Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aedes aegypti Infection Rate

Academic literature on the topic 'Aedes aegypti Infection Rate'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Aedes aegypti Infection Rate"

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Kirstein, Oscar David, Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera, Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña, Daniel Chan Espinoza, Azael Che-Mendoza, Azael Cohuo-Rodriguez, Pilar Granja-Pérez, et al. "Natural arbovirus infection rate and detectability of indoor female Aedes aegypti from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e0008972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008972.

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Arbovirus infection in Aedes aegypti has historically been quantified from a sample of the adult population by pooling collected mosquitoes to increase detectability. However, there is a significant knowledge gap about the magnitude of natural arbovirus infection within areas of active transmission, as well as the sensitivity of detection of such an approach. We used indoor Ae. aegypti sequential sampling with Prokopack aspirators to collect all mosquitoes inside 200 houses with suspected active ABV transmission from the city of Mérida, Mexico, and tested all collected specimens by RT-PCR to quantify: a) the absolute arbovirus infection rate in individually tested Ae. aegypti females; b) the sensitivity of using Prokopack aspirators in detecting ABV-infected mosquitoes; and c) the sensitivity of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and vectorial capacity (VC), two measures ABV transmission potential, to different estimates of indoor Ae. aegypti abundance. The total number of Ae. aegypti (total catch, the sum of all Ae. aegypti across all collection intervals) as well as the number on the first 10-min of collection (sample, equivalent to a routine adult aspiration session) were calculated. We individually tested by RT-PCR 2,161 Aedes aegypti females and found that 7.7% of them were positive to any ABV. Most infections were CHIKV (77.7%), followed by DENV (11.4%) and ZIKV (9.0%). The distribution of infected Aedes aegypti was overdispersed; 33% houses contributed 81% of the infected mosquitoes. A significant association between ABV infection and Ae. aegypti total catch indoors was found (binomial GLMM, Odds Ratio > 1). A 10-min indoor Prokopack collection led to a low sensitivity of detecting ABV infection (16.3% for detecting infected mosquitoes and 23.4% for detecting infected houses). When averaged across all infested houses, mean EIR ranged between 0.04 and 0.06 infective bites per person per day, and mean VC was 0.6 infectious vectors generated from a population feeding on a single infected host per house/day. Both measures were significantly and positively associated with Ae. aegypti total catch indoors. Our findings provide evidence that the accurate estimation and quantification of arbovirus infection rate and transmission risk is a function of the sampling effort, the local abundance of Aedes aegypti and the intensity of arbovirus circulation.
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Istianah, Siti, Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, and Eggi Arguni. "Aedes aegypti as potential vector of filariasis in Pekalongan, Central Java Province, Indonesia." Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol12.iss1.art8.

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Background: The filariasis elimination program in Indonesia has been conducted, but new cases and some chronic cases are still often found. Objective: This study aims to determine levels of endemicity and to identify filarial worm species in filariasis cases and s and their surrounding communities by using microscopic examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to examine levels of infection in vectors mosquito by surgery and PCR. Also to to determine that Ae. aegypti can act as vector of filariasis. Methods: This study was conducted at 10 locations in Pekalongan Regency, Central Java Province, with a cross sectional design. Intravenous blood sampling was conducted on 102 respondents consisting of 10 elephantiasis patients and 92 non-elephantiasis patients at night, starting at 8 pm, then examined microscopically and PCR. Mosquitoes in this study were collected by using a human landing collection method for 12 hours from 6 pm to 6 am by volunteers. Artificial infection of microfilaria W. bancrofti was held against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti from laboratory collection. Results: Results of this study found that there were 5.729 of mosquitos, consisting of 8 species, namely Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishnui, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles vagus, and Armigeres kesseli. Microfilarial (mf) rate was 0.89%, and and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92% and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92%. No larva was found in female mosquito dissection. The PCR results showed that the infection rate was 9.10% in Ae. aegypty pool respectively. Artificial infection results was negative both dissecting microscopis and PCR. Conclusion: This study revealed that the locations were low of filariasis endemicity. The mf rate was less than 1%, and there was a moderate density to high density of microfilaria in the patients. The low level of infection rates in mosquito is suggested as an alert to its potential transmission.
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Pérez-Pérez, Juliana, Víctor Hugo Peña-García, Arley Calle-Tobón, Marcela Quimbayo-Forero, Raúl Rojo, Enrique Henao, Talya Shragai, and Guillermo Rúa-Uribe. "Entomovirological Surveillance in Schools: Are They a Source for Arboviral Diseases Transmission?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 6137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116137.

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Surveillance and control activities for virus-transmitting mosquitoes have primarily focused on dwellings. There is little information about viral circulation in heavily trafficked places such as schools. We collected and analyzed data to assess the presence and prevalence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in mosquitoes, and measured Aedes indices in schools in Medellín (Colombia) between 2016–2018. In 43.27% of 2632 visits we collected Aedes adults, creating 883 pools analyzed by RT-PCR. 14.27% of pools yielded positive for dengue or Zika (infection rates of 1.75–296.29 for Aedes aegypti). Ae. aegypti was more abundant and had a higher infection rate for all studied diseases. Aedes indices varied over time. There was no association between Aedes abundance and mosquito infection rates, but the latter did correlate with cases of arboviral disease and climate. Results suggest schools are important sources of arbovirus and health agencies should include these sites in surveillance programs; it is essential to know the source for arboviral diseases transmission and the identification of the most population groups exposed to these diseases to research and developing new strategies.
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Noshirma, Monika, Ruben Wadu Willa, Muhammad Kazwaini, and Arief Wibowo. "Deteksi Virus Dengue pada Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) yang Tersebar di Kabupaten Sumba Timur dan Sumba Barat Daya." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 14, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v14i1.2421.

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Abstract Incidence Rate (IR) of Dengue fever in east and southwest Sumba district in 2015 amounted to 10.7‰ and 12.95‰ respectively. The phenomenon which is often found during this time is the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The purpose of this research was to determine the presence of viral infections in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes through transovarial. It was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample was an adult Ae. aegypti mosquito that is 8 to 10 days old. Dengue virus in mosquito body was checked by using immunocytochemical method Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) at headsquash preparation. The resultshowed that the transovarial infection presence in male and female Ae. aegypti in East and Southwest Sumba District with Transovarial Infection Rate (TIR) in females and males ranging from 41.67%-41.92 and 25.00 – 50.00% respectively. The female and males mosquitoes TIR in East Sumba district were ranging from 20.00%-40.00% and 35.00%-40.00% respectively. East and Southwest Sumba districts are a high potential area for the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever with the presence of dengue virus in Ae. aegypti. Abstrak Incidence Rate (IR) Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada tahun 2015 masing-masing sebesar 10,7‰ dan 12,95‰. Fenomena yang sering ditemukan selama ini adalah transmisi trans-ovari virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui adanya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti melalui trans-ovari. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampelnya adalah nyamuk Ae. aegypti dewasa yang telah berumur delapan sampai 10 hari. Pemeriksaan virus Dengue dalam tubuh nyamuk menggunakan metode Imunositokimia Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) pada sediaan headsquash. Hasil penelitian infeksi virus dengue pada Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya menunjukkan adanya infeksi virus dengue melalui trans-ovari dengan Transovarial Infection Rate pada nyamuk betina berkisar antara 41,67% - 41,92, dan pada nyamuk jantan 25,00 – 50,00%. Transovarial Infection Rate di Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada nyamuk betina yang berkisar antara 20,00% - 40,00% dan pada nyamuk jantan 35,00% - 40,00%. Kesimpulannya Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan kabupaten Sumba Timur merupakan daerah yang berpotensi untuk terjadinya penularan DBD dengan ditemukannya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan.
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Gloria-Soria, A., P. M. Armstrong, J. R. Powell, and P. E. Turner. "Infection rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with dengue virus depends on the interaction between temperature and mosquito genotype." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 4, 2017): 20171506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1506.

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Dengue fever is the most prevalent arthropod-transmitted viral disease worldwide, with endemic transmission restricted to tropical and subtropical regions of different temperature profiles. Temperature is epidemiologically relevant because it affects dengue infection rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the major vector of the dengue virus (DENV). Aedes aegypti populations are also known to vary in competence for different DENV genotypes. We assessed the effects of mosquito and virus genotype on DENV infection in the context of temperature by challenging Ae. aegypti from two locations in Vietnam, which differ in temperature regimes, with two isolates of DENV-2 collected from the same two localities, followed by incubation at 25, 27 or 32°C for 10 days. Genotyping of the mosquito populations and virus isolates confirmed that each group was genetically distinct. Extrinsic incubation temperature (EIT) and DENV-2 genotype had a direct effect on the infection rate, consistent with previous studies. However, our results show that the EIT impacts the infection rate differently in each mosquito population, indicating a genotype by environment interaction. These results suggest that the magnitude of DENV epidemics may not only depend on the virus and mosquito genotypes present, but also on how they interact with local temperature. This information should be considered when estimating vector competence of local and introduced mosquito populations during disease risk evaluation.
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Yang, Cihan, Fei Wang, Doudou Huang, Haixia Ma, Lu Zhao, Guilin Zhang, Hailong Li, et al. "Vector competence and immune response of Aedes aegypti for Ebinur Lake virus, a newly classified mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): e0010642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010642.

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The global impact of mosquito-borne diseases has increased significantly over recent decades. Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV), a newly classified orthobunyavirus, is reported to be highly pathogenic in adult mice. The evaluation of vector competence is essential for predicting the arbovirus transmission risk. Here, Aedes aegypti was applied to evaluate EBIV infection and dissemination in mosquitos. Our experiments indicated that Ae. aegypti had the possibility to spread EBIV (with a transmission rate of up to 11.8% at 14 days post-infection) through biting, with the highest viral dose in a single mosquito’s saliva reaching 6.3 plaque-forming units. The highest infection, dissemination and ovary infection rates were 70%, 42.9%, and 29.4%, respectively. The high viral infection rates in Ae. aegypti ovaries imply the possibility of EBIV vertical transmission. Ae. aegypti was highly susceptible to intrathoracic infection and the saliva-positive rate reached 90% at 10 days post-infection. Transcriptomic analysis revealed Toll and Imd signaling pathways were implicated in the mosquito’s defensive response to EBIV infection. Defensin C and chitinase 10 were continuously downregulated in mosquitoes infected via intrathoracic inoculation of EBIV. Comprehensive analysis of the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for EBIV in laboratory has indicated the potential risk of EBIV transmission through mosquitoes. Moreover, our findings support a complex interplay between EBIV and the immune system of mosquito, which could affect its vector competence.
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GRAY, E. M., and T. J. BRADLEY. "Malarial infection in Aedes aegypti : effects on feeding, fecundity and metabolic rate." Parasitology 132, no. 02 (October 3, 2005): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005008966.

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Sanchez-Vargas, Irma, Laura Harrington, William Black, and Ken Olson. "Analysis of Salivary Glands and Saliva from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Infected with Chikungunya Viruses." Insects 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020039.

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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected Aedes (Stegomyia) species. In 2013–2014, Ae. aegypti transmitted CHIKV to humans in the Caribbean and in 2005–2006, Ae. albopictus transmitted CHIKV on La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean basin). CHIKV LR2006 OPY1 from the La Réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (E1:A226V) in the viral E1 glycoprotein that enhanced CHIKV transmission by Ae. albopictus. CHIKV R99659 from the Caribbean outbreak did not have the E1:A226V mutation. Here, we analyzed the salivary glands and saliva of Ae. albopictus strains from New Jersey, Florida, Louisiana and La Réunion after infection with each virus to determine their transmission potential. We infected the Ae. albopictus strains with blood meals containing 3–7 × 107 PFU/mL of each virus and analyzed the mosquitoes nine days later to maximize infection of their salivary glands. All four Ae. albopictus strains were highly susceptible to LR2006 OPY1 and R99659 viruses and their CHIKV disseminated infection rates (DIR) were statistically similar (p = 0.3916). The transmission efficiency rate (TER) was significantly lower for R99659 virus compared to LR2006 OPY1 virus in all Ae. albopictus strains and Ae. aegypti (Poza Rica) (p = 0.012) suggesting a salivary gland exit barrier to R99659 virus not seen with LR2006 OPY1 infections. If introduced, LR2006 OPY1 virus poses an increased risk of transmission by both Aedes species in the western hemisphere.
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Chung, Youne Kow, and Fung Yin Pang. "Dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Singapore." Tropical Medicine and International Health 7, no. 4 (April 2002): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00873.x.

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Peinado, Stephen A., Matthew T. Aliota, Bradley J. Blitvich, and Lyric C. Bartholomay. "Biology and Transmission Dynamics of Aedes flavivirus." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab197.

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Abstract Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes transmit pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, with significant global health consequences. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti also are susceptible to Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), an insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) first isolated in Japan from Ae. albopictus and Ae. flavopictus. ISFs infect only insect hosts and evidence suggests that they are maintained by vertical transmission. In some cases, ISFs interfere with pathogenic flavivirus infection, and may have potential use in disease control. We explored the host range of AEFV in 4 genera of mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and observed greater than 95% prevalence in the species of Aedes and Toxorhynchites tested. Anopheles and Culex species were less permissive to infection. Vertical transmission studies revealed 100% transovarial transmission and a filial infection rate of 100% for AEFV in a persistently-infected colony of Ae. albopictus. Horizontal transmission potential was assessed for adult and larval mosquitoes following per os exposures and in venereal transmission experiments. No mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV infection after blood feeding, and infection with AEFV after sucrose feeding was rare. Similarly, 2% of adult mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV after feeding on infected cells in culture as larvae. Venereal transmission of AEFV was most frequently observed from infected males to uninfected females as compared with transmission from infected females to uninfected males. These results reveal new information on the infection potential of AEFV in mosquitoes and expand our understanding of both vertical and horizontal transmission of ISFs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aedes aegypti Infection Rate"

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Schwab, Anne Elisabeth. "The impact of selective oviposition, egg hatchability, food availability and infection with Plagiorchis elegans on the pre-imago population dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31534.

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Cercariae of the digenean Plagiorchis elegans cause high levels of morbidity and mortality among larvae of Aedes aegypti . The impact of this parasite on the larval population dynamics of the experimental host as mediated through intraspecific competition, egg hatchability and ovipositional preference was assessed by calculating the probability of pre-imagos to develop from one stage to the next, or to die within consecutive 24 h intervals. Attractiveness of the water to ovipositing females in a dynamic larval population was not affected by exposure to the parasite, but varied significantly over time, regardless of food abundance. In optimally fed populations, these changes were positively correlated with pupal production, but were not affected by early instar development. Most of the entomopathogenic effects of the parasite were expressed in the pupal stage. Thus, exposure to the parasite significantly reduced adult emergence, but did not greatly impair pre-imago development. Nonetheless, exposure to various levels of the parasite significantly increased mortality of all larval stages. Suboptimally fed larval populations displayed severely impaired development and produced few adults. Exposure to P. elegans increased adult production slightly, suggesting depensatory mortality. In nutritionally stressed populations, no correlation was found between biomass and ovipositional preference, but attractiveness of the water was significantly increased by the removal of individuals by pupation or mortality. Egg hatchability was not significantly affected by population structure, but varied with the nutrient content of the water. This study provides new insight into the use of parasites as agents in the biological control of mosquitoes.
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Wang, Hua. "The role of apoptosis during infection of Aedes aegypti by Sindbis virus." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/11976.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Biology
Rollie J. Clem
Each year, over 500 million people are infected with mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever, which cause several million deaths, and long-term disability and suffering. This dissertation focused on the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a vector for dengue virus and yellow fever virus. Since Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that is vectored by A. aegypti and is well characterized at the molecular level, the SINV - A. aegypti model was used to determine whether apoptosis plays a role in the control of vector competency. In Chapter 2, the effects of inducing or inhibiting apoptosis on SINV replication were tested in mosquito cells. It was observed that recombinant SINVs expressing pro-apoptotic genes caused extensive apoptosis in mosquito cells, with decreased virus production after the cells underwent apoptosis. Infection of mosquito cells with SINV expressing the caspase inhibitor P35 inhibited actinomycin D-induced apoptosis, but had no observable effects on virus replication. This study was the first to test directly whether inducing or inhibiting apoptosis affects arbovirus replication in mosquito cells. Chapter 3 examined the effects of silencing apoptosis regulatory genes on SINV replication and dissemination in A. aegypti. Genes which either positively or negatively regulate apoptosis were silenced by RNA interference in mosquitoes, which were then infected with a recombinant SINV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Reciprocal effects were observed on both the occurrence and intensity of expression of GFP in various tissues. These results suggest that systemic apoptosis positively influences SINV replication in A. aegypti. This was the first direct study to explore the role of apoptosis in determining mosquito vector competence for arboviruses. Finally, in Chapter 4, the mechanisms of apoptosis were explored in A. aegypti. Overexpression of IAP antagonists caused extensive cell death in mosquito cells, while silencing the expression of IAP antagonists attenuated apoptosis. The results showed that the IAP binding motif (IBM) of IAP antagonists was critical for their binding to AeIAP1. The IAP antagonists released initiator and effector caspases from AeIAP1 by competing for the binding sites and caused caspase-dependent apoptosis. These findings imply that the mechanisms of IAP antagonists regulating apoptosis are conserved between mosquitoes and the model insect where apoptosis has been mainly studied, Drosophila melanogaster.
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Enguehard, Margot. "Interaction between chikungunya and dengue viruses during co-infection in Aedes mosquito cells and in Aedes aegypti mosquito." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1161/document.

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Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses épidémies ont emergé ou ré émergé, et sont causées par des arbovirus (arthropod-borne viruses), des virus transmis à des vertébrés par des insectes piqueurs vecteurs. Avec l'augmentation de la densité humaine dans certaines zones géographiques et le réchauffement climatique qui contribuent à l'expansion géographique des vecteurs, les maladies induites par ces virus (arboviroses) ont un impact de plus en plus important sur la santé humaine et l'économie mondiale. Il est donc déterminant d'augmenter nos connaissances sur les systèmes mis en jeux pour garantir la sécurité sanitaire des populations exposées. Les enjeux actuels reposent aussi bien sur la compréhension des virus que sur la compréhension de l'alternance d'hôtes, directement responsables de l'émergence et la dissémination des agents infectieux. Les moustiques sont des vecteurs majeurs des arbovirus comme la dengue (genre Flavivirus) et le Chikungunya (genre Alphavirus). Transmis par les mêmes moustiques Aedes aegypti et Aedes albopictus, le virus de la Dengue (DENV) est responsable de la plus importante arbovirose en zone tropicale, et le virus Chikungunya (CHIKV) est responsable dans le monde entier de centaines de milliers de cas d'infection, et les épidémies récentes ont touché les pays européens. Ainsi, il a été observé que le moustique Ae. albopictus pouvait porter simultanément CHIKV et DENV, et des cas de co-infections humaines ont été observés en Afrique. Toutefois, bien qu'en théorie les deux virus soient capables d'infecter les mêmes cellules chez l'insecte ou l'homme, il n'y a aucune étude détaillée sur les interactions au niveau cellulaire entre CHIKV et DENV lors de la co-infection d'une cellule. C'est pourquoi il est indispensable d'accroitre nos connaissances sur l'interférence éventuelle entre les virus Chikungunya et Dengue pour l'utilisation de voies cellulaires communes chez les insectes vecteurs et l'hôte humain lors de co-infection
Emergence and geographical extension of dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses increase simultaneous outbreak in an increasing number of countries. To date, no vaccine or cure have yet been developed against these diseases those cause a tremendous impact on human health and in the economy worldwide. During recent simultaneous outbreaks, up to 12% of patients have been diagnosed to be co-infected by CHIKV and DENV. In addition, it was shown that the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus could carry and transmit simultaneously CHIKV and DENV. However, the pathology, as well as the epidemiology of a pathogen, relies on the interactions between several infectious agents present within an organism or a community in the environment. It is crucial to consider to which extent a host infected by a first microorganism is modified and whether its reaction to the infection by a second microorganism is consequently altered. However, there is no extensive report of Alphavirus-Flavivirus or Flavivirus- Flavivirus interactions. Our global objective is to characterize these co-infections in both mosquitoes and humans, at the cell and molecular level. To this aim, we started this project by performing sequential co- infection in different cell lines from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. We found that the permissiveness and production of DENV is enhanced in presence of CHIKV. On the contrary, there is no effect of DENV pre-infection on subsequent CHIKV co-infection. We generalized the synergistic phenomena and we showed that CHIKV pre-infection also increased the infection by DENV-1, DENV-3 and DENV-4, but also by two others re-emerging Flaviviruses, the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Remarkably, we succeeded to establish a mosquito model of co-infection of Aedes aegypti mosquito after by different two feedings at 4 days interval. Using this sequential co-infection, we were able to show that a pre-infection of Aedes aegypti by CHIKV increase the level of DENV-2 RNA in salivary glands compare to mono-infected mosquitos. This phenotype is reminiscent of the phenotype we observed in vitro during successive infections. Altogether, our study paves the way to the characterization of molecular interaction between Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in mosquito in vitro and in vivo. This study can be crucial for a better understanding of disease and epidemiology during simultaneous outbreaks
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Chalk, Roderick. "Immunity in Aedes aegypti and the role of antibacterial peptides in Brugia pahangi infection." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333493.

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Lowenberger, Carl A. (Carl Arnold). "Plagiorchis elegans from cercariae to infective metacercariae : factors affecting transmission, requirements for development, and behavioural responses of intermediate hosts to infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41236.

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Plagiorchis elegans is a typical digenean parasite that cycles through aquatic molluscs and insects as intermediate hosts. During emergence of P. elegans cercariae, infected snails moved to the top of the water column where they remained immobile for 2-3h. Consequently, the cercariae formed a dense cloud which dispersed slowly. The infectivity of cercariae was $<$20% upon emergence and peaked at 76% 4-6h later. This delay in reaching maximum infectivity may be an adaptation to prevent superinfection and the associated mortality of insect hosts. Cercariae transformed into metacercariae after penetrating Aedes aegypti larvae, the experimental insect host. Overall development of metacercariae, and excystment of infective metacercariae in vitro, was temperature dependent. However, there was an initial 8-hour period of obligatory host-parasite contact that was temperature independent. This may represent a period of major nutrient acquisition since young metacercariae were more active metabolically than older metacercariae, as measured by the in vitro uptake of $ sp3$H-glucosamine and $ sp3$H-leucine. Mosquitoes may have mechanisms to reduce losses of larvae to parasites. Oviposition by adult A. aegypti was reduced in waters that had previously contained P. elegans-infected larvae. We propose that this selective oviposition was due to the production of an oviposition deterrent compound produced by parasitized larvae that serves to reduce oviposition in sites detrimental to larval development.
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O'Neill, Katelyn Leigh. "The role of apoptotic factors in Sindbis virus infection and replication in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15378.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Division of Biology
Rollie J. Clem
Mosquitoes are carriers of a variety of harmful human pathogens, including viruses. In order to be successfully transmitted, a virus must evade mosquito immune responses. In this work, the innate immune role of apoptosis in mosquito-virus interactions was examined utilizing the disease vector Aedes aegypti and Sindbis virus. Ae. aegypti is the main vector for yellow fever and dengue virus, which result in over 100 million infections per year. Sindbis virus (Togaviridae) can be transmitted to vertebrates by Ae. aegypti in the laboratory. Sindbis is also well characterized molecularly, making it a good model system for understanding virus-vector interactions. Sindbis MRE-16 recombinant virus clones were utilized to express either an antiapoptotic or pro-apoptotic gene during virus replication. Mosquitoes were infected with recombinant virus clones during a blood meal or by intrathoracic injection. Midgut tissue and whole body samples were analyzed for virus infection and dissemination. Virus was also quantified in saliva and mosquito survival was assayed. Decreased infection in the midgut and delayed virus replication were observed in mosquitoes that were infected with virus expressing a pro-apoptotic gene. Infection with this virus clone also resulted in less virus in the saliva and reduced survival of infected mosquitoes. In addition, negative selection against pro-apoptotic gene expression during virus replication was observed. Collectively, these data suggest that apoptosis can serve as an antiviral defense in Ae. aegypti and may potentially be exploited to control virus transmission. An additional study included in this dissertation focused on zebrafish development and migration of somitic precursors from the tailbud. The tailbud consists of a population of stem cells at the posterior tip of the embryonic tail. The exit of these stem cells from the tailbud is required for the formation of tail somites. A novel double mutant was identified that lacked the t-box transcription factor spadetail and the BMP inhibitor chordin. Double mutants completely lacked somites and had an enlarged tailbud due to accumulation of stem cells that were unable to exit the tailbud. This study indicates the importance of BMP inhibition and spadetail expression in the proper exit of muscle precursors from the tailbud.
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Huang, Yan-Jang. "Identification and characterization of the genetic determinants for yellow fever virus infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18149.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Stephen Higgs
The genetic composition of arboviruses is a critical determinant of viral infectivity and the capacity for virus dissemination in arthropod vectors. Due to concerns related to a hypothetical potential for loss of attenuation, the supression of vector infection and dissemination is a critical component for the rationale-based design of live-attenuated flavivirus vaccine candidates. The yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine virus is not only attenuated in vertebrates, but also has low infectivity for Aedes agypti mosquitoes and since it does not disseminate, it is not transmissible. Using a reverse genetics system, the mutations present in the envelope protein YFV 17D virus were characterized in Ae. aegypti to determine the role of mutations in limiting the viral infectivity and dissemination capacity. This knowledge would contribute to the rational design of live attenuated vaccines with the desirable phenotype of being nontransmissible by arthropod vectors. The upper lateral portion of the YFV 17D envelope (E) protein domain III (EDIII) habors the T380R mutation in the FG loop. Experiments demonstrated that the T380R mutation was associated with the viral infectivity phenotype for mosquitoes, but did not influence dissemination into the secondary tissues. The G52R mutation in the molecular hinge region that is located between E protein domains I (EDI) and II, significantly reduced viral infectivity for mosquitoes. In contrast, when cloned into the Asibi wildtype virus genetic backbone, the T173I mutation in the loop structure between the G0 and H0 β- strands did not attenuate viral infection and dissemination. The double mutant virus containing both the G52R and T173I mutations in the E protein, showed a similar attenuated reduced infectivity to the single G52R mutant. The M299I mutation in the linker region between EDI and EDIII resulted in a significantly lower viral infectivity at the initial phase of viral infection at 7 days post-infection in Ae. aegypti. In conclusion, the characterization on four mutations in the YFV 17D vaccine E protein have demonstrated three genetic loci, that can influence the process of YFV infection in Ae. aegypti. These results provide new knowledge and understanding which may have broad applications for the rationale design of safe flavivirus vaccines, via targeting genetic loci and introducing specific mutations that preclude infection of, and transmission by arthropod vectors.
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Wallage, Helena Rachelle. "The effects of Plagiorchis elegans (Trematoda: plagiorchiidae) infection on the carbohydrate metabolism of fourth instar Aedes aegypti (DipteraCulicidae) larvae." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ64474.pdf.

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Grunnill, Martin David. "Inapparent and vertically transmitted infections in two host-virus systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20866.

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Despite the advances made since the advent of germ theory, infectious diseases still wreak havoc on human societies, not only affecting us directly but impacting the crops and livestock upon which we rely. Infectious diseases also have dramatic effects on wildlife ecology. Therefore research into infectious diseases could not only directly lead to the improvement and saving of human lives, but aid in food security and the conservation of many wildlife species. Of vital importance in understanding the ecology of infectious diseases are the mechanisms by which they persist in host populations. One possible mechanism is vertical transmission: the transmission of a pathogen from a parent to its offspring as a result of the process of host reproduction. Another possible mechanism is inapparant infections, where an infected host does not display symptoms. Focusing on dengue fever and the Plodia interpunctella granulovirus laboratory system, this PhD thesis looks at the role these two mechanisms play on the persistence of two viral infections and their ecology. Regarding the Plodia interpunctella granulovirus (PiGV) low host food quality led to greater detection of vertically transmitted inapparant PiGV, but did not lead to its activation to an apparent form. Host inbreeding did not lead to vertically transmitted inapparant PiGV’s activation, nor had an effect on its vertical transmission. The vertical infection rate of PiGV was very low. I would therefore suggest that it may be better to use an insect virus system with a higher rate of vertical infection in future research into vertically transmitting inapparent infections. Regarding dengue virus I conclude that vertical transmission is not likely to play a role in the persistence of this virus. However modelling work found that inapparent infections could provide dengue viruses with a means of persistence and should be subject to further research.
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Wallage, Helena Rachelle. "The effects of Plagiorchis elegans (Trematoda : Plagiorchiidae) infection on the carbohydrate metabolism of fourth instar Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) larvae." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30763.

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Glucose was present in substantially greater concentrations in whole body extracts of fourth instar Aedes aegypti L. larvae than was trehalose; in contrast, trehalose was more abundant than glucose in haemolymph extracts. Preliminary studies suggested that infection of Ae. aegypti by the entomopathogenic digenean Plagiorchis elegans Rudolphi alters the carbohydrate metabolism of fourth instar larvae. Within 24 hours of cercarial penetration, total body extracts of infected fourth instar larvae exhibited decreased trehalase activity, increased trehalose-6-phosphatase activity, and an accumulation of trehalose in comparison to uninfected larvae. Concentrations of glucose, glycogen and lipids, and the activity of glycogen phosphorylase a were similar in extracts of infected and control larvae. The predominant fatty acids, in both control and infected larvae, were C 18:0, C 18:1 and C 18:3. There were no significant differences in the types and proportions of fatty acids found in control and infected larvae. Parasitic infection is discussed in terms of impaired trehalose metabolism.
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Books on the topic "Aedes aegypti Infection Rate"

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Shieh, Jong-Neng. Influence of host anemia on blood-feeding rate and egg production of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera : Culicidae). 1991.

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Monath, Thomas P., and J. Erin Staples. Yellow fever. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0045.

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Yellow fever is an acute mosquito-borne flavivirus infection characterized in its full-blown form by fever, jaundice, albuminuria, and haemorrhage. Two forms are distinguished: urban yellow fever in which the virus is spread from person to person by peridomestic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and jungle (sylvan) yellow fever transmitted by tree-hole breeding mosquitoes between non-human primates and sometimes humans. Yellow fever is endemic and epidemic in tropical areas of the Americas and Africa but has never appeared in Asia or the Pacific region. Prevention and control are effected principally through yellow fever vaccination.
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Book chapters on the topic "Aedes aegypti Infection Rate"

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Choudhari, Ranjana Hanumant. "Multidimensional Impact of Climate Change on Human Reproduction and Fertility." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, 1672–709. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch083.

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Research has identified a multidimensional, interactive relationship between climate change variables and an adverse (mostly) impact on the mammalian reproductive systems, reproductive organs, and fertility in animals, but direct evidence establishing the impact of climate change on reproductive health and fertility in humans is limited. Climate change has established direct or indirect linkages with re-emergence, geospatial redistribution of pathogens of likely reproductive health significance in humans. Similarly, alterations in growth, mortality rate, reproduction, and spatiotemporal distribution of vectors (e.g., zika virus – Aedes aegypti) and intermediate hosts (e.g., Schistosomiasis – snail) of certain infectious diseases of reproductive health importance are influenced by climate change variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity. The exposure channels or effect pathways, through which the regional and global climate change can directly or indirectly influence the human reproductive ability, health, fertility, progeny, and thus, ultimately, demography can broadly be classified as physical variables, chemical hazards, biological agents, factors related to psycho-socio-behavior, and economy. The chapter is an overall account of how each of these factors, as an inherent component of climate change has the potential to cause a variable degree of impact on human reproduction from a medical point of view. As human reproductive systems are highly vulnerable to diseases and other post-catastrophic effects of extreme climate change events, so it is high time to understand the adversity and resort to proper and sustainable control measures for a healthy reproductive life of future generations.
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Choudhari, Ranjana Hanumant. "Multidimensional Impact of Climate Change on Human Reproduction and Fertility." In Climate Change and Its Impact on Fertility, 278–315. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4480-8.ch014.

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Research has identified a multidimensional, interactive relationship between climate change variables and an adverse (mostly) impact on the mammalian reproductive systems, reproductive organs, and fertility in animals, but direct evidence establishing the impact of climate change on reproductive health and fertility in humans is limited. Climate change has established direct or indirect linkages with re-emergence, geospatial redistribution of pathogens of likely reproductive health significance in humans. Similarly, alterations in growth, mortality rate, reproduction, and spatiotemporal distribution of vectors (e.g., zika virus – Aedes aegypti) and intermediate hosts (e.g., Schistosomiasis – snail) of certain infectious diseases of reproductive health importance are influenced by climate change variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity. The exposure channels or effect pathways, through which the regional and global climate change can directly or indirectly influence the human reproductive ability, health, fertility, progeny, and thus, ultimately, demography can broadly be classified as physical variables, chemical hazards, biological agents, factors related to psycho-socio-behavior, and economy. The chapter is an overall account of how each of these factors, as an inherent component of climate change has the potential to cause a variable degree of impact on human reproduction from a medical point of view. As human reproductive systems are highly vulnerable to diseases and other post-catastrophic effects of extreme climate change events, so it is high time to understand the adversity and resort to proper and sustainable control measures for a healthy reproductive life of future generations.
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Choudhari, Ranjana Hanumant. "Multidimensional Impact of Climate Change on Human Reproduction and Fertility." In Climate Change and Its Impact on Fertility, 278–315. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4480-8.ch014.

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Abstract:
Research has identified a multidimensional, interactive relationship between climate change variables and an adverse (mostly) impact on the mammalian reproductive systems, reproductive organs, and fertility in animals, but direct evidence establishing the impact of climate change on reproductive health and fertility in humans is limited. Climate change has established direct or indirect linkages with re-emergence, geospatial redistribution of pathogens of likely reproductive health significance in humans. Similarly, alterations in growth, mortality rate, reproduction, and spatiotemporal distribution of vectors (e.g., zika virus – Aedes aegypti) and intermediate hosts (e.g., Schistosomiasis – snail) of certain infectious diseases of reproductive health importance are influenced by climate change variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity. The exposure channels or effect pathways, through which the regional and global climate change can directly or indirectly influence the human reproductive ability, health, fertility, progeny, and thus, ultimately, demography can broadly be classified as physical variables, chemical hazards, biological agents, factors related to psycho-socio-behavior, and economy. The chapter is an overall account of how each of these factors, as an inherent component of climate change has the potential to cause a variable degree of impact on human reproduction from a medical point of view. As human reproductive systems are highly vulnerable to diseases and other post-catastrophic effects of extreme climate change events, so it is high time to understand the adversity and resort to proper and sustainable control measures for a healthy reproductive life of future generations.
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Lyaruu, Lucille. "Chikungunya Virus Transmission." In Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100199.

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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borneAlphavirus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in humans. In 1952, the CHIKV was found in East Africa in a sylvatic and urban cycle between Aedes mosquitoes, and human and nonhuman primates in tropical regions. Since 2004, CHIKF has spread rapidly in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are known to be arboviral mosquito vectors of CHIKV. Ae. aegypti is mostly found within the tropics, whereby Ae. albopictus also occurs in temperate and cold temperate regions. Host-seeking female mosquitoes are infected after feeding on a viremic animal. The replication of CHIKV happens in the midgut and then enters the hemocoel before disseminating to the salivary glands of the mosquito. The disseminated virus can be transmitted by injecting infectious saliva into the host skin during blood feeding. In the naïve host body, CHIKV replicates in the dermal fibroblasts through blood circulation, and disseminates to other parts of the body such as brain cells, kidney, heart, lymphoid tissues, liver, and joints. Symptoms of CHIKV infection include high fever, rigors, headache, photophobia, and maculopapular rash. It is advised to avoid mosquito bites; also, larvae management systems should be applied in endemic environments.
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Hung, Nguyen Thanh. "Dengue." In Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease, edited by Cheston B. Cunha, 1170–74. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.003.0181.

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This chapter focuses on dengue, which is caused by closely related viruses, or serotypes that belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It explains how dengue is transmitted between people by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are found throughout the world. It also mentions the dramatic increase in the global incidence of dengue virus infections in the last 50 years. The chapter discusses dengue virus infections that may cause symptomatic infections or asymptomatic seroconversion, which has a wide range of clinical presentations that includes severe and nonsevere manifestations. It looks at two major pathophysiological features that are associated with severe dengue infection: plasma leakage leading to hypovolemic shock and abnormal hemostasis leading to hemorrhage.
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Wills, Bridget, and Yee-Sin Leo. "Dengue." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 845–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0090.

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Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral infection to affect humans. It is an RNA virus in the Flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae. There are four closely related but serologically distinct viral serotypes, all of which may cause disease. Following infection with one serotype there is lifelong immunity to that serotype but the possibility of more severe disease during a subsequent infection with a different serotype. The primary mosquito vector is Aedes aegypti. Recent estimates suggest around 100 million symptomatic, and many more asymptomatic, infections occur annually worldwide. The disease is hyperendemic in many large Asian cities, and is also a significant problem in the Pacific region and in the Americas.
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A. Fernandez Cerna, Eduardo, Catalina Sherman, and Mercedes Martinez. "Dengue Reduction through Vector Control." In Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective - Latest Research and Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109603.

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Dengue fever is a disease transmitted by the mosquito aegypti. There is a secondary vector: Aedes albopictus with some epidemiological importance in the transmission of dengue. Pharmacological treatment for dengue is a palliative treatment for the disease and there is an absence of a universally accepted vaccine for the different clinical infections. In these circumstances, the interruption of the infection cycle is possible basically through the reduction of the Aedes aegypti, reducing its breeding sites or physically reducing its population through chemical or biological means. Traditional approaches to vector control are becoming less effective as a result of the combination of resistance to insecticides and the logistic complexity of covering increasingly large urban centers with the same number of health workers as in past decades. Experiences in different countries reflect the need to involve more actively families and communities in the reduction of breeding sites. Several innovations have been introduced using biological methods, physical control of sources, and involvement of families and schools in vector control. The possibility to scale up successful experiences requires a joint effort of governments and communities to tackle mosquito source reduction and add a multipurpose concept of domestic hygiene.
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Oldstone, Michael B. A. "Yellow Fever." In Viruses, Plagues, and History, 89–122. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the history of yellow fever, the role it played in shaping slavery in the United States, and its part in the country’s westward expansion. Yellow fever was an endemic disease of West Africa that traveled to the New World and elsewhere aboard trading ships with their cargoes of slaves. The black African peoples, although easily infected, nevertheless withstood the effects in that fewer died from the infection than Caucasians, American Indians, or Asians. Ironically, as smallpox and measles devastated natives along the Caribbean coast and islands, growing numbers of African slaves were brought to replace those plantation laborers. When the value of Africans over natives became apparent, by virtue of the blacks’ resistance to yellow fever, the importation of these Africans increased still further. Because it was so lethal to susceptible humans, yellow fever actually disrupted exploration into the Caribbean. In fact, American expansion became possible only after a team led by Walter Reed arrived in Cuba to combat the disease and prove it was transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
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"Virus isolations Mosquito collections obtained during most field trips to the north-west of Western Australia have been processed for virus isolation. Until 1985, virus isolation was undertaken by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice, but this was then replaced by cell culture using C6/36 mosquito, PSEK, BHK and Vero cells. The use of cell culture has significantly reduced the overall virus isolation rate by largely excluding arboviruses, rhabdoviruses and most bunyaviruses, but is as effective as suckling mice for the isolation of flaviviruses and alphaviruses. MVE virus has been isolated every year that significant numbers of adult mosquitoes have been processed except 1983 (Broom et al. 1989; Broom et al. 1992; Mackenzie et al. 1994c). Isolations of MVE, Kunjin and other flaviviruses are shown in Table 8.2. There was a strong correlation between the number of virus isolates in any given year and the prevailing environmental conditions. Thus those years with a heavy, above average wet season rainfall and subsequent widespread flooding yielded large numbers of virus isolates (1981, 1991, 1993) compared with years with average or below average rainfall and with only localized flooding. Although most MVE virus isolates were obtained from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, occasional isolates were also obtained from a variety of other species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex palpalis, Aedes normanensis, Aedes pseudonormanensis, Aedes eidvoldensis, Aedes tremulus, Anopheles annulipes, Anopheles bancroftii, Anopheles amictus and Mansonia uniformis (cited in Mackenzie et al. 1994b; Mackenzie and Broom 1995), although the role of these species in natural transmission cycles has still to be determined. Virus carriage rates in Culex annulirostris mosquitoes are shown in Table 8.3 for the Ord River area (Kununurra–Wyndham) and Balgo and Billiluna in south-east Kimberley. Very high mosquito infection rates were observed in those years with above average rainfall. Virus spread and persistence Stanley (1979) suggested that viraemic waterbirds, which are often nomadic, may generate epidemic activity of MVE in south-east Australia and in the Pilbara region. In an attempt to understand the genesis of epidemic activity better, our laboratory initiated a long-term study in the arid south-east Kimberley area at Billiluna and Balgo, two Aboriginal communities on the northern edge of the Great Sandy Desert. Occasional cases of Australian encephalitis had occurred in both communities (1978, 1981). The studies have clearly shown that MVE virus activity only occurs following very heavy, widespread rainfall both locally and in the catchment area of the nearby watercourse, Sturt Creek, which results in extensive flooding across its floodplain (Broom et al. 1992). Localized flooding is insufficient to generate virus activity. Two possible explanations can be proposed to account for the reappearance of MVE virus activity when environmental conditions are suitable: either virus can be reintroduced into the area by viraemic waterbirds arriving from enzootic areas further north; or virus may." In Water Resources, 133–35. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aedes aegypti Infection Rate"

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Yasrul, Rahma Triyana, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, and Budi Mulyaningsih. "The effect of anticoagulant on the feeding rate, mortality rate, and infection rate of Aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae) orally infected with dengue virus-3." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND NANO-MEDICINE FROM NATURAL RESOURCES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: 3rd Annual Scientific Meeting for Biomedical Sciences. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5109977.

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Angeliana Kusumaningtiar, Devi, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih, Retno Hestiningsih, and Taufik Rendi Anggara. "Survival Resistance Effects of Cypermethrin on Rate of Aedes Aegypti." In International Conference Recent Innovation. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009949926502656.

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Pongsumpun, Puntani. "Dengue Infection Model with Temperature and the biting of Aedes Aegypti and Ades Albopictus in Thailand." In IPMV 2020: 2020 2nd International Conference on Image Processing and Machine Vision. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3421558.3421579.

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