monitoring, and were exposed to Ae. aegypti at specified time points. All four animals developed viremia, which peaked 3–4 days post-infection at a maximum value of 6.9 log10 genome copies/mL. No virus was detected in urine, tears, or saliva. Infection by ZIKV caused minimal overt disease: serum biochemistry and CBC values largely fell within the normal ranges, and cytokine elevations were minimal. Strikingly, the minimally colonized population of Ae. aegypti exposed to viremic animals demonstrated a maximum infection rate of 26% during peak viremia, with two of the four macaques failing to infect a single mosquito at any time point. These data indicate that cynomolgus macaques may be an effective model for ZIKV infection of humans and highlights the relative refractoriness of Ae. aegypti for ZIKV infection at the levels of viremia observed.
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Serrato, Idalba M., Diana Moreno-Aguilera, Paola A. Caicedo, Yenifer Orobio, Clara B. Ocampo, Ronald Maestre-Serrano, Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal, and Martha L. Ahumada. "Vector competence of lambda-cyhalothrin resistant Aedes aegypti strains for dengue-2, Zika and chikungunya viruses in Colombia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e0276493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276493.
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Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Studies have shown that insecticide resistance affects vector competence (VC) of some mosquito species. This study evaluates the effect of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and kdr V1016I mutation genotypes on the VC of Ae. aegypti strains for DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Three Ae. aegypti strains with gradual lambda-cyhalothrin resistance (susceptible, resistant, and highly resistant) were infected with DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Individual mosquitoes were tested to detect virus infection in the abdomen and head-salivary glands, using RT-PCR, and genotypes for V1016I mutations using allele-specific PCR. Recorded VC variables were midgut infection rate (MIR), dissemination rate (DIR), and dissemination efficiency (DIE). Lambda-cyhalothrin resistance affects differentially VC variables for ZIKV, DENV-2, and CHIKV. For ZIKV, an apparent gradual increase in DIR and DIE with the increase in insecticide resistance was observed. For DENV-2 the MIR and DIE were higher in insecticide resistant strains. For CHIKV, only MIR could be evaluated, this variable was higher in insecticide resistance strains. The presence of kdr V1016I mutation on mosquito resistant strains did not affect VC variables for three study viruses.
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Powers, Ann M., Jeremy P. Ledermann, and Erin M. Borland. "Minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 41 (July 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.65.
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Understanding the ability of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to be transmitted by Aedes vectors in the Americas is critical for assessing epidemiological risk. One element that must be considered is the minimum infectious dose of virus that can lead to transmission following the extrinsic incubation period. This study aimed to determine the minimum infection rate for the two Aedes species studied. The results revealed that doses as low as 3.9 log10 plaque-forming units per mL (pfu/mL) of an Asian genotype CHIKV strain can lead to transmission by Ae. albopictus, and doses of at least 5.3 log10 pfu/mL from the same strain are needed for transmission from Ae. aegypti. These low infecting doses suggest that infected individuals may be infectious for almost the entire period of their viremia, and therefore, to prevent further cases, measures should be taken to prevent them from getting bitten by mosquitoes during this period.
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Pierro, Dennis J., Erik L. Powers, and Ken E. Olson. "Genetic determinants of Sindbis virus strain TR339 affecting midgut infection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82577-0.
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Mosquito midgut epithelial cells (MEC) play a major role in determining whether an arbovirus can successfully infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes. The Sindbis virus (SINV) strain TR339 efficiently infects Aedes aegypti MEC but the SINV strain TE/5′2J poorly infects MEC. SINV determinants for MEC infection have been localized to the E2 glycoprotein. The E2 amino acid sequences of TR339 and TE/5′2J differ at two sites, E2-55 and E2-70. We have altered the TE/5′2J virus genome by site-directed mutagenesis to contain two TR339 residues, E2-55 H→Q (histidine to glutamine) and E2-70 K→E (lysine to glutamic acid). We have characterized the growth patterns of derived viruses in cell culture and determined the midgut infection rate (MIR) in A. aegypti mosquitoes. Our results clearly show that the E2-55 H→Q and the E2-70 K→E mutations in the TE/5′2J virus increase MIR both independently and in combination. TE/5′2J virus containing both TR339 E2 residues had MIRs similar to the parental TR339 virus. In addition, SINV propagated in a mammalian cell line had a significantly lower A. aegypti midgut 50 % infectious dose than virus propagated in a mosquito cell line.
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Huynh, Trang Thi Thuy, and Noboru Minakawa. "A comparative study of dengue virus vectors in major parks and adjacent residential areas in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): e0010119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010119.
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The primary dengue virus vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are primarily daytime biting mosquitoes. The risk of infection is suspected to be considerable in urban parks due to visitor traffic. Despite the importance of vector control for reducing dengue transmission, little information is available on vector populations in urban parks. The present study characterized mosquito habitats and estimated vector densities in the major urban parks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and compared them with those in adjacent residential areas. The prevalences of habitats where Aedes larvae were found were 43% and 9% for the parks and residential areas, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (prevalence ratio [PR]: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.85–6.49). The prevalences of positive larval habitats were significantly greater in the parks for both species than the residential areas (PR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.22 for A. aegypti, PR: 10.10, 95% CI: 7.23–14.12 for A. albopictus). Larvae of both species were positively associated with discarded containers and planters. Aedes albopictus larvae were negatively associated with indoor habitats, but positively associated with vegetation shade. The adult density of A. aegypti was significantly less in the parks compared with the residential areas (rate ratio [RR]; 0.09, 95% CI: 0.05–0.16), while the density of A. albopictus was significantly higher in the parks (RR: 9.99, 95% CI: 6.85–14.59). When the species were combined, the density was significantly higher in the parks (RR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.92–3.25). The urban parks provide suitable environment for Aedes mosquitoes, and A. albopictus in particular. Virus vectors are abundant in the urban parks, and the current vector control programs need to have greater consideration of urban parks.
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Satoto, Tri Baskoro T., Sitti Umniyati, Adi Suardipa, and Margareta Sintorini. "Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and DEN-2 Virus Transovarial Infection on Viability of Aedes aegypti." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 7, no. 7 (February 1, 2013): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v7i7.32.
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Environmental changes influenced survival life and virus transmission of dengue virus (DEN) in a mosquito. The purpose of the present study was to define DEN-2 virus transmission dynamic and effect of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and DEN-2 virus infection on viability of Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti). This experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design was conducted at the Laboratory of Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta. Seventh daysold female Ae.aegypti (F0) were infected DEN-2 viaoral membrane and kept until F2 generation by transovarial transmission, number of eggs produced and hatched was recorded. After 14-day incubation was found that trans ovarial transmission rate of DEN-2 virus infection in F0 and F1 were 93.3% and 82.2%, respectivel y. Egg production, hatchingrates from infected and uninfected mosquitoes F0 were 68% and 85%; and F1 were 72.6% and 76%, respectivel y. At defined room condition tests, 7 day adult mosquitoes in dark and humid environment produced highest number of eggs, compared normal environment and in incubated without CO 2. In fourteenth day oldmosquitoesat dark and humid produced highest number of eggs, compare normal environment condition, and in incubated without CO2. DEN-2 virus was able to infect Ae.aegypti by transovarial transmission where the infection rate in F0 was higher than F1 generation. Temperature and humidity affected the abilityof Ae. aegypti eggs to live and grow to adulthood.Perubahan lingkungan memengaruhi hidup dan transmisi virus dengue dalam tubuh nyamuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh suhu, kelembaban udara(RH), terhadap transmisi virus DEN-2 pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Studi eksperimental dengan desain pre dan post tes control group dilakukan di laboratorium pusat kedokteran tropis, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada kelompok Ae. aegypti betina umur 7 hari (F0). Virus DEN-2 diinfeksikan secara transovarial cara membran oral sampai generasi F2. Kelompok lain sebagai kontrol di inkubator temperatur dan suhu tertentu, waktu tertentu, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, yang menetas dan mengandung virus dicatat. Hasil penelitian menemukan indeks transmisi transovarial generasi F0 dan F1 selama 14 hari masainkubasi adalah 93,3% dan 82,2%, laju tetas telur dari nyamuk F0 yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi masing-masing 68% dan 85%, sedangkan laju tetas telur dari nyamuk F1 yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi masing-masing 72,6% dan 76%. Pada tiga kondisi ruang uji, nyamuk berumur 7 hari dalam ruang gelap dan lembab menghasilkan telur paling banyak dibandingkan pada kondisi normal dan pada inkubasi tanpa CO2. Nyamuk umur 14 hari menghasilkan telur tertinggi dalam ruang gelap dan lembab, dibandingkan pada kondisi ruang normal dan dalaminkubasi tanpa CO2. Virus DEN-2 dapat menginfeksi Ae.aegypti secara transovarial dengan laju infeksi lebih tinggi pada F0 daripada F1. Suhu dan kelembaban mempengaruhi kemampuan produksi telur Ae. aegypti untuk hidup dan tumbuh.
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Ranathunga, I., L. S. Kannangara, K. A. S. Bandara, and S. B. Gunatilake. "A Rare Presentation of Coinfection: Dengue Virus and Hepatitis A Virus." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2019 (August 18, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9782892.
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Dengue fever caused by dengue virus is a common tropical infection transmitted by the mosquitos Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Four strains of the genus flavivirus is responsible for the epidemics of varying severity. Hepatitis A caused by hepatitis A virus is spread by faecal-oral route. The culprit virus is a hepatovirus. Coinfection with dengue virus and hepatitis A virus is rare and is a diagnostic as well as management challenge to the medical professional. We report a patient who presented to us with dengue virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection.
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Olson, Mark F., Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah, Jose G. Juarez, Selene Garcia-Luna, Estelle Martin, Monica K. Borucki, Matthias Frank, et al. "High Rate of Non-Human Feeding by Aedes aegypti Reduces Zika Virus Transmission in South Texas." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040453.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquito-borne viruses are emerging or re-emerging globally, afflicting millions of people around the world. Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is the principal vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, and has well-established populations across tropical and subtropical urban areas of the Americas, including the southern United States. While intense arboviral epidemics have occurred in Mexico and further south in the Americas, local transmission in the United States has been minimal. Here, we study Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus host feeding patterns and vertebrate host communities in residential environments of South Texas to identify host-utilization relative to availability. Only 31% of Ae. aegypti blood meals were derived from humans, while 50% were from dogs and 19% from other wild and domestic animals. In Cx. quinquefasciatus, 67% of blood meals were derived from chicken, 22% came from dogs, 9% from various wild avian species, and 2% from other mammals including one human, one cat, and one pig. We developed a model for the reproductive number, R0, for Zika virus (ZIKV) in South Texas relative to northern Mexico using human disease data from Tamaulipas, Mexico. We show that ZIKV R0 in South Texas communities could be greater than one if the risk of human exposure to Ae. aegypti bites in these communities is at least 60% that of Northern Mexico communities. The high utilization of non-human vertebrates and low risk of human exposure in South Texas diminishes the outbreak potential for human-amplified urban arboviruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti.
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Chaves, Barbara Aparecida, Ademir Bentes Vieira Junior, Karine Renata Dias Silveira, Andreia da Costa Paz, Evelyn Beatriz da Costa Vaz, Raphaela Guedes Pereira Araujo, Nilton Barnabe Rodrigues, et al. "Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in Amazonian Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Delays Egg Hatching and Larval Development of Progeny." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (July 6, 2019): 1739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz110.
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Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a globally important arbovirus and has been reported from all states of Brazil. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) or Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). However, it is important to know if ZIKV transmission also occurs from Ae. aegypti through infected eggs to her offspring. Therefore, a ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) free colony was established from eggs collected in Manaus and maintained until the third–fourth generation in order to conduct ZIKV vertical transmission (VT) experiments which used an infectious bloodmeal as the route of virus exposure. The eggs from ZIKV-infected females were allowed to hatch. The resulting F1 progeny (larvae, pupae, and adults) were quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assayed for ZIKV. The viability of ZIKV vertically transmitted to F1 progeny was evaluated by cultivation in C6/36 cells. The effects of ZIKV on immature development of Ae. aegypti was assessed and compared with noninfected mosquitoes. AmazonianAe. aegypti were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection (96.7%), and viable virus passed to their progeny via VT. Moreover, eggs from the ZIKV-infected mosquitoes had a significantly lower hatch rate and the slowest hatching. In addition, the larval development period was slower when compared to noninfected, control mosquitoes. This is the first study to illustrate VT initiated by oral infection of the parental population by using mosquitoes, which originated from the field and a ZIKV strain that is naturally circulating in-country. Additionally, this study suggests that ZIKV present in the Ae. aegypti can modify the mosquito life cycle. The data reported here suggest that VT of ZIKV to progeny from naturally infected females may have a critical epidemiological role in the dissemination and maintenance of the virus circulating in the vector.
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K., Vindhiya, and Selvendran C. "A rare presentation of chikungunya in an infant." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20192788.
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Chikungunya is an arboviral disease caused by chikungunya virus which belongs to the genus Alpha virus and Togaviridae. It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The important reasons for the outbreaks are genetic adaptation of the virus and adaptation of the mosquitoes to the cold climate which lead to increased infectivity and dissemination. The clinical manifestations of disease in infants are different from that of older children and adults. Various dermatological manifestations of chikungunya include generalized erythema, maculopapular rash, vesicular lesions, hyper pigmentation and peeling of skin. Authors hereby report a case of 10 month old infant with fever and vesiculobullous lesion which was diagnosed as chikungunya infection.
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Zulfa, Ramdan, Wei-Cheng Lo, Po-Ching Cheng, Martini Martini, and Ting-Wu Chuang. "Updating the Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100306.
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Background: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two important vectors of several important arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Insecticide application is an important approach to reduce vector abundance during Aedes spp.-borne outbreaks in the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. However, insecticide overuse can result in the development of resistance, and careful monitoring of resistance markers is required. Methods: This meta-analysis and systematic review explored the spatial and temporal patterns of insecticide resistance in Asia from 2000 to 2021. PubMed, Scopus, EbscoHost, and Embase were used to enhance the search capability. The random-effects model was applied for the 94 studies that met our inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. Results: Four major insecticides were studied (malathion, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, permethrin, and deltamethrin). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance rates were high in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (68% and 64%, respectively). Conversely, malathion resistance was less prevalent in Ae. aegypti (3%), and deltamethrin resistance was less common in Ae. albopictus (2%). Ae. aegypti displayed consistently high resistance rates (35%) throughout the study period, whereas the rate of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus increased from 5% to 12%. The rates of the major kdr mutations F1534C, V1016G, and S989P were 29%, 26%, and 22%, respectively. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is widespread in Asia, although the rates vary by country. Continuous monitoring of the resistance markers and modification of the control strategies will be important for preventing unexpected outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided up-to-date information on insecticide resistance in dengue-endemic countries in Asia.
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Herd, Christie S., DeAna G. Grant, Jingyi Lin, and Alexander W. E. Franz. "Starvation at the larval stage increases the vector competence of Aedes aegypti females for Zika virus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0010003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010003.
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Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus which typically presents itself as febrile-like symptoms in humans but can also cause neurological and pregnancy complications. The transmission cycle of mosquito-borne arboviruses such as ZIKV requires that various key tissues in the female mosquito get productively infected with the virus before the mosquito can transmit the virus to another vertebrate host. Following ingestion of a viremic blood-meal from a vertebrate, ZIKV initially infects the midgut epithelium before exiting the midgut after blood-meal digestion to disseminate to secondary tissues including the salivary glands. Here we investigated whether smaller Ae. aegypti females resulting from food deprivation as larvae exhibited an altered vector competence for blood-meal acquired ZIKV relative to larger mosquitoes. Midguts from small ‘Starve’ and large ‘Control’ Ae. aegypti were dissected to visualize by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the midgut basal lamina (BL) as physical evidence for the midgut escape barrier showing Starve mosquitoes with a significantly thinner midgut BL than Control mosquitoes at two timepoints. ZIKV replication was inhibited in Starve mosquitoes following intrathoracic injection of virus, however, Starve mosquitoes exhibited a significantly higher midgut escape and population dissemination rate at 9 days post-infection (dpi) via blood-meal, with more virus present in saliva and head tissue than Control by 10 dpi and 14 dpi, respectively. These results indicate that Ae. aegypti developing under stressful conditions potentially exhibit higher midgut infection and dissemination rates for ZIKV as adults, Thus, variation in food intake as larvae is potentially a source for variable vector competence levels of the emerged adults for the virus.
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Manuel, Menchie, Dorothée Missé, and Julien Pompon. "Highly Efficient Vertical Transmission for Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti after Long Extrinsic Incubation Time." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050366.
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While the Zika virus (ZIKV) 2014–2017 pandemic has subsided, there remains active transmission. Apart from horizontal transmission to humans, the main vector Aedes aegypti can transmit the virus vertically from mother to offspring. Large variation in vertical transmission (VT) efficiency between studies indicates the influence of parameters, which remain to be characterized. To determine the roles of extrinsic incubation time and gonotrophic cycle, we deployed an experimental design that quantifies ZIKV in individual progeny and larvae. We observed an early infection of ovaries that exponentially progressed. We quantified VT rate, filial infection rate, and viral load per infected larvae at 10 days post oral infection (d.p.i.) on the second gonotrophic cycle and at 17 d.p.i. on the second and third gonotrophic cycle. As compared to previous reports that studied pooled samples, we detected a relatively high VT efficiency from 1.79% at 10 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle to 66% at 17 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle. At 17 d.p.i., viral load largely varied and averaged around 800 genomic RNA (gRNA) copies. Longer incubation time and fewer gonotrophic cycles promoted VT. These results shed light on the mechanism of VT, how environmental conditions favor VT, and whether VT can maintain ZIKV circulation.
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Adnan, Muhammad Luthfi. "Iminosugar 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) sebagai Antiviral Infeksi Virus Dengue." KELUWIH: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran 2, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/kesdok.v2i1.2970.
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Abstract— Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) caused by the DENV virus are among the global problems regarding mosquito-borne viral infections. The DENV virus is transmitted through Aedes aegypti causing clinical manifestations that can cause critical illness for patients. The need for effective antiviral therapy is needed to treat DENV virus infections. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), one of the many imino sugars found in mulberry leaves and several strains of bacteria, has potential as an antiviral against DENV virus infection. The antiviral activity of DNJ works as an inhibitor of the α-glucosidase enzyme which is important in virus secretion so that it affects the infection rate. DNJ also has the effect of boosting the immune system to initiate an immune response to a viral infection. Further research is needed to develop DNJ as an effective antiviral DENV in the future. Keywords: antiviral, dengue, iminosugar, therapy
Abstrak— Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorraghic fever (DHF), dan dengue shock syndrome (DSS) yang disebabkan oleh virus DENV merupakan salah satu permasalahan global mengenai infeksi virus. Virus DENV ditularkan melalui Aedes aegypti menyebabkan manifestasi klinis yang dapat menimbulkan kesakiatn kritis bagi pasien. kebutuhan terapi antiviral yang efektif diperlukan untuk mengobati infeksi virus DENV. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), salah satu iminosugar yang banyak terdapat pada daun mulberry dan beberapa strain bakteri, memiliki potensi sebagai antiviral terhadap infeksi virus DENV. Aktivitas antiviral DNJ bekerja sebagai penghambat enzim α-glukosidase yang penting dalam sekresi virus sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat infeksi. DNJ juga memiliki efek meningkatkan sistem imun untuk menginisiasi respon imun terhadap infeksi virus. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengembangkan DNJ sebagai antiviral DENV yang efektif di masa depan. Kata kunci: antiviral, dengue, iminosugar, therapy
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Tristono, Tomi, and Seno Aji. "Korelasi Wabah “Demam Berdarah Dengue/ DBD†dengan Tingkat Curah Hujan Rata – Rata." JURNAL DAYA-MAS 5, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33319/dymas.v5i2.49.
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Abstract— Along with the arrival of the rainy season in October 2018 - April 2019, the awareness of the emergence of Dengue Fever needs to be improved. Several methods for anticipation have been carried out, including by improving environmental cleanliness and holding mosquito spray or Fogging. These methods are considered to be ineffective in breaking the growth chain of Aedes Aegypti, which is the type of mosquito that most spreads Dengue Fever. To prevent infection, the World Health Organization (WHO) has also suggested controlling mosquito populations and protecting people from mosquito bites. This research uses the comparative method of Dengue Fever data in 2015, 2016, and 2017 of Jombang Regency. The data is correlated with average rainfall. Based on observations, the cases of Dengue Fever are repeated every year. The health office must socialize what dengue fever is, what are the symptoms, how to treat it if infected, and how to prevent it. The community needs to improve the cleanliness of the environment and be aware of water reservoirs or puddles if the rainy season. The presence of Jumantik cadres is very urgent and needed. Keywords—: Dengue Fever; rainy season; Aedes Aegypti; cleanliness of the environment.
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Kamal, Shaukat. "A Report on Vector Surveillance for Zika/Dengue at CCS International Airport, Lucknow, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202141.
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In view of reports of Zika outbreak from Gujarat & Rajasthan states, an entomological surveillance of Aedes aegypti vector was carried out at Adani Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) International Airport, Lucknow and its adjoining areas between 2016 to 2019. The regular monitoring of the vector and effective intervention measures prevented the invasion of new pathogen of Zika and Yellow fever pathogen (virus) by bringing down the Aedes aegypti vector density at lowest level. The entomological indices worked out in 2016 as the premise index in the month of February, June and August, were remained positive for Aedes aegypti and container index (CI) was found 14.14. The House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) & Breteau Index (BI) were 24.50, 17.51 & 25.27, respectively in residential colony of Air Port Staff located at a distance of 0.50 km, whereas, indices were found very high i.e. 37.50, 25.50 & 57.62, respectively in Farrukhabad/Chillawan civil inhabitation located at a distance of 2.0 Kilometre. With the dedicated efforts of Airport Authority of India and State Health Department, Aedes aegypti indices gradually declined to very low level as the premise were positive for Aedes aegypti larvae but container index inside & outside airport premise became 2.70 & 4.37 respectively in early half of 2019. The HI, CI & BI were found 2.57, 2.69 & 3.09 in the airport residential colony and 3.15, 2.57 & 2.77, respectively in civil inhabitation i.e. Farrukhabad/Chillawan area in early half of 2019. The collateral impact of low vector density resulted drastic decline in dengue morbidity by 83.73% & 74.74% and in mortality by 88.89% & 94.44%, during 2017 & 2018 respectively in comparison to 2016 and the case fatality rate (CFR) declined from 0.65% in 2016 to 0.14% in 2018. However no death was documented due to Chikungunya in Lucknow and the morbidity though was doubled in 2017 & declined again to the level of 2016, but remained very less in comparison to dengue, as only 44, 80 & 47 cases of Chikungunya were reported during 2016, 2017 & 2018, respectively. The Airport also achieved the dividend in the form of conferring the title of Best Airport of the year 2018 in size & region managing the cleanliness in increased thrust of passengers’ load to more than double in limited resources.
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Putri, Winni Aprillia, Abu Rohiman, Sulistiawati Sulistiawati, and Dwiyanti Puspitasari. "Effects of Climatic Factors on The Incidence Rate of Dengue Virus Infection in Surabaya During 2010-2013." Biomolecular and Health Science Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v2i1.9340.
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Introduction: Dengue Virus Infection (DVI) is one of cautious mosquito-borne virus disease that transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Surabaya has the highest incidence rate of DVI in East Java. Transmission of dengue virus were significantly affected by the change of climatic factor components (precipitation, temperature, and humidity). This study is aimed to analyze the correlation between climatic factor components with the incidence rate of DVI in Surabaya and its distribution.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using analytic observational approach. The Incidence rate of DVI during 2010-2013 datas were taken from Surabaya Health Office. Climatic factor datas on the same years were taken from Juanda Meteorological Station. Correlation tests were performed by using Spearman Test.Results: As the result, there were 7,685 DVI patients during 2010-2013. Male patients have less proportion (51.89%). The highest DVI cases are from the age group of 5-14 years (>40%). Incidence rate of DVI was increased during February to April, and highest incidence rate occured in 2010 (n=3,379). There were significant correlation between precipitation (r=0.419, p-value p=0.003) and humidity (r=0.502, p-value=0.000) with the incidence rate of DVI in Surabaya during 2010-2013.Conclusion: Therefore, precipitation and humidity are two climatic factor components that may effect the incidence rate of DVI in Surabaya.
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Gaber, Mona, Alzahraa Abdelraouf Ahmad, Asmaa M. El-Kady, Mohammed Tolba, Yutaka Suzuki, Shereen M. Mohammed, and Nahed Ahmed Elossily. "Dengue fever as a reemerging disease in upper Egypt: Diagnosis, vector surveillance and genetic diversity using RT-LAMP assay." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): e0265760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265760.
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Background The recent increase in dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks and the absence of an effective vaccine have highlighted the importance of developing rapid and effective diagnostic surveillance tests and mosquito-based screening programs. To establish effective control measures for preventing future DENV transmission, the present study was established to identify the main mosquito vector involved in the dengue fever (DF) outbreak in Upper Egypt in 2016 and detect the diversity of dengue virus serotypes circulating in both humans and vectors. Methods We investigated the prevalence of DENV infection and circulating serotypes in the sera of 51 humans clinically suspected of DF and 1800 field-collected Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes grouped into 36 pooled samples. Both DENV non-structural protein (NS1) immunochromatographic strip assay and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) were used for screening. Results Overall, the rate of DENV infection in both human sera and pooled mosquito homogenate was 33.3%, as revealed by rapid dipstick immunochromatographic analysis. However, higher detection rates were observed with RT-LAMP assay of 60.8% and 44.4% for humans and vector mosquitoes, respectively. DENV-1 was the most prevalent serotype in both populations. A combination of two, three, or even four circulating serotypes was found in 87.5% of total positive pooled mosquito samples and 83.87% of DENV-positive human sera. Conclusion The study reinforces the evidence of the reemergence of Aedes aegypti in Upper Egypt, inducing an outbreak of DENV. Mosquito-based surveillance of DENV infection is important to elucidate the viral activity rate and define serotype diversity to understand the virus dynamics in the reinfested area. Up to our knowledge, this is the first report of serotyping of DENV infection in an outbreak in Egypt using RT-LAMP assay.
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Lau, Meng-Jia, Perran A. Ross, Nancy M. Endersby-Harshman, Qiong Yang, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Wolbachia inhibits ovarian formation and increases blood feeding rate in female Aedes aegypti." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): e0010913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010913.
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Wolbachia, a gram-negative endosymbiotic bacterium widespread in arthropods, is well-known for changing the reproduction of its host in ways that increase its rate of spread, but there are also costs to hosts that can reduce this. Here we investigated a novel reproductive alteration of Wolbachia wAlbB on its host Aedes aegypti, using studies on mosquito life history traits, ovarian dissection, as well as gene expression assays. We found that an extended period of the larval stage as well as the egg stage (as previously shown) can increase the proportion of Wolbachia-infected females that become infertile; an effect which was not observed in uninfected females. Infertile females had incomplete ovarian formation and also showed a higher frequency of blood feeding following a prior blood meal, indicating that they do not enter a complete gonotrophic cycle. Treatments leading to infertility also decreased the expression of genes related to reproduction, especially the vitellogenin receptor gene whose product regulates the uptake of vitellogenin (Vg) into ovaries. Our results demonstrate effects associated with the development of infertility in wAlbB-infected Ae. aegypti females with implications for Wolbachia releases. The results also have implications for the evolution of Wolbachia infections in novel hosts.
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Pruszynski, Catherine A., Tanise Stenn, Carolina Acevedo, Andrea L. Leal, and Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena. "Human Blood Feeding by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys and a Review of the Literature." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (May 24, 2020): 1640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa083.
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Abstract Aedes aegypti L. is considered to have a proclivity for feeding on human blood even when other hosts are available. However, few studies have demonstrated host use by this mosquito in the continental United States, where local transmission of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses has been recently documented. This study investigated the bloodmeal sources of female Ae. aegypti in the subtropical city of Key West and the surrounding county in Florida with the goal of identifying preferred hosts. Blood-engorged Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected from BG Sentinel traps used as part of a routine surveillance program in the Florida Keys (Monroe County, Florida). Bloodmeal samples were analyzed using PCR assays, sequencing, and comparison with reference sequences in GenBank. Aedes aegypti females from Key West fed predominantly on humans (79.6%) and did not differ statistically from females collected from the rest of the Florida Keys (69.5%). Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), considered a host generalist, was collected and analyzed from the same sites for comparative purposes. Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus fed predominantly (70.7%) on birds and nonhuman mammals in the Florida Keys, corroborating the validity of molecular assay breadth and demonstrating that given the same group of available hosts Ae. aegypti selects humans. Our results indicated that Ae. aegypti has a high rate of human-biting in a subtropical area within the United States, supporting its role in recent local transmission of dengue and other viruses.
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Fernando, H. S. D., Menaka Hapugoda, Rushika Perera, William C. Black IV, and B. G. D. N. K. De Silva. "Gene Flow Patterns among Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Sri Lanka." Insects 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030169.
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In Sri Lanka, dengue is the most serious arboviral disease. Recent increases in dengue cases suggest a higher infection rate and spread of the disease to new areas. The present study explores gene flow patterns of Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue disease, among 10 collection sites including major ports and inland cities using variations at 11 microsatellite loci. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and k-means clustering estimated eight genetic clusters. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) estimated equal variances among cities and among collections in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Significant evidence, although weak, was detected for isolation by distance. Analysis of gene flow rates and directions using MIGRATE-n indicated that populations throughout the island served as a source of immigrants for Colombo with abundant gene flow among major commercial cities in Sri Lanka, which appear to receive migrant mosquitoes from throughout Sri Lanka. The observed patterns probably arise through human movement of Ae. aegypti during commerce from throughout Sri Lanka into Colombo increasing the risk of spread. The patterns uncovered in this study are significant for global health as Sri Lanka is situated along a key international shipping route.
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Huerta-Zepeda, Alejandra, Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez, Jorge Cime-Castillo, Verónica Monroy-Martínez, Maria Eugenia Manjarrez-Zavala, Margarita Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Raú Izaguirre, and Blanca Ruiz-Ordaz. "Crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation during Dengue virus infection." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 99, no. 11 (2008): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th07-08-0483.
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SummaryDengue fever is the most prevalent viral disease transmitted by vectors (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus) in worldwide. More than 100 million cases occur annually with a mortality rate of 5% and no safe vaccine is available. The pathogenesis of Dengue, where host and viral factors participate in the establishment of Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) remains unresolved. Clinical observations have revealed significant abnormalities in coagulation and inflammation systems, with increased levels of tissue factor (TF) and the chemokine IL-8, correlating with the severity of the disease and implicating damage to endothelial vascular cells (EVC). Here we present novel insights concerning the crosstalk between the regulatory signaling pathways of the coagulation-inflammation processes, during Dengue virus (DV) infection of EVC. We found that DV up-regulates Protease Activated receptor type-1 (inflammation) and TF (coagulation) receptors, via the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs, which favor the activation of NF-κB transcription factor. This induces pro-inflammatory (IL-8) or pro-adhesive (VCAM-1) gene expression which may lead to EVC activation. The elucidation of the basic principles that signal these processes has important implications for the design of new therapeutic strategies for DHF/DSS.
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Estrada-Franco, José Guillermo, Nadia A. Fernández-Santos, Adeniran A. Adebiyi, María de J. López-López, Jesús A. Aguilar-Durán, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Sean W. J. Prosser, et al. "Vertebrate-Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera)-arbovirus transmission networks: Non-human feeding revealed by meta-barcoding and next-generation sequencing." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0008867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008867.
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Background Aedes aegypti mosquito-borne viruses including Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), and chikungunya (CHIKV) have emerged and re-emerged globally, resulting in an elevated burden of human disease. Aedes aegypti is found worldwide in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas. The characterization of mosquito blood meals is essential to understand the transmission dynamics of mosquito-vectored pathogens. Methodology/principal findings Here, we report Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus host feeding patterns and arbovirus transmission in Northern Mexico using a metabarcoding-like approach with next-generation deep sequencing technology. A total of 145 Ae. aegypti yielded a blood meal analysis result with 107 (73.8%) for a single vertebrate species and 38 (26.2%) for two or more. Among the single host blood meals for Ae. aegypti, 28.0% were from humans, 54.2% from dogs, 16.8% from cats, and 1.0% from tortoises. Among those with more than one species present, 65.9% were from humans and dogs. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, 388 individuals yielded information with 326 (84%) being from a single host and 63 (16.2%) being from two or more hosts. Of the single species blood meals, 77.9% were from dogs, 6.1% from chickens, 3.1% from house sparrows, 2.4% from humans, while the remaining 10.5% derived from other 12 host species. Among those which had fed on more than one species, 11% were from dogs and humans, and 89% of other host species combinations. Forage ratio analysis revealed dog as the most over-utilized host by Ae. aegypti (= 4.3) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (= 5.6) and the human blood index at 39% and 4%, respectively. A total of 2,941 host-seeking female Ae. aegypti and 3,536 Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected in the surveyed area. Of these, 118 Ae. aegypti pools and 37 Cx. quinquefasciatus pools were screened for seven arboviruses (ZIKV, DENV 1–4, CHIKV, and West Nile virus (WNV)) using qRT-PCR and none were positive (point prevalence = 0%). The 95%-exact upper limit confidence interval was 0.07% and 0.17% for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively Conclusions/significance The low human blood feeding rate in Ae. aegypti, high rate of feeding on mammals by Cx. quinquefasciatus, and the potential risk to transmission dynamics of arboviruses in highly urbanized areas of Northern Mexico is discussed.
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Rangel, Marina E. O., Luana P. R. Oliveira, Aline D. Cabral, Katharyna C. Gois, Marcos V. M. Lima, Beatriz C. A. A. Reis, Fernando L. A. Fonseca, Marcia A. Sperança, Flavia S. Gehrke, and Gabriel Z. Laporta. "Dengue-2 and Guadeloupe Mosquito Virus RNA Detected in Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. Collected in a Vehicle Impound Yard in Santo André, SP, Brazil." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030248.
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In 2018–2019, we conducted mosquito collections in a municipal vehicle impound yard, which is 10 km from the Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area in Santo André, SP, Brazil. Our aim is to study arboviruses in the impound yard, to understand the transmission of arboviruses in an urban environment in Brazil. We captured the mosquitoes using human-landing catches and processed them for arbovirus detection by conventional and quantitative RT-PCR assays. We captured two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (73 total specimens; 18 females and 55 males) and Ae. albopictus (34 specimens; 27 females and 7 males). The minimum infection rate for DENV-2 was 11.5 per 1000 (CI95%: 1–33.9). The detection of DENV-2 RNA in an Ae. albopictus female suggests that this virus might occur in high infection rates in the sampled mosquito population and is endemic in the urban areas of Santo André. In addition, Guadeloupe mosquito virus RNA was detected in an Ae. aegypti female. To our knowledge, this was the first detection of the Guadeloupe mosquito virus in Brazil.
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Sasmita, Danu, Favorisen Rosyking Lumbanraja, Kurnia Muludi, and Astria Hijriani. "IMPLEMENTASI SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM) DALAM MEMPREDIKSI JUMLAH PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH (STUDI KASUS PENYEBARAN DEMAM BERDARAH DI SINGAPURA)." Jurnal Pepadun 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/pepadun.v3i2.123.
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus infection and is transmitted through the bite of female mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Environmental factors are one of the causes of the high prevalence of dengue fever, including the layout of buildings, water reservoirs, indentations in the soil, temperature and other things that can help the Aedes mosquito life cycle take place. The purpose of this study is to predict the spread of dengue disease using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) method with rainfall data in Singapore from 2014 to 2018, weather data and pain data, comparing this study with previous research by Adeline Ong in 2014 entitled " Predicting Dengue Cases in Singapore”, as well as knowing the results of predicting the distribution of DHF using the SVM method in the form of variance values (R2) with linear, gaussian and polynomial kernels. The results of the experiment found that the lowest error value was shown by the linear kernel with an error rate of 35.15%, with a variance value of 64.85%.
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Luh Pradnya Ayu Dewantari, I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura, and I Gusti Bagus Teguh Pramana. "Immature platelet fraction as predictor of platelet recovery in dengue fever." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.3.0254.
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Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus—a mosquito-borne flavivirus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and estimated 390 million cases of dengue infection occur each year globally, with 96 million cases being considered severe. Thrombocytopenia has always been one of the criteria used by WHO guidelines as a potential indicator of clinical severity. Thrombocytopenia is a common cause of concern in dengue to both patients and attending clinicians. To avoid hemorrhagic complications in dengue fever with thrombocytopenia, prophylactic platelet transfusions are administered. Even though it saves lives, platelet transfusions have their own dangers. In order to prevent unnecessary platelet transfusions, a lot of study has been done on Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF) as a predictor of platelet recovery. IPF is a measurement of reticulated platelets that represents the rate of thrombopoiesis. The rapid detection of IPF can lower the danger of platelet transfusion.
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Chiuya, Tatenda, Daniel K. Masiga, Laura C. Falzon, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Eric M. Fèvre, and Jandouwe Villinger. "A survey of mosquito-borne and insect-specific viruses in hospitals and livestock markets in western Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): e0252369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252369.
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Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes are prolific vectors of arboviruses that are a global threat to human and animal health. Increased globalization and ease of travel have facilitated the worldwide dissemination of these mosquitoes and the viruses they transmit. To assess disease risk, we determined the frequency of arboviruses in western Kenyan counties bordering an area of high arboviral activity. In addition to pathogenic viruses, insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), some of which are thought to impair the transmission of specific pathogenic arboviruses, were also evaluated. We trapped mosquitoes in the short and long rainy seasons in 2018 and 2019 at livestock markets and hospitals. Mosquitoes were screened for dengue, chikungunya and other human pathogenic arboviruses, ISFs, and their blood-meal sources as determined by high-resolution melting analysis of (RT-)PCR products. Of 6,848 mosquitoes collected, 89% were trapped during the long rainy season, with A. aegypti (59%) and Cx. pipiens sensu lato (40%) being the most abundant. Most blood-fed mosquitoes were Cx. pipiens s.l. with blood-meals from humans, chicken, and sparrow (Passer sp.). We did not detect dengue or chikungunya viruses. However, one Culex poicilipes female was positive for Sindbis virus, 30 pools of Ae. aegypti had cell fusing agent virus (CFAV; infection rate (IR) = 1.27%, 95% CI = 0.87%-1.78%); 11 pools of Ae. aegypti had Aedes flavivirus (AeFV; IR = 0.43%, 95% CI = 0.23%-0.74%); and seven pools of Cx. pipiens s.l. (IR = 0.23%, 95% CI = 0.1%-0.45%) and one pool of Culex annulioris had Culex flavivirus. Sindbis virus, which causes febrile illness in humans, can complicate the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with fever. The presence of Sindbis virus in a single mosquito from a population of mosquitoes with ISFs calls for further investigation into the role ISFs may play in blocking transmission of other arboviruses in this region.
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Kang, Seokyoung, Dongyoung Shin, Derrick Mathias, Berlin Londono-Renteria, Mi Noh, Tonya Colpitts, Rhoel Dinglasan, Yeon Han, and Young Hong. "Homologs of Human Dengue-Resistance Genes, FKBP1B and ATCAY, Confer Antiviral Resistance in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes." Insects 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020046.
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Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. The study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against DENV have revealed crucial roles for the Toll, Imd, JAK-STAT, and RNAi pathways in mediating DENV in the mosquito. Often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. Our understanding of the molecular interaction of DENV with mosquito host cells is limited, and we propose to expand upon the recent results from a genome-scale, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based study that identified mammalian host proteins associated with resistance to dengue/West Nile virus (DENV/WNV) infection. The study identified 22 human DENV/WNV resistance genes (DVR), and we hypothesized that a subset would be functionally conserved in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, imparting cellular defense against flaviviruses in this species. We identified 12 homologs of 22 human DVR genes in the Ae. aegypti genome. To evaluate their possible role in cellular resistance/antiviral defense against DENV, we used siRNA silencing targeted against each of the 12 homologs in an Ae. aegypti cell line (Aag2) infected with DENV2 and identified that silencing of the two candidates, AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY, homologs of human FKBP1B and ATCAY, were associated with a viral increase. We then used dsRNA to silence each of the two genes in adult mosquitoes to validate the observed antiviral functions in vivo. Depletion of AeFKBP1 or AeATCAY increased viral dissemination through the mosquito at 14 days post-infection. Our results demonstrated that AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY mediate resistance to DENV akin to what has been described for their homologs in humans. AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY provide a rare opportunity to elucidate a DENV-resistance mechanism that may be evolutionarily conserved between humans and Ae. aegypti.
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Simaremare, Ade Pryta, Novita Hasiani Simanjuntak, and Saharnauli J. V. Simorangkir. "Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Tindakan terhadap DBD dengan Keberadaan Jentik di Lingkungan Rumah Masyarakat Kecamatan Medan Marelan Tahun 2018." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 14, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v14i1.1671.
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Abstract
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is public health problem in Indonesia and causes extraordinary event with high mortality rate. It is caused by Dengue virus infection of the genus Flavivirirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti bite. All regions in Indonesia are risky for contracting DHF because the virus and the mosquitoes have spread widely in residential housing and public places throughout Indonesia. This study used an observational analytic design with cross sectional method. The respondents were people in the Marelan District of Medan. Data on knowledge, attitudes and practices about DHF were obtained through a guided questionnaire. Data about the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae were obtained through direct observation of the environment around the respondent's houses. The chi square analysis showed that the level of knowledge about DHF was not related to the presence of larvae with a p value of 0.128 (p value> 0.05). For attitude and practice aspects indicate relationship with p values of 0.01 and 0.004 (p value< 0.05). Often the knowledge about DHF is not manifested as action to reduce the presence of mosquito larvae causing the disease in their environment. Still, guidance in intensive counseling and motivating the community about eradicating mosquito nests is very important.
Abstrak
Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia dan sering menimbulkan kejadian luar biasa dengan tingkat kematian yang tinggi. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh infeksi virus Dengue dari genus Flavivirus yang dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui perantaraan nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Seluruh wilayah di Indonesia berisiko terjangkit penyakit DBD, sebab baik virus penyebab maupun nyamuk penularnya sudah tersebar luas di perumahan penduduk maupun di tempat-tempat umum di seluruh Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian analitik observasional dengan metode cross sectional. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat di Kecamatan Medan Marelan. Data variabel pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan mengenai DBD diperoleh melalui kuesioner secara terpimpin. Data variabel keberadaan jentik nyamuk Aedes aegypti diperoleh melalui observasi secara langsung lingkungan sekitar rumah responden. Hasil analisis chi square menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan mengenai penyakit DBD tidak berhubungan dengan keberadaan jentik dengan nilai p=0,128 (p value >0,05). Untuk aspek sikap dan tindakan menunjukkan adanya hubungan dengan nilai p masing-masing 0,01 dan 0,004 (p value <0,05). Seringkali pengetahuan mengenai DBD tidak diwujudnyatakan menjadi suatu tindakan untuk mengurangi keberadaan jentik nyamuk penyebab penyakit tersebut di lingkungan rumahnya. Walaupun demikian,pembinaan dalam penyuluhan dan motivasi yang intensif kepada masyarakat tentang pemberantasan sarang nyamuk tetap sangat penting dilakukan.
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Ball, Tamara S., and Scott R. Ritchie. "Evaluation of BG-Sentinel Trap Trapping Efficacy for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Visually Competitive Environment." Journal of Medical Entomology 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/47.4.657.
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Abstract The BG-Sentinel (BGS) trap uses visual and olfactory cues as well as convection currents to attract Aedes aegypti (L.). The impact of the visual environment on trapping efficacy of the BGS trap for Ae. aegypti was investigated. Four- to 5-d nulliparous female and male Ae. aegypti were released into a semicontrolled room to evaluate the effect of the presence, reflectance, and distribution of surrounding harborage sites on BGS trapping efficacy. Low-reflective (dark) harborage sites near the BGS had a negative effect on both male and nulliparous female recapture rates; however, a more pronounced effect was observed in males. The distribution (clustered versus scattered) of dark harborage sites did not significantly affect recapture rates in either sex. In a subsequent experiment, the impact of oviposition sites on the recapture rate of gravid females was investigated. Although gravid females went to the oviposition sites and deposited eggs, the efficacy of the BGS in recapturing gravid females was not compromised. Ae. aegypti sampling in the field will mostly occur in the urban environment, whereby the BGS will be among oviposition sites and dark harborage areas in the form of household items and outdoor clutter. In addition to understanding sampling biases of the BGS, estimations of the adult population size and structure can be further adjusted based on an understanding of the impact of dark harborage sites on trap captures. Outcomes from this suite of experiments provide us with important considerations for trap deployment and interpretation of Ae. aegypti samples from the BGS trap.