Journal articles: 'Adverse effects of light pollution'

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Tang, Liang. "Light at Night: A New Kind of Environment Pollution." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.636.

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Light pollution is increasing recognized as having adverse effects on human and environment. This paper analyzes the sources and causes of the formation of light pollution, and explores the negative impacts of light pollution on ecological systems, human health and energy consumptions. At last, we propose some suggestions for the prevention of light pollution.

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Crawford, David. "The Effects of Light Pollution on Amateur Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092332.

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AbstractThe rapid increase in urban lighting, with the resultant increase in sky glow due to this lighting, has already severely affected both professional and amateur astronomy. It is not possible to observe as faint as was possible in the past from sites anywhere near large cities. Even those sites near smaller cities are compromised.There are other adverse effects of outdoor lighting. One in particular affects amateur astronomers (more than professionals, in fact). That is light trespass from a (usually) nearby source shining directly into the amateur’s observatory. It ruins dark adaption and can even affect photographic or photoelectric observations.Astronomers are pushing for communities and individuals to apply “solutions”, which can help greatly. These are: use the correct amount of light for the lighting task, not overkill; use controls on the lighting, such as shielding and correct placement (direct the light downward), and time controls; use low pressure sodium light sources whenever possible (especially in the vicinity of professional observing sites).Without the widespread application of such solutions, amateurs, professionals, and even the general public will likely lose forever their superb view of the universe, as seen from a prime dark sky site. These solutions also maximize the quality of any lighting installation, often at lower cost than bad lighting.

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Costero, R. "Light Pollution at the Astronomical Observatories in Mexico." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003663.

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There are three astronomical observatories in Mexico working on research programs. The oldest one is located at Tonantzintla, Puebla; the largest is at San Pedro Martir, Baja California; and the youngest, not yet in full operation, at Cananea, Sonora. The one at Tonantzintla suffers, by far, the largest light pollution problems; that at San Pedro Martir has the darkest skies but is relatively close to regions of potential touristic and mining developments. In this paper we summarize the existing and potential polluting problems arising from manmade light sources near those observatories, and suggest some possible steps to be taken in order to minimize their adverse effects on astronomical observations.

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Guanglei, Wu, Jack Ngarambe, and Gon Kim. "A Comparative Study on Current Outdoor Lighting Policies in China and Korea: A Step toward a Sustainable Nighttime Environment." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143989.

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Light pollution is a serious environmental issue with many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem as a whole. Accordingly, many countries have issued laws and regulations to limit the effects of artificial lighting at night (ALAN). The Republic of Korea and China are among the few countries that have drafted laws to curb light pollution. In the present study, we gathered data related to light pollution regulations and ordinances in both China and Korea. We then carried out a comparative analysis of the light pollution laws of both countries. We found that, although the two countries share a similar socio-economic background, they have different approaches to the issue of light pollution. The information provided in this study serves as a guideline to countries that wish to develop their own light pollution policies. In addition, the conclusions provided in our study offer potential improvements to local and national light pollution policies in both the Republic of Korea and China.

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Lim, Hong, Jack Ngarambe, Jeong Kim, and Gon Kim. "The Reality of Light Pollution: A Field Survey for the Determination of Lighting Environmental Management Zones in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020374.

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Light pollution has been receiving increased attention worldwide. Scientific research has provided convincing evidence that ties artificial lighting to health-related issues. Consequently, the involved parties are now leaned towards the implementation of regulations to help limit the use of artificial lighting. Many countries, together with international organizations, have embarked on setting standards and regulations aimed at halting the excessive and improper usage of artificial lighting, there-by eradicating light pollution and its effects. In Korea, outdoor lighting at night is a common phenomenon. Moreover, as the economic development grows even further, the use of artificial lighting is expected to increase making Korea vulnerable to the adverse effects of artificial lighting. In this study, we discuss the issue of light pollution based on field measurements conducted in Seoul, South Korea. The measurements were undertaken to broaden the understanding and assessment of light pollution. During the investigation, we noted that the most severe forms of light pollution were found in developed urban and densely commercialized areas. Currently, there are ongoing light pollution measurement projects around the entire Korea. It would be informative to see how the rest of South Korea compares to the Capital, Seoul in terms of light pollution levels.

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Tamir, Raz, Gal Eyal, Itay Cohen, and Yossi Loya. "Effects of Light Pollution on the Early Life Stages of the Most Abundant Northern Red Sea Coral." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020193.

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The growth in human population along coastal areas is exposing marine environments to increasing anthropogenic light sources. Despite the potential effects of this modern phenomenon, very few studies have examined its implications for corals. Here, we present a long-term study of coral early life stages under light pollution conditions at night. Coral larvae were collected from Stylophora pistillata colonies, and then settled and grown under experimental conditions of two different common city lighting methods (fluorescent or LED). Effects of the artificial lighting on the coral settlement success, survivorship, growth rate, photosynthetic efficiency, and calcification rate were examined over a period of one year. The control exhibited ~30% higher settlement success compared to the two light treatments, while under the light treatments corals showed higher survivorship, growth, and calcification rates. In addition, an indication of damage to the photosynthetic system was found in the light-polluted corals, which was reflected in their photosynthesis efficiency parameters: i.e., lower maximum light utilization coefficient (α), lower maximum potential photosynthetic rate (Pmax), and lower photosynthetic maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Our findings provide evidence of the potential adverse effects of artificial lighting methods on the natural environment of coral reefs. We conclude that the use of the LED lighting method has high interference potential for the early life stages of corals.

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Schroer, Sibylle, Benedikt John Huggins, Clementine Azam, and Franz Hölker. "Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062551.

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The fundamental change in nocturnal landscapes due to the increasing use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as being detrimental to the environment and raises important regulatory questions as to whether and how it should be regulated based on the manifold risks to the environment. Here, we present the results of an analysis of the current legal obligations on ALAN in context with a systematic review of adverse effects. The legal analysis includes the relevant aspects of European and German environmental law, specifically nature conservation and immission control. The review represents the results of 303 studies indicating significant disturbances of organisms and landscapes. We discuss the conditions for prohibitions by environmental laws and whether protection gaps persist and, hence, whether specific legislation for light pollution is necessary. While protection is predominantly provided for species with special protection status that reveal avoidance behavior of artificially lit landscapes and associated habitat loss, adverse effects on species and landscapes without special protection status are often unaddressed by existing regulations. Legislative shortcomings are caused by difficulties in proving adverse effect on the population level, detecting lighting malpractice, and applying the law to ALAN-related situations. Measures to reduce ALAN-induced environmental impacts are highlighted. We discuss whether an obligation to implement such measures is favorable for environmental protection and how regulations can be implemented.

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Gyurácz, József, Zoltán Lukács, Péter Molnár, and Zoltán Kolláth. "Light and territoriality : A preliminary report on a capture-recapture study of common Blackbird (Turdus Merula)." Acta Universitatis de Carolo Eszterházy Nominatae. Sectio Biologiae 46 (2021): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33041/actauniveszterhazybiol.2021.46.157.

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The natural light conditions and the artificial lighting of the habitats affect the quality of bird territories and the territorial behaviour of birds. However, we know almost nothing about the evolutionary consequences of light on birds. In the biomonitoring part of the project entitled “ Development of international research environment for light pollution studies”, which is carried on in Bárdudvarnok in Somogy county, Hungary, we study the apparent survival probability, adaptive morphological characteristics and area fidelity in Common Blackbird populations living in territories under different light conditions. In this preliminary report, we also describe the methods of our studies - individual marking of birds, capture and recapture, measurement of body weight, wing length and other ecomorphological parameters - and the types of data collected. Based on the outcomes of the data collection planned to continue for several years, we can formulate proposals for the design and application of artificial lighting resulting in the reduction of the adverse effects of light pollution.

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Hu, Jiameng, Yanfang Liu, and Jian Fang. "Ecological Corridor Construction Based on Least-Cost Modeling Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Nighttime Light Data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index." Land 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080782.

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Anthropic pressure is one of the main drivers of landscape change and biodiversity loss. Artificial nighttime light, which can affect species behavior, is an important human-induced threat to biodiversity, but it is often ignored in ecological connectivity research. To mitigate the adverse impacts of artificial lighting on biodiversity, this study integrates artificial nighttime light in landscape ecology and analyzes the influence of artificial nighttime light on landscape connectivity. A quantitative approach integrating nighttime light brightness from a Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) with a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from a Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is proposed to estimate the matrix resistance, which can identify the sensitive areas that are disrupted by nighttime light. It was found that the nightscape in the study area is significantly disrupted by nighttime light and the matrix resistance in the center of the study area significantly increases. Compared to the least-cost routes from the NDVI, the “dark” least-cost ecological corridors constructed using our approach apparently change in both location and distance. The corridors moved to the outer suburbs and rural areas, and the maximum increase in distance of the least-cost paths was 37.94%. Due to less disturbance from human activity and the maintenance of a pristine nightscape, “dark” ecological corridors can reduce the adverse effects of night lights and contribute to biodiversity. However, natural habitats have been greatly affected by nighttime light with the increase in global illumination, and it is essential that we improve public awareness of light pollution and formulate light-reduction policies and legislation.

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Chen, Hongbo, Junhui Wu, Mengying Wang, Siyue Wang, Jiating Wang, Huan Yu, Yonghua Hu, and Shaomei Shang. "Impact of Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Pollution on Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 9644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189644.

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The impact of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the incidence of knee osteoarthritis is unclear, especially in Beijing which is a highly polluted city. We conducted a time-series study to examine the correlation between PM2.5 exposure and outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in Beijing. Changes (in percentage) in the number of outpatient visits corresponding to every 10-μg/m3 increase in the PM2.5 concentration were determined using a generalized additive quasi-Poisson model. There were records of 9,797,446 outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in the study period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017. The daily concentration of PM2.5 was 86.8 (74.3) μg/m3 over this period. A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations on lag days 0–3 was associated with a 1.41% (95% confidence interval: 1.40–1.41%) increase in outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis. Females and patients aged above 65 years were more sensitive to the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure. The present findings demonstrate that short-term exposure to PM2.5 resulted in an increase in the number of outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in Beijing. The findings shed light on the effects of air pollution on knee osteoarthritis and could guide risk-mitigating strategies in cities such as Beijing.

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Guilhermino, Lúcia, Alexandra Martins, Sara Cunha, and José O. Fernandes. "Long-term adverse effects of microplastics on Daphnia magna reproduction and population growth rate at increased water temperature and light intensity: Combined effects of stressors and interactions." Science of The Total Environment 784 (August 2021): 147082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147082.

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Liu, X. J., W. Xu, E. Z. Du, A. H. Tang, Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Zhang, Z. Wen, et al. "Environmental impacts of nitrogen emissions in China and the role of policies in emission reduction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2183 (September 28, 2020): 20190324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0324.

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Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N r ) has been a cause of serious environmental pollution in China. Historically, China used too little N r in its agriculture to feed its population. However, with the rapid increase in N fertilizer use for food production and fossil fuel consumption for energy supply over the last four decades, increasing gaseous N r species (e.g. NH 3 and NO x ) have been emitted to the atmosphere and then deposited as wet and dry deposition, with adverse impacts on air, water and soil quality as well as plant biodiversity and human health. This paper reviews the issues associated with this in a holistic way. The emissions, deposition, impacts, actions and regulations for the mitigation of atmospheric N r are discussed systematically. Both NH 3 and NO x make major contributions to environmental pollution but especially to the formation of secondary fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), which impacts human health and light scattering (haze). In addition, atmospheric deposition of NH 3 and NO x causes adverse impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to acidification and eutrophication. Regulations and practices introduced by China that meet the urgent need to reduce N r emissions are explained and resulting effects on emissions are discussed. Recommendations for improving future N management for achieving ‘win-win’ outcomes for Chinese agricultural production and food supply, and human and environmental health, are described. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

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Kaur, Simranpreet, and Chayanika Putatunda. "Physico-chemical Characterization of Edible Packaging Film Supplemented with Ocimum (Tulsi) Essential oil." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370214.

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The concern about the possible adverse health effects of plastic based food packaging as well as the environmental pollution caused by plastics has lead to efforts in looking for alternative, eco-friendly and biocompatible food packaging materials. In the present investigation, a composite edible film was prepared from whey, pectin and gelatin, which was supplemented withOcimum essential oil. These films were characterized for thickness, transparency towards visible and UV light, and total moisture content. Antimicrobial activity of these films were examined against Escherichia coli MTCC 118, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Bacillus cereus MTCC 1272and Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 103. The film activity was found to bemaximumagainst B. cereus with 8 mm zone of inhibition on addition of 6% of Ocimum essential oil. The films were also active against all other pathogens except P. aeruginosa.

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Rudinskaya, Tamara, and Zdeňka Náglová. "Analysis of Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilisers and Environmental Efficiency in Crop Production of EU Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168720.

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Mineral fertilisers such as nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) are commonly used as important inputs in agricultural production. Their inadequate use can result in lower yields and loss of quality. However, excessive use of nitrogen can lead to environmental pollution and adverse effects on human health. This paper assesses nitrogen fertiliser use and the environmental efficiency of crop production of EU member states using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach. The results of the analysis show that the crop sector in the five member states of the European Union (i.e., Slovenia, Italy, Greece, Austria and Spain) is relatively environmentally efficient. In the remaining member states, efficiency is lower by varying degrees. This means that their agricultural sectors use too much fertiliser to produce the same output as more efficient farms, compared to other countries. The results of the study shed light on the environmental efficiency of crop production in the tEU and can contribute to the application of better management techniques and more effective agricultural policies.

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West, Richard, and Claus Madsen. "Saving Our Skies: Communicating the Issues to the Media." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164332.

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We discuss possible mechanisms for setting up a global outreach campaign centred on the main theme of this meeting: save our skies! Effective communication of this message to the world's media and the wide public is a prerequisite for successful sensitisation of decision-makers in different countries to the crucial issues at stake. We emphasise the need for careful planning of such a programme, especially in terms of definition of the key issues, the way they are presented, as well as the communication channels to be employed. It is important to differentiate the arguments used in connection with different types of pollution (light, radio, space debris). It will be necessary to identify clear and forceful messages that convincingly stress that these problems are of ultimate concern, not just a small group of astronomers, but to all of humanity. With their extremely sensitive instruments, astronomers constitute an avant-garde that is the first to detect the adverse effects, but as these intensify, increasingly broader sectors of society will be affected. It appears feasible, within the limited means available to the IAU and IDA, to initiate such an outreach effort with a comprehensive web-based campaign that highlights astronomical “pollution”. This may also serve as a useful test-bench for subsequent campaigns based on more communication vehicles and with a wider spectrum of associated activities.

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Boaretti, Carlo, Giuseppe Vitiello, Giuseppina Luciani, Alessandra Lorenzetti, Michele Modesti, and Martina Roso. "Electrospun Active Media Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)-Graphene-TiO2 Nanocomposite Materials for Methanol and Acetaldehyde Gas-Phase Abatement." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091017.

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The abatement of organic pollutants by TiO2 photocatalysis has been established as one of the benchmark applications of advanced oxidation processes for both liquid and gas phase purification. Such solution is particularly suitable for indoor air pollution where volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a class of chemicals of high concern for their adverse effects on both environment and human health. However, different shortcomings still affects TiO2 photocatalytic performance in terms of weak adsorptivity and fast electron-hole recombination, limiting its applicability. As a result, different strategies have been investigated over the last years in order to promote a higher TiO2 photo-efficiency. In this study we used electrospun (PVDF) nanofibers as a support for the photo catalytic system obtained by coupling graphene based materials and TiO2 during solvothermal synthesis. The resultant nanostructured membranes have been tested for acetaldehyde and methanol degradation under UV light showing an increase in the photocatalytic activity compared to bare TiO2. Such results may be ascribed to the decrease of band-gap energy and to increased electron mobility in the photocatalytic nanocomposite.

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Molaie, Sama, and Paolo Lino. "Review of the Newly Developed, Mobile Optical Sensors for Real-Time Measurement of the Atmospheric Particulate Matter Concentration." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040416.

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Due to the adverse effects on human health and the environment, air quality monitoring, specifically particulate matter (PM), has received increased attention over the last decades. Most of the research and policy actions have been focused on decreasing PM pollution and the development of air monitoring technologies, resulting in a decline of total ambient PM concentrations. For these reasons, there is a continually increasing interest in mobile, low-cost, and real-time PM detection instruments in both indoor and outdoor environments. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no recent literature review on the development of newly designed mobile and compact optical PM sensors. With this aim, this paper gives an overview of the most recent advances in mobile optical particle counters (OPCs) and camera-based optical devices to detect particulate matter concentration. Firstly, the paper summarizes the particulate matter effects on human health and the environment and introduces the major particulate matter classes, sources, and characteristics. Then, it illustrates the different theories, detection methods, and operating principles of the newly developed portable optical sensors based on light scattering (OPCs) and image processing (camera-based sensors), including their advantages and disadvantages. A discussion concludes the review by comparing different novel optical devices in terms of structures, parameters, and detection sensitivity.

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Kelly, Frank J., and Julia C. Fussell. "Toxicity of airborne particles—established evidence, knowledge gaps and emerging areas of importance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2183 (September 28, 2020): 20190322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0322.

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Epidemiological research has taught us a great deal about the health effects of airborne particulate matter (PM), particularly cardiorespiratory effects of combustion-related particles. This has been matched by toxicological research to define underlying mechanistic pathways. To keep abreast of the substantial challenges that air pollution continues to throw at us requires yet more strides to be achieved. For example, being aware of the most toxic components/sources and having a definitive idea of the range of associated disease outcomes. This review discusses approaches designed to close some of these knowledge gaps. These include a focus on particles arising from non-exhaust PM at the roadside and microplastics—both of which are becoming more relevant in the light of a shift in PM composition in response to global pressure to reduce combustion emissions. The application of hypothesis-free approaches in both mechanistic studies and epidemiology in unveiling unexpected relationships and generating novel insights is also discussed. Previous work, strengthening the evidence for both the adverse effects and benefits of intervention tell us that the sooner we act to close knowledge gaps, increase awareness and develop creative solutions, the sooner we can reduce the public health burden attributable to these complex and insidious environmental pollutants. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

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Khalimov, Yu Sh, A. N. Vlasenko, G. A. Tsepkova, and A. E. Sosukin. "Occupational diseases caused by exposure to laser radiation." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25946.

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Sources of laser radiation are firmly entrenched in all spheres of human activity: different branches industry, biology, gene engineering, medicine, agriculture. In cases of gross safety violations, laser radiation can be dangerous for people working with it. Biological action of laser radiation is not completely found out. By the nature of human exposure to laser radiation, it is divided into direct, diffuse, specularly reflected and diffusely reflected. It can cause both primary effects, which include organic changes that occur in irradiated tissues, and secondary effects, which are nonspecific changes that occur in response to radiation. The «critical» organs for laser radiation are the eyes and the skin. Laser lesions are divided into acute and chronic. Acute lesions occur either in cases of gross security breaches or emergencies. The development of chronic lesions is possible in cases of prolonged work with low-intensity laser devices. Other adverse factors, such as noise, vibration, light from flash lamps, ultraviolet radiation, tiredness of visual analyzer, air pollution (ozone, oxide of nitrogen), neuro-emotional tension, affect workers during exploitation of laser radiation’s sources. Diagnostics of laser lesions is based on the occupational history data of sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions as well as on the results of clinical examination and dosimetry data. There is no specific treatment for laser lesions.

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Boadway, BT, J. MacPhail, and C. Jacobson. "Ontario Medical Association Position Paper on Health Effects of Ground-Level Ozone, Acid Aerosols and Particulate Matter." Canadian Respiratory Journal 5, no. 5 (1998): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/285495.

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This review of the evidence of the health effects of air pollutants focuses on research conducted in Ontario. Seven key Ontario studies are cited. These findings are highly significant for people living in the Great Lakes basin (and particularly the Windsor-Quebec corridor), where high levels of certain air pollutants (eg, ground-level ozone and ultra-fine particles) occur more frequently than in other parts of Canada. The issue is a serious one, requiring an integrated and comprehensive approach by many stakeholders, including the active involvement of organized medicine. It is important that the health effects of these air pollutants are understood. Governments must act to reduce emission levels through statue and regulation bolstered by noncompliance penalties.The findings of research have included the following: in a Toronto study, a 2% to 4% excess of respiratory deaths were attributable to pollutant levels; children living in rural Ontario communities with the highest levels of airborne acids were significantly more likely to report at least one episode of bronchitis, as well as to show decreases in lung function; and have been linked to increases in pollutants, emergency room visits and hospitalizations in Ontario.Every Ontarian is affected by air pollutants, although he or she may be unaware of the asymptomatic effects such as lung and bronchial inflammation. This health problem is preventable; while physicians know of the adverse health impacts of air pollution and they are concerned, individually they now focus on the treatment of symptoms. The major recommendations of the report are as follows:* Enactment of more stringent sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission limits, including a provincewide sulphur dioxide reduction of 75% from current cap levels, and the maximum allowable nitrogen oxides emission limits of 6000 tonnes annually from Ontario Hydro.* New transportation sector emission limits that should include California-level standards for light and heavy duty vehicles, reductions from off-road engines, an expanded vehicle inspection and maintenance program, and tougher standards for sulphur-in-fuel content.* Petitioning the United States Environmental Protection Agency administrator under Section 115 of the United States Clear Air Act to require reductions in the American emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which damage the health of Canadian residents and their environment.* Physician advice to patients about the risks of smog exposure, physician support for more health effects research on air pollution, and physician promotion of the development of air pollution-related health education materials.The recommendations discussed in this paper will, if acted upon, lead to a significant reduction in the overall burden of illness from air pollutants, especially in children and the elderly. These recommendations have been selected from a review of recommendations made by various authorities, and are those that the OMA feels a particular responsibility to support.

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Abar Gürol, Merve, Sezgi Arman, and Nazan Deniz Yön. "Effects of mancozeb on the testicular histology of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 56 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2020009.

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Reproduction is a critical and sensitive process for population continuity of the externally fertilizing aquatic organisms. Environmental pollution may adversely effect the reproductive activities of fish. Pesticides are the mobile chemicals that are known to pollute the aquatic ecosystems. Mancozeb is an ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide that is frequently used to protect fruits, vegetables, vineyards and field crops against a wide range of fungal diseases. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the acute toxic effects of mancozeb on the testis tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to 5 ppm and 7.5 ppm of mancozeb concentrations for five days. Testis tissues were removed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Specimens were embedded in paraffin and 5 μm serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The control and the experimental samples were investigated by light microscopy and histopathological changes were evaluated. Mancozeb gave rise to degenerative spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubule disorganizations, fibrosis, hemorrhage, vacuolization, hypertrophy of spermatocytes, edema, decreased spermatogenic cell clusters and sperms, pyknotic and karyolytic nuclei. These results showed that mancozeb could interrupt the reproductive activity and decrease the fertilization ratio of zebrafish.

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Yashchenko, Svetlana G., and S. Yu Rybalko. "Morphological structure of rat epiphysis exposed to electromagnetic radiation from communication devices." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-10-977-979.

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Pineal gland is one of the most important components of homeostasis - the supporting system of the body. It participates in the launch of stress responses, restriction of their development, prevention of adverse effects on the body. There was proved an impact of electromagnetic radiation on the epiphysis. However, morphological changes in the epiphysis under exposure to electromagnetic radiation of modern communication devices are studied not sufficiently. For the time present the population is daily exposed to electromagnetic radiation, including local irradiation on the brain. These date determined the task of this research - the study of the structure of rat pineal gland under the exposure to electromagnetic radiation from personal computers and mobile phones. These date determined the task of this research - the study of the structure of rat pineal gland under the exposure to electromagnetic radiation from personal computers and mobile phones. Performed transmission electron microscopy revealed signs of degeneration of dark and light pinealocytes. These signs were manifested in the development of a complex of general and specific morphological changes. There was revealed the appearance of signs of aging and depletion transmission electron microscopy both in light and dark pinealocytes. These signs were manifested in the accumulation of lipofuscin granules and electron-dense "brain sand", the disappearance of nucleoli, cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial cristae enlightenment.

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Mousli, Chaouchi, Jouini, Maurel, Kadri, and Chehimi. "Polyaniline-Grafted RuO2-TiO2 Heterostructure for the Catalysed Degradation of Methyl Orange in Darkness." Catalysts 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9070578.

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Massive industrial and agricultural developments have led to adverse effects of environmental pollution resisting conventional treatment processes. The issue can be addressed via heterogeneous photocatalysis as witnessed recently. Herein, we have developed novel metal/semi-conductor/polymer nanocomposite for the catalyzed degradation and mineralization of model organic dye pollutants in darkness. RuO2-TiO2 mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were modified with diphenyl amino (DPA) groups from the 4-diphenylamine diazonium salt precursor. The latter was reduced with ascorbic acid to provide radicals that modified the NPs and further served for in situ synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) that resulted in RuO2/TiO2-DPA-PANI nanocomposite catalyst. Excellent adhesion of PANI to RuO2/TiO2-DPA was noted but not in the case of the bare mixed oxide. This stresses the central role of diazonium compounds to tether PANI to the underlying mixed oxide. RuO2-TiO2/DPA/PANI nanocomposite revealed superior catalytic properties in the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) compared to RuO2-TiO2/PANI and RuO2-TiO2. Interestingly, it is active even in the darkness due to high PANI mass loading. In addition, PANI constitutes a protective layer of RuO2-TiO2 NPs that permitted us to reuse the RuO2-TiO2/DPA/PANI nanocomposite nine times, whereas RuO2-TiO2/PANI and RuO2-TiO2 were reused seven and five times only, respectively. The electronic displacements at the interface of the heterojunction metal/semi-conductor under visible light and the synergistic effects between PANI and RuO2 result in the separation of electron-hole pairs and a reduction of its recombination rate as well as a significant catalytic activity of RuO2-TiO2/DPA/PANI under simulated sunlight and in the dark, respectively.

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Vera-Bernal, Mónica, and Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa. "Insights on Cadmium Removal by Bioremediation: The Case of Haloarchaea." Microbiology Research 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12020024.

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Although heavy metals are naturally found in the environment as components of the earth’s crust, environmental pollution by these toxic elements has increased since the industrial revolution. Some of them can be considered essential, since they play regulatory roles in different biological processes; but the role of other heavy metals in living tissues is not clear, and once ingested they can accumulate in the organism for long periods of time causing adverse health effects. To mitigate this problem, different methods have been used to remove heavy metals from water and soil, such as chelation-based processes. However, techniques like bioremediation are leaving these conventional methodologies in the background for being more effective and eco-friendlier. Recently, different research lines have been promoted, in which several organisms have been used for bioremediation approaches. Within this context, the extremophilic microorganisms represent one of the best tools for the treatment of contaminated sites due to the biochemical and molecular properties they show. Furthermore, since it is estimated that 5% of industrial effluents are saline and hypersaline, halophilic microorganisms have been suggested as good candidates for bioremediation and treatment of this kind of samples. These microorganisms, and specifically the haloarchaea group, are of interest to design strategies aiming the removal of polluting compounds due to the efficiency of their metabolism under extreme conditions and their significant tolerance to highly toxic compounds such as heavy metals, bromate, nitrite, chlorate, or perchlorate ions. However, there are still few trials that have proven the bioremediation of environments contaminated with heavy metals using these microorganisms. This review analyses scientific literature focused on metabolic capabilities of haloarchaea that may allow these microbes to tolerate and eliminate heavy metals from the media, paying special attention to cadmium. Thus, this work will shed light on potential uses of haloarchaea in bioremediation of soils and waters negatively affected by heavy metals, and more specifically by cadmium.

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Fan, Jie, Dong-Yuan Cao, Tian-Di Pan, Zhao-Peng Xia, and Yong Liu. "Sm Doped ZnO Nanowires@PAN Nanofibrous Membranes for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 14, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210513666191119110316.

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Background: Wastewater involving a lot of contaminants like organic dyes from the textile finishing industry causes a greater adverse impact on human beings. There are many patents on nanofibers involved metallic oxides, this paper studies photocatalytic degradation of free-pollution Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials on dye decontamination. Objective: Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes loaded with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanowires were fabricated and evaluated for photocatalytic degradation. Methods: In this work, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes loaded with ZnO seeds were prepared by electrospinning PAN/Zn (Ac)2 solution followed by a thermal decomposition process. ZnO nanowires were hydrothermally grown on the surface of PAN nanofibers. The effects of the ratio of PAN and zinc acetate in a solution, decomposition temperature and ammonia (NH4OH) on the morphologies of ZnO nanowires were observed. ZnO nanowires showed the optimum morphologies when the ratio of PAN/Zn (Ac)2 was 10:1.5. The decomposition temperature was 150oC, and NH4OH was added in the hydrothermal reaction. The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B solution under UV irradiation was used as a model reaction. The photodegradation ability of the ZnO @PAN membrane doped with cerium (Sm) was also investigated. Results: Slight Sm doping increased the photocatalytic degradation rate from 57% to 89% under ultraviolet light irradiation for 2h. After 5 times of cycling under the same conditions, it still maintained the dye decolorization rate that was above 65%. Conclusion: Sm doped ZnO nanowires @PAN nanofibrous membranes were easily produced and could provide a novel process for the degradation of dye decontamination.

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Novikov, Mikhail A., Vera A. Vokina, Elizaveta S. Andreeva, Anton N. Alekseenko, and Larisa M. Sosedova. "Experimental study of the gonadotoxic effect of forest fire smoke." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 10 (November 30, 2020): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1149-1152.

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Introduction. The study of the effects of air smoke during natural fires on the reproductive system is the actual scientific problem at present. Material and methods. The experimental study took place in 2 stages. At the first stage of the study, white male rats were exposed to the smoke-bearing effects of wildfire for 7 days (4 hours a day), and at the second stage, 5 days a week (4 hours a day) for one month. Immediately after the end of the exposure, the animals were decapitated under light ether anesthesia to study the morphofunctional state of the reproductive system, which included counting the total number of spermatogonia, the number of tubules with desquamated epithelium, as well as determining the spermatogenesis index and the number of Leydig cells. Results. The functional state of the reproductive system of male white rats after exposure to smoke for 1 week did not have statistically significant differences from the animals of the control group. At the same time, an increment in the duration of exposure (4 weeks) led to significant morphological and functional disorders of the reproductive system of male white rats, characterized by a decrease in the spermatogenesis index with a simultaneous decrease in the percentage of spermatogonia and the number of interstitial Leydig cells. Discussion. Male reproductive health can be a sensitive marker of environmental factors, and there is no evidence of smoke from natural fires in modern literature. This study justifies the need to develop new approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of adverse effects on the body for a long stay in a smoke area. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the prolonged exposure to combustion products released during a forest fire to lead to inhibition of reproductive function in male white rats.

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Chandran R C, Anu, and Sherry Abraham. "Sustainable Hospitality Management and Dimensions of Environmental Regulations: A Qualitative Study on the Puducherry Perspective." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.8.2.

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Tourism and hospitality, globally, is experiencing a paradigm shift. The modern day tourists and clients of hospitality are very discerning and opt for higher quality and value based products and services. To cater to their needs, a wide range of properties at various scales are being introduced in the sector. At the same time, it is increasingly recognised that unplanned and uncontrolled hospitality ventures are causing certain adverse impacts on the environment. These necessitate thorough supervision of the hospitality projects, both existing as well as upcoming, and positively check whether they are abiding by the prescribed guidelines as prevailing under the environmental notifications. That is, the set up and operations must be actively monitored as per the Environmental Laws and Rules. The accelerated growth of international and domestic tourists to Puducherry resulted in the spurt of hospitality establishments across the destination. This growth can be sustained only if the hotels, resorts, restaurants and other hospitality outlets operate by showing profound consideration towards the environment. The business practices in the hospitality sector of Puducherry are undergoing great transformations, imbibing the latest and the best of things. Technological advancements have also altered traditional patterns and many innovative trends are emerging in the hospitality trade. With the increased impact on the environment owing to large scale establishment and expansion of hospitality projects in Puducherry, comes the need for informed planning and sustainable management as well as education and training for developers, investors, planners, managers and local communities. Owing to this reason, the management of hospitality firms in Puducherry must abide by the Environmental Laws and Rules to prevent haphazard, uncontrolled growth, spatial and land use planning; conforming to strict architectural controls, sewerage facilities and water treatment plants. This paper brings to light the challenges faced by the hospitality industry of Puducherry with regards to consumption and conservation of natural resources, by gathering and analysing the opinion of experts from the hospitality trade and the environmental pollution control organisations. This study elucidates the Environmental Laws and Rules which are necessary, as in the case of the hospitality industry of Puducherry, to curtail adverse effects on the environment. It is for sure that, in the future, quality practices and management styles as guided and enforced by the environmental laws would contribute to resolve many shortcomings faced by the hospitality enterprises in Puducherry.

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McQuattie, Carolyn J., and George A. Schier. "Effect of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine (Pinusrigida) seedlings: anatomy of mycorrhizae." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 1901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-249.

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Newly germinated pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus (Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch) were grown for 13 weeks in sand irrigated with nutrient solution (pH 4.0) containing 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/L aluminum (Al) in growth chambers fumigated with 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppb ozone. Anatomical changes in roots stressed by ozone and Al, singly and in combination, were determined by light and electron microscopy. All ozone concentrations reduced the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. In contrast, Al increased the percentage of colonization at low concentration, reducing it only at the highest level. Aluminum caused more overall deterioration of root cortex than ozone, though both treatments adversely affected the mycorrhizal fungus. Increased vacuolation in the root meristem was caused by both ozone and Al. Additional effects of ozone on cells in the meristem were the swelling of the nuclear membrane and invaginations in the plasmalemma. Intracellular fungal hyphae were observed at the highest level of ozone and (or) Al. The combined effect of ozone and Al on the anatomy of mycorrhizae was greater (possibly synergistic) than the effect of each pollutant alone. Similar cellular alterations have also been observed in forests damaged by pollution.

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Huang, Yuh-Chin T., and Mashael Al-Hegelan. "Adverse Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cpm.0b013e318240524b.

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Mills, Nicholas L., Ken Donaldson, Paddy W. Hadoke, Nicholas A. Boon, William MacNee, Flemming R. Cassee, Thomas Sandström, Anders Blomberg, and David E. Newby. "Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution." Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 6, no. 1 (November 25, 2008): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio1399.

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Autrup, Herman. "Ambient Air Pollution and Adverse Health Effects." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, no. 5 (2010): 7333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.089.

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Bell, Michelle L., Keita Ebisu, Roger D. Peng, and Francesca Dominici. "Adverse Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution." Epidemiology 20, no. 5 (September 2009): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181aba749.

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Shkromada, O., A. Palii, A. Palii, O. Skliar, Yu Dudchenko, and T. Necherya. "Improvement of milk quality for micro-climate formation on cattle farms." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (47) (December 24, 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.4.7.

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In this work, microclimate studies were conducted in cattle rooms and the impact on milk quality. A comparative analysis of the use of natural and forced ventilation in rooms and the formation of microclimate. The normative values of sanitary and hygienic parameters for livestock farms are presented in the paper. The microorganisms isolated from the change of cows and milk are identical to the microflora circulating indoors. Weaknesses in the design of livestock premises were also investigated. Disturbances in building structures affect the welfare of animals. It has been proven that the use of state-of-the-art forced-air ventilation systems on livestock farms reduces indoor moisture and gas levels. Diseases and deaths of animals can be caused by violations of sanitary and hygiene standards and feeding and watering of animals. Failure to comply with the disinfection rules increases the microbial contamination of the air. Lack of adequate ventilation in the premises causes the accumulation of dangerous gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide), moisture and micro-organisms in buildings. All these factors can cause respiratory, digestive and mastitis diseases in cows. In sick animals, the increase in live weight and milk productivity is reduced. Treatment of animals is very expensive because antibiotics are used. Antimicrobial drugs affect the quality of products. Prevention of morbidity in farms is directly related to compliance with zoo-hygiene standards. In livestock houses, animals spend most of their lives. The premises protect animals from adverse weather conditions. An important indicator of hygiene requirements for the building is the microclimate. The microclimate includes: ventilation, temperature, gas, light and microbial contamination. All indicators must be in accordance with normal animal-friendly levels. Farms under the Animal Protection Act are required to provide them with proper care and appropriate living conditions. The microclimate of the room is formed by many physical factors. Animals overcrowding have negative effects on indoor pollution. Poor ventilation affects the health and weight gain of animals. Accumulation of gases, moisture and microorganisms indoors can cause respiratory and digestive diseases in animals. Within 60% were pathogenic staphylococci (S. aureus) as a result of monitoring the etiology of subclinical mastitis. Has made agalactic streptococcus (Str. Agalactiae) 25% of cases. Associated microflora accounted for 5% of cases.

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Valejo Coelho, Margarida Moura, and Margarida Apetato. "The dark side of the light: Phototherapy adverse effects." Clinics in Dermatology 34, no. 5 (September 2016): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.005.

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Weetman, D. F., and Joan Munby. "Categories of Adverse Health Effects from Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor Environment 3, no. 4 (July 1994): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x9400300407.

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Weetman, D. F., and Joan Munby. "Categories of Adverse Health Effects from Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor and Built Environment 3, no. 4 (1994): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463559.

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Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento, and Gyorgy Miklos Bohm. "Animal Indicators of Adverse Effects Associated with Air Pollution." Ecosystem Health 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.1998.98098.x.

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Ha, Sandie, Hui Hu, Dikea Roussos-Ross, Kan Haidong, Jeffrey Roth, and Xiaohui Xu. "The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes." Environmental Research 134 (October 2014): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.002.

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Torricelli, André Augusto Miranda, Priscila Novaes, Monique Matsuda, Milton Ruiz Alves, and Mário Luiz Ribeiro Monteiro. "Ocular surface adverse effects of ambient levels of air pollution." Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 74, no. 5 (October 2011): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492011000500016.

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Khilnani, Gopi C., and Pawan Tiwari. "Air pollution in India and related adverse respiratory health effects." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 24, no. 2 (March 2018): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000463.

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Genc, Sermin, Zeynep Zadeoglulari, Stefan H. Fuss, and Kursad Genc. "The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Nervous System." Journal of Toxicology 2012 (2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/782462.

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Exposure to ambient air pollution is a serious and common public health concern associated with growing morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the last decades, the adverse effects of air pollution on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have been well established in a series of major epidemiological and observational studies. In the recent past, air pollution has also been associated with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been demonstrated that various components of air pollution, such as nanosized particles, can easily translocate to the CNS where they can activate innate immune responses. Furthermore, systemic inflammation arising from the pulmonary or cardiovascular system can affect CNS health. Despite intense studies on the health effects of ambient air pollution, the underlying molecular mechanisms of susceptibility and disease remain largely elusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that air pollution-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglial activation, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier contribute to CNS pathology. A better understanding of the mediators and mechanisms will enable the development of new strategies to protect individuals at risk and to reduce detrimental effects of air pollution on the nervous system and mental health.

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Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, and Francesco Forastiere. "Doubts about the adverse effects of air pollution on asthma?" European Respiratory Journal 54, no. 4 (October 2019): 1901900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01900-2019.

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Clark, M. L., J. L. Peel, T. L. Nelson, J. R. Stevens, S. Conway, J. B. Burch, and S. J. Reynolds. "Indoor Air Pollution and Adverse Health Effects Among Honduran Women." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S351—S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-00932.

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Scherb, Hagen, and Kristina Voigt. "Adverse genetic effects induced by chemical or physical environmental pollution." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 18, no. 5 (April 14, 2010): 695–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0332-0.

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Pothukuchi, Kameshwari. "City Light or Star Bright: A Review of Urban Light Pollution, Impacts, and Planning Implications." Journal of Planning Literature 36, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412220986421.

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Light pollution (LP) is a growing scourge in metropolitan areas yet is largely ignored by planners. It has negative impacts on the health of humans and of wildlife and threatens views of the night sky. This article reviews adverse impacts in multiple categories, highlights mitigation strategies, and makes the case for more engagement in planning scholarship and practice especially in the United States. Defining LP and balancing competing values in its mitigation are political acts, challenged by, among other things, lack of public awareness, the primacy of energy efficiency among factors in decision-making, and the association of more light with greater security.

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Walker, William H., Jacob R. Bumgarner, James C. Walton, Jennifer A. Liu, O. Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández, Randy J. Nelson, and A. Courtney DeVries. "Light Pollution and Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 9360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249360.

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For many individuals in industrialized nations, the widespread adoption of electric lighting has dramatically affected the circadian organization of physiology and behavior. Although initially assumed to be innocuous, exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is associated with several disorders, including increased incidence of cancer, metabolic disorders, and mood disorders. Within this review, we present a brief overview of the molecular circadian clock system and the importance of maintaining fidelity to bright days and dark nights. We describe the interrelation between core clock genes and the cell cycle, as well as the contribution of clock genes to oncogenesis. Next, we review the clinical implications of disrupted circadian rhythms on cancer, followed by a section on the foundational science literature on the effects of light at night and cancer. Finally, we provide some strategies for mitigation of disrupted circadian rhythms to improve health.

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Gadelha, J. R., F. Morgado, and A. M. V. M. Soares. "Histology and histochemistry of sea anemones in environmental contamination studies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613000901.

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Since contaminants such as metals, POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) and PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic compounds represent a risk to human health and to the environment, it is therefore extremely necessary to study their biological effects. Man-made chemicals endocrine disruptors such as estrogens pose the potential to modulate endocrine function and thus adversely affect humans and other animal’s reproductive development. In this work, sublethal toxicity tests were carried out with the sea anemones Actinia equina and Anemonia sulcata exposed to 17-β-Estradiol. A. equina and A. sulcata are species that present a wide geographic distribution and might possibly be effective pollution indicators. Histological and histochemical techniques were used to detect morphological changes in sea anemones in order to find histological parameters that could be useful as early biomarkers of environmental contamination. The histological and histochemical procedures followed by standard methods to Hematoxylin and eosine (H & E), Periodic acid Shiff reagent (PAS) and Masson`s Tricrome (TMass) stained adaptated to Actiniidae conditions. Such as, the fixation (formalin and alcohol) time is high (96 hours), because this organisms are almost 98% of water body constitution. The slides obtained were observed by light microscopy means. The assemblage of methodologies described permitted the identification of several anomalies/pathologies in different parts of the sea anemones body, with special attention to reproductive structures. Results obtained for A. sulcata showed vitellogenic oocytes with anomalous dimensions, altered cytoplasm or without cellular membrane limits (Figure 1). It can also be observed lipid accumulations and cells membranes not always preserved. In certain areas oocytes presents small reactivity with atypical PAS low basophilic patterns. In the mesoglea the amoebocytes showed more eosinophilic cytoplasm or extracellular bodies suggesting necrosis or protein content. The effects at 10 µg/L concentrations show a considerable number of oocytes with germinal vesicles membranes and indistinct cytoplasm boundaries (Figure 1). Results obtained for A. equina showed some morphological changes in the spermatocytes of male gonads and in the germinal vesicles the female gonads. The effects observed at higher concentrations shows oocytes and ovarian tissues disintegration. The morphologic alterations observed suggested a delay in spermatogenesis and although there have been no alterations in female vitellogenic granules, there are changes in their maturation. The whole effects lead to verify the role that the estradiol in the Anthozoan reproductive system.Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology – Portugal and FEDER funds, through the Projects: PTDC/MAR/464729/2006 and FCT/CNPq (Brazil), Project 6818, Programme 19/ 004.

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Malbon, L. "Protecting the Starry Night: The Effects of Light Pollution." Boletim do Observatório Ambiental Alberto Ribeiro Lamego 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19180/2177-4560.v9n215-11.

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Liao, Duanping, Michele L. Shaffer, Sol Rodriguez-Colon, Fan He, Xian Li, Deborah L. Wolbrette, Jeff Yanosky, and Wayne E. Cascio. "Acute Adverse Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Ventricular Repolarization." Environmental Health Perspectives 118, no. 7 (July 2010): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901648.

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Bajpayee, Mahima, and Alok Dhawan. "Biomarkers for Monitoring Adverse Health Effects of Air Pollution in Humans." Journal of Translational Toxicology 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jtt.2014.1003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Adverse effects of light pollution'

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