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1
Ribeiro, Marcelo, Alisson Paulino Trevizol, Rosana Frajzinger, Ariadne Ribeiro, Hannelore Speierl, Luciana Pires, Maristela Andraus, et al. "Adulterants in crack cocaine in Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 2 (June 2019): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0143.
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Abstract Introduction Brazil is the world’s biggest consumer of crack cocaine, and dependence is a major public health issue. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of potentially harmful adulterants present in hair samples from Brazilian patients with crack cocaine dependence. Method We evaluated adulterants in hair samples extracted by convenience from 100 patients admitted at the 48 hour-observation unit of Centro de Referência de Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Brazil’s largest center for addiction treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the data obtained. Results Adulterants were found in 97% of the analyzed hair samples. The most prevalent adulterant was lidocaine (92%), followed by phenacetin (69%) and levamisole (31%). Conclusion Adulterants were widely prevalent in hair samples from crack users treated at CRATOD: at least one adulterant was present in virtually all the hair samples collected. This points to a need to monitor adverse effects in the clinical setting in order to provide this high-risk group of patients with prompt and effective care related to the acute and chronic complications associated with these adulterants.
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León, Lorenzo, J. Daniel Kelly, and Gerard Downey. "Detection of Apple Juice Adulteration Using Near-Infrared Transflectance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 5 (May 2005): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702053945921.
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Near-infrared transflectance spectroscopy was used to detect adulteration of apple juice samples. A total of 150 apple samples from 19 different varieties were collected in two consecutive years from orchards throughout the main cultivation areas in Ireland. Adulterant samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40% w/w were prepared using two types of adulterants: a high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) with 45% fructose and 55% glucose, and a sugars solution (SUGARS) made with 60% fructose, 25% glucose, and 15% sucrose (the average content of these sugars in apple juice). The results show that NIR analysis can be used to predict adulteration of apple juices by added sugars with a detection limit of 9.5% for samples adulterated with HFCS, 18.5% for samples adulterated with SUGARS, and 17% for the combined (HFCS + SUGARS) adulterants. Discriminant partial least squares (PLS) regression can detect authentic apple juice with an accuracy of 86–100% and adulterant apple juice with an accuracy of 91–100% depending on the adulterant type and level of adulteration considered. This method could provide a rapid screening technique for the detection of this type of apple juice adulteration, although further work is required to demonstrate model robustness.
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Ahmmed, Fatema, Daniel P. Killeen, Keith C. Gordon, and Sara J. Fraser-Miller. "Rapid Quantitation of Adulterants in Premium Marine Oils by Raman and IR Spectroscopy: A Data Fusion Approach." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144534.
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This study uses Raman and IR spectroscopic methods for the detection of adulterants in marine oils. These techniques are used individually and as low-level fused spectroscopic data sets. We used cod liver oil (CLO) and salmon oil (SO) as the valuable marine oils mixed with common adulterants, such as palm oil (PO), omega-3 concentrates in ethyl ester form (O3C), and generic fish oil (FO). We showed that support vector machines (SVM) can classify the adulterant present in both CLO and SO samples. Furthermore, partial least squares regression (PLSR) may be used to quantify the adulterants present. For example, PO and O3C adulterated samples could be detected with a RMSEP value less than 4%. However, the FO adulterant was more difficult to quantify because of its compositional similarity to CLO and SO. In general, data fusion improved the RMSEP for PO and O3C detection. This shows that Raman and IR spectroscopy can be used in concert to provide a useful analytical test for common adulterants in CLO and SO.
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Fakhri, Sajad, Bahareh Mohammadi, Ronak Jalili, Marziyeh Hajialyani, and Gholamreza Bahrami. "SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC ADULTERANTS IN SLIMMING PRODUCTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.22516.
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Objective: The presence of synthetic drugs (as adulterant) in slimming herbal products of world markets has contravened the country’s law and has created many troubles for some consumers of slimming products. This study aims to use a simple and reliable method for simultaneously finding and validating the presence of possible adulterants in some slimming products, which could not be discriminated due to misleading packaging.Method: Fifteen slimming products were obtained from the Iran pharmaceutical markets. Liquid chromatography-ultraviolet and LC-mass spectrometry methods were performed for simultaneous screening and confirmation of adulterants.Results: The most abundant adulterant was Phenolphthalein, which has been used in 11 cases of the 15 slimming products. Furthermore, 5 products included caffeine, two included phendimetrazine, and two included protriptyline.Conclusion: The performed method was successful in detection of different adulterants. According to the presence of synthetic drugs in slimming herbal products, and their threats to people’s health it is necessary to create awareness in this case through public authorities.
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Krause, Andre, Yu Wu, Runtao Tian, and Teris van Beek. "Is Low-field NMR a Complementary Tool to GC-MS in Quality Control of Essential Oils? A Case Study: Patchouli Essential Oil." Planta Medica 84, no. 12/13 (April 24, 2018): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0605-3967.
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AbstractHigh-field NMR is an expensive and important quality control technique. In recent years, cheaper and simpler low-field NMR has become available as a new quality control technique. In this study, 60 MHz 1H-NMR was compared with GC-MS and refractometry for the detection of adulteration of essential oils, taking patchouli essential oil as a test case. Patchouli essential oil is frequently adulterated, even today. In total, 75 genuine patchouli essential oils, 10 commercial patchouli essential oils, 10 other essential oils, 17 adulterants, and 1 patchouli essential oil, spiked at 20% with those adulterants, were measured. Visual inspection of the NMR spectra allowed for easy detection of 14 adulterants, while gurjun and copaiba balsams proved difficult and one adulterant could not be detected. NMR spectra of 10 random essential oils differed not only strongly from patchouli essential oil but also from one another, suggesting that fingerprinting by low-field NMR is not limited to patchouli essential oil. Automated chemometric evaluation of NMR spectra was possible by similarity analysis (Mahalanobis distance) based on the integration from 0.1 – 8.1 ppm in 0.01 ppm increments. Good quality patchouli essential oils were recognised as well as 15 of 17 deliberate adulterations. Visual qualitative inspection by GC-MS allowed for the detection of all volatile adulterants. Nonvolatile adulterants, and all but one volatile adulterant, could be detected by semiquantitation. Different chemometric approaches showed satisfactory results. Similarity analyses were difficult with nonvolatile adulterants. Refractive index measurements could detect only 8 of 17 adulterants. Due to advantages such as simplicity, rapidity, reproducibility, and ability to detect nonvolatile adulterants, 60 MHz 1H-NMR is complimentary to GC-MS for quality control of essential oils.
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Mikkelsen, S. L., and K. O. Ash. "Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.11.2333.
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Abstract Illicit-drug users may attempt to falsify results by in vitro adulteration of specimens. We investigated eight additives (NaCl, Visine, handsoap, Drano, bleach, vinegar, golden-seal tea, and lemon juice) claimed by drug users to invalidate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) drug assays. We also analyzed adulterated urine specimens to determine if they could be identified, adding adulterants at several concentrations to 222 EIA-positive specimens confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to contain illicit drugs. To identify adulterated urines, we monitored pH, relative density, and urine color and turbidity at adulterant concentrations that falsified EIA results. Specimens contaminated with NaCl had relative densities greater than 1.035. Liquid Drano, bleach, and vinegar shifted urine pH outside the physiological range. Golden-seal tea caused a dark appearance, and specimens containing liquid soap were unusually cloudy. Lemon juice had no effect on the assays. Visine was the only adulterant not detected. The adulterants interfered somewhat differently with each of the drug assays. EIA assays for illicit drugs can be invalidated by specimen adulteration producing false-negative results. Therefore, if urine drug testing is to be conducted, pH, relative density, and appearance should be assessed and suspect specimens should be rejected. Not all adulterants can be detected, so observed collection is strongly recommended.
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Sabatino, Leonardo, Monica Scordino, Maria Gargano, Adalgisa Belligno, Pasqualino Traulo, and Giacomo Gagliano. "HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS Evaluation of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Adulteration." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 12 (December 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601220.
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The present study evaluated the reliability of the ISO/TS 3632-2 UV-Vis spectrometric method for saffron classification, making experiments on saffron samples to which were added increasing concentrations of common saffron spice adulterants (safflower, marigold and turmeric). The results showed that the ISO/TS 3632-2 method is not able to detect addition of up to 10-20%, w/w, of saffron adulterants. For additions from 20 to 50%, w/w, of the three adulterants, saffron was classified in a wrong category; addition of higher than 50%, w/w, determined variations in the investigated parameters that did not allow identification of the product as “saffron”. In all cases, the method did not permit the recognition of the nature of the adulterant. On the contrary, the specificity of the HPLC/PDA/MS technique allowed the unequivocal identification of adulterant characteristic marker molecules that could be recognized by the values of absorbance and mass. The selection of characteristic ions of each marker molecule has revealed concentrations of up to 5%, w/w, for safflower and marigold and up to 2% for turmeric. In addition, the high dyeing power of turmeric allowed the determination of 2%, w/w, addition using exclusively the HPLC/PDA technique.
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Muttaqin, Fauzan Zein, Hana Hasanah Mahmudah, and Aiyi Asnawi. "Detection of adulterants in white pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) using thin layer chromatography fingerprint analysis." Pharmacy Education 23, no. 2 (June 9, 2023): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.232.248252.
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Background: In the production of instant pepper powder, some manufacturers add adulterants to the pepper powder. Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of corn added in instant white pepper products in the market. Method: The TLC Fingerprint analysis was used. Fingerprints were made using white pepper from three regions in Indonesia: Tasikmalaya, Kalimantan, and Bangka. The corn used as the adulterant came from three regions in Indonesia: West Java, Central Java, and Kalimantan. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method, where 96% ethanol was used as the solvent. TLC patterns were made and visualised under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Chromatogram analysis was performed. Result: Loading PC-2 against PC-1 in PCA with an eigen value of 931.54 indicated the loading score of white pepper was clustered in quadrants 2 and 3, while that of the corn adulterant in quadrants 1 and 4. Discussion:The sample projection on the PCA system used showed that samples A and C are distributed between quadrants 1-2 and 3-4, while sample B is distributed in quadrant 2. Conclusion: Based on the loading results of PC-2 against PC-1, samples A and C contained corn adulterants, while sample B contained other adulterants.
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Balaji, Raju, and Madasamy Parani. "DNA Barcoding of the Market Samples of Single-Drug Herbal Powders Reveals Adulteration with Taxonomically Unrelated Plant Species." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060495.
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Herbal drugs are increasingly becoming a viable alternative to allopathic medicine. Since powdered herbal drugs are more prone to adulteration than intact plant parts, their authentication becomes essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal drugs. This study authenticated 107 single-drug herbal powders, representing 65 species from 60 genera and 35 families, collected from the markets in Tamil Nadu, India. DNA barcoding using the rbcL marker revealed that 58 samples (54%) were authentic, and 49 (46%) were adulterant. About 41% of the adulterant samples were a mixture of more than one species, possibly due to unintentional cross-contamination during processing. In 59% of the adulterant samples, the authentic species was entirely substituted with taxonomically and medicinally unrelated species, 72% of which belonged to different orders and families, while 28% were from other genera. Despite the taxonomic diversity, 20% of adulterant spe, cies had a morphological resemblance to the authentic species. It is not known whether their use as adulterants is intentional. In a detailed study on DNA barcoding of 17 powder samples from Ocimum tenuiflorum, 88% of the samples were authentic. These results indicate that the extent of adulteration is not high in all the species. Approximately, 95% of the samples collected for this study were produced by companies with limited resources and expertise in the unorganized sector. Hence, training them on species identification and providing simple and cost-effective authentication tools will likely reduce adulteration in the market samples.
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Borková, M., and J. Snášelová. "Possibilities of different animal milk detection in milk and dairy products – a review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 2 (November 15, 2011): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3371-cjfs.
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Adulteration of milk and dairy products with different types of milk, other than declared, presents a big problem for food monitoring. The evidence of milk adulteration is a difficult task considering similar compositions of various types of milk. The presented review is therefore focused on the study of the composition of milk from different animal species. The aim is to find a useful marker component for the adulterant detection. The analysis of milk proteins is a suitable solution of this problem. The techniques used for research in this area were also studied. As prospective techniques, immunological techniques and techniques based on DNA analysis are especially considered. The first ones are able to determine 0.5% of different milk adulterant, and the second ones even as little as 0.1%. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is successfully applied in the quantitative analysis of individual milk adulterants in samples. The most frequent adulteration of ewe and goat milk is its replacement with less expensive and more plentiful bovine milk. Not so typical adulteration is the presence of goat milk in ewe milk or the detection of bovine milk as adulterant in buffalo mozzarella cheese.
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Puspita, Ika, Fredy Kurniawan, Agus Muhamad Hatta, and Sekartedjo Koentjoro. "U-bent Plastic Optical Fiber for Lard Adulteration Sensor in Edible Oil." Halal Research Journal 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j22759970.v1i1.6.
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A plastic optical fiber with the structure of U-bent was utilized as a sensor to detect lard adulterants in olive oil. The macro bending was formed on the plastic optical fiber with a bending radius of 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm. The output spectra and intensity were measured to detect the existence of lard substance in olive oil. The U-bent plastic optical fiber sensor with a bending radius of 12.5 mm has the optimum performance to detect the lard adulterant substance in olive oil. It has a sensitivity of 4.6 a.u/% with 855 nm LED source and 10.07 a.u/% with 940 nm LED source in intensity-based measurement and 0.50 nm/% in spectrum-based measurement. The proposed sensor is the potential to give rapid detection on lard adulterant in edible oil.
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Lee, Shiou Yih, Dhilia Udie Lamasudin, and Rozi Mohamed. "Rapid detection of several endangered agarwood-producing Aquilaria species and their potential adulterants using plant DNA barcodes coupled with high-resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis." Holzforschung 73, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0149.
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Abstract Aquilaria is an endangered agarwood-producing genus that is currently protected by international laws. The agarwood trade is strictly monitored to prevent illegal harvesting, which has caused high demand for this natural product. Other plant sources of similar appearance or fragrance as agarwood are used as adulterant species in counterfeit products. To promote species identification via the DNA barcoding technique, the existing DNA barcoding database in our laboratory was enriched with seven plant barcoding sequences from a commercially important Aquilaria species (Aquilaria beccariana) and seven adulterant species (Cocos nucifera, Dalbergia latifolia, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Santalum album, Strychnos ignatii, Thuja sp. and Terminalia catappa). DNA barcoding with high-resolution melting analysis (Bar-HRM) showed that the mini-barcode internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was an effective gene locus that allows for a rapid and species-specific detection of Aquilaria and their adulterants, while four other mini-barcodes (rbcL, trnL intron, ITS2 and 5.8s) functioned as a support and a crosscheck for the barcoding results. The accuracy of the Bar-HRM technique in species origin identification was further assessed with seven agarwood blind specimens. The Bar-HRM technique is a potential tool for validating agarwood-species origin and detecting products with adulterant species.
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Mwankuna, Christopher Johnson, Eliapenda Elisante Mariki, Faith Philemon Mabiki, Hamisi Masanja Malebo, Bjarne Styrishave, and Robinson Hammerton Mdegela. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Detection of Conventional Drug Adulterants in Herbal Products." Separations 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10010023.
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Commercially available conventional drugs have been used to adulterate herbal products. Considering the rapid growth of herbal products’ market, it is essential to screen herbal products for the presence of conventional drugs. Simple analytical methods are needed for the rapid screening of conventional drugs that are likely to be adulterated in herbal products. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for screening twelve conventional drugs in herbal products have been developed and applied. The analytes were extracted from herbal products using acetonitrile:methanol:acetic acid:water (4:4:1:1, v/v). Solvent mixture of dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (75:15:10, v/v) separated well trimethoprim, sildenafil, paracetamol, and sulfamethoxazole while pyrimethamine, metronidazole, and sulfadoxine were well separated by dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (77.5:12.5:10, v/v). In addition, acetyl salicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, quinine, and lumefantrine were well separated by ethyl acetate:methanol:30% ammonia (75:22.5:2.5, v/v). Chromatographic separations were found to be highly reproducible, and more than 10 samples can be analysed in one run. The method was applied in the screening of 229 herbal products. Consequently, 24.0% of the samples contained one adulterant, while 21.4% contained at least two adulterants. All conventional drugs detected in herbal products were not mentioned on the labels and therefore the consumers are kept unaware of their side effects and health problems. Further studies for confirming and quantitatively determining the adulterants in a wide range of products as well as a systematic toxicological analysis of the adulterants in herbal products are recommended.
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Ha, Youngsil, Cortlandt P. Thienes, Alexander A. Agapov, Amanda V. Laznicka, Sukkyun Han, Cesar Nadala, and Mansour Samadpour. "Comparison of ELISA and DNA Lateral Flow Assays for Detection of Pork, Horse, Beef, Chicken, Turkey, and Goat Contamination in Meat Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0128.
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Abstract Background: Concerns about the contamination of meat products with undeclared meats and new regulations for the declaration of meat adulterants have established the need for a sensitive test to detect meat adulteration. To address this need, Microbiologique, Inc. has developed ELISA assays that can detect the presence of pork, horse, beef, chicken, turkey, and goat meat adulterants to 0.1% (w/w) and a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lateral flow assay for pork, horse, beef, chicken, turkey, goat, and lamb adulterants to 0.1% (w/w). Objective: We compared the results of the DNA lateral flow assay to the ELISA assays. Methods: ELISA and DNA lateral flow assays were performed on the same spiked meat samples, prepared meats, and pet foods. Results: Both the DNA lateral flow and the ELISA assays were sensitive to 0.1% meat adulterant, and the agreement between the DNA lateral flow and ELISA assays for spiked samples, prepared meat, and pet foods was 100%. Conclusions: Based on the 100% concordance between the two assay formats, the choice between the two is dependent on whether quantitation is desired, which assay is more familiar to the particular laboratory, availability of the required equipment, and time restrictions. Highlights: The ELISA assays are less time consuming, taking about 1.5 h, compared with about 2.5 h for the DNA lateral flow assay. Because the DNA lateral flow test detects seven species in one test, it can be more cost effective when the potential adulterant is not known, while the ELISA may be better for quantification.
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Wang, Jing. "Application of DNA Molecular Identification Method to Distinguish Ejiao and its Adulterants." Journal of Advances in Medicine Science 4, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jams.v4i2.2952.
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To identify Ejiao and its adulterants at the DNA level by using DNA molecula marker. Ejiao (Asini Corii Colla) is a commonly used medicinal material. However, its adulteration is a serious concern. Due to the morphological characteristics of Asini Corii Colla and its adulterants, traditional identification techniques often complex and professional, which is not conducive to the circulation management and safety of the medicinal materials. To improve the distinction between Asini Corii Colla and its adulterants accurately, this study identified and its adulterant samples based on the CytB sequence. Sequence characteristics, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) application, genetic distance, construction of phylogenetic tree showed the CytB sequence to accurately identify Asini Corii Colla from its adulterants. Furthermore, in this study, we designed a specific primer, based on the CytB sequence, and established a PCR detection system for rapid, sensitive, and specific identification of Asini Corii Colla. Compared to DNA barcoding technology, this method has shorter detection time, stronger specificity, and higher sensitivity, which lays the foundation for the rapid identification of Asini Corii Colla.
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Ahmmed, Fatema, Keith C. Gordon, Daniel P. Killeen, and Sara J. Fraser-Miller. "Detection and Quantification of Adulteration in Krill Oil with Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Methods." Molecules 28, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 3695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093695.
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Raman and infrared spectroscopy, used as individual and low-level fused datasets, were evaluated to identify and quantify the presence of adulterants (palm oil, PO; ω-3 concentrates in ethyl ester, O3C and fish oil, FO) in krill oil. These datasets were qualitatively analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) and classified as adulterated or unadulterated using support vector machines (SVM). Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), it was possible to identify and quantify the adulterant present in the KO mixture. Raman spectroscopy performed better (r2 = 0.98; RMSEP = 2.3%) than IR spectroscopy (r2 = 0.91; RMSEP = 4.2%) for quantification of O3C in KO. A data fusion approach further improved the analysis with model performance for quantification of PO (r2 = 0.98; RMSEP = 2.7%) and FO (r2 = 0.76; RMSEP = 9.1%). This study demonstrates the potential use of Raman and IR spectroscopy to quantify adulterants present in KO.
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Bonfim Lima, Flávia, Beatriz Da Costa Aguiar Alves, David Feder, Marina Cristina Peres, Glaucia Luciano da Veiga, Edimar Cristiano Pereira, and Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca. "Identification and Quantification by HPLCDAD of Furosemide as a Co-adulterant in Products of Natural Origin." Journal of Natural Remedies 20, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2020/24396.
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The low cost added to easy access and expectation of low or no side effects make these products increasingly attractive. When a product of natural origin contains synthetic substances that are not declared in its formulation, the synthetic substance is characterized as adulteration. In order to identify and quantify adulterants in natural products, analytical methods have been developed and used as fundamental tools in the control of these products. Thus, two products of natural origin indicated for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases were analyzed to verify the presence of the co-adulterant furosemide. Co-adulterant presence in the products was tested using an Agilent® brand 1100 HPLC system with a quaternary pump, an automatic injector and a DAD detector, with a mobile phase composed of methanol/formic acid 0.2% 60/40 (v/v). HPLC-DAD indicates the presence of the undeclared furosemide compound in the original formulation of both analyzed samples. In sample A, 24 mg of furosemide per gram was found, while in sample B, 47mg per gram of product was obtained. The consumption of adulterated products may lead to risks such as drug interaction and intoxication, since active ingredients of synthetic origin are added without taking in consideration adjustments and quality of the raw material.
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Fiorani, Luca, Antonia Lai, Adriana Puiu, Florinda Artuso, Claudio Ciceroni, Isabella Giardina, and Fabio Pollastrone. "Laser Sensing and Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Detection of Oregano Fraud." Sensors 23, no. 15 (July 30, 2023): 6800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156800.
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World health is increasingly threatened by the growing number of spice-related food hazards. Further development of reliable methods for rapid, non-targeted identification of counterfeit ingredients within the supply chain is needed. ENEA has developed a portable, user-friendly photoacoustic laser system for food fraud detection, based on a quantum cascade laser and multivariate calibration. Following a study on the authenticity of saffron, the instrument was challenged with a more elusive adulterant, olive leaves in oregano. The results show that the reported method of laser sensing and chemometric analysis was able to detect adulterants at mass ratios of at least 20% in less than five minutes.
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de Carvalho Couto, Cinthia, Otniel Freitas-Silva, Edna Maria Morais Oliveira, Clara Sousa, and Susana Casal. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Detection of Multiple Adulterants in Roasted and Ground Arabica Coffee." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010061.
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Roasted coffee has been the target of increasingly complex adulterations. Sensitive, non-destructive, rapid and multicomponent techniques for their detection are sought after. This work proposes the detection of several common adulterants (corn, barley, soybean, rice, coffee husks and robusta coffee) in roasted ground arabica coffee (from different geographic regions), combining near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics (Principal Component Analysis—PCA). Adulterated samples were composed of one to six adulterants, ranging from 0.25 to 80% (w/w). The results showed that NIR spectroscopy was able to discriminate pure arabica coffee samples from adulterated ones (for all the concentrations tested), including robusta coffees or coffee husks, and independently of being single or multiple adulterations. The identification of the adulterant in the sample was only feasible for single or double adulterations and in concentrations ≥10%. NIR spectroscopy also showed potential for the geographical discrimination of arabica coffees (South and Central America).
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Cappelletti, Simone, Francesco Lombardo, Pasquale Vitale, Giuseppe Vallone, and Costantino Ciallella. "Heroin–piracetam mixture: Suggested mechanisms of action and risks of misinterpretation for drug users." Medico-Legal Journal 85, no. 4 (June 28, 2017): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817217717846.
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Piracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor that has been frequently used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. Press and internet reports indicate that the use of piracetam, as a heroin adulterant, has spread rapidly in some countries, especially in Asia and Europe. Its use, as adulterant, is believed to produce more profound desirable effects, while decreasing hangover. Recent surveys demonstrated that piracetam protects neurons from heroin-induced apoptosis. The protective role of this adulterating substance may be related to restoration of beta-endorphin levels and to its neuroprotective effects. The aim of this paper is to review the relevant literature and suggest the main hypothetical mechanisms that justify its use as a heroin adulterant, try to understand if its use could help people who want to come off heroin by reducing withdrawal symptoms and, finally, give useful information that permit us to understand why drug trafficking organisations started to use piracetam as heroin adulterant.
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Al-amin, Mohammad, Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana, and Chowdhury Faiz Hossain. "IDENTIFICATION OF SILDENAFIL CITRATE AS AN ADULTERANT IN HERBAL PRODUCTS USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PHOTODIODE ARRAY DETECTOR." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i9.26425.
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Objective: Investigation of sildenafil citrate as an adulterant in the traditional liquid herbal products of the local market in Bangladesh.Methods: A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array (PDA) detector system has been developed and validated for investigating the presence of synthetic phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitor as an adulterant in the traditional herbal products. Nine of the liquid preparations (syrup), Balarista (A), Jinsant (B), Jernide (C), Bolarist (D), Sree Gopal Oil (E), Menostroge (F), Enerton (G), Ginseng (H) and Ginsin Plus (I), of six companies form local market of Bangladesh were investigated.Results: All the products (A–I) were found to contain sildenafil citrate as an adulterant. HPLC peak of the adulterant was confirmed by comparing retention time, UV spectra generated by PDA detector and peak spiking with the authentic sample of sildenafil citrate. The quantity of sildenafil citrate in A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I syrups were found to be 17, 22, 26, 25, 10, 24, 29, 22 and 17 mg/100 ml, respectively.Conclusion: The study indicated that all tested liquid herbal products contain sildenafil citrate as an adulterant. As PDE-5 inhibitors have severe side effects, possess drug-drug interaction and highly recommended to prescribe by registered physicians, the regulatory agency of Bangladesh should take necessary action to minimize the risk of patients.
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Vitalis, Flora, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu, Zsanett Bodor, Balkis Aouadi, Géza Hitka, Timea Kaszab, Viktoria Zsom-Muha, Zoltan Gillay, and Zoltan Kovacs. "Detection and Quantification of Tomato Paste Adulteration Using Conventional and Rapid Analytical Methods." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216059.
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Tomato, and its concentrate are important food ingredients with outstanding gastronomic and industrial importance due to their unique organoleptic, dietary, and compositional properties. Various forms of food adulteration are often suspected in the different tomato-based products causing major economic and sometimes even health problems for the farmers, food industry and consumers. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and electronic tongue (e-tongue) have been lauded as advanced, high sensitivity techniques for quality control. The aim of the present research was to detect and predict relatively low concentration of adulterants, such as paprika seed and corn starch (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10%), sucrose and salt (0.5, 1, 2, 5%), in tomato paste using conventional (soluble solid content, consistency) and advanced analytical techniques (NIR spectroscopy, e-tongue). The results obtained with the conventional methods were analyzed with univariate statistics (ANOVA), while the data obtained with advanced analytical methods were analyzed with multivariate methods (Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares regression (PLSR). The conventional methods were only able to detect adulteration at higher concentrations (5–10%). For NIRS and e-tongue, good accuracies were obtained, even in identifying minimal adulterant concentrations (0.5%). Comparatively, NIR spectroscopy proved to be easier to implement and more accurate during our evaluations, when the adulterant contents were estimated with R2 above 0.96 and root mean square error (RMSE) below 1%.
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Tomczyk, Monika, Anna Czerniecka-Kubicka, Michał Miłek, Ewelina Sidor, and Małgorzata Dżugan. "Tracking of Thermal, Physicochemical, and Biological Parameters of a Long-Term Stored Honey Artificially Adulterated with Sugar Syrups." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041736.
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The growing phenomenon of honey adulteration prompts the search for simple methods to confirm the authenticity of honey. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in thermal characteristics, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey subjected to artificial adulteration. Two series of products were prepared with the use of two different sugar syrups with an increasing dosage of adulterant (0 to 30%). After 24 months of storage, the quality of adulterated samples (partially crystallized) was assessed in comparison to the control honey (solid). Used adulteration changed physicochemical parameters and reduced antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey (p < 0.05). The admixture of syrup and invert (p < 0.05) reduced the viscosity of liquid phase of delaminated honey in a dose-dependent manner. In the study, artificially adulterated honeys were controlled using the standard differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. In all adulterated honeys, a specific glass transition, TG, was observed in the range of 34–38.05 °C, which was not observed for control honey and pure adulterants. Moreover, the additional Tgs were observed in a wide range from −19.5 °C to 4.10 °C for honeys adulterated by syrup only. In turn, the Tg in range of 50.4–57.6 °C was observed only for the honeys adulterated by invert. These specific Tg seem to be useful to detect honey adulteration and to identify the kind of adulterant used.
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Gheorghiu, Oana Ramona Cătălina, Anne Marie Ciobanu, Claudia Maria Guțu, Carmen Lidia Chițescu, Giorgiana Valentina Costea, Daniela Mădălina Anghel, Ana Maria Vlasceanu, and Daniela Luiza Baconi. "Determination of Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors (PDE-5) in Dietary Supplements." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104116.
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This study proposed a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) screening method to detect phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors as possible adulterant agents in various dietary supplements. Chromatographic analysis was performed on silica gel 60F254 plates using a mixture of ethyl acetate:toluene:methanol:ammonia in a volume ratio of 50:30:20:0.5 as a mobile phase. The system provided compact spots and symmetrical peaks of sildenafil and tadalafil with retardation factor values of 0.55 and 0.90, respectively. The analysis of products purchased from the internet or specialized stores demonstrated the presence of sildenafil, tadalafil, or both compounds in 73.3% of products, highlighting inadequacies and inconsistencies in the labeling, as all dietary supplements were declared to be natural. The results were confirmed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a positive electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS-MS) method. Furthermore, in some samples, vardenafil and various analogs of PDE-5 inhibitors were detected using a non-target HRMS-MS approach. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed similar findings between the two methods, with adulterant quantities found to be similar to or higher than those in approved medicinal products. This study demonstrated that the HPTLC method is a suitable and economical method for screening PDE-5 inhibitors as adulterants in dietary supplements intended for sexual activity enhancement.
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Chavez-Angel, Emigdio, Blanca Puertas, Martin Kreuzer, Robert Soliva Fortuny, Ryan C. Ng, Alejandro Castro-Alvarez, and Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres. "Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Adulterated with Edible Oils." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091304.
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The substitution of extra virgin olive oil with other edible oils is the primary method for fraud in the olive-oil industry. Developing inexpensive analytical methods for confirming the quality and authenticity of olive oils is a major strategy towards combatting food fraud. Current methods used to detect such adulterations require complicated time- and resource-intensive preparation steps. In this work, a comparative study incorporating Raman and infrared spectroscopies, photoluminescence, and thermal-conductivity measurements of different sets of adulterated olive oils is presented. The potential of each characterization technique to detect traces of adulteration in extra virgin olive oils is evaluated. Concentrations of adulterant on the order of 5% can be detected in the Raman, infrared, and photoluminescence spectra. Small changes in thermal conductivity were also found for varying amounts of adulterants. While each of these techniques may individually be unable to identify impurity adulterants, the combination of these techniques together provides a holistic approach to validate the purity and authenticity of olive oils.
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Zhao, Xin, Yunpeng Wang, Xin Liu, Hongzhe Jiang, Zhilei Zhao, Xiaoying Niu, Chunhua Li, Bin Pang, and Yanlei Li. "Single- and Multiple-Adulterants Determinations of Goat Milk Powder by NIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Algorithms." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030434.
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In this work, we quantified goat milk powder adulteration by adding urea, melamine, and starch individually and simultaneously, with the utilization of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. For single-adulterant samples, the successive projections algorithm (SPA) selected three, three, and four optimal wavelengths for urea, melamine, and starch, respectively. Models were built based on partial least squares regression (PLS) and the selected wavelengths, exhibiting good predictive ability with an Rp2 above 0.987 and an RMSEP below 0.403%. For multiple-adulterants samples, PLS2 and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) were adopted to build the models to quantify the three adulterants simultaneously. The PLS2 results showed adequate precision and results better than those of MCR-ALS. Except for urea, MCR-ALS models presented good predictive results for milk, melamine, and starch concentrations. MCR-ALS allowed detection of adulteration with new and unknown substitutes as well as the development of models without the need for the usage of a large data set.
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Jakubíková, Michaela, Jana Sádecká, and Pavel Májek. "Determination of adulterants in adulterant-fruit spirit blends using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy." Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0010.
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Abstract This study introduces a reliable method to detect adulteration of spirit drinks. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to determine the content of water and ethanol in adulterated fruit spirit samples. EEM fluorescence spectra recorded in the emission wavelength range of 315–450 nm and in the excitation wavelength range of 240–305 nm were used for PARAFAC. The model created using PARAFAC-PLS was able to predict the water and ethanol level in adulterated apple spirit with the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 1.9 % and 1.8 %, respectively. Regarding adulterated plum spirit, the RMSEP values of 0.7 % and 3.5 % were obtained for water and ethanol, respectively. The aim of this work was to determine whether EEM-PARAFAC can be used to distinguish between plum and apple spirit. Better results were obtained for apple spirit and the method is useful also for water-apple spirit blends.
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Markechová, Diana, Pavel Májek, Angela Kleinová, and Jana Sádecká. "Determination of the adulterants in adulterant–brandy blends using fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate methods." Anal. Methods 6, no. 2 (2014): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41405a.
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Noh, Pureum, Wook Kim, Sungyu Yang, Inkyu Park, and Byeong Moon. "Authentication of the Herbal Medicine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix Using an ITS Sequence-Based Multiplex SCAR Assay." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092134.
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The accurate identification of plant species is of great concern for the quality control of herbal medicines. The Korean Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China define Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baek-Ji in Korean and Bai-zhi in Chinese) as the dried roots of Angelica dahurica or A. dahurica var. formosana belonging to the family Apiaceae. Discrimination among Angelica species on the basis of morphological characteristics is difficult due to their extremely polymorphic traits and controversial taxonomic history. Furthermore, dried roots processed for medicinal applications are indistinguishable using conventional methods. DNA barcoding is a useful and reliable method for the identification of species. In this study, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in A. dahurica, A. dahurica var. formosana, and the related species A. anomala and A. japonica. Using these sequences, we designed species-specific primers, and developed and optimized a multiplex sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) assay that can simply and rapidly identify respective species, and verify the contamination of adulterant depending on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification without sequencing analysis in a single PCR reaction. This assay successfully identified commercial samples of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix collected from Korean and Chinese herbal markets, and distinguished them from adulterants. This multiplex SCAR assay shows a great potential in reducing the time and cost involved in the identification of genuine Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and adulterant contamination.
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Wiens, M. O., W. K. Son, C. Ross, M. Hayden, and B. Carleton. "Cocaine adulterant linked to neutropenia." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 1 (December 7, 2009): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090286.
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Burrows, David L., Andrea Nicolaides, Peter J. Rice, Michelle Dufforc, David A. Johnson, and Kenneth E. Ferslew. "Papain: A Novel Urine Adulterant*." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 29, no. 5 (July 1, 2005): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/29.5.275.
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Islam, Md Khairul, Tomislav Sostaric, Lee Yong Lim, Katherine Hammer, and Cornelia Locher. "Sugar Profiling of Honeys for Authentication and Detection of Adulterants Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225289.
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Honey adulteration, where a range of sugar syrups is used to increase bulk volume, is a common problem that has significant negative impacts on the honey industry, both economically and from a consumer confidence perspective. This paper investigates High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for the authentication and detection of sugar adulterants in honey. The sugar composition of various Australian honeys (Manuka, Jarrah, Marri, Karri, Peppermint and White Gum) was first determined to illustrate the variance depending on the floral origin. Two of the honeys (Manuka and Jarrah) were then artificially adulterated with six different sugar syrups (rice, corn, golden, treacle, glucose and maple syrup). The findings demonstrate that HPTLC sugar profiles, in combination with organic extract profiles, can easily detect the sugar adulterants. As major sugars found in honey, the quantification of fructose and glucose, and their concentration ratio can be used to authenticate the honeys. Quantifications of sucrose and maltose can be used to identify the type of syrup adulterant, in particular when used in combination with HPTLC fingerprinting of the organic honey extracts.
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Li, Yuan, Yixin Suo, Liuna Wei, Yue Zhang, Youyou Wang, Jiaxin Deng, Hengye Chen, et al. "Rapid Identification of Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu) and Its Adulteration by AuNP Visualization." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (June 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6278549.
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Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu) is a dried and immature fruit in East China, which has effects of nourishing kidneys, solidifying essence, and otherwise. Because Fupenzi was often adulterated and replaced with inferior things, this paper had researched Fupenzi and its adulterant raspberry. A new type of visible sensor was constructed by using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), which was modified by the surface-active agent and combined with the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum technology. It was found that the change in particle size after the interaction of AuNPs and adulterants will lead to color change. In this paper, the RGB (red, green, and blue) values of the solution were extracted to correlate the color with the concentration of adulterants, and the relationship between the absorption peak intensity and the concentration of adulterants was established. The results showed that the intensity of an absorption peak is related to adulteration concentration, and the color of the solution changed from red to gray as the particle size changed. The visual sensor constructed based on the above principle is a fast and precise method to detect adulteration with different concentrations, which has a potential application value in real-time and rapid detection of Fupenzi’s quality.
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Dumancas, Gerard, Helena Ellis, Jossie Neumann, and Khalil Smith. "Comparison of Various Signal Processing Techniques and Spectral Regions for the Direct Determination of Syrup Adulterants in Honey Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020051.
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Honey consumption has become increasingly popular worldwide. However, the increase in demand for honey has also caused an increase in its adulteration, a deliberate fraud which involves adding of other substances to pure honey for economic purposes. This process not only lowers the quality of honey, but also has potential health risks, including high blood sugar, increased risk of diabetes, and weight gain. Herein, we develop an easy-to-use and direct method of quantifying corn, cane, beet, and rice syrup adulterants in honey using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Various signal processing techniques, including derivatives, moving average, binning, Savitzky–Golay, and standard normal variate using the entire spectral region (3996–650 cm−1) and specific spectral region (1501–799 cm−1), were compared. Optimum results were obtained using first derivative signal processing for both the entire and specific spectral regions. The first derivative signal processing technique garnered the most optimum results using the specific spectral range (1501–799 cm−1) (RMSECVaverage = 0.021, RMSEPaverage = 0.014, R2average = 0.859) across all syrup adulterants. An exploratory analysis to assess the utility of this specific spectral region in pattern recognition of samples based on their adulterant content show that this region is effective in discriminating samples according to the presence or absence of honey syrup adulterants.
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Rajšić, Ivana, Dragana Javorac, Simona Tatović, Aleksandra Repić, Danijela Đukić-Ćosić, Snežana Đorđević, Vera Lukić, and Zorica Bulat. "Effect of urine adulterants on commercial drug abuse screening test strip results." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3315.
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AbstractImmunochromatographic strips for urine drug screening tests (UDSTs) are common and very suitable for drug abuse monitoring, but are also highly susceptible to adulterants kept in the household, which can significantly alter test results. The aim of this study was to see how some of these common adulterants affect UDST results in practice and whether they can be detected by sample validity tests with pH and URIT 11G test strips. To this end we added household chemicals (acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, surfactants, and miscellaneous substances) to urine samples positive for amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), tetrahydrocannabinol, heroin, cocaine, or benzodiazepines (diazepam or alprazolam) and tested them with one-component immunochromatographic UDST strips. The UDST for cocaine resisted adulteration the most, while the cannabis test produced the most false negative results. The most potent adulterant that barely changed the physiological properties of urine specimens and therefore escaped adulteration detection was vinegar. Besides lemon juice, it produced the most false negative test results. In conclusion, some urine adulterants, such as vinegar, could pass urine specimen validity test and remain undetected by laboratory testing. Our findings raise concern about this issue of preventing urine tampering and call for better control at sampling, privacy concerns notwithstanding, and better sample validity tests.
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Muhammad Arif, Hafiz, Nadeem Rashid, Majid Rafeeq, Muhammad Shafee, Allaudin Khan, Mohammad Younus, Mushtaq Mohammad, and Naimat Ullah Khan. "Milk Adulterants in Quetta: A Threat to Public Health." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v5i2.2606.
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Milk a natural rich lacteal secretion that provides all essential nutrients required by body. This study was designed to detect milk adulterants alongwth various physiochemical factors in milk sold in Quetta market. A total of 120 raw milk samples were collected hygienically and subjected to milk adulteration Kit (UVAS Lahore). Results revealed that overall, 11.66 % samples revealed adulteration with any single chemical adulterant. Water and powdered milk were the major adulterants found almost in all samples. On towns basis Zarghoon town samples were more adulterated (18%) than Chiltan Town samples (5%). Other parameters such as, Electrical Conductivity, pH, Fat percentage, Total Solids and Solid Not Fat were observed below than normal values in most of the samples. Adulterants like Urea, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sorbitol, Boric acid, Quaternary Ammonium Compound, Carbonate, Soap and Alcohol were not detected in any sample. However, Sodium chloride (1.66 %), Formalin (3.33 %), Hypochlorite (2.5 %), Starch (2.5 %) and sugar (4.16 %) were detected.
This study explores the potential health hazard due to adulterated milk sold in retail outlets in Quetta market. There is dire need of regular monitoring of milk and its products by concerned food authority. These findings will help to build a concrete strategy to curtail this problem and improve the life standards of people.
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Chen, Tong, Xinyu Chen, Daoli Lu, and Bin Chen. "Detection of Adulteration in Canola Oil by Using GC-IMS and Chemometric Analysis." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018 (September 23, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3160265.
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The aim of the present study was to detect adulteration of canola oil with other vegetable oils such as sunflower, soybean, and peanut oils and to build models for predicting the content of adulterant oil in canola oil. In this work, 147 adulterated samples were detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and chemometric analysis, and two methods of feature extraction, histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) and multiway principal component analysis (MPCA), were combined to pretreat the data set. The results evaluated by canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) algorithm indicated that the HOG-MPCA-CDA model was feasible to discriminate the canola oil adulterated with other oils and to precisely classify different levels of each adulterant oil. Partial least square analysis (PLS) was used to build prediction models for adulterant oil level in canola oil. The model built by PLS was proven to be effective and precise for predicting adulteration with good regression (R2>0.95) and low errors (RMSE ≤ 3.23).
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Doh, Eui Jeong, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Guemsan Lee. "Identification and Monitoring of Amomi Fructus and its Adulterants Based on DNA Barcoding Analysis and Designed DNA Markers." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224193.
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Amomi Fructus is one of the traditional medicines derived from the ripe fruits of the Zingiberaceae family of plants, which include Amomum villosum, A. villosum var. xanthioides, and A. longiligulare. Owing to their highly similar morphological traits, several kinds of adulterants of Amomi Fructus have been reported. Therefore, accurate and reliable methods of identification are necessary in order to ensure drug safety and quality. We performed DNA barcoding using five regions (ITS, matK, rbcL, rpoB, and trnL-F intergenic spacer) of 23 Amomi Fructus samples and 22 adulterants. We designed specific DNA markers for Amomi Fructus based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ITS. Amomi Fructus was well separated from the adulterants and was classified with the species of origin based on the detected SNPs from the DNA barcoding results. The AVF1/ISR DNA marker for A. villosum produced a 270 bases amplified product, while the ALF1/ISF DNA marker produced a 350 bases product specific for A. longiligulare. Using these DNA markers, the monitoring of commercially distributed Amomi Fructus was performed, and the monitoring results were confirmed by ITS analysis. This method identified samples that were from incorrect origins, and a new species of adulterant was also identified. These results confirmed the accuracy and efficiency of the designed DNA markers; this method may be used as an efficient tool for the identification and verification of Amomi Fructus.
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Ma, Honghua, Shengqun Shi, Deng Zhang, Nan Deng, Zhenlin Hu, Jianguo Liu, and Lianbo Guo. "Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Accurate Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Brown Rice Flour Adulteration." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213398.
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To solve the adulteration problem of brown rice flour in the commodity market, a novel, accurate, and stable detection method based on time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (TR-LIBS) is proposed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was used to detect five adulterants and seven different adulterant ratios in brown rice flour. Being able to excavate more information from plasma by obtaining time-resolved spectra, TR-LIBS has a stronger performance, which has been further verified by experiments. For the qualitative analysis of adulterants, the traditional machine learning models based on TR-LIBS, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), naïve Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) have significantly better classification accuracy than those based on traditional LIBS, increasing by 3–11%. The deep learning classification model based on TR-LIBS also achieved the same results, with an accuracy increase of more than 8%. For the quantitative analysis of the adulteration ratio, compared with traditional LIBS, the quantitative model based on TR-LIBS reduces the limit of detection (LOD) of five adulterants from about 8–51% to 4–19%, which effectively improves the quantitative detection performance. Moreover, t-SNE visualization proved that there were more obvious boundaries between different types of samples based on TR-LIBS. These results demonstrate the great prospect of TR-LIBS in the identification of brown rice flour adulteration.
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Chang, A., J. Osterloh, and J. Thomas. "Levamisole: A Dangerous New Cocaine Adulterant." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 88, no. 3 (July 28, 2010): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2010.156.
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Techen, Natascha, Zhiqiang Pan, Brian Scheffler, and Ikhlas Khan. "Detection ofIllicium anisatumas Adulterant ofIllicium verum." Planta Medica 75, no. 04 (January 14, 2009): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1112219.
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Puri, H., and S. Jain. "Ainsliaea latifolia:An Adulterant of Indian Podophyllum." Planta Medica 54, no. 03 (June 1988): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962428.
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Mahintamani, Tathagata, Abhishek Ghosh, and Rajeev Jain. "Serious health threats of novel adulterants of the street heroin: a report from India during the COVID-19 pandemic." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 8 (August 2021): e242239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242239.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and a consequent nationwide lockdown in India for several weeks had restricted the access to street heroin and treatment for substance abuse. Use of cutting agents to increase the volume or psychoactive effect has been widely practised under such circumstances. Our patient with opioid use disorder chased heroin with an unknown cutting agent to enhance psychoactive effect from the limited quantities of heroin. He suffered from an abrupt onset sedation, weakness, postural imbalance, slurred speech, cognitive dysfunctions and disinhibited behaviour. Symptoms rapidly reversed following abstinence and initiation of buprenorphine–naloxone. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the adulterant revealed high concentrations of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, alongside the usual cutting agents—caffeine and acetaminophen. Abrupt reduction in availability of ‘street drugs’ in conjunction with poor healthcare access can lead to the use of novel adulterants with potentially serious clinical and public health implications.
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Cheah, Wai Lok, and Mingchih Fang. "HPLC-Based Chemometric Analysis for Coffee Adulteration." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070880.
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Coffee is one of the top ten most adulterated foods. Coffee adulterations are mainly performed by mixing other low-value materials into coffee beans after roasting and grinding, such as spent coffee grounds, maize, soybeans and other grain products. The detection of adulterated coffee by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is recognized as a targeted analytical method, which carbohydrates and other phenolic compounds are usually used as markers. However, the accurate qualitation and quantitation of HPLC analyses are time consuming. This study developed a chemometric analysis or called non-targeted analysis for coffee adulteration. The HPLC chromatograms were obtained by direct injection of liquid coffee into HPLC without sample preparation and the identification of target analytes. The distinction between coffee and adulterated coffee was achieved by statistical method. The HPLC-based chemometric provided more characteristic information (separated compounds) compared to photospectroscopy chemometric which only provide information of functional groups. In this study, green Arabica coffee beans, soybeans and green mung beans were roasted in industrial coffee bean roaster and then ground. Spent coffee ground was dried. Coffee and adulterants were mixed at different ratio before conducting HPLC analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) toward HPLC data (retention time and peak intensity) was able to separate coffee from adulterated coffee. The detection limit of this method was 5%. Two models were built based on PCA data as well. The first model was used to differentiate coffee sample from adulterated coffee. The second model was designed to identify the specific adulterants mixed in the adulterated coffee. Various parameters such as sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), reliability rate (RLR), positive likelihood (+LR) and negative likelihood (−LR) were applied to evaluate the performances of the designed models. The results showed that PCA-based models were able to discriminate pure coffee from adulterated sample (coffee beans adulterated with 5%–60% of soybeans, green mung beans or spent coffee grounds). The SE, SP, RLR, +LR and −LR for the first model were 0.875, 0.938, 0.813, 14.1 and 0.133, respectively. In the second model, it can correctly distinguish the adulterated coffee from the pure coffee. However, it had only about a 30% chance to correctly determine the specific adulterant out of three designed adulterants mixed into coffee. The SE, RLR and −LR were 0.333, 0.333 and 0.667, respectively, for the second model. Therefore, HPLC-based chemometric analysis was able to detect coffee adulteration. It was very reliable on the discrimination of coffee from adulterated coffee. However, it may need more work to tell discern which kind adulterant in the adulterated coffee.
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Kudva, Indira T., Eben R. Oosthuysen, Bryan Wheeler, and Clint A. Loest. "Evaluation of Cattle for Naturally Colonized Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Requires Combinatorial Strategies." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (April 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673202.
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O157, O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O45 are designated as food adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service. Cattle are the primary reservoir of these human pathogens. In this study, 59 Angus crossbred heifers were tested specifically for these seven STEC serogroups using a combination of standard culture, serological, PCR, and cell cytotoxicity methods to determine if comparable results would be obtained. At the time of fecal sampling, the animals were approximately 2 years old and weighed 1000–1200 lbs. The diet comprised of 37% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground Sudan hay, and 38% ground corn supplemented with trace minerals and rumensin with ad libitum access to water. Non-O157 STEC were isolated from 25% (15/59) of the animals tested using a combination of EC broth, CHROMagar STECTM, and Rainbow Agar O157. Interestingly, the O157 serogroup was not isolated from any of the animals. Non-O157 STEC isolates were confirmed to be one of the six adulterant serogroups by serology and/or colony PCR in 10/15 animals with the predominant viable, serogroup being O103. PCR using DNA extracted from feces verified most of the colony PCR results but also identified additional virulence and O-antigen genes from samples with no correlating culture results. Shiga toxin- (Stx-) related cytopathic effects on Vero cells with fecal extracts from 55/59 animals could only be associated with the Stx gene profiles obtained by fecal DNA PCR and not culture results. The differences between culture versus fecal DNA PCR and cytotoxicity assay results suggest that the latter two assays reflect the presence of nonviable STEC or infection with STEC not belonging to the seven adulterant serogroups. This study further supports the use of combinatorial culture, serology, and PCR methods to isolate viable STEC that pose a greater food safety threat.
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Cebi, Nur. "Quantification of the Geranium Essential Oil, Palmarosa Essential Oil and Phenylethyl Alcohol in Rosa damascena Essential Oil Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081848.
Full textAbstract:
Rosa damascena essential oil is an essential oil that has the greatest industrial importance due to its unique quality properties. The study used ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics of PLSR (partial least squares regression) and PCR (principal component regression) for quantification of probable adulterants of geranium essential oil (GEO), palmarosa essential oil (PEO) and phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEOH). Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to observe the classification pattern of Rosa damascena essential oil, spiked samples and adulterants. Rosa damascena essential oil was spiked with each adulterant at concentrations of 0–100% (v/v). Excellent R2 (regression coefficient) values (≥0.96) were obtained in all PLSR and PCR cross-validation models. The SECV (standard error of cross-validation) values ranged between 0.43 and 4.15. The lowest SECV and bias values were observed in the PLSR and PCR models, which were built by using the raw FTIR spectra of all samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis through Ward’s algorithm and Euclidian distance had high potential to observe the classification pattern of all adulterated and authentic samples. In conclusion, the combination of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis can be used for rapid, cost-effective, easy, reliable and high-throughput detection of GEO, PEO and PEOH in Rosa damascena essential oil.
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Yan, Sha, Minghui Sun, Xuan Wang, Jihao Shan, and Xiaofeng Xue. "A Novel, Rapid Screening Technique for Sugar Syrup Adulteration in Honey Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy." Foods 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152316.
Full textAbstract:
The adulteration of honey with different sugar syrups is common and difficult to detect. To ensure fair trade and protect the interests of apiarists, a rapid, simple and cost-effective detection method for adulterants in honey is needed. In this work, fluorescence emission spectra were obtained for honey and sugar syrups between 385 and 800 nm with excitation at 370 nm. We found substantial differences in the emission spectra between five types of honey and five sugar syrups and also found differences in their frequency doubled peak (FDP) intensity at 740 nm. The intensity of the FDP significantly declined (p < 0.01) when spiking honey with ≥10% sugar syrup. To validate this method, we tested 20 adulterant-positive honey samples and successfully identified 15 that were above the limit of detection. We propose that fluorescence spectroscopy could be broadly adopted as a cost-effective, rapid screening tool for sugar syrup adulteration of honey through characterization of emission spectra and the intensity of the FDP.
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Labsvārds, Krišs Dāvids, Lauma Buša, Kristīne Meile, and Arturs Vīksna. "Determination of Sucrose Additives and Geographical Origin Markers in Honey Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Evoparative Light Scattering Detection." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 76, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Honey can easily be adulterated with various cheaper sweeteners for higher commercial profits. Commonly used adulterants include high fructose maize syrup and refined cane sugar, which origin is C4 plants. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can be used to determine the adulteration of honey with C4 plants. A significant δ13C value difference between honey and its protein provide valuable information of honey authenticity. The IRMS analysis of honey and its proteins and ultra high performance liquid chromatography – evoparative light scattering detection analysis for adulterated honey were performed to assess honey authenticity and origin. Principal component analysis of the obtained IRMS data was performed in order to determine discrimination between groups and for visualisation of observations. The results showed that isotope ratio values in combination with principal component analysis could be useful for determination of adulterant and discrimination of honey of different geographical origins. The chromatography results show ascending increase of the deliberately added sucrose, but do not fully recover the expected value.
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K., Sukumaran M., Navya P, and Raju K. "Analysis of Food Adulterants in Selected Food Items Purchased From Local Grocery Stores." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (July 30, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i7.4299.
Full textAbstract:
Food is one among the basic needs for every living being. Food for human consumption should be in its possible purest form without adulterants and contaminants. The present study focuses on analyzing few selected food items purchased from local grocery stores located in the twin cities of Secunderabad and Hyderabad, Telangana. The extent of different adulterant present in the food items were, edible oil samples, argemone oil (30%), prohibited color (15%), mineral oil (20%), dyes in fat (15%) and castor oil (0%). 20% of ghee samples tested positive for vanaspathi and were negative for mashed potatoes and paraffin wax (0%). Coconut oil tested negative both for any other oil (0%) and turbidity (0%). None of the honey samples tested positive for water (0%). All the jaggery samples tested were negative for sodium bicarbonate (0%). Similar results were obtained in case of curd samples (negative for dalda (0%)). 55% of the common salt samples tested positive for the presence of impurities.
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Urzola-Ortega, Jefferson, Luis Mendoza-Goez, and Diofanor Acevedo. "Personal Doses of Cocaine and Coca Paste are Adulterated in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)." Scientific World Journal 2021 (May 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5562315.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge of drug composition consumed on the streets and the identification and quantification of their adulterants is essential for understanding unexpected side effects, tracking routes, and drug profiling. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the purity and to identify and quantify the main adulterants found in personal doses of cocaine (perico) and coca paste (bazuco) in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). The data collected in this study describe a first attempt to introduce the qualitative and quantitative analyses of adulterants present in street drugs in Cartagena de Indias to improve surveillance. Through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the purity and adulterants were quantified in 45 personal doses of cocaine powder and coca paste. 100% of the personal doses in the city were adulterated; caffeine, phenacetin, and levamisole were the main adulterants identified in cocaine. Besides the above, lidocaine was also found in coca paste. The purity of cocaine varied from 8% to almost 70%, with caffeine ranging from 6% to 42%. In the case of coca paste, the maximum content of cocaine found was 60%, while some samples contained as little as 14%. The results are consistent with other research in terms of the widespread use of caffeine as an adulterant, but they also follow the growing trend of the use of levamisole and phenacetin. The wide range of cocaine content in samples sold in the illicit market could cause undesirable effects on cocaine users who do not know the exact intended dose for consumption; so, this study intends to make these results available not only to academic, public health, and national security agencies but also to tourists entering Cartagena de Indias, so that they are aware of what they are consuming and the risks to which they are exposed.