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Ribeiro, Marcelo, Alisson Paulino Trevizol, Rosana Frajzinger, Ariadne Ribeiro, Hannelore Speierl, Luciana Pires, Maristela Andraus, et al. "Adulterants in crack cocaine in Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 2 (June 2019): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0143.
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Abstract Introduction Brazil is the world’s biggest consumer of crack cocaine, and dependence is a major public health issue. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of potentially harmful adulterants present in hair samples from Brazilian patients with crack cocaine dependence. Method We evaluated adulterants in hair samples extracted by convenience from 100 patients admitted at the 48 hour-observation unit of Centro de Referência de Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Brazil’s largest center for addiction treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the data obtained. Results Adulterants were found in 97% of the analyzed hair samples. The most prevalent adulterant was lidocaine (92%), followed by phenacetin (69%) and levamisole (31%). Conclusion Adulterants were widely prevalent in hair samples from crack users treated at CRATOD: at least one adulterant was present in virtually all the hair samples collected. This points to a need to monitor adverse effects in the clinical setting in order to provide this high-risk group of patients with prompt and effective care related to the acute and chronic complications associated with these adulterants.
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Krause, Andre, Yu Wu, Runtao Tian, and Teris van Beek. "Is Low-field NMR a Complementary Tool to GC-MS in Quality Control of Essential Oils? A Case Study: Patchouli Essential Oil." Planta Medica 84, no. 12/13 (April 24, 2018): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0605-3967.
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AbstractHigh-field NMR is an expensive and important quality control technique. In recent years, cheaper and simpler low-field NMR has become available as a new quality control technique. In this study, 60 MHz 1H-NMR was compared with GC-MS and refractometry for the detection of adulteration of essential oils, taking patchouli essential oil as a test case. Patchouli essential oil is frequently adulterated, even today. In total, 75 genuine patchouli essential oils, 10 commercial patchouli essential oils, 10 other essential oils, 17 adulterants, and 1 patchouli essential oil, spiked at 20% with those adulterants, were measured. Visual inspection of the NMR spectra allowed for easy detection of 14 adulterants, while gurjun and copaiba balsams proved difficult and one adulterant could not be detected. NMR spectra of 10 random essential oils differed not only strongly from patchouli essential oil but also from one another, suggesting that fingerprinting by low-field NMR is not limited to patchouli essential oil. Automated chemometric evaluation of NMR spectra was possible by similarity analysis (Mahalanobis distance) based on the integration from 0.1 – 8.1 ppm in 0.01 ppm increments. Good quality patchouli essential oils were recognised as well as 15 of 17 deliberate adulterations. Visual qualitative inspection by GC-MS allowed for the detection of all volatile adulterants. Nonvolatile adulterants, and all but one volatile adulterant, could be detected by semiquantitation. Different chemometric approaches showed satisfactory results. Similarity analyses were difficult with nonvolatile adulterants. Refractive index measurements could detect only 8 of 17 adulterants. Due to advantages such as simplicity, rapidity, reproducibility, and ability to detect nonvolatile adulterants, 60 MHz 1H-NMR is complimentary to GC-MS for quality control of essential oils.
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Varango, Concettina, Francesca Musarella, Mara Cella, and Antonella Varango. "Prospettiva e Valore della matrice Cheratinica nella valutazione dell'utilizzo di Nuove Sostanze Psicoattive nella popolazione che afferisce ai SERD." MISSION, no. 53 (May 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mis53-2020oa9242.
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Questo articolo nasce dall'esigenza di informare un più ampio pubblico sul pericolo rappresentato da queste sostanze, far conoscere le NPS (Novel Psychoactive substances) agli operatori del settore (personale di laboratorio, personale delle unità di emergenza/ urgenza, operatori sanitari, ricercatori, ecc.) al fine di agevolare l'analisi di campioni sconosciuti e divulgare i dati scientifici che cominciano ad emergere da studi clinici e preclinici sui loro effetti tossici e farmacologici. Dal 2009 sono comparsi nel gruppo delle N.P.S., i nuovi oppioidi sintetici, molecole estremamente potenti che comportano una seria minaccia per la salute pubblica. Si tratta di prodotti dalla notevole potenza (il fentanyl, per esempio, capostipite di questa famiglia, ha un'azione circa 100 volte maggiore rispetto a quella della morfina) che vengono utilizzati sia per sé sia come adulteranti di partite di sostanze classiche, soprattutto eroina, causando scie di decessi per overdose.
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León, Lorenzo, J. Daniel Kelly, and Gerard Downey. "Detection of Apple Juice Adulteration Using Near-Infrared Transflectance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 5 (May 2005): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702053945921.
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Near-infrared transflectance spectroscopy was used to detect adulteration of apple juice samples. A total of 150 apple samples from 19 different varieties were collected in two consecutive years from orchards throughout the main cultivation areas in Ireland. Adulterant samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40% w/w were prepared using two types of adulterants: a high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) with 45% fructose and 55% glucose, and a sugars solution (SUGARS) made with 60% fructose, 25% glucose, and 15% sucrose (the average content of these sugars in apple juice). The results show that NIR analysis can be used to predict adulteration of apple juices by added sugars with a detection limit of 9.5% for samples adulterated with HFCS, 18.5% for samples adulterated with SUGARS, and 17% for the combined (HFCS + SUGARS) adulterants. Discriminant partial least squares (PLS) regression can detect authentic apple juice with an accuracy of 86–100% and adulterant apple juice with an accuracy of 91–100% depending on the adulterant type and level of adulteration considered. This method could provide a rapid screening technique for the detection of this type of apple juice adulteration, although further work is required to demonstrate model robustness.
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Fakhri, Sajad, Bahareh Mohammadi, Ronak Jalili, Marziyeh Hajialyani, and Gholamreza Bahrami. "SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC ADULTERANTS IN SLIMMING PRODUCTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.22516.
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Objective: The presence of synthetic drugs (as adulterant) in slimming herbal products of world markets has contravened the country’s law and has created many troubles for some consumers of slimming products. This study aims to use a simple and reliable method for simultaneously finding and validating the presence of possible adulterants in some slimming products, which could not be discriminated due to misleading packaging.Method: Fifteen slimming products were obtained from the Iran pharmaceutical markets. Liquid chromatography-ultraviolet and LC-mass spectrometry methods were performed for simultaneous screening and confirmation of adulterants.Results: The most abundant adulterant was Phenolphthalein, which has been used in 11 cases of the 15 slimming products. Furthermore, 5 products included caffeine, two included phendimetrazine, and two included protriptyline.Conclusion: The performed method was successful in detection of different adulterants. According to the presence of synthetic drugs in slimming herbal products, and their threats to people’s health it is necessary to create awareness in this case through public authorities.
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Sabatino, Leonardo, Monica Scordino, Maria Gargano, Adalgisa Belligno, Pasqualino Traulo, and Giacomo Gagliano. "HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS Evaluation of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Adulteration." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 12 (December 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601220.
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The present study evaluated the reliability of the ISO/TS 3632-2 UV-Vis spectrometric method for saffron classification, making experiments on saffron samples to which were added increasing concentrations of common saffron spice adulterants (safflower, marigold and turmeric). The results showed that the ISO/TS 3632-2 method is not able to detect addition of up to 10-20%, w/w, of saffron adulterants. For additions from 20 to 50%, w/w, of the three adulterants, saffron was classified in a wrong category; addition of higher than 50%, w/w, determined variations in the investigated parameters that did not allow identification of the product as “saffron”. In all cases, the method did not permit the recognition of the nature of the adulterant. On the contrary, the specificity of the HPLC/PDA/MS technique allowed the unequivocal identification of adulterant characteristic marker molecules that could be recognized by the values of absorbance and mass. The selection of characteristic ions of each marker molecule has revealed concentrations of up to 5%, w/w, for safflower and marigold and up to 2% for turmeric. In addition, the high dyeing power of turmeric allowed the determination of 2%, w/w, addition using exclusively the HPLC/PDA technique.
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Mikkelsen, S. L., and K. O. Ash. "Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.11.2333.
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Abstract Illicit-drug users may attempt to falsify results by in vitro adulteration of specimens. We investigated eight additives (NaCl, Visine, handsoap, Drano, bleach, vinegar, golden-seal tea, and lemon juice) claimed by drug users to invalidate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) drug assays. We also analyzed adulterated urine specimens to determine if they could be identified, adding adulterants at several concentrations to 222 EIA-positive specimens confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to contain illicit drugs. To identify adulterated urines, we monitored pH, relative density, and urine color and turbidity at adulterant concentrations that falsified EIA results. Specimens contaminated with NaCl had relative densities greater than 1.035. Liquid Drano, bleach, and vinegar shifted urine pH outside the physiological range. Golden-seal tea caused a dark appearance, and specimens containing liquid soap were unusually cloudy. Lemon juice had no effect on the assays. Visine was the only adulterant not detected. The adulterants interfered somewhat differently with each of the drug assays. EIA assays for illicit drugs can be invalidated by specimen adulteration producing false-negative results. Therefore, if urine drug testing is to be conducted, pH, relative density, and appearance should be assessed and suspect specimens should be rejected. Not all adulterants can be detected, so observed collection is strongly recommended.
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Ha, Youngsil, Cortlandt P. Thienes, Alexander A. Agapov, Amanda V. Laznicka, Sukkyun Han, Cesar Nadala, and Mansour Samadpour. "Comparison of ELISA and DNA Lateral Flow Assays for Detection of Pork, Horse, Beef, Chicken, Turkey, and Goat Contamination in Meat Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0128.
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Abstract Background: Concerns about the contamination of meat products with undeclared meats and new regulations for the declaration of meat adulterants have established the need for a sensitive test to detect meat adulteration. To address this need, Microbiologique, Inc. has developed ELISA assays that can detect the presence of pork, horse, beef, chicken, turkey, and goat meat adulterants to 0.1% (w/w) and a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lateral flow assay for pork, horse, beef, chicken, turkey, goat, and lamb adulterants to 0.1% (w/w). Objective: We compared the results of the DNA lateral flow assay to the ELISA assays. Methods: ELISA and DNA lateral flow assays were performed on the same spiked meat samples, prepared meats, and pet foods. Results: Both the DNA lateral flow and the ELISA assays were sensitive to 0.1% meat adulterant, and the agreement between the DNA lateral flow and ELISA assays for spiked samples, prepared meat, and pet foods was 100%. Conclusions: Based on the 100% concordance between the two assay formats, the choice between the two is dependent on whether quantitation is desired, which assay is more familiar to the particular laboratory, availability of the required equipment, and time restrictions. Highlights: The ELISA assays are less time consuming, taking about 1.5 h, compared with about 2.5 h for the DNA lateral flow assay. Because the DNA lateral flow test detects seven species in one test, it can be more cost effective when the potential adulterant is not known, while the ELISA may be better for quantification.
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Puspita, Ika, Fredy Kurniawan, Agus Muhamad Hatta, and Sekartedjo Koentjoro. "U-bent Plastic Optical Fiber for Lard Adulteration Sensor in Edible Oil." Halal Research Journal 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j22759970.v1i1.6.
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A plastic optical fiber with the structure of U-bent was utilized as a sensor to detect lard adulterants in olive oil. The macro bending was formed on the plastic optical fiber with a bending radius of 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm. The output spectra and intensity were measured to detect the existence of lard substance in olive oil. The U-bent plastic optical fiber sensor with a bending radius of 12.5 mm has the optimum performance to detect the lard adulterant substance in olive oil. It has a sensitivity of 4.6 a.u/% with 855 nm LED source and 10.07 a.u/% with 940 nm LED source in intensity-based measurement and 0.50 nm/% in spectrum-based measurement. The proposed sensor is the potential to give rapid detection on lard adulterant in edible oil.
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Borková, M., and J. Snášelová. "Possibilities of different animal milk detection in milk and dairy products – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 2 (November 15, 2011): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3371-cjfs.
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Adulteration of milk and dairy products with different types of milk, other than declared, presents a big problem for food monitoring. The evidence of milk adulteration is a difficult task considering similar compositions of various types of milk. The presented review is therefore focused on the study of the composition of milk from different animal species. The aim is to find a useful marker component for the adulterant detection. The analysis of milk proteins is a suitable solution of this problem. The techniques used for research in this area were also studied. As prospective techniques, immunological techniques and techniques based on DNA analysis are especially considered. The first ones are able to determine 0.5% of different milk adulterant, and the second ones even as little as 0.1%. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is successfully applied in the quantitative analysis of individual milk adulterants in samples. The most frequent adulteration of ewe and goat milk is its replacement with less expensive and more plentiful bovine milk. Not so typical adulteration is the presence of goat milk in ewe milk or the detection of bovine milk as adulterant in buffalo mozzarella cheese.
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Majumdar, Agnibha Das, Amandeep Kaur, surname given-names Pavas given-names, Neha Munjal, Uma Kamboj, and Tanay Pramanik. "Detection of different adulteration from milk with non-destructive approach (Near infrared spectroscopy): A short review." American Journal of Physical Sciences and Applications 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ajps.1302.
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The present article is a review work about the role of near infrared spectroscopy to detect different adulterantsin the milk. Milk is a nutritive food and very useful and healthy drink for the child and senior citizens. It has various nutrition parameters. But, to increase the profit many adulterantsare added in the milk which are very harmful for human body. The adulterants can be detected using various chemical methods which are time consuming, hazardous and destructive in nature.Thus there is need of a nondestructive, green and rapid method to detect the adulteration. Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one of the most useful and robust technique which needs no minimal sample preparation and is rapid, green, and non destructive in nature. The review covers the various nondestructive methods to detect various adulterants.
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Rajšić, Ivana, Dragana Javorac, Simona Tatović, Aleksandra Repić, Danijela Đukić-Ćosić, Snežana Đorđević, Vera Lukić, and Zorica Bulat. "Effect of urine adulterants on commercial drug abuse screening test strip results." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3315.
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AbstractImmunochromatographic strips for urine drug screening tests (UDSTs) are common and very suitable for drug abuse monitoring, but are also highly susceptible to adulterants kept in the household, which can significantly alter test results. The aim of this study was to see how some of these common adulterants affect UDST results in practice and whether they can be detected by sample validity tests with pH and URIT 11G test strips. To this end we added household chemicals (acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, surfactants, and miscellaneous substances) to urine samples positive for amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), tetrahydrocannabinol, heroin, cocaine, or benzodiazepines (diazepam or alprazolam) and tested them with one-component immunochromatographic UDST strips. The UDST for cocaine resisted adulteration the most, while the cannabis test produced the most false negative results. The most potent adulterant that barely changed the physiological properties of urine specimens and therefore escaped adulteration detection was vinegar. Besides lemon juice, it produced the most false negative test results. In conclusion, some urine adulterants, such as vinegar, could pass urine specimen validity test and remain undetected by laboratory testing. Our findings raise concern about this issue of preventing urine tampering and call for better control at sampling, privacy concerns notwithstanding, and better sample validity tests.
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Lee, Shiou Yih, Dhilia Udie Lamasudin, and Rozi Mohamed. "Rapid detection of several endangered agarwood-producing Aquilaria species and their potential adulterants using plant DNA barcodes coupled with high-resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis." Holzforschung 73, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0149.
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Abstract Aquilaria is an endangered agarwood-producing genus that is currently protected by international laws. The agarwood trade is strictly monitored to prevent illegal harvesting, which has caused high demand for this natural product. Other plant sources of similar appearance or fragrance as agarwood are used as adulterant species in counterfeit products. To promote species identification via the DNA barcoding technique, the existing DNA barcoding database in our laboratory was enriched with seven plant barcoding sequences from a commercially important Aquilaria species (Aquilaria beccariana) and seven adulterant species (Cocos nucifera, Dalbergia latifolia, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Santalum album, Strychnos ignatii, Thuja sp. and Terminalia catappa). DNA barcoding with high-resolution melting analysis (Bar-HRM) showed that the mini-barcode internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was an effective gene locus that allows for a rapid and species-specific detection of Aquilaria and their adulterants, while four other mini-barcodes (rbcL, trnL intron, ITS2 and 5.8s) functioned as a support and a crosscheck for the barcoding results. The accuracy of the Bar-HRM technique in species origin identification was further assessed with seven agarwood blind specimens. The Bar-HRM technique is a potential tool for validating agarwood-species origin and detecting products with adulterant species.
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Urzola-Ortega, Jefferson, Luis Mendoza-Goez, and Diofanor Acevedo. "Personal Doses of Cocaine and Coca Paste are Adulterated in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)." Scientific World Journal 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5562315.
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Knowledge of drug composition consumed on the streets and the identification and quantification of their adulterants is essential for understanding unexpected side effects, tracking routes, and drug profiling. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the purity and to identify and quantify the main adulterants found in personal doses of cocaine (perico) and coca paste (bazuco) in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). The data collected in this study describe a first attempt to introduce the qualitative and quantitative analyses of adulterants present in street drugs in Cartagena de Indias to improve surveillance. Through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the purity and adulterants were quantified in 45 personal doses of cocaine powder and coca paste. 100% of the personal doses in the city were adulterated; caffeine, phenacetin, and levamisole were the main adulterants identified in cocaine. Besides the above, lidocaine was also found in coca paste. The purity of cocaine varied from 8% to almost 70%, with caffeine ranging from 6% to 42%. In the case of coca paste, the maximum content of cocaine found was 60%, while some samples contained as little as 14%. The results are consistent with other research in terms of the widespread use of caffeine as an adulterant, but they also follow the growing trend of the use of levamisole and phenacetin. The wide range of cocaine content in samples sold in the illicit market could cause undesirable effects on cocaine users who do not know the exact intended dose for consumption; so, this study intends to make these results available not only to academic, public health, and national security agencies but also to tourists entering Cartagena de Indias, so that they are aware of what they are consuming and the risks to which they are exposed.
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Doh, Eui Jeong, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Guemsan Lee. "Identification and Monitoring of Amomi Fructus and its Adulterants Based on DNA Barcoding Analysis and Designed DNA Markers." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224193.
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Amomi Fructus is one of the traditional medicines derived from the ripe fruits of the Zingiberaceae family of plants, which include Amomum villosum, A. villosum var. xanthioides, and A. longiligulare. Owing to their highly similar morphological traits, several kinds of adulterants of Amomi Fructus have been reported. Therefore, accurate and reliable methods of identification are necessary in order to ensure drug safety and quality. We performed DNA barcoding using five regions (ITS, matK, rbcL, rpoB, and trnL-F intergenic spacer) of 23 Amomi Fructus samples and 22 adulterants. We designed specific DNA markers for Amomi Fructus based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ITS. Amomi Fructus was well separated from the adulterants and was classified with the species of origin based on the detected SNPs from the DNA barcoding results. The AVF1/ISR DNA marker for A. villosum produced a 270 bases amplified product, while the ALF1/ISF DNA marker produced a 350 bases product specific for A. longiligulare. Using these DNA markers, the monitoring of commercially distributed Amomi Fructus was performed, and the monitoring results were confirmed by ITS analysis. This method identified samples that were from incorrect origins, and a new species of adulterant was also identified. These results confirmed the accuracy and efficiency of the designed DNA markers; this method may be used as an efficient tool for the identification and verification of Amomi Fructus.
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Islam, Md Khairul, Tomislav Sostaric, Lee Yong Lim, Katherine Hammer, and Cornelia Locher. "Sugar Profiling of Honeys for Authentication and Detection of Adulterants Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225289.
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Honey adulteration, where a range of sugar syrups is used to increase bulk volume, is a common problem that has significant negative impacts on the honey industry, both economically and from a consumer confidence perspective. This paper investigates High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for the authentication and detection of sugar adulterants in honey. The sugar composition of various Australian honeys (Manuka, Jarrah, Marri, Karri, Peppermint and White Gum) was first determined to illustrate the variance depending on the floral origin. Two of the honeys (Manuka and Jarrah) were then artificially adulterated with six different sugar syrups (rice, corn, golden, treacle, glucose and maple syrup). The findings demonstrate that HPTLC sugar profiles, in combination with organic extract profiles, can easily detect the sugar adulterants. As major sugars found in honey, the quantification of fructose and glucose, and their concentration ratio can be used to authenticate the honeys. Quantifications of sucrose and maltose can be used to identify the type of syrup adulterant, in particular when used in combination with HPTLC fingerprinting of the organic honey extracts.
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Gordillo Delgado, Fernando, Angela García Salcedo, and Claudia Mejía Morales. "Identificación de adulterantes soya, fríjol y cebada en café tostado y molido utilizando EFA-IRTF." Temas Agrarios 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rta.v17i1.696.
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La detección y cuantificación de sustancias adulterantes en el café son de considerable importancia teniendo en cuenta que algunas características sensoriales y de tamaño de partícula son fácilmente reproducibles con productos como cereales, leguminosas, semillas, raíces y café de mala calidad (pasilla), después del proceso de tostado y molido. En este trabajo se definen las características espectrales del café adulterado con cebada, fríjol y soya utilizando diferentes porcentajes de estos adulterantes, que fueron mezclados con café en polvo de tostión media. Esto se hizo mediante espectroscopia fotoacústica (FA) infrarroja con transformada de Fourier. Las muestras fueron puestas en una celda FA adaptada como accesorio a un espectrofotómetro para hacer las mediciones. A las derivadas de los espectros obtenidos se les aplicó el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) con el fin de estimar el efecto de cada adulterante. Del comportamiento de los espectros y del ACP se determinó que algunas características del café, relacionadas con el contenido de lípidos y carbohidratos, se afectan de manera diferente cuando éste es mezclado con los adulterantes en polvo de acuerdo con la proporción utilizada. Este análisis fortalece la definición de criterios que pueden ser utilizados para discriminar café tostado y molido, de acuerdo con el grado de pureza.
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Jakubíková, Michaela, Jana Sádecká, and Pavel Májek. "Determination of adulterants in adulterant-fruit spirit blends using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy." Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0010.
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Abstract This study introduces a reliable method to detect adulteration of spirit drinks. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to determine the content of water and ethanol in adulterated fruit spirit samples. EEM fluorescence spectra recorded in the emission wavelength range of 315–450 nm and in the excitation wavelength range of 240–305 nm were used for PARAFAC. The model created using PARAFAC-PLS was able to predict the water and ethanol level in adulterated apple spirit with the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 1.9 % and 1.8 %, respectively. Regarding adulterated plum spirit, the RMSEP values of 0.7 % and 3.5 % were obtained for water and ethanol, respectively. The aim of this work was to determine whether EEM-PARAFAC can be used to distinguish between plum and apple spirit. Better results were obtained for apple spirit and the method is useful also for water-apple spirit blends.
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Markechová, Diana, Pavel Májek, Angela Kleinová, and Jana Sádecká. "Determination of the adulterants in adulterant–brandy blends using fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate methods." Anal. Methods 6, no. 2 (2014): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41405a.
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Cebi, Nur. "Quantification of the Geranium Essential Oil, Palmarosa Essential Oil and Phenylethyl Alcohol in Rosa damascena Essential Oil Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081848.
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Rosa damascena essential oil is an essential oil that has the greatest industrial importance due to its unique quality properties. The study used ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics of PLSR (partial least squares regression) and PCR (principal component regression) for quantification of probable adulterants of geranium essential oil (GEO), palmarosa essential oil (PEO) and phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEOH). Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to observe the classification pattern of Rosa damascena essential oil, spiked samples and adulterants. Rosa damascena essential oil was spiked with each adulterant at concentrations of 0–100% (v/v). Excellent R2 (regression coefficient) values (≥0.96) were obtained in all PLSR and PCR cross-validation models. The SECV (standard error of cross-validation) values ranged between 0.43 and 4.15. The lowest SECV and bias values were observed in the PLSR and PCR models, which were built by using the raw FTIR spectra of all samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis through Ward’s algorithm and Euclidian distance had high potential to observe the classification pattern of all adulterated and authentic samples. In conclusion, the combination of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis can be used for rapid, cost-effective, easy, reliable and high-throughput detection of GEO, PEO and PEOH in Rosa damascena essential oil.
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Bonfim Lima, Flávia, Beatriz Da Costa Aguiar Alves, David Feder, Marina Cristina Peres, Glaucia Luciano da Veiga, Edimar Cristiano Pereira, and Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca. "Identification and Quantification by HPLCDAD of Furosemide as a Co-adulterant in Products of Natural Origin." Journal of Natural Remedies 20, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2020/24396.
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The low cost added to easy access and expectation of low or no side effects make these products increasingly attractive. When a product of natural origin contains synthetic substances that are not declared in its formulation, the synthetic substance is characterized as adulteration. In order to identify and quantify adulterants in natural products, analytical methods have been developed and used as fundamental tools in the control of these products. Thus, two products of natural origin indicated for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases were analyzed to verify the presence of the co-adulterant furosemide. Co-adulterant presence in the products was tested using an Agilent® brand 1100 HPLC system with a quaternary pump, an automatic injector and a DAD detector, with a mobile phase composed of methanol/formic acid 0.2% 60/40 (v/v). HPLC-DAD indicates the presence of the undeclared furosemide compound in the original formulation of both analyzed samples. In sample A, 24 mg of furosemide per gram was found, while in sample B, 47mg per gram of product was obtained. The consumption of adulterated products may lead to risks such as drug interaction and intoxication, since active ingredients of synthetic origin are added without taking in consideration adjustments and quality of the raw material.
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Irnawati, S. Riyanto, and A. Rohman. "Adulteration of Gabus (Channa striata) fish oil with corn oil and palm oil: the use of FTIR spectra and chemometrics." Food Research 5, no. 2 (March 14, 2021): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).368.
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The adulteration practice in fats and oils industry can be in the form of addition or substitution high quality oils such as Gabus Fish oil (GFO) with lower price oils. This research highlighted the application of FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibrations and discriminant analysis (DA) for quantitative analysis and classification of oil adulterants of palm oil (PO) and corn oil (CO) in GFO. The methods involved preparation of training/calibration and validation samples, scanning of samples using FTIR spectrophotometer using attenuated total reflectance, development of calibration and validation models for quantitative analysis of oil adulterants assisted with multivariate calibrations and classification between genuine GFO and GFO adulterated with PO and CO using discriminant analysis. The quantitative analysis of PO in ternary mixtures with CO as an adulterant in GFO was carried out using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers of 3200-600 cm-1 assisted with partial least square (PLS), while quantitative analysis of CO in ternary mixture with PO and GFO was performed using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers region of 3200-2700 cm-1 assisted with principle component regression (PCR). The R2 values for the correlation between actual and predicted values of PO and CO in ternary mixtures either in calibration or prediction samples were of > 0.97 with low errors. In addition, DA using the same wavenumbers region as used in the quantitative analysis could classify or discriminate genuine GFO and GFO mixed/adulterated with PO and CO with an accuracy level of 100%. FTIR spectroscopy using suitable wavenumbers region combined with PLS, PCR and DA could be proposed as analytical tools for quantification and classification of oil adulterants in GFO.
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Cheah, Wai Lok, and Mingchih Fang. "HPLC-Based Chemometric Analysis for Coffee Adulteration." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070880.
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Coffee is one of the top ten most adulterated foods. Coffee adulterations are mainly performed by mixing other low-value materials into coffee beans after roasting and grinding, such as spent coffee grounds, maize, soybeans and other grain products. The detection of adulterated coffee by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is recognized as a targeted analytical method, which carbohydrates and other phenolic compounds are usually used as markers. However, the accurate qualitation and quantitation of HPLC analyses are time consuming. This study developed a chemometric analysis or called non-targeted analysis for coffee adulteration. The HPLC chromatograms were obtained by direct injection of liquid coffee into HPLC without sample preparation and the identification of target analytes. The distinction between coffee and adulterated coffee was achieved by statistical method. The HPLC-based chemometric provided more characteristic information (separated compounds) compared to photospectroscopy chemometric which only provide information of functional groups. In this study, green Arabica coffee beans, soybeans and green mung beans were roasted in industrial coffee bean roaster and then ground. Spent coffee ground was dried. Coffee and adulterants were mixed at different ratio before conducting HPLC analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) toward HPLC data (retention time and peak intensity) was able to separate coffee from adulterated coffee. The detection limit of this method was 5%. Two models were built based on PCA data as well. The first model was used to differentiate coffee sample from adulterated coffee. The second model was designed to identify the specific adulterants mixed in the adulterated coffee. Various parameters such as sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), reliability rate (RLR), positive likelihood (+LR) and negative likelihood (−LR) were applied to evaluate the performances of the designed models. The results showed that PCA-based models were able to discriminate pure coffee from adulterated sample (coffee beans adulterated with 5%–60% of soybeans, green mung beans or spent coffee grounds). The SE, SP, RLR, +LR and −LR for the first model were 0.875, 0.938, 0.813, 14.1 and 0.133, respectively. In the second model, it can correctly distinguish the adulterated coffee from the pure coffee. However, it had only about a 30% chance to correctly determine the specific adulterant out of three designed adulterants mixed into coffee. The SE, RLR and −LR were 0.333, 0.333 and 0.667, respectively, for the second model. Therefore, HPLC-based chemometric analysis was able to detect coffee adulteration. It was very reliable on the discrimination of coffee from adulterated coffee. However, it may need more work to tell discern which kind adulterant in the adulterated coffee.
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Vitalis, Flora, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu, Zsanett Bodor, Balkis Aouadi, Géza Hitka, Timea Kaszab, Viktoria Zsom-Muha, Zoltan Gillay, and Zoltan Kovacs. "Detection and Quantification of Tomato Paste Adulteration Using Conventional and Rapid Analytical Methods." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216059.
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Tomato, and its concentrate are important food ingredients with outstanding gastronomic and industrial importance due to their unique organoleptic, dietary, and compositional properties. Various forms of food adulteration are often suspected in the different tomato-based products causing major economic and sometimes even health problems for the farmers, food industry and consumers. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and electronic tongue (e-tongue) have been lauded as advanced, high sensitivity techniques for quality control. The aim of the present research was to detect and predict relatively low concentration of adulterants, such as paprika seed and corn starch (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10%), sucrose and salt (0.5, 1, 2, 5%), in tomato paste using conventional (soluble solid content, consistency) and advanced analytical techniques (NIR spectroscopy, e-tongue). The results obtained with the conventional methods were analyzed with univariate statistics (ANOVA), while the data obtained with advanced analytical methods were analyzed with multivariate methods (Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares regression (PLSR). The conventional methods were only able to detect adulteration at higher concentrations (5–10%). For NIRS and e-tongue, good accuracies were obtained, even in identifying minimal adulterant concentrations (0.5%). Comparatively, NIR spectroscopy proved to be easier to implement and more accurate during our evaluations, when the adulterant contents were estimated with R2 above 0.96 and root mean square error (RMSE) below 1%.
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Andriansyah, Ivan, Hilman Nur Mukhlis Wijaya, and Purwaniati Purwaniati. "ANALISIS ADULTERAN PADA KOPI LUWAK DENGAN METODE Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)." Jurnal Kimia Riset 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v6i1.23397.
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Kopi merupakan bahan minuman yang sangat terkenal bukan hanya di Indonesia melainkan di seluruh dunia, jenis yang sering dijumpai yaitu arabika dan robusta. Tingginya harga dan permintaan kopi banyak produsen memalsukan atau mencampur kopi dengan bahan lain. Adulterasi adalah upaya menambah atau mengganti bahan makanan dengan tujuan memperoleh, sehingga memberikan dampak buruk pada konsumen. Tujuan dari jurnal ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya adulteran pada kopi luwak yang beredar dipasaran. Metode analisis FTIR digunakan untuk membuat pola sidik jari dari ekstrak kopi melalui analisis kemometrik dengan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengukuran spektrum inframerah menggunakan alat FT-IR, pada bilangan gelombang 4000-650cm-1 dan resolusi 4 cm-1. Klasifikasi dari kopi yang diadulteran dengan arabika dan kopi luwak menggunakan data PC-1 dan PC-2 dengan nilai berturut-turut 82% dan 14%. Hasil menunjukkan nilai scores menggunakan PC-1 dan PC-2 sampel kopi A berada dekat kuadran kopi luwak, sampel kopi B berada di antara kuadran kopi arabika (adulteran) dan luwak, dan kopi sampel C berada dekat kuadran arabika (adulteran). Metode FTIR dapat mendeteksi dengan batas deteksi 15% (b/b)
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Alexandre, Karla de Picoli, Flavio Sussumu Yasuda, Luis Carlos Marques, Carolina Passarelli Gonçalves, Rogerio da Silva Veiga, Sonia Mariza Luiz de Oliveira, and Maria Cristina Marcucci. "Guaçatonga - Casearia sylvestris SW - e porangaba - Cordia salicifolia ou Cordia ecalyculata Vell / Boraginaceae - possuem ação no emagrecimento?: https://doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v1i3.34." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 1, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v1i3.34.
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O mercado de plantas medicinais no Brasil, é composto por farmácias, drogarias e ervanarias, e atualmente sem mínima regulamentação em feiras-livres, não estando livre de adulteração e/ou confusão de plantas e espécies. No comércio de plantas as Rubiáceas são habitualmente usadas como adulterantes da Cordia salicifolia Cham. A Casearia sylvestris (guaçatonga) é utilizada como adulterante da Cordia salicifolia (porangaba), a qual é comercializada com suposta ação emagrecedora, aumentando desta forma, a ação antrópica sobre a espécie. No presente trabalho são apresentadas as principais características botânicas, composição química, atividade biológica e terapêutica, além dos usos populares das plantas Casearia sylvestris e Cordia salicifolia. Também é apresentada a segurança de uso das duas plantas em questão. Existem problemas no uso de uma ou de outra planta, tendo-se o agravante do emprego da Casearia sylvestris como adulterante da Cordia salicifolia, a qual é utilizada com suposta ação emagrecedora, existindo controvérsias da sua eficácia para esse fim. A sustentabilidade da fitoterapia depende, dentre outros fatores, da manutenção de um mínimo de qualidade dos produtos, sem criar falsas expectativas, o surgimento de efeitos adversos inesperados e a não produção de efeitos terapêuticos necessários, um conjunto de problemas que acaba depondo contra o próprio mercado de fitoterápicos.
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Mahintamani, Tathagata, Abhishek Ghosh, and Rajeev Jain. "Serious health threats of novel adulterants of the street heroin: a report from India during the COVID-19 pandemic." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 8 (August 2021): e242239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242239.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and a consequent nationwide lockdown in India for several weeks had restricted the access to street heroin and treatment for substance abuse. Use of cutting agents to increase the volume or psychoactive effect has been widely practised under such circumstances. Our patient with opioid use disorder chased heroin with an unknown cutting agent to enhance psychoactive effect from the limited quantities of heroin. He suffered from an abrupt onset sedation, weakness, postural imbalance, slurred speech, cognitive dysfunctions and disinhibited behaviour. Symptoms rapidly reversed following abstinence and initiation of buprenorphine–naloxone. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the adulterant revealed high concentrations of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, alongside the usual cutting agents—caffeine and acetaminophen. Abrupt reduction in availability of ‘street drugs’ in conjunction with poor healthcare access can lead to the use of novel adulterants with potentially serious clinical and public health implications.
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Shiri-Ghaleh, Vida, Mehrdad Moradi, and Kambiz Soltaninejad. "Determination of Common Pharmaceutical Adulterants in Herbal Medicinal Products Used in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v9i4.26310.
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Background: Opioid addiction is a serious and growing global concern. Recently, herbal medicine has been popular for the treatment of opioid abusers worldwide. Unfortunately, the adulteration of herbal remedies with undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals has been reported. In Iran, there are few reports on the adulteration of herbal remedies by synthetic pharmaceuticals sold as opioid addiction treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze herbal products used in opioid addiction treatment for the identification of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in the remedies.Methods: Forty commonly-used handmade herbal products for the treatment of opioid addiction were collected from herbal shops in Kermanshah (western area of Iran). After organoleptic examinations, the samples were prepared and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for detecting probable synthetic pharmaceutical adulterants.Results: The chromatographic analysis of the samples showed that 90% of the products had at least one undeclared pharmaceutical ingredient as an adulterant. The majority of the samples (n=19, 47.5%) had only one undeclared pharmaceutical. Diphenoxylate (n=24, 39.3%), tramadol (n=16, 26.2), methadone (n=8, 13.2%), and the combination of these drugs were reported as common adulterants. We detected the presence of buprenorphine and sildenafil as adulterating agents in the herbal formulations for the first time.Conclusion: According to the presence of undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals in opioid addiction herbal products, as well as their threats to public health, awareness, in this case, is necessary.
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Jiao, Xianzhi, Yaoyong Meng, Kangkang Wang, Wei Huang, Nan Li, and Timon Cheng-Yi Liu. "Rapid Detection of Adulterants in Whey Protein Supplement by Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101889.
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The growing demand for whey protein supplements has made them the target of adulteration with cheap substances. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics was proposed to simultaneously detect and quantify three common adulterants (creatine, l-glutamine and taurine) in whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder. Soft independent modeling class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built based on two spectral regions (400–1800 cm−1 and 500–1100 cm−1) to classify different types of adulterated samples. The most effective was the SIMCA model in 500–1100 cm−1 with an accuracy of 96.9% and an error rate of 5%. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for each adulterant were developed using two different Raman spectral ranges (400–1800 cm−1 and selected specific region) and data pretreatment methods. The determination coefficients (R2) of all models were higher than 0.96. PLSR models based on typical Raman regions (500–1100 cm−1 for creatine and taurine, the combination of range 800–1000 cm−1 and 1300–1500 cm−1 for glutamine) were superior to models in the full spectrum. The lowest root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.21%, 0.33%, 0.42% for creatine, taurine and glutamine, and the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for them were 0.53%, 0.71% and 1.13%, respectively. This proves that Raman spectroscopy with the help of multivariate approaches is a powerful method to detect adulterants in WPC.
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Noh, Pureum, Wook Kim, Sungyu Yang, Inkyu Park, and Byeong Moon. "Authentication of the Herbal Medicine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix Using an ITS Sequence-Based Multiplex SCAR Assay." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092134.
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The accurate identification of plant species is of great concern for the quality control of herbal medicines. The Korean Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China define Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baek-Ji in Korean and Bai-zhi in Chinese) as the dried roots of Angelica dahurica or A. dahurica var. formosana belonging to the family Apiaceae. Discrimination among Angelica species on the basis of morphological characteristics is difficult due to their extremely polymorphic traits and controversial taxonomic history. Furthermore, dried roots processed for medicinal applications are indistinguishable using conventional methods. DNA barcoding is a useful and reliable method for the identification of species. In this study, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in A. dahurica, A. dahurica var. formosana, and the related species A. anomala and A. japonica. Using these sequences, we designed species-specific primers, and developed and optimized a multiplex sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) assay that can simply and rapidly identify respective species, and verify the contamination of adulterant depending on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification without sequencing analysis in a single PCR reaction. This assay successfully identified commercial samples of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix collected from Korean and Chinese herbal markets, and distinguished them from adulterants. This multiplex SCAR assay shows a great potential in reducing the time and cost involved in the identification of genuine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and adulterant contamination.
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K., Sukumaran M., Navya P, and Raju K. "Analysis of Food Adulterants in Selected Food Items Purchased From Local Grocery Stores." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (July 30, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i7.4299.
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Food is one among the basic needs for every living being. Food for human consumption should be in its possible purest form without adulterants and contaminants. The present study focuses on analyzing few selected food items purchased from local grocery stores located in the twin cities of Secunderabad and Hyderabad, Telangana. The extent of different adulterant present in the food items were, edible oil samples, argemone oil (30%), prohibited color (15%), mineral oil (20%), dyes in fat (15%) and castor oil (0%). 20% of ghee samples tested positive for vanaspathi and were negative for mashed potatoes and paraffin wax (0%). Coconut oil tested negative both for any other oil (0%) and turbidity (0%). None of the honey samples tested positive for water (0%). All the jaggery samples tested were negative for sodium bicarbonate (0%). Similar results were obtained in case of curd samples (negative for dalda (0%)). 55% of the common salt samples tested positive for the presence of impurities.
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Olivieri, Bianca, Mark Marić, and Candice Bridge. "Determining the effects of adulterants on drug detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and adulterant tests strips." Drug Testing and Analysis 10, no. 9 (June 11, 2018): 1383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2404.
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Ferreira, Sra Giancotti, Bruno Spinosa de Martinis, Gleici Da silva de Castro Perdoná, and Fabiana Spineti dos Santos. "Investigação de adulterantes em amostras de cocaína apreendidas na região de Araçatuba no período de 2014 a 2015." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v8i1.298.
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A maior parte da cocaína traficada nas ruas apresenta substâncias produto dos processos de obtenção, diluentes adicionados para aumento do lucro, e adulterantes, adicionados para mimetizar ou potencializar os efeitos da droga. Estudos sobre o perfil químico de cocaína apreendida vem sendo explorados em vários países, e com destaque, no Brasil, objetivando não só conhecer o perfil da droga traficada, mas também relacionar características químicas com origens geográficas. Este trabalho investigou os componentes de 92 amostras de cocaína apreendidas na região de Araçatuba, no período de 2014 a 2015 empregando o método de extração líquido-líquido e análise por Cromatografia em fase Gasosa acoplada a detector por Espectrometria de Massas, em que foram detectados os adulterantes cafeína, lidocaína, fenacetina, levamisol, carisoprodol, aminopirina, benzocaína metotrimeprazina e cloridrato de cetamina. Também foram identificados os alcaloides éster de metilecgonidina, cinamoilcocaínas e norcocaína. A maior parte das amostras estava adulterada e apresentou o éster de metilecgonidina, substância formada a partir da degradação térmica da cocaína. Foram elaborados mapas georreferenciados baseados nos sítios das apreensões das amostras, em que se pode visualizar três principais núcleos de densidade de apreensões, localizados na cidade de Araçatuba.AbstractMost of street cocaine has substances derived from the processes of production, diluents added to increase profits, and adulterants added to mimic or potentiate the effects of the drug. Studies on the chemical profile and geographical origins of the seized cocaine have been explored in several countries, including Brazil. This work investigated the compounds present in 92 cocaine samples seized in the region of Araçatuba city, from 2014 to 2015 using the method of liquid-liquid extraction and analysis by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry detector, in which were detected the adulterants caffeine, lidocaine, phenacetin, levamisole, carisoprodol, aminopyrine, benzocaine metotrimeprazine and ketamine hydrochloride. The alkaloids ecgonidine methyl ester, cinnamoylcocaines and norcocaine were also identified. Most of the samples were adulterated and presented ecgonidine methyl ester, a substance formed from the thermal degradation of cocaine. Georeferenced maps were made based on the sample seizure sites, showing the presence of three main hotspots in the city of Araçatuba.
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Li, Xiaolei, Weiping Zeng, Jing Liao, Zhenbiao Liang, Shuhua Huang, and Zhi Chao. "DNA Barcode-Based PCR-RFLP and Diagnostic PCR for Authentication of Jinqian Baihua She (Bungarus Parvus)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/402820.
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We established polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and diagnostic PCR based on cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes ofBungarus multicinctus, genuine Jinqian Baihua She (JBS), and adulterant snake species. The PCR-RFLP system utilizes the specific restriction sites ofSpeI andBstEII in the COI sequence ofB. multicinctusto allow its cleavage into 3 fragments (120 bp, 230 bp, and 340 bp); the COI sequences of the adulterants do not contain these restriction sites and therefore remained intact after digestion withSpeI andBstEII (except for that ofZaocys dhumnades, which could be cleaved into a 120 bp and a 570 bp fragment). For diagnostic PCR, a pair of species-specific primers (COI37 and COI337) was designed to amplify a specific 300 bp amplicon from the genomic DNA ofB. multicinctus; no such amplicons were found in other allied species. We tested the two methods using 11 commercial JBS samples, and the results demonstrated that barcode-based PCR-RFLP and diagnostic PCR both allowed effective and accurate authentication of JBS.
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Chen, Xiaoyun, Yi Ji, Kai Li, Xiaofu Wang, Cheng Peng, Xiaoli Xu, Xinwu Pei, Junfeng Xu, and Liang Li. "Development of a Duck Genomic Reference Material by Digital PCR Platforms for the Detection of Meat Adulteration." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081890.
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Low-cost meat, such as duck, is frequently used to adulterate more expensive foods like lamb or beef in many countries. However, the lack of DNA-based reference materials has limited the quality control and detection of adulterants. Here, we report the development and validation of duck genomic DNA certified reference materials (CRMs) through the detection of the duck interleukin 2 (IL2) gene by digital PCR (dPCR) for the identification of duck meat in food products. The certified value of IL2 in CRMs was 5.78 ± 0.51 × 103 copies/μL with extended uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) based on IL2 quantification by eight independent collaborating laboratories. Quantification of the mitochondrial gene cytb revealed a concentration of 2.0 × 106 copies/μL, as an information value. The CRMs were also used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) for six commercial testing kits, which confirmed that these kits meet or exceed their claimed sensitivity and are reliable for duck detection.
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Kudva, Indira T., Eben R. Oosthuysen, Bryan Wheeler, and Clint A. Loest. "Evaluation of Cattle for Naturally Colonized Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Requires Combinatorial Strategies." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (April 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673202.
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O157, O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O45 are designated as food adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service. Cattle are the primary reservoir of these human pathogens. In this study, 59 Angus crossbred heifers were tested specifically for these seven STEC serogroups using a combination of standard culture, serological, PCR, and cell cytotoxicity methods to determine if comparable results would be obtained. At the time of fecal sampling, the animals were approximately 2 years old and weighed 1000–1200 lbs. The diet comprised of 37% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground Sudan hay, and 38% ground corn supplemented with trace minerals and rumensin with ad libitum access to water. Non-O157 STEC were isolated from 25% (15/59) of the animals tested using a combination of EC broth, CHROMagar STECTM, and Rainbow Agar O157. Interestingly, the O157 serogroup was not isolated from any of the animals. Non-O157 STEC isolates were confirmed to be one of the six adulterant serogroups by serology and/or colony PCR in 10/15 animals with the predominant viable, serogroup being O103. PCR using DNA extracted from feces verified most of the colony PCR results but also identified additional virulence and O-antigen genes from samples with no correlating culture results. Shiga toxin- (Stx-) related cytopathic effects on Vero cells with fecal extracts from 55/59 animals could only be associated with the Stx gene profiles obtained by fecal DNA PCR and not culture results. The differences between culture versus fecal DNA PCR and cytotoxicity assay results suggest that the latter two assays reflect the presence of nonviable STEC or infection with STEC not belonging to the seven adulterant serogroups. This study further supports the use of combinatorial culture, serology, and PCR methods to isolate viable STEC that pose a greater food safety threat.
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Khobragade, P. "PRELIMINARY COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF GENUINE AND ADULTERANT RAW MATERIAL IN ATIVISHA (ACONITUMHETEROPHYLLUM WALL. EX ROYLE)." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 3051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i3.1157.
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Ativisha consists of the dried tuberous root of the aconitum heterophyllum wall. ex royle of ranunculaceae family. a perennial herb native and endemic to western himalayas. it is popular drug that is extensively used in ayurvedic pediatric medicine, specially used in respiratory disorders, fever, diarrhoea and vomiting in children. the fact that the suppliers of crude herbal materials are mostly traders having limited knowledge of their true identity. due to unavailability and high cost, they use their substitutes and adulterants in order to get more and more benefits. children's being more vulnerable, special care has to be taken in selecting the drugs. this paper includes preliminary pharmacognostical but very important aspects to ensure the standard and quality assurance of the raw drug of ativisha. preliminary comparative pharmacognostic study of genuine and adulterant raw material in ativisha. here the sample genuine ativisha with both small and big sized starch grains and taste is bitter followed by salivation in the mouth it may official ativisha. where the other sample with big starch grains with sweet taste may be an adulterated market sample sold under the name of ativisha.
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Wu, Nao, Stéphane Balayssac, Saïda Danoun, Myriam Malet-Martino, and Véronique Gilard. "Chemometric Analysis of Low-field 1H NMR Spectra for Unveiling Adulteration of Slimming Dietary Supplements by Pharmaceutical Compounds." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051193.
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The recent introduction of compact or low-field (LF) NMR spectrometers that use permanent magnets, giving rise to proton (1H) NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz, have opened up new areas of application. The two main limitations of the technique are its insensitivity and poor spectral resolution. However, this study demonstrates that the chemometric treatment of LF 1H NMR spectral data is suitable for unveiling medicines as adulterants of slimming dietary supplements (DS). To this aim, 66 DS were analyzed with LF 1H NMR after quick and easy sample preparation. A first PLS-DA model built with the LF 1H NMR spectra from forty DS belonging to two classes of weight-loss DS (non-adulterated, and sibutramine or phenolphthalein-adulterated) led to the classification of 13 newly purchased test samples as natural, adulterated or borderline. This classification was further refined when the model was made from the same 40 DS now considered as representing three classes of DS (non-adulterated, sibutramine-adulterated, and phenolphthalein-adulterated). The adulterant (sibutramine or phenolphthalein) was correctly predicted as confirmed by the examination of the 1H NMR spectra. A limitation of the chemometric approach is discussed with the example of two atypical weight-loss DS containing fluoxetine or raspberry ketone.
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Zinia Zaukuu, John-Lewis, Balkis Aouadi, Mátyás Lukács, Zsanett Bodor, Flóra Vitális, Biborka Gillay, Zoltan Gillay, László Friedrich, and Zoltan Kovacs. "Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112522.
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Nitrogen-rich adulterants in protein powders present sensitivity challenges to conventional combustion methods of protein determination which can be overcome by near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a rapid analytical method with high sensitivity and non-invasive advantages. This study developed robust models using benchtop and handheld spectrometers to predict low concentrations of urea, glycine, taurine, and melamine in whey protein powder (WPP). Effectiveness of scanning samples through optical glass and polyethylene bags was also tested for the handheld NIRS. WPP was adulterated up to six concentration levels from 0.5% to 3% w/w. The two spectrometers were used to obtain three datasets of 819 diffuse reflectance spectra each that were pretreated before linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and regression (PLSR). Pretreatment was effective and revealed important absorption bands that could be correlated with the chemical properties of the mixtures. Benchtop NIR spectrometer showed the best results in LDA and PLSR but handheld NIR spectrometers showed comparatively good results. There were high prediction accuracies and low errors attesting to the robustness of the developed PLSR models using independent test set validation. Both the plastic bag and optical glass gave good results with accuracies depending on the adulterant of interest and can be used for field applications.
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De Carvalho dos Anjos, Virgilio. "Mid Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis Evaluation of Adulteration in Whey Protein Powder." QUARKS: Brazilian Electronic Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Materials Science 2, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2674-9688.2020.v2.29759.
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Mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy was combined with multivariate approaches Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to assess modifications in spectral profile of whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder due to changes in formulation level using caffeine, creatine and lactose, simulating fraud. Adulterations were made by replacing WPC in different levels from 5 to 50% (w/w - 5% steps) with three adulterants in separate. The spectra comparison of the samples allowed the identification of peaks associated to characteristic chemical bonds of each adulterant. PCA was carried out and 89% of the total variability of the spectral data was explained by three principal components, which allowed the confirmation of variables influencing each sample mixture and validating the spectral observations. Above 20% decrease in WPC content (20% adulteration), it was possible to differentiate all the three substances used. Predictions of percentage of WPC substitution were made through PLS regressions. The best prediction models were: lactose > creatine > caffeine. However, predictions resulted in overall good accuracy, low relative errors and coefficients of determination of fitting of calibration and validation curves above 0.97 in all cases. Therefore, techniques employed here aid the quality assessment of food products as alternative analytical tools.
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Truzzi, Eleonora, Lucia Marchetti, Stefania Benvenuti, Valeria Righi, Maria Cecilia Rossi, Vito Gallo, and Davide Bertelli. "A Novel qNMR Application for the Quantification of Vegetable Oils Used as Adulterants in Essential Oils." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185439.
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Essential oils (EOs) are more and more frequently adulterated due to their wide usage and large profit, for this reason accurate and precise authentication techniques are essential. This work aims at the application of qNMR as a versatile tool for the quantification of vegetable oils potentially usable as adulterants or diluents in EOs. This approach is based on the quantification of both 1H and 13C glycerol backbone signals, which are actually present in each vegetable oil containing triglycerides. For the validation, binary mixtures of rosemary EO and corn oil (0.8–50%) were prepared. To verify the general feasibility of this technique, other different mixtures including lavender, citronella, orange and peanut, almond, sunflower, and soy seed oils were analyzed. The results showed that the efficacy of this approach does not depend on the specific combination of EO and vegetable oil, ensuring its versatility. The method was able to determine the adulterant, with a mean accuracy of 91.81 and 89.77% for calculations made on 1H and 13C spectra, respectively. The high precision and accuracy here observed, make 1H-qNMR competitive with other well-established techniques. Considering the current importance of quality control of EOs to avoid fraudulent practices, this work can be considered pioneering and promising.
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Varnasseri, Mehrvash, Howbeer Muhamadali, Yun Xu, Paul I. C. Richardson, Nick Byrd, David I. Ellis, Pavel Matousek, and Royston Goodacre. "Portable through Bottle SORS for the Authentication of Extra Virgin Olive Oil." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 8347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188347.
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The authenticity of olive oil has been a significant long-term challenge. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the most desirable of these products and commands a high price, thus unscrupulous individuals often alter its quality by adulteration with a lower grade oil. Most analytical methods employed for the detection of food adulteration require sample collection and transportation to a central laboratory for analysis. We explore the use of portable conventional Raman and spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) technologies as non-destructive approaches to assess the adulteration status of EVOO quantitatively and for SORS directly through the original container, which means that after analysis the bottle is intact and the oil would still be fit for use. Three sample sets were generated, each with a different adulterant and varying levels of chemical similarity to EVOO. These included EVOO mixed with sunflower oil, pomace olive oil, or refined olive oil. Authentic EVOO samples were stretched/diluted from 0% to 100% with these adulterants and measured using two handheld Raman spectrometers (excitation at 785 or 1064 nm) and handheld SORS (830 nm). The PCA scores plots displayed clear trends which could be related to the level of adulteration for all three mixtures. Conventional Raman (at 785 or 1064 nm) and SORS (at 830 nm with a single spatial offset) conducted in sample vial mode resulted in prediction errors for the test set data ranging from 1.9–4.2% for sunflower oil, 6.5–10.7% for pomace olive oil and 8.0–12.8% for refined olive oil; with the limit of detection (LOD) typically being 3–12% of the adulterant. Container analysis using SORS produced very similar results: 1.4% for sunflower, 4.9% for pomace, and 10.1% for refined olive oil, with similar LODs ranging from 2–14%. It can be concluded that Raman spectroscopy, including through-container analysis using SORS, has significant potential as a rapid and accurate analytical method for the non-destructive detection of adulteration of extra virgin olive oil.
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Everstine, Karen, Eileen Abt, Diane McColl, Bert Popping, Sara Morrison-Rowe, Richard W. Lane, Joseph Scimeca, et al. "Development of a Hazard Classification Scheme for Substances Used in the Fraudulent Adulteration of Foods." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-173.
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ABSTRACT Food fraud, the intentional misrepresentation of the true identity of a food product or ingredient for economic gain, is a threat to consumer confidence and public health and has received increased attention from both regulators and the food industry. Following updates to food safety certification standards and publication of new U.S. regulatory requirements, we undertook a project to (i) develop a scheme to classify food fraud–related adulterants based on their potential health hazard and (ii) apply this scheme to the adulterants in a database of 2,970 food fraud records. The classification scheme was developed by a panel of experts in food safety and toxicology from the food industry, academia, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Categories and subcategories were created through an iterative process of proposal, review, and validation using a subset of substances known to be associated with the fraudulent adulteration of foods. Once developed, the scheme was applied to the adulterants in the database. The resulting scheme included three broad categories: 1, potentially hazardous adulterants; 2, adulterants that are unlikely to be hazardous; and 3, unclassifiable adulterants. Categories 1 and 2 consisted of seven subcategories intended to further define the range of hazard potential for adulterants. Application of the scheme to the 1,294 adulterants in the database resulted in 45% of adulterants classified in category 1 (potentially hazardous). Twenty-seven percent of the 1,294 adulterants had a history of causing consumer illness or death, were associated with safety-related regulatory action, or were classified as allergens. These results reinforce the importance of including a consideration of food fraud–related adulterants in food safety systems. This classification scheme supports food fraud mitigation efforts and hazard identification as required in the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act Preventive Controls Rules.
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Taylan, Osman, Nur Cebi, and Osman Sagdic. "Rapid Screening of Mentha spicata Essential Oil and L-Menthol in Mentha piperita Essential Oil by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Analyses." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020202.
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Mentha piperita essential oil (EO) has high economic importance because of its wide usage area and health-beneficial properties. Besides health-beneficial properties, Mentha piperita EO has great importance in the flavor and food industries because of its unique sensory and quality properties. High-valued essential oils are prone to being adulterated with economic motivations. This kind of adulteration deteriorates the quality of authentic essential oil, injures the consumers, and causes negative effects on the whole supply chain from producer to the consumer. The current research used fast, economic, robust, reliable, and effective ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled chemometrics of hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) for monitoring of Mentha spicata EO and L-menthol adulteration in Mentha piperita EOs. Adulterant contents (Mentha spicata and L-menthol) were successfully calculated using PLSR and PCR models. Standard error of the cross-validation SECV values changed between 0.06 and 2.14. Additionally, bias and press values showed alteration between 0.06 and1.43 and 0.03 and 41.15, respectively. Authentic Mentha piperita was successfully distinguished from adulterated samples, Mentha spicata and L-menthol, by HCA and PCA analysis. The results showed that attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics could be effectively used for monitoring various adulterants in essential oils.
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Schauben, Jay L. "Adulterants and Substitutes." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 8, no. 3 (August 1990): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30262-5.
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Galvin-King, Pamela, Simon A. Haughey, and Christopher T. Elliott. "The Detection of Substitution Adulteration of Paprika with Spent Paprika by the Application of Molecular Spectroscopy Tools." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070944.
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The spice paprika (Capsicum annuum and frutescens) is used in a wide variety of cooking methods as well as seasonings and sauces. The oil, paprika oleoresin, is a valuable product; however, once removed from paprika, the remaining spent product can be used to adulterate paprika. Near-infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were the platforms selected for the development of methods to detect paprika adulteration in conjunction with chemometrics. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), a supervised technique, was used to develop the chemometric models, and the measurement of fit (R2) and measurement of prediction (Q2) values were 0.853 and 0.819, respectively, for the NIR method and 0.943 and 0.898 respectively for the FTIR method. An external validation set was tested against the model, and a receiver operating curve (ROC) was created. The area under the curve (AUC) for both methods was highly accurate at 0.951 (NIR) and 0.907 (FTIR). The levels of adulteration with 100% correct classification were 50–90% (NIR) and 40–90% (FTIR). Sudan I dye is a commonly used adulterant in paprika; however, in this study it was found that this dye had no effect on the outcome of the result for spent material adulteration.
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Emawati, Emma, Yesinta Yesinta, Anan Niazi Usman, and Aiyi Asnawi. "Deteksi Adulteran dalam Sediaan Jamu Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) Menggunakan Metode Analisis Sidikjari KLT Video Densitometri." PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pharmacy.v15i2.3411.
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Temu hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa Rox.) merupakan salah satu jenis temu-temuan dari suku Zingiberacea, memiliki khasiat antara lain sebagai penambah nafsu makan, membersihkan setelah melahirkan, batuk berdahak, sesak nafas, dan penyakit kulit. Banyaknya khasiat dari temu hitam menyebabkan temu hitam sering di konsumsi dalam bentuk sediaan jamu instan. Namun kurangnya kontrol kualitas standar dari obat herbal mengakibatkan banyaknya kecurangan dalam pembuatan sediaan jamu. Kromatografi sidik jari dengan KLT video densitometri dapat memberikan informasi mengenai integritas, kesamaan, dan perbedaan komponen kimia dalam ekstrak atau produk herbal yang diteliti dengan cepat dan mudah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) video densitometri sidikjari dan analisis PCA untuk menguji keaslian sediaan jamu temu hitam. Determinasi ekstrak dan sediaan jamu temu hitam dilakukan menggunakan metode KLT video densitometri yang tervalidasi dengan komposisi fasa gerak adalah campuran n-heksana : etil asetat (3:1,5; v/v) dan silika gel 60 GF254 sebagai fasa diam. Adulteran yang digunakan adalah kunyit (Curcuma longa). Pendeteksian menggunakan pereaksi anisaldehida sedangkan perekaman bercak menggunakan kamera mirrorless dan bercak di transformasi menggunakan software TLC analyzer. Analisis Principal component analysis (PCA) menggunakan metode kemometrik dengan menghasilkan data berupa score dan loading. Terdapat pola data PCA dari ekstrak temu hitam terhadap kunyit dalam kelompok masing-masing. Hasil dari ketiga produk temu hitam instan yang diuji, dua produk tidak mengandung adulteran kunyit karena memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan temu dan satu produk tidak mengandung temu hitam dan kunyit. Profil KLT video densitometri sidikjari dipetakan dengan principal component analysis (PCA) menggunakan variabel Rf telah berhasil mengidentifikasi keaslian sediaan bubuk temu hitam murni terhadap adulterasi dengan kunyit.
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Galacci, Raymond R. "Microscopic Detection and Identification of Various Substitute Vegetable Tissues in Ground Horseradish." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 4 (July 1, 1989): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.4.619.
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Abstract Turnip root, parsnip root, potato tuber, and corn kernels have been used as adulterants in the preparation of horseradish sauce and horseradish powder. The diagnostic histological features of horseradish root and its known adulterants are described and illustrated as viewed through a polarizing microscope with cross polars and a first order red plate. A procedure which can be used to detect any of the known adulterants in horseradish is described. The adaptation of a previously reported semiquantitative method is also discussed.
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Moonajilin, M. Sabrina, M. Saiful Islam, and Ratna Paul. "A study on milk adulteration of Savar Upazila in Bangladesh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184554.
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Background: Milk adulteration has become a serious concern. Some of the adulterants in milk have serious adverse health effects. This study was designed to assess consumer awareness about milk and determine formalin and melamine in milk.Methods: The study involved a laboratory-based investigation and a survey was conducted to assess consumer awareness about milk adulteration from January 2018 to June 2018. Total 10 samples were collected from local market purposively. 2 adulteration tests were conducted to detect formalin and melamine in samples. 10 brands of milk from 8 companies were collected from different markets of Savar and tested at BCSIR as per Bangladesh Standards. On the other hand; a survey was conducted to assess consumer awareness about milk adulteration. A pre tested semi structured questionnaire, was used to collect the information. Statistical analysis was done by using Excel.Results: We found the concentration of formaldehyde and melamine in all 10 analyzed products below the level of detection. The majority (55.9%) of the respondents knew that there is a law in the country that deals with milk adulteration; among them 41.7% thought that the reduced mobile court activity is reason for unchanged milk adulteration situation and insufficient penalty is also a major factor (45%). Only (55.9%) respondents consider water is main milk adulterant and 31.8% know about Chemicals. The majority of the respondents 87.8% strongly agreed that milk adulteration has harmful effects on health.Conclusions: These findings may be helpful for the concerned government regulatory bodies to monitor the quality of the commercial milk in the market.
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Delás, J., M. Aguas, D. Iannello, I. Javier, O. Díaz, and B. Eguileor. "Cocaine and heroin adulterants." European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 19, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 217.2–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000074.347.
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