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1

Metzger, B. E., L. P. Lowe, A. R. Dyer, E. R. Trimble, U. Chaovarindr, D. R. Coustan, D. R. Hadden, et al. "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 29, no. 1 (March 2009): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000344706.95925.dc.

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2

Metzger, Boyd E., Donald R. Coustan, and Elisabeth R. Trimble. "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Clinical Chemistry 65, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2019.303990.

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3

&NA;. "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Survey of Anesthesiology 53, no. 1 (February 2009): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sa.0000318681.02582.c6.

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4

Jonsdottir, Sigridur Sia. "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 34, no. 4 (July 2009): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmc.0000357930.30798.3d.

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5

Lynch, Anne, James Murphy, Ronald Gibbs, Patricia Giclas, Jane Salmon, and V. Michael Holers. "C3a and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Molecular Immunology 47, no. 13 (August 2010): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2010.05.017.

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6

Dungan, J. S. "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Yearbook of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health 2009 (January 2009): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-798x(09)79072-1.

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7

Heres, Marion, Adriaan Honig, and Hanneke Wennink. "SSRIs and adverse pregnancy outcomes." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196, no. 1 (January 2007): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.025.

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8

Goldstein, David J. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes with SSRIs." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196, no. 1 (January 2007): e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.027.

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9

Ness, Roberta B. "Intersections between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Women's Health 1, no. 2 (September 2005): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.1.2.245.

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Reproductive failure in a variety of forms, whether it be infertility, miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction, may aggregate within individuals. This observation, although rarely studied, suggests that single pathophysiologies may be associated with a variety of reproductive morbidities. In this review, hyperimmune responsiveness to pregnancy is provided as one example of a process leading to a multitude of adverse impacts on healthy childbearing. Further research on reproductive failure as a spectrum is warranted.
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10

Sairoz, Sairoz, Krishnananda Prabhu, Ranita Ghosh Dastidar, Annayya Rao Aroor, Mahadev Rao, Sahana shetty, Vidyashree G. Poojari, and Varashree BS. "Micronutrients in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." F1000Research 11 (November 23, 2022): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124960.1.

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About 10 to 20% of reported pregnancies have complications like spontaneous abortion (SA), preeclampsia (PE), preterm birth (PTB), and fetal growth restriction (FGR); 60% are attributed to maternal nutritional alterations. Multiple micronutrients (MMN) are supplemented in the antenatal period, but no proper validation/guidelines are available regarding dosing/time, the need for initiation, and the duration of supplementation. Studies have reported adverse pregnancy complications related to the overuse/unwanted use of multiple micronutrient supplementations during pregnancy. Identifying the exact population requiring supplementation is necessary to prevent its abuse. This article attempts to review the impacts of micronutrient deficiency/supplementation in cases of SA, FGR, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm delivery and PE. The study used a literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, Mendeley, and Scopus Databases using search words pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), preterm delivery, preeclampsia (PE) or “adverse pregnancy” associated with minerals, micronutrients, or supplementation. The review also considered in-house literature databases, a single-window search at Kasturba Medical College (KMC) Health sciences library, MAHE (Manipal Academy of Higher Education). The figures included in the study were created by Biorender.com. Micronutrients play multiple roles during pregnancy and fetoplacental growth stimulating growth hormone secretion, Lysyl oxidase (LOX), involved in the crosslinking between collagen and elastin in the amniotic membrane, downregulation of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, Il-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and several chemokines involved in hypertension, immune-inflammatory pathways, attenuate insulin resistance a structural development of neurons and glia. Over-supplementation has led to complications such as spontaneous abortion and gestational diabetes mellitus. Since there is a lack of standardization concerning micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy, there is a need for systematic study related to the role of micronutrients during each trimester of pregnancy to optimize its supplementation and to prevent hazards associated with its abuse.
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11

Bik-Mukhametova, Ya I., and T. N. Zakharenkova. "Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2019-16-4-16.

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Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnanсу is the most common liver pathology in pregnant women. This disease has complex multifactorial pathogenesis, which is based on a genetic predisposition, insufficient amount of selenium in food and an incorrect reaction of a pregnant woman's body to a normal or elevated level of sex hormones and their metabolites. The main clinical manifestation is skin itching without skin rash. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnanсy leads to the development of pregnancy complications, such as preterm labour, often accompanied by meconium staining of amniotic fluid. In newborns, regardless of the gestational age, it contributes to the development of severe respiratory distress syndrome. These complications during pregnancy and the perinatal period are accompanied by high perinatal morbidity and mortality. This article describes three cases of pregnancy complicated by intrahepatic cholestasis, with early neonatal death of newborns. An indepth study and identification of the possible predictors of perinatal death of newborns from mothers with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy will prevent negative outcomes in the future.
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12

Metz, Torri D., Amanda A. Allshouse, Gwendolyn A. McMillin, Tom Greene, and Robert M. Silver. "Early pregnancy cannabis exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 228, no. 1 (January 2023): S3—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.006.

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13

Dłuski, Dominik, Radzisław Mierzyński, Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska, and Bożena Leszczyńska-Gorzelak. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes and inherited thrombophilia." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 46, no. 4 (May 24, 2018): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2017-0059.

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Abstract Aim: (1) To evaluate the prevalence of inherited thrombophilia in pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes: intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), preeclampsia (PE) and placental abruption. (2) To assess the impact of inherited thrombophilia on the nature of obstetric complications. (3) To assess levels of protein S, protein C, antithrombin III and homocysteine in pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subjects and methods: The study comprised 162 pregnant women. The patients were divided into three test groups and one control group. In all 162 patients the following tests were completed: activated protein C resistance (APC-R), the level of free protein S, activity of protein C, antithrombin III and the level of homocysteine. The data were statistically analyzed via χ2 of independence or homogeneity test. Results: In 32 of 162 patients participating in clinical research thrombophilia was diagnosed (10 patients with APC-R, 21 patients with protein S deficiency, one patient with hyperhomocysteinemia): seven patients belonged to the control group and 25 patients had diagnosed adverse pregnancy outcomes (P=0.04). In 32 patients with diagnosed thrombophilia, level of protein S was decreased (P=0.04). Protein S deficiency was diagnosed, when level of protein S was lower than 30% in the second trimester and lower than 24% in the third trimester. The incidence of activated protein C resistance caused by the mutation of factor V Leiden was in six patients (5.9%) with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and in four patients (6.6%) from the control group. Results were not statistically significant. No protein C deficiency was diagnosed (diagnosis: level<60%), but in 50% of patients with thrombophilia level of protein C was over the norm (P=0.02). The level of antithrombin III was often decreased in patients with preeclampsia – (32.4%), then in the other patients – (17.2%) (P=0.04), but no patient was diagnosed with antithrombin III deficiency (diagnosis: level<60%). Conclusions: Tests for thrombophilia should be carried out in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes in their history, who are planning pregnancy, to start anticoagulant prophylaxis. Our study supports the thesis that tests for thrombophilia should be carried out in women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes and who are planning a pregnancy to start anticoagulant prophylaxis.
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14

Friptu, Valentin, Diana Mitryuk, and Olga Popusoi. "Hereditary thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Moldovan Medical Journal 64, no. 3 (September 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-3.21.13.

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Background: Multiple studies have found a relatively increased risk of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications in women with congenital thrombophilia, especially early recurrent pregnancy loss, fetal loss, early-onset preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature abruption of normally positioned placenta. However, the extent of the association and the absolute risk are very modest, but they significantly increase in pregnant women with severe obstetric complications. Conclusions: There is convincing evidence that deficiency of natural anticoagulants (antithrombin, protein C, protein S) is a risk factor for late fetal loss. Factor V Leiden G1691A gene mutation and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation are associated with a double risk for early and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss and for non-recurrent late fetal loss. The association of congenital thrombophilia with preeclampsia is much more uncertain, being probably limited factor V Leiden G1691A gene mutation and more severe cases of preeclampsia. Fewer data are available on intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and premature abruption of the normally positioned placenta. There is insufficient evidence to suggest an association of other forms of congenital thrombophilia with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, genetic and epidemiological research suggests that placenta-mediated pregnancy complications are of polygenic multifactorial etiology, with a risk determined by the interaction of multiple genetic variants and other risk factors.
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15

Gangatkar, Pallavi R., Sulthana Asma Rafique, and Ravikanth G O. "Comparative study of obstetric outcome in women with one previous spontaneous miscarriage versus women with one previous normal delivery." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 8, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2021.072.

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Spontaneous abortion is unintentional pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation. This study was done to find out the association between one spontaneous pregnancy loss and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent pregnancy and to compare these pregnancy outcomes in patients with prior one full term normal delivery.: It is a case control study. 70 G2A1 were taken as cases, 70 G2P1L1 were considered as Control. The adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm labour, PROM, IUGR and oligohydramnios and neonatal outcomes like poor Apgar score, low birth weight, NICU admissions and neonatal complications were noted compared and analysed between the two groups. Chi-square was used to find association between clinical variables. Independent t-test was used to compare the outcome measures between the groups.: Comparing the pregnancy outcomes of the case and control groups case group had a higher number adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcome, compared to the control group (p value = 0.05), adverse outcome were higher in case population, adverse outcomes which were independently associated with initial spontaneous abortion were oligohydramnios (p = 0.02), GDM (p = 0.05), LSCS (p = 0.01), low birth weight (p = 0.03), low Apgar scores 1 minute (p = 0.009), low Apgar score at 5 minute (p = 0.03) and babies requiring NICU care (p = 0.001).: Study shows that there is increase in adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies which are following a single spontaneous abortion. Hence a prior spontaneous miscarriage is a risk factor for the adverse outcome in subsequent pregnancy, therefore careful prenatal care in such pregnancies are mandatory to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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16

NEKI, Reiko, and Toshiyuki MIYATA. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes and congenital thrombophilia." Japanese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis 27, no. 3 (2016): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2491/jjsth.27.339.

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17

Gürsoy Erzincan, Selen, Ece Deniz Yarımoğlu, Ogül Leman Tunar, and Hare Gürsoy. "Periodontal Diseases and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Yeditepe Dental Journal 12, no. 1 (2016): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/yeditepe.2016.66376.

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18

Weintraub, Adi Y., Fernanda Press, Arnon Wiznitzer, and Eyal Sheiner. "Maternal thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2, no. 2 (March 2007): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474108.2.2.203.

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19

Borthen, Ingrid, and Nils Erik Gilhus. "Maternal epilepsy and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 5, no. 3 (May 2010): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eog.10.19.

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20

Wilson, Carol. "Glucose levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Nature Reviews Endocrinology 5, no. 11 (November 2009): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.163.

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21

Shub, Alexis, Jonathan R. Swain, and John P. Newnham. "Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 19, no. 9 (January 2006): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767050600797749.

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22

Lusk, Sally L., and Carol A. Somers. "Working Conditions and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." AAOHN Journal 48, no. 9 (September 2000): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990004800901.

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23

Baud, D., and G. Greub. "Intracellular bacteria and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17, no. 9 (September 2011): 1312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03604.x.

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24

Hanley, Gillian E., Jennifer A. Hutcheon, Brooke A. Kinniburgh, and Lily Lee. "Interpregnancy Interval and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 129, no. 3 (March 2017): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000001891.

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Mayo, Jonathan A., Bat Zion Shachar, David K. Stevenson, and Gary M. Shaw. "Interpregnancy Interval and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 130, no. 2 (August 2017): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002171.

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26

Ahrens, Katherine A., Marie E. Thoma, and Lauren M. Rossen. "Interpregnancy Interval and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 130, no. 2 (August 2017): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002173.

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Roberts, Christine L., Charles S. Algert, and Tanya A. Nippita. "Interpregnancy Interval and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 130, no. 2 (August 2017): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002174.

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28

Stewart, A., J. Walsh, and N. Van Eyk. "Adverse Outcomes Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 21, no. 2 (April 2008): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2008.01.002.

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29

Cecati, Monia, Stefano R. Giannubilo, Monica Emanuelli, Andrea L. Tranquilli, and Franca Saccucci. "HLA-G and pregnancy adverse outcomes." Medical Hypotheses 76, no. 6 (June 2011): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.017.

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England, Lucinda J., Richard J. Levine, James L. Mills, Mark A. Klebanoff, Kai F. Yu, and Sven Cnattingius. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes in snuff users." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 189, no. 4 (October 2003): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00661-6.

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31

Davenport, William B., and William H. Kutteh. "Inherited Thrombophilias and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 41, no. 1 (March 2014): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2013.10.005.

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32

Lamont, Ronald F., David Taylor-Robinson, and Phillip E. Hay. "Antibiotics for adverse outcomes of pregnancy." Lancet 358, no. 9294 (November 2001): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06748-4.

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Taylor, David, Sara Kenyon, and William Tarnow-Mordi. "Antibiotics for adverse outcomes of pregnancy." Lancet 358, no. 9294 (November 2001): 1728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06749-6.

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34

Bennedsen, B. E., P. B. Mortensen, and A. V. Olesen. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes among schizophrenic women." Schizophrenia Research 29, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88321-1.

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35

Arenas-Gamboa, Angela M., Carlos A. Rossetti, Sankar P. Chaki, Daniel G. Garcia-Gonzalez, Leslie G. Adams, and Thomas A. Ficht. "Human Brucellosis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 3, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-016-0092-0.

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36

Gleicher, Norbert. "Maternal autoimmunity and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Journal of Autoimmunity 50 (May 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.009.

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37

SCHONFELD, AMY ROTHMAN. "Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Common in RA." Family Practice News 40, no. 4 (March 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(10)70350-9.

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38

Halliday-Bell, J. A., R. Quansah, M. Gissler, and J. J. K. Jaakkola. "Laboratory work and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Occupational Medicine 60, no. 4 (March 22, 2010): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqq018.

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39

López, Rodrigo. "Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Evidence-Based Dentistry 9, no. 2 (June 2008): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400581.

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40

Khalil, Asma, Argyro Syngelaki, Nerea Maiz, Yana Zinevich, and Kypros H. Nicolaides. "Maternal Age and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 68, no. 12 (December 2013): 779–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000018.

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41

Kramer, M. S., X. Zhang, and R. W. Platt. "Analyzing Risks of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." American Journal of Epidemiology 179, no. 3 (November 27, 2013): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt285.

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42

Komine-Aizawa, Shihoko, Sohichi Aizawa, and Satoshi Hayakawa. "Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 45, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jog.13782.

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43

Agay-Shay, Keren, Ammatzia Peled, Antonia Valentín Crespo, Chava Peretz, Yona Amitai, Shai Linn, Michael Friger, and Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen. "Green spaces and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71, no. 8 (April 23, 2014): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101961.

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Cortés-Vásquez, Jonathan, Islendy Noreña, and Ismena Mockus. "Hypertriglyceridemia and adverse outcomes during pregnancy." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 66, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.60791.

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Introducción. Durante el embarazo, los niveles séricos de triglicéridos maternos aumentan como un mecanismo de adaptación fisiológica para suplir las necesidades del feto en desarrollo. Pese a que el incremento excesivo se ha asociado a preeclampsia, macrosomía y parto pretérmino, no se han establecido de manera contundente los niveles a partir de los cuales se deben tomar medidas en cada trimestre para prevenir complicaciones.Objetivo. Hacer una revisión sobre fisiopatología, efectos en madre e hijo, valores esperados en cada trimestre e intervenciones terapéuticas en hipertrigliceridemia gestacional.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión con la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Cochrane y SciELO con los términos: Pregnancy; Hypertriglyceridemia; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Fetal Development; Pregnancy Complications y sus equivalentes en español.Resultados. Se encontraron 59 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda y daban respuesta a los objetivos.Conclusiones. El número limitado y la gran variabilidad de los datos indican la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones que establezcan los rangos de normalidad de los triglicéridos durante los tres trimestres del embarazo y así determinar riesgos e intervenciones eficaces antes de la gestación y reducir la morbimortalidad materno-infantil.
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45

Bobetsis, Yiorgos A., Filippo Graziani, Mervi Gürsoy, and Phoebus N. Madianos. "Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Periodontology 2000 83, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/prd.12294.

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46

Said, J. M., J. R. Higgins, E. K. Moses, S. P. Walker, P. T. Monagle, and S. P. Brennecke. "Inherited Thrombophilias and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 33, no. 1 (March 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000426113.77670.fa.

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47

Agmon, Niv, Shanny Sade, Gali Pariente, Reut Rotem, and Adi Y. Weintraub. "Hyperemesis gravidarum and adverse pregnancy outcomes." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 300, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05192-y.

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48

Naeem, Manzoor Ahmad, Usra Naeem, and Asif Hanif. "PREGNANCY OUTCOMES." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2067.

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Introduction: Pregnancy is a normal physiological event but some pregnancyspecific or other medical conditions can cause maternal as well as fetal morbidities and evenmortalities. Among them, raised blood pressure during pregnancy adversely affects bothmaternal and fetal outcomes. Objectives: In this study, risk factors associated with hypertensivedisorders of pregnancy are explored and pregnancy outcomes of hypertensive women withnormotensive pregnant women are compared. Design: Case control study. Settings: Obstetricsand gynecology department of Jinnah hospital Lahore. Period: 1st October 2011 to 24 February2012. Subjects and methods: The case control study of 250 cases (pregnant females withhypertensive disorders) and controls (pregnant females without hypertensive disorder),presented at obstetrics & gynecology department of Jinnah hospital during 1st October 2011 to24 February 2012 was conducted. SPSS software (16) and MS excel were used for statisticalanalysis. Results: Mean age for cases and controls was 26.96 ± 5.29yearsand 25.25 ±4.60years, respectively. Age and history of pregnancy was found to be significantly associatedwith hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Comparison of neonatal outcome between casegroup and control group showed that hypertensive pregnant women were at higher risk of havingadverse pregnancy outcome. Conclusions: Women with hypertension during pregnancy are atincreased risk of having adverse pregnancy outcome as compared to normotensive women andage, history of pregnancy induced hypertension are contributing risk factors for developinghypertension during pregnancy.
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49

Miller, Emily S., Oriana Fleming, Etoroabasi E. Ekpe, William A. Grobman, and Nia Heard-Garris. "Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 138, no. 5 (October 6, 2021): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004570.

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Lian, Xingji, Li Fan, Xin Ning, Cong Wang, Yi Lin, Wenfang Chen, Wei Chen, and Xueqing Yu. "History of Adverse Pregnancy on Subsequent Maternal-Fetal Outcomes in Patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Chinese Single Center." Kidney Diseases 8, no. 2 (December 9, 2021): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520586.

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Abstract:
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Gestation complications have a recurrence risk and could predispose to each other in the next pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between a history of adverse pregnancy and maternal-fetal outcomes in subsequent pregnancy in patients with Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective cohort study from a Chinese single center was conducted. Pregnant women with biopsy-proven primary IgAN and aged ≥18 years were enrolled and divided into the 2 groups by a history of adverse pregnancy. The primary outcome was adverse pregnancy outcome, which included maternal-fetal outcomes. Logistical regression model was used to evaluate the association of a history of adverse pregnancy with subsequent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Ninety-one women with 100 pregnancies were included, of which 54 (54%) pregnancies had a history of adverse pregnancy. IgAN patients with adverse pregnancy history had more composite maternal outcomes (70.4% vs. 45.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.012), while there was no difference in the composite adverse fetal outcomes between the 2 groups (55.6% vs. 45.7%). IgAN patients with a history of adverse pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of subsequent adverse maternal outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% CI, 1.07–6.47). Similar results were shown in those with baseline serum albumin &#x3c;3.5 g/dL, 24 h proteinuria ≥1 g/day, and a history of hypertension. There was no association between a history of adverse pregnancy and subsequent adverse fetal outcomes in IgAN patients (adjusted OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.63–3.87). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A history of adverse pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of subsequent adverse maternal outcomes, but not for adverse fetal outcomes in IgAN patients.
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