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1
Visser, M. Anne, and Sheryl-Ann Simpson. "Determinants of county migrant regularization policymaking in the United States: Understanding temporal and spatial realities." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18797134.
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While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, research has documented increased instances of migration policymaking at sub-national levels across migrant-receiving societies. This paper examines the temporally and spatially distinctive dynamics that underscore the adoption of these policies at the county level in the United States. The study considers the implementation of migrant labor market regularizations (LRs) for the time period 2004–2014. LRs are defined as discrete arenas of policymaking at the sub-national level that affect aspects of migrant workers’ status in labor markets and include laws and ordinances related to: anti-solicitation, language access, local enforcement of federal immigration law, and employment verification. Utilizing a multilevel event histories model, we analyze data from a unique dataset of over 5000 LR policies across 2959 counties in the United States, and address two research questions: (1) What are the social, economic, and political factors that influence the adoption of LRs by counties and municipalities in the United States; and (2) do policy adoption trends that occurred during 2004–2014 indicate a unique type of diffusion pattern? We find that the adoption of LRs by county governments are influenced by the racialization of immigration discourse and by policy behaviors at the municipal and state government levels, while economic characteristics of the local labor market and perceived ethnic competition from migrants have little direct impact on the probability of policy adoption.
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Burdzhalov, F. "How the Law on Health Care Reform Was Being Adopted in USA." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2011): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-1-35-47.
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The article develops the theme of American health care reform (the beginning see in: F. Burzhalov, Health Care Reform in the United States (Socio-Economic Aspects). “MEMO Journal”, 2010, no. 10). The author examines institutional and procedural aspects of the adoption of the law on health care, in particular how its ideas and main points were formed and promoted, what difficulties the government encountered in doing so, what effort were undertaken to convince public opinion in the need to support the reform, etc.
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Finnemore, Martha. "International organizations as teachers of norms: the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028101.
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Most explanations for the creation of new state institutions locate the cause of change in the conditions or characteristics of the states themselves. Some aspect of a state's economic, social, political, or military situation is said to create a functional need for the new bureaucracy which then is taken up by one or more domestic groups who succeed in changing the state apparatus. However, changes in state structure may be prompted not only by changing conditions of individual states but also by socialization and conformance with international norms. In the case of one organizational innovation recently adopted by states across the international system, namely, science policy bureaucracies, indicators of state conditions and functional need for these entities are not correlated with the pattern for their adoption. Instead, adoption was prompted by the activities of an international organization which “taught” states the value of science policy organizations and established the coordination of science as an appropriate, and even a necessary, role for states. This finding lends support to constructivist or reflective theories that treat states as social entities shaped by international social action, as opposed to more conventional treatments of states as autonomous international agents.
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Ewoh-Odoyi, Ethel. "How Gender Is Recognised in Economic and Education Policy Programmes and Initiatives: An Analysis of Nigerian State Policy Discourse." Social Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120465.
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Many African states are involved in the frontline discourse on the fight for gender equality through the adoption of public policies, aiming to improve the lives of women through social, economic, and political development. In Nigeria, despite the adoption of Article 42 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 adapted from the United Nations principles of gender equality, which provides for equality and elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, the Nigerian state still struggles with different forms of gendered marginalisation issues against women in various aspects of Nigerian society; these issues are mainly due to cultural, economic, and legislative challenges. Therefore, this article explores how gender is recognized through public policy programmes and initiatives using a qualitative content analysis of relevant policy documents. The documents were collected from various government ministries and cover policy areas that represent entrepreneurship and economic activities in Nigeria between 2000 and 2020. The analysis confirms the recognition of gender in public policies by subjective bias and mediating access to education for female gender advancement in Nigerian society. Some gender gaps were also recognized and discussed in the article.
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Majsztrik, John C., Bridget Behe, Charles R. Hall, Dewayne L. Ingram, Alexa J. Lamm, Laura A. Warner, and Sarah A. White. "Social and Economic Aspects of Water Use in Specialty Crop Production in the USA: A Review." Water 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112337.
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Understanding human behavior is a complicated and complex endeavor. Academicians and practitioners need to understand the underlying beliefs and motivations to identify current trends and to effectively develop means of communication and education that encourage change in attitudes and behavior. Sociological research can provide information about how and why people make decisions; this information impacts the research and extension community, helping them formulate programs and present information in a way that increases adoption rates. Life cycle assessment can document how plant production impacts the environment. Production of ornamental plants (greenhouse, container, and field produced flowers trees and shrubs) accounted for 4.4% of the total annual on-farm income and 8.8% of the crop income produced in the United States in 2017, representing a substantial portion of farmgate receipts. Greenhouse and nursery growing operations can use this information to increase production and water application efficiency and decrease input costs. Information related to the environmental impacts of plant production, derived from life cycle assessment, can also inform consumer purchase decisions. Information from water footprint analysis quantifies the relative abundance and availability of water on a regional basis, helping growers understand water dynamics in their operation and informing consumer plant purchases based on water availability and conservation preference. Economics can motivate growers to adopt new practices based on whether they are saving or making money, and consumers modify product selection based on preference for how products are produced. Specialty crop producers, including nursery and greenhouse container operations, rely heavily on high quality water from surface and groundwater resources for crop production; but irrigation return flow from these operations can contribute to impairment of water resources. This review focuses on multiple facets of the socioeconomics of water use, reuse, and irrigation return flow management in nursery and greenhouse operations, focusing on grower and consumer perceptions of water; barriers to adoption of technology and innovations by growers; economic considerations for implementing new technologies; and understanding environmental constraints through life cycle assessment and water footprint analyses. Specialty crop producers can either voluntarily adapt practices gradually to benefit both economic and environmental sustainability or they may eventually be forced to change due to external factors (e.g., regulations). Producers need to have the most current information available to inform their decisions regarding water management.
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Schwartz, Robert L., David Johnson, and Nan Burke. "Multiculturalism, Medicine, and the Limits of Autonomy: The Practice of Female Circumcision." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 3 (1994): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005260.
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Television pictures of starvation and depredation are not the only way that famine and political instability in the horn of Africa have affected the United States. Many people from that region of the world are seeking political or economic refuge here, and they are exposing us to a culture that is in some ways — most notably, in the practice of female circumcision – so radically different from the prevailing American cultures that we have been stunned. They are also forcing hospital ethics committees to face issues that cannot be resolved by the facile application of the settled principles that have guided those institutions for the past several years. Autonomy and multiculturalism, long the foundations of most ethics committee decision making, have started to give way to a list of formally articulated rights and wrongs – perhaps to a restatement and adoption of rules said to be based in natural law. Female circumcision, argues one newspaper letter writer, “is just a sickening display of male power disguised as legitimate dogma.
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Walrath, David. "Privacy and Information Disclosure: An Economic Analysis of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act." Policy Perspectives 24 (May 4, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v24i0.17602.
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The Gramm-Leach-Bliley (GLB) Act is one of many laws passed in the United States and around the world that is designed to protect private information. One of the main directives in this law requires financial institutions to provide customers with a privacy notice that explains how they share their customers’ private information with nonaffiliated third parties. This paper uses the GLB Act as a case study to analyze the arguments for and against a policy that requires firms to issue privacy notices to their customers. The arguments for this policy are based on theories and principles that are fundamental aspects of neoclassical and information economics— namely, complete information, unbounded rationality, and asymmetric information. The arguments against this policy are based on two central principles of behavioral economics—present bias and bounded rationality. This paper also presents an alternative policy and examines its shortcomings before recommending that Congress consider adopting the European Union’s policy on privacy and information disclosure.
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Zheng, Ye, Yunshan Jiang, and Kexin Qin. "Public Health Institutions and Major Epidemic Prevention and Control—Narrative Analysis Based on American CDC Control of Ebola Virus." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i4.17844.
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In the past 10 years, various sudden public outbreaks of diseases worldwide have posed great threats to the economic and social development of countries. However, there is a lack of case studies and empirical studies on the fight against major outbreaks in foreign public health institutions. Based on a review of classical materials and narrative research methods, this study combs the institutional profile, function allocation, and funding input of the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and focuses on the CDC’s important measures and experiences in preventing and controlling the Ebola virus in West Africa during 2014–2015. According to the research, the main characteristics of CDC’s epidemic prevention and control in the United States are effective organizational structure and system, as well as the abilities of emergency management of rapid response. Furthermore, these two advantages and characteristics have penetrated the construction of the incident management system, adoption of specialized technical means and tools, and wide cooperation network and organizational coordination. Accordingly, the enlightenment of public health institutions regarding “epidemic prevention” and “anti-epidemic” is proposed from two aspects: system construction and ability enhancement.
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Pudilová, Linda, and Kamila Veselá. "Global Position of the US Economy and Its Impact on the Economy of the Czech Republic." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 09012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209012.
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Research background: The economy with the strongest influence on world affairs, international politics and world economy is undoubtedly the economy of the United States of America. In the Czech Republic, after the revolution, the USA quickly came to the forefront of interest and mutual foreign trade grew significantly. However, their global influence was significantly reflected not only in economic aspects, but also in sociological aspects. In recent years, the so-called “Americanization” has been taking place in the Czech Republic. American terms were often adopted in the commonly used Czech language, and the demand for American goods increased significantly. Purpose of the article: The objective of the presented text is to evaluate development of the influence of the USA on the economy of the Czech Republic by analysing the development of key macroeconomic quantities, in particular gross domestic product, gross national product, balance of payments and foreign trade. Based on the results of this analysis, the future development of the Czech economy, more precisely opportunities and impacts arising from mutual trade relations between the American and Czech economies, is predicated. Methods: Descriptive statistic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research showed a gradual expansion of the influence of the American economy in the Czech Republic, which began after 1989 and continues to this day. This influence manifested itself in several aspects. It was reflected in the structure of mutual foreign trade, and also in the Czech culture and the Czech language (adoption of English terms into the Czech language). The further potential of mutual trade is highlighted out by comparing the structure of export and import from the USA in total and export and import from the USA to the Czech Republic.
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Боброва, Юлия, Yuliya Bobrova, Владимир Голицын, and Vladimir Golitsyn. "Marine Scientific Research and the Argo Program: International Law Regulation." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 7 (September 18, 2014): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4827.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of an issue of “marine scientific research” as it is regulated under international law and the applicable Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the relevant provision of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter UNCLOS) governing the conduct of marine scientific research in territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, the international seabed area beyond national jurisdiction, high seas. The article is outlined the general principles of the conduct of marine scientific research which shall be conducted exclusively for peaceful purposes. Draws attention to marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf which shall be conducted with the consent of the coastal State. Emphasis is made on the analysis of legal aspects of the Argo Programme, launched for the purpose of conducting marine scientific research with the use of drifting buoys. The article considers practical and legal issues that arise in connection with the adoption in light of the relevant provisions of UNCLOS of the of international documents related to the Argo Programme, namely: Resolution XX-6 of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1999); the Guidelines for the Implementation of Resolution XX-6 of the IOC Assembly regarding the deployment of profiling floats in the High Seas within the framework of the Argo Programme (2008). In accordance with it, an IOC Member State must be informed in advance of the deployment in the High Seas of any float within the framework of the Argo Programme that may enter its EEZ. In implementing this provision, the Executive Secretary of IOC will invite all IOC Member States to state that they wish to be notified of it. In this light, denotes the position of the Russian Federation on the Argo Programme as marine scientific research and its wish to be notified of the deployment in the High Seas of all Argo Programme floats that may enter its EEZ.
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Owens, Heather. "Sleep—an Essential Component of Obesity Screening and Counseling: A Policy Analysis of the Affordable Care Act." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801984200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019842001.
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) has provided access to health care for millions of people in the United States. One of the most beneficial aspects of the PPACA is the obesity screening and counseling provision. Currently, it is estimated that over 39% of US adults are obese. Research has linked sleep disturbances to obesity and obesity-related behaviors. The purpose of this article is to advocate for evidence-based care through the inclusion of sleep disturbance screening and management under the PPACA obesity screening and counseling provision. An in-depth policy analysis of the PPACA was conducted to examine the feasibility of adding sleep screenings to the obesity screening and counseling provision available under current law. Findings suggest that the adoption of this policy would require stakeholder advocacy and educational reform. Implementation of the policy would require additional economic investments, but the long-term savings could be significant. A campaign to raise awareness regarding the association between sleep disturbance and obesity among the public and health care professionals would be essential. Policy implementation would require interprofessional collaboration when performing sleep disordered screening and management. Preventative health care for individuals who have not previously accessed the health care system has the potential to socially and economically benefit society if policies provide for evidence-based care. Sleep screening and counseling is essential under the PPACA to adequately address the US obesity crisis.
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Oleynik, Olga, Andrey Oleynik, and Ekaterina Stepanova. "Features of Measuring Poverty Indicators: International and Russian Experience." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 4 (December 2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2020.4.5.
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The paper provides a comparative analysis of methodological approaches to poverty measuring in the Russian Federation and in the global perspective in the current situation on the following key aspects: methods of poverty measuring in official statistics, problems in defining and measuring subjective poverty in different countries. Through the empirical qualitative research we analyzed a wide base of official data and reports of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS STAT), the Federal State Statistics Service, and subsequently analytically interpreted them. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that different countries use various methods of measuring the level of poverty and criteria for its assessment. This situation does not relate to the analytical needs of the society, government authorities and scientists. The Guide of UNECE was developed in order to ensure international comparability and accessibility of poverty indicators. The Guide substantiates the indicators and identifies the needs for appropriate baseline data for measuring poverty, and offers methodological recommendations for national statistical services. The multidimensional measurement of poverty is currently relevant. This approach allows to take into account not only monetary indicators, but also other aspects of people’s life, such as health, living conditions, education, involvement in economic and social relations, etc. The study of the methodological features of poverty measuring in Russia revealed the need for a more detailed development of poverty indicators. At present, the Federal State Statistics Service is adopting new measures in order to include the Indices of Material Deprivation and Poverty and Social Exclusion Risk into the national list of indexes of Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, currently the transition to new methodological and practical approaches to Population Income Survey is being carried out.
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Bo-Chiao 王柏喬, Wang, Chung Kuo-Feng 鍾國風, and Nicolas Zorzin. "An Attempt to Shift Commodified Archaeological Practices in Taiwan through Community Engagement." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 6 (February 11, 2022): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/vol6isspp103-125.
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Archaeological practice in Taiwan, an island located in East-Asia, is deeply influenced by Han Chinese culture and by the implementation of capitalistic approaches to dealing with archaeology that developed thanks to the ideological influence of the United States or the United Kingdom. This article aims to introduce a case study of an experimental approach to public archaeology carried out in Taiwan, which invested substantial effort to being self-reflexive.
Since the 1980s, archaeological practice and the preservation of archaeological heritage in Taiwan has been practiced within the framework of contract archaeology. However, although the number of instances of commercial archaeology increased exponentially, the number of trained archaeologists remains scarce. In this context, archaeologists were trapped within an extractivist economic system that only served the interests of developers. Overwhelmed by massive amounts of work, the quality of the archaeological practice inevitably decreased. In reaction, some archaeologists are now seeking an alternative by adopting more reflexive approaches, which include public archaeology and community engagement.
This article presents a brief introduction to the development of cultural heritage, archaeology, and public archaeology in Taiwan, followed by a case study from the site of the Old City of Zuoying (zuoying jiucheng, 左營舊城) (Southern Taiwan). By sharing our experiences, we aim to emphasise the significant positive aspects that emerged from a community-based and experimental approach, but at the same time to highlight the difficulties and failures we faced with this approach.
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Badau, Estera. "A One Health perspective on the issue of the antibiotic resistance." Parasite 28 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021006.
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For a few years now, the One Health concept has appeared to go hand in hand with the issue of antibiotic resistance as the most comprehensive and global solution. As part of a study comparing the publicization process of the links between antibiotic resistance and food in France and in the United States, this paper retraces the One Health concept’s trajectory in terms of significations and (re)definitions, according to the actors adopting this approach as a viable solution. Furthermore, this paper questions the concept’s take over impact in antibiotic resistance reframing as well as its expansion in terms of functioning and applicability. Within social sciences research, interest in the issue of antibiotic resistance and the One Health approach has largely been established in recent years by a growing number of studies examining its different and multiple aspects. The specificity of this research lies in its two different levels of questioning the One Health concept. Firstly, the concept seems to be referred to by various formulas, from its oldest form, One Medicine-1984, to One World, One Health. Secondly, the concept is being redefined as links between a plurality of domains are recognized (human health, animal health, the environment, and food), following the emergence of international health and food crises and as their multi-level consequences are being addressed by various stakeholders, including public authorities, political leaders, and economic actors.
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Boru, Zeleke T. "The test data provision of USMCA: A potential to promote or negate the timely access to genetically engineered biologics?" Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 16, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134319886627.
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With the adoption of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (henceforth, TRIPS), the WTO members agreed to provide a minimum level of Intellectual Property (IP) protections to a broad range of subjects, including “undisclosed test or other data.” However, following the entry into force of TRIPS, some WTO members (particularly, developed countries) have concluded Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) that consist of TRIPS-plus provisions, which go beyond the minimum standard established under TRIPS. One of the agreements that represent such a trajectory is the newly renegotiated agreement between the U.S, Mexico and Canada. The agreement has been negotiated, among other issues, to replace the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This trilateral agreement also changed the name NAFTA to the United States-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Agreement or NAFTA 2.0. The new agreement contains rules that govern undisclosed test or other data (hereafter, test data), which biopharmaceutical companies submit to Health Regulatory Authorities for the purpose of obtaining the right to market biological medicines (hereafter, biologics). Drawing upon the aforementioned background, this article examines if and how USMCA’s test data rule contravenes the obligations of the USMCA Parties to fulfill, protect and respect the right to biologics, as contained under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereafter, ICESCR) and other international human rights instruments that cover the right to health. The first section provides an overview of USMCA, the second section addresses the nature of legal protection given to test data under the TRIPS Agreement, the third section is devoted to examining the nature of obligation as contained under USMCA’s rule on test data, the fourth discusses the legal basis of the right to biologics, while the fifth section assesses if and how the rule on test data impedes the USMCA Parties from realizing the right to biologics. The last section provides a conclusion.
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Kosenko, Аnastasiya. "POLITICAL ASPECT IN COOPERATION BETWEEN PRC AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES (1990’s – THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 13 (2022): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.7.
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The author considers the political aspect of cooperation between China and South America – its features and basis. The research reveals China’s main goals in South America, such as promoting a «one China» policy, access to raw materials, and building strong political contacts to increase its global influence. It also highlights the benefits that South American countries have sought to gain from cooperating with China. Particular attention is on China’s political cooperation with Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina under the administrations of left-wing ideologies (L. I. Lula da Silva, W. Chavez and N. Kirchner) and their key features. It was found that the presence of left-wing political forces in power in these countries contributed to the establishment of closer contacts with China. The main marker of intensifying political dialogue was the signing of a strategic partnership with Venezuela (2001), Argentina (2004) and Brazil (1993). The aim of the article is to analyze the political cooperation between China and South American countries with a focus on Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina in the 1990’s – early 21st century (before the adoption of the «One Belt – One Road» strategy in March 2013). The research methodology involves the application of a critical method to consider China’s political cooperation with South America. The historical-genetic method is used to consider the political cooperation (its origins and intensification) for its most perfect reproduction. The synthesis method was used to form a holistic picture of China’s political cooperation with the countries of the region. The comparative method is also used to compare the main features of China’s political cooperation with Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina. The scientific novelty of the study is to consider the political aspect of China’s cooperation with South America, with a focus on Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina as key partners in the region, which helps to reveal previously unexplained aspects of this topic. The study found that the intensification of China’s political cooperation with South America was facilitated on the one hand by the success of Beijing’s economic reforms, which prompted the Chinese government to increase its interest in the South American region, which is rich in raw materials; on the other – the liberalization of the economies of South America and their dynamic development. During the study period, China’s political cooperation was concentrated with Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina. It was found that a common feature of China’s political cooperation with these countries was the criticism of the international order led by the United States.
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Гайдай, Володимир. "Mechanisms for ensuring public order protection at the local level in conditions of decentralization of government: EU experience for Ukraine." Public administration aspects 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152119.
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The aim of the article is to study the experience of the emergence and development of municipal law enforcement agencies, to analyse the current state of local police in European countries. The other aim of the article is to study the development of local police, the state of legal, economic support in Ukraine, to form suggestions for the development of municipal police in Ukraine.The initiated reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine, active development of local self-government, building civil society, creation of united territorial communities, transfer of resources, powers from the central level to local levels in the framework of decentralization and local government reform have necessitated the strengthening role of local self-government. Protection of public order should go together with strengthening of a role of local governments in the spheres of medicine and education, in rendering accessible and qualitative administrative, municipal, social services. An additional condition for the formation of local law enforcement is the connection between the development of local self-government in democracies with the development of local law enforcement.Accordingly, the urgency and need to create municipal police in Ukraine, which is a democratic state, is beyond doubt, as evidenced by the active discussion of this topic, both among officials and the public.The world experience of the emergence and current state of functioning of the municipal police in European countries with democratic political regimes has been analysed in the article. Trends in the development of municipal police in European countries have been identified. The existing world models of financial support of the municipal police have been determined.Domestic approaches to the creation of municipal police have been considered. The current state of development of projects of municipal law enforcement forces, the state of adoption of the regulatory framework for the implementation of the functioning of the municipal guard has been studied. An analysis of problematic aspects of the functioning of the National Police of Ukraine, the state of corruption in Ukraine as a way for possible abuse and use of law enforcement agencies for the interests of certain classes has been made. Based on the experience of European EU member states, recommendations on the organization and definition of sources of funding for municipal law enforcement agencies have been made.
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Hussain, Sarwat. "Artificial Intelligence, the Need of the Hour." esculapio 17, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.51273/esc21.2517122.
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Fourth Industrial revolution is currently sweeping the high-income countries (HIC) with Artificial Intelli- gence (AI) based automation affecting virtually every aspect of life. The term AI was first coined by McCar- thy in 1956. It was not until 2000s that AI began to thrive. The evolution of AI into the current status occurred in the last decade owing to the enhanced computing power using Graphic Processing Units (GPU), development of high-powered computer languages, and the emergence of the Big Data. The latter is generated through wireless communication between ‘Smart’ sensors/devices and self-learning machines. The word ‘smart’ is applied to any device that has memory and is able to connect with data networks such as the internet and the processors. In the last few years, there has been exponential growth in AI applications. This can be judged by the projec- tion that the AI field will add $ 15 Trillion to global economy, by the year 2030, up from $ 600 Million in 2016. This will occur mostly in the HIC. The adoption of AI by low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) lags far behind that of HICs. The LMICs would miss out in the economic benefits, further widening the global inequalities. Machine Learning and Deep Learning are branches of AI that are beginning to form the basis of the automation of financial and business decisions, and are the tools of self-driving cars, industrial produc- tion, data analytics, quality improvement and health- care processes to name a few. In healthcare, some of the AI applications have shown to enhance patient care, reduce medical errors, support clinical and administrative decision making, automate equipment maintenance and help reduce operational cost. For instance, AI led cost reductions achieved up to 25 percent drop in the length of hospital stay and up to 91 per cent reduction in admissions to step down facili- ties. In the United States alone, by the year 2026, AI in healthcare is estimated to realize $150 billion in annual cost savings.
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Aledort, Colowick, Hoots, and Dunst. "Economic aspects of haemophilia care in the United States." Haemophilia 5, no. 4 (July 1999): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.1999.00298.x.
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Parish, J. A., and R. H. Watson. "On-farm impacts of endophyte technology in the United States." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3069.
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The on-farm impacts of non-toxic tall fescue endophyte technology have only been partially realised in the United States. Based on current tall fescue acreage, the potential for non-toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue products is immense. However, 6 years after the introduction of the first non-toxic endophyte tall fescue technology to the U.S. market, less than 1% of the total tall fescue acres in the U.S. have been renovated using this technology. Success with leading producers that influence other producers, educational partnerships, and strong product advertising are factors favouring adoption of this technology. Factors slowing this technology adoption include key markets lacking adequate marketing and technical support, lack of producer awareness and inaccurate perceptions about the technology, and acreage moving out of pasture and into alternative enterprises including urban development. Rapidly changing social, political, and economic conditions have the potential to drive profit-minded producers to give more consideration to forage technology adoption. Keywords: farm level, technology application, technology adoption
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Lee McKay, Sandra. "Multilingualism in the United States." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (March 1997): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003378.
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The scope of this paper is limited to an overview of mutilingualism in the U.S. from 1980 to the present. During this period, discussions of language diversity in the U.S. have been largely dominated by an effort to exert the hegemony of English. This effort has been brought on by changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population and supported by a commonly held belief that the economic strength of the U.S. in the international sphere is declining. A dramatic increase in the number of immigrants from Central and South America and the Pacific Rim, coupled with increasing economic competition from industrialized European and Asian nations, has resulted in widespread support for the exclusive use of English in the U.S. This emphasis on English is seen as a way to minimize the threat of the “foreign” influences that are believed to be undermining both the internal unity of the U.S., and its economic world dominance. Whereas nativism is nothing new in the U.S., its current intensity has been fueled by global aspects of migration and economic trade.
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Imaz, Mariana, and Claudia Sheinbaum. "Science and technology in the framework of the sustainable development goals." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-04-2016-0030.
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Purpose In September 2015, the UN member states approved an ambitious agenda toward the end of poverty, the pursuit of equity and the protection of the planet in the form of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. The purpose of this paper is to raise a concern about the context and framework that science, technology and innovation have in the finalized text for adoption that frames the SDGs especially regarding environmental degradation. The authors argue that emphasizing technology transfer in the agenda has the risk to do not recognize other technological alternatives such as eco-technologies, and endorse a limited vision of the role of science and innovation in the achievement of the SDGs. Science for sustainability has to go further than technology transfer, even questioning the limits of the current patterns of intensive use of natural resources and inequity in consumption. By discussing the historical backgrounds of this paradigm and elaborating on the role of science to achieve sustainability in a broader sense. It is in these terms that inter- and intra-discipline and the roles of researchers in sustainability transitions acquire relevance. Design/methodology/approach Although many theories regarding human development are in place and under discussion, the dominant view, reflected in the UN agreement, is that the progress of a country can be measured by the growth in the per capita gross domestic product. This variable determines if a society is able to reduce poverty and satisfy its basic needs for present and future generations (Article 3: United Nations (UN), 2015). Progress and economic growth in several aspects of human development has been substantial over the past 40 years. However, at the same time, the state of the environment continues to decline (UNEP, 2012). The obvious inquiry of these opposing trends is whether progress irremediably comes at the cost of environmental degradation. In 1972, the Club of Rome’s report entitled “Limits to growth” (Meadows et al. 1972) confronted the viability of perpetual economic growth. The report alerted of the impossibility of endless growth in population and production in a finite planet (Gómez-Baggethun and Naredo, 2015). The essay forecasted future crises of food and energy if the population and economic growth continued to grow at the same rate of the first half of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, the catastrophic projections were not met, mostly because of great advances in agriculture, water and energy technologies. Findings The SDGs constitute a relevant international recognition of the importance of the three edges of sustainable development. However, the pathways toward the achievement of the SDGs need to fully recognize that poverty, inequalities and global environmental problems are expressing a deeper crisis in the shape of economic growth, patterns of production and consumption and, in general, the logic of no limits in the exploitation of natural resources (Sheinbaum-Pardo, 2015). For this reason, the science of sustainability requires a deep understanding of the technological change and that technology is not the only approach toward sustainability. Research limitations/implications The paper reflects a conceptual discussion of the narrow vision of science and technology in the SDGs and their UN framework. The most important objective in the UN documents is technology transfer. This has the risk to do not recognize other technological alternatives such as eco-technologies, and endorse a limited vision of the role of science and innovation in the achievement of the SDGs. Practical implications An important discussion of the key points regarding SDGs is developed. Social implications “Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (UN, 2015)” presents a narrow vision and a limiting role to the science of sustainability. Moreover, if these issues are not recognized, the achievement of the SDGs will continue to gain only marginal success. Originality/value It brings out a very important discussion of the role of science and technology in the ambitious UN agenda of the SDGs.
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Ochuodho, T. O., C. M. T. Johnston, and P. Withey. "Assessing economic impacts of internet adoption through reduced pulp and paper demand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0014.
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We use a dynamic, global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to capture the economic impacts of internet adoption, modeled through reduced demand in the newsprint and printing and writing paper (pulp and paper) industries. Global newsprint consumption is estimated to fall dramatically by 2030. We rely on estimates from another study that captures the change in global pulp and paper consumption using the global forest products model (GFPM), based on two scenarios: (i) full per capita internet adoption by 2100 and (ii) more rapid full internet adoption by 2050. We incorporate reductions in pulpwood consumption into a global multiregional dynamic CGE model to estimate economy-wide impacts in Canadian provinces, the United States, and the rest of the world. Results indicated that the year 2050 internet adoption scenario would result in a reduction in cumulative discounted gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 17% in some regions of Canada, reduce GDP by 5.8% in the United States, and increase GDP by 3.3% in the rest of the world from 2006 to 2030. These findings highlight the costs of internet adoption, leaving net benefit analysis of adoption to future work.
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Nicholson, Laura A. "Adoption Medicine and the Internationally Adopted Child." American Journal of Law & Medicine 28, no. 4 (2002): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800002720.
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Throughout its history, this nation has opened its doors to people who, for more reasons than anyone can count, have needed new homes. It has taken us in, given us new lives. Adopted us.Dave and Susan brought five-year-old Liliana home from Romania in January. The couple was ecstatic about their new beautiful blonde-haired daughter. They had waited months for Liliana after beginning the international adoption process with a reputable agency based in the United States. Many aspects of the process—carrying large amounts of cash to Romania, bribing officials to release their new daughter from the orphanage and the total lack of information about Liliana's health or background—had disturbed them. Dave and Susan were relieved when Liliana received a visa to travel to the United States because they thought that the physical examination for her visa had revealed nothing of import. Their concerns disappeared when they boarded the plane to head home to the United States. Liliana seemed healthy and happy, and she would adjust in no time.
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Baack, Bennett D., and Edward John Ray. "Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 3 (September 1985): 607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034525.
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Perhaps no single element involved with the rapid assumption of economic power by the federal government was more important than the passage of the income tax, the means by which the increasing role of government was financed. We explain the political and economic interests that came together to successfully pass the income tax, and we provide extensive empirical evidence regarding the determinants of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
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Vonk, M. Elizabeth, Peggy J. Simms, and Larry Nackerud. "Political and Personal Aspects of Intercountry Adoption of Chinese Children in the United States." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 80, no. 5 (October 1999): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.1479.
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Trolley, Barbara C. "Grief Issues and Positive Aspects Associated with International Adoption." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 30, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7t4g-d7b6-5m4x-f6fq.
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International adoption, a fairly recent event in the history of the United States, has started to receive attention. Areas of losses and gains are described with respect to the biological parent, the adopted child, and the adoptive parent. These issues are described in terms of the individual and the relationship between these individuals. Deficits and benefits specific to the donor and recipient countries are addressed. Bereavement issues inherent in the process of international adoption are identified and those externally induced by societal response to difference are highlighted. The well-being of the child depends on appropriately grieving the losses associated with being internationally adopted while at the same time appreciating the positives.
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Rogers, Everett M., and Jeffery C. Peterson. "Diffusion of Clean Indoor Air Ordinances in the Southwestern United States." Health Education & Behavior 35, no. 5 (August 2, 2006): 683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198106296767.
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The authors investigate the process through which clean indoor air ordinances were considered in 10 communities in the southwestern United States and key factors that influenced diffusion and adoption. Clean indoor air ordinances, which ban smoking in public places, were adopted in approximately 1,409 U.S. communities from 1986 to April 2004. The authors gathered data from 10 communities in New Mexico and Texas by means of face-to-face interview, e-mail, and telephone interviews and by analyzing archival materials. Important influences on the adoption or rejection of clean indoor air ordinances were (a) personal experiences of policy champions, (b) local framing of the ordinance as a public health issue versus as an economic/ business or an individual rights issue, and (c) interpersonal networks connecting a community to previously adopting communities. The policies that were adopted ranged in comprehensiveness, with each community of study reinventing model policies obtained from other communities.
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Schulz, Lee, and Glynn Tonsor. "306 Economic perspectives on biosecurity decision-making." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.077.
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Abstract African swine fever and many other livestock diseases present a host of challenges with a myriad of private and public good considerations. Chief among these challenges is identifying what drives livestock producer, self-protecting biosecurity efforts. Biosecurity adoption is an example of a private behavior that generates positive spillovers affecting the supply of a public good, that is, disease prevention. Encouraging producers to undertake specific biosecurity practices has proven useful in containing previous outbreaks of livestock disease in the United States, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Motivating producers to change production and management practices when a disease is not currently present in the United States can be much more difficult because of the (perceived or actual) lower probability of risk. National surveys of livestock producers were conducted to gain insight into decisions regarding ongoing and prospective biosecurity investment. Findings suggest producer and operation characteristics and diverse views on expected frequency of disease outbreaks, anticipated disease duration, and possible financial impact on operations underlie current and likely future biosecurity adoption. Furthermore, results point to both policy (e.g., indemnity provisions and cost sharing strategies) and market signals (e.g. market access and/or premiums paid or discounts incurred) from upstream livestock buyers have potential to incentivize biosecurity efforts.
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Shakya, Ranish, and Laurent Ahiablame. "A Synthesis of Social and Economic Benefits Linked to Green Infrastructure." Water 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 3651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243651.
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Green infrastructure (GI) is a land development approach that uses a network of natural and built areas and waterways to create healthier urban environments. This study presents a synthesis of GI planning and adoption in 16 cities selected from around the world; 12 of these cities are located in the United States. The study highlights key socio-economic benefits associated with GI adoption and documents analytical procedures used to quantify the benefits linked to GI implementation. The benefits as identified and reported in this study are qualitative rather than quantitative.
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Ogunmola, Gabriel A., Fengsheng Chien, Ka Yin Chau, and Li Li. "The Influence of Capital Requirement of Basel III Adoption on Banks’ Operating Efficiency: Evidence from U.S. Banks." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0011.
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Abstract The United States is recognized as the largest economic entity in the world and its financial system has developed steadily through the guidance of the Federal Reserve System for over one hundred years. However, in recent years, the global economic downturn, coupled with the global COVID-19 pandemic, has led to an unprecedented economic depression and rapid decline in the United States financial sector. Although the U.S. government has gradually instructed banks to raise the core quantity but a giant crisis under the economic depression is still present. This study thus takes U.S. commercial banks as the subject of research and employs the two-stage bootstrapped truncated regression to investigate the impacts of increases in required Core, Tier 1, and total capital adequacy ratios on their efficiency.
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MAKUSHINA, Elena Yu, Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA, and Aleksei S. KUCHER. "Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects." Finance and Credit 27, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 693–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.3.693.
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Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.
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Wambrauw, Meyland S. F., and Mathius Apintamon. "Sanksi Ekonomi Amerika Serikat Terhadap Iran Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)." Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 1, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/pjdir.v1i1.1674.
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This study examines why the United States (US) imposes economic sanctions against Iran during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impacts on the ongoing tensions between the two countries. By adopting qualitative descriptive analysis, the study found that the US enforced a series of economic sanctions on Iran because it was considered a threat to US economic and strategic interests in the region. Not only did the US apply sanctions on foreign-affiliated companies assisting Iranian people's health services due to the indication of financing of terrorism, but the US also blacklisted several Iranian officials for human rights violations. The US even convinced the IMF not to provide 'emergency loan funds' to Iran. As a consequence, Iran found it difficult to get access to medicines and medical equipment which was fundamentally important to fight the outbreak of the Covid-19. Iran previously struggled with US economic sanctions, and the further sanctions during the Covid-19 had exacerbated the country's situation. It is also worth noting that the US, in this context, ignored the aspect of human life in Iran because of its sanctions during the Covid-19 pandemic.KEYWORDSCovid-19; Iran; Sanctions; United States
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Katz, Raúl, and Juan Jung. "The Role of Broadband Infrastructure in Building Economic Resiliency in the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Mathematics 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10162988.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the role of broadband in mitigating the economic losses resulting from COVID-19 in the United States by providing a necessary infrastructure to keep economic systems operating, albeit partially. The study is based on an empirical framework underlined by a Cobb–Douglas production function and estimated within a structural multi-equation model through the three-stage least squares approach. To consider the impact of COVID-19 on the economy, we rely on two main variables: an indicator of the quantity of deaths attributed to the disease for every 100,000 inhabitants; and the Stringency Index, a metric linked to the intensity of social restrictions imposed by national and local governments. The main contribution of this article is to provide robust evidence for how the heterogeneous effects of the pandemic across states are in part explained by differences in broadband adoption. Our results indicate that those states with higher broadband adoption were able to mitigate a larger portion of their economic losses derived from the pandemic-induced lockdowns. Addressing the digital divide and ensuring universal access to broadband represent critical goals for building economic resilience to face future emergencies.
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Takeda, Yu. "Economic Superpower in an Age of Limits." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 278–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02103003.
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This paper examines macroeconomic policy coordination between Japan and the United States under the locomotive strategy from 1977 to 1979. Previous studies have described the strategy as a fiasco because of its negative economic impact. In fact, the Japanese government, after two years of stimulus packages, quit trying to be a locomotive bringing other developed countries out of their economic difficulties and the u.s. government admitted it in 1979. On the other hand, as this article shows, bilateral cooperation with the United States under this strategy expanded the roles and burdens of Japan, an emerging economic superpower, in international economic policy coordination. Japan’s efforts to implement the strategy made the u.s. government believe that Tokyo would continue to respond to its request to bear larger international responsibilities, while it also increased awareness of Japan’s global role in Tokyo. These bilateral perceptual changes paved the way for subsequent policy coordination and Japan’s assumption of greater burdens, notably the adoption of large-scale stimulus packages under belt-tightening budgets.
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Grosse, Scott, Craig Mason, Marcus Gaffney, Vickie Thomson, and Karl White. "What Contribution Did Economic Evidence Make to the Adoption of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Policies in the United States?" International Journal of Neonatal Screening 4, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns4030025.
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Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS), when accompanied by timely access to intervention services, can improve language outcomes for children born deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) and result in economic benefits to society. Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs promote UNHS and using information systems support access to follow-up diagnostic and early intervention services so that infants can be screened no later than 1 month of age, with those who do not pass their screen receiving diagnostic evaluation no later than 3 months of age, and those with diagnosed hearing loss receiving intervention services no later than 6 months of age. In this paper, we first document the rapid roll-out of UNHS/EHDI policies and programs at the national and state/territorial levels in the United States between 1997 and 2005. We then review cost analyses and economic arguments that were made in advancing those policies in the United States. Finally, we examine evidence on language and educational outcomes that pertain to the economic benefits of UNHS/EHDI. In conclusion, although formal cost-effectiveness analyses do not appear to have played a decisive role, informal economic assessments of costs and benefits appear to have contributed to the adoption of UNHS policies in the United States.
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Buxton, Martin J. "Economic Forces and Hospital Technology." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 3, no. 2 (April 1987): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300000532.
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AbstractThe paper considers the economic characteristics of technology and suggests a categorization based on the economic nature of particular technologies and their effect on the product health care that may be helpful in considering the economics of technology in hospitals.It reviews the range of economic forces that might be expected to apply to the use of technology in the hospital setting, and notes some of the evidence to support such hypotheses. In considering the limited evidence from the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe, the paper contrasts its focus on socio-political, institutional, and organizational factors, rather than the direct economic factors considered in the United States work.It suggests that the multiplicity of forces at work make cross-national, empirical, and policy analyses very difficult. Indeed, without more economic appraisal the effect of differences in technology adoption cannot be evaluated.
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Tamarappoo, Ramji, and Neha Malhotra Singh. "Application of Economic and Quantitative Tools for Merger Analysis in India." Antitrust Bulletin 66, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x21997024.
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This article assesses how the use of economic analysis and quantitative tools has evolved in merger assessments in India and draws a comparison with practices in two of the advanced jurisdictions, the United States and the European Union. In addition, this article identifies the trends and the gaps that still persist in India, in terms of the adoption of analytical approaches in merger analysis.
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Shi, Yu, Nisa Yazici Aydemir, and Yonghong Wu. "What Factors Drive Municipal Fiscal Policy Adoption?: An Empirical Investigation of Major Cities in the United States." State and Local Government Review 50, no. 3 (September 2018): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x18813418.
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Local policy makers operate within a confined decision-making environment and their policy-making capacities are limited by intergovernmental constraints, political culture, service demand, and economic and fiscal condition. This study investigates the effects of these factors on certain types of local fiscal policy adoption in the United States. Based on data from hundred major American cities, the result shows that a combination of state aid, state-imposed local tax and expenditure limits, fiscal decentralization, and tax authority has varied effects on the adoption of fiscal policies such as property tax increases, other tax increases, fees and user charge increases, and personnel cuts.
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Chung, Chanjin, Tracy A. Boyer, Marco Palma, and Monika Ghimire. "Economic Impact of Drought- and Shade-tolerant Bermudagrass Varieties." HortTechnology 28, no. 1 (February 2018): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03883-17.
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This study estimates potential economic impacts of developing drought- and shade-tolerant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf varieties in five southern states: Texas, Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and North Carolina. First, estimates are provided for the market-level crop values of the newly developed two varieties for each state. Then, an economic impact analysis is conducted using an input–output model to assess additional output values (direct, indirect, and induced impacts), value added, and employment due to the new varieties. Our results indicate that the two new varieties would offer significant economic impacts for the central and eastern regions of the United States. Under the assumption of full adoption, the two new products would generate $142.4 million of total output, $91.3 million of value added, and 1258 new jobs. When a lower adoption rate is assumed at 20%, the expected economic impacts would generate $28.5 million of output, $18.3 million of value added, and 252 jobs in the region. Our findings quantify the potential economic benefits of development and adoption of new turfgrass varieties with desirable attributes for residential use. The findings suggest that researchers, producers, and policymakers continue their efforts to meet consumers’ needs, and in doing so, they will also reduce municipal water consumption in regions suited to bermudagrass varieties.
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Hail, Luzi, Christian Leuz, and Peter Wysocki. "Global Accounting Convergence and the Potential Adoption of IFRS by the U.S. (Part I): Conceptual Underpinnings and Economic Analysis." Accounting Horizons 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 355–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2010.24.3.355.
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SYNOPSIS: This article is Part I of a two-part series analyzing the economic and policy factors related to the potential adoption of IFRS by the United States. In this part, we develop the conceptual framework for our analysis of potential costs and benefits from IFRS adoption in the United States. Drawing on the academic literature in accounting, finance, and economics, we assess the potential impact of IFRS adoption on the quality and comparability of U.S. reporting practices, the ensuing capital market effects, and the potential costs of switching from U.S. GAAP to IFRS. We also discuss the compatibility of IFRS with the current U.S. regulatory and legal environment, as well as the possible macroeconomic effects of IFRS adoption. Our analysis shows that the decision to adopt IFRS mainly involves a cost-benefit trade-off between (1) recurring, albeit modest, comparability benefits for investors; (2) recurring future cost savings that will largely accrue to multinational companies; and (3) one-time transition costs borne by all firms and the U.S. economy as a whole, including those from adjustments to U.S. institutions. In Part II of the series (see Hail et al. 2010), we provide an analysis of the policy factors related to the decision and present several scenarios for the future evolution of U.S. accounting standards in light of the current global movement toward IFRS.
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Burda, Mikhail A., and Ekaterina S. Shevchenko. "POLITICAL ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION OF THE UNITED STATES: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-2-254-267.
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One of the big-league participants in major international processes, the US government defines the current agenda of the modern world order, steers the vector of international relations development and affects the distribution of power on the global political arena. A supporter of the Non-Institutionalized Global Governance concept and the idea of Rule of Law, American administration demonstrates its own, specific understanding of the goals and course of action of modern international legislation. It seems to have its own insight on the nature and order of international organizations in regards to formulation and adoption of international law, the US role in determining the key features of global law enforcement, as well as the standards and principles of implementation of international law in the US federal legislation. Despite the recent tendency of the US government to roll back from participation in IO projects and revision of a number of agreements within the framework of interstate cooperation, the United States not only succeeds, one way or another, in guiding the trends of global political development, but also continues to have an impact on the interpretation and application of international law. The given article looks at the status of international law in the American legal system, focuses on the participation of the United States in proposition, discussion and adoption of conventions, declarations, agreements and other documents within the framework of the UN, and determines the main directions, according to which American jurisdiction implements international legal doctrines. The current research also brings a focus on specific issues, problems, relations, and contacts regulated at the international level but not implemented by the US federal legislation. The article analyzes political aspects of formulation and adoption of legal rules by American public administration, which are meant to supplement and specify the dominant principles of international sources of law.
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Rosenberger, David A. "Factors Limiting IPM-Compatibility of New Disease Control Tactics for Apples in Eastern United States." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-0826-01-rv.
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Economic constraints in the production of apples and perhaps other horticultural crops limit the adoption of many new IPM-friendly technologies. Because of the diminishing profit margins and the complexities involved in evaluating new technologies, farmers will increasingly turn to crop consultants for advice on when and how to integrate new disease-control technologies into their production systems. Accepted for publication 26 June 2003. Published 26 August 2003.
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Garbrecht, Jurgen D., and Jeanne M. Schneider. "Climate forecast and prediction product dissemination for agriculture in the United States." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06191.
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A wealth of climate forecast information and related prediction products are available, but impediments to adoption of these products by ranchers and farmers in the Unites States remain to be addressed. Impediments for agricultural applications include modest forecast skill, limited climate predictability, inappropriate forecast scale for site-specific applications, difficulties in interpretation of probabilistic forecasts by farmers and integration into agricultural decision systems, uncertainty about the value and effect of forecast information in multi-variable decision system, and generally low frequency of relevant forecasts. Various research institutions have conducted case studies of climate effects on agricultural production systems, particularly effects of historical ENSO signals in the south-eastern United States. Several studies addressed risk and economic values of seasonal climate forecasts, and others bridged the gap between current forecasting software and products and agricultural applications. These studies attest to the availability and suitability of forecast and impact-prediction software, as well as derived products for agricultural applications. Yet, little attention has been given to operational and application-specific prediction products for general agricultural use, and to an effective and affordable delivery system that reaches and resonates with the agricultural end-user (a prerequisite for adoption). The two latter impediments are the focus of this paper. Two existing approaches, the top-down and the participatory end-to-end approach for development and delivery of prediction products, are reviewed. A third approach, the hybrid approach, is emphasised and uses the top-down approach for climate forecast delivery and a participatory approach for development and delivery of farm-specific prediction information for the agricultural end-user. Suitability of such prediction products for agricultural applications and constraints to successful adoption are also discussed.
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Hail, Luzi, Christian Leuz, and Peter Wysocki. "Global Accounting Convergence and the Potential Adoption of IFRS by the U.S. (Part II): Political Factors and Future Scenarios for U.S. Accounting Standards." Accounting Horizons 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2010.24.4.567.
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SYNOPSIS: This is the second article of a two-part series analyzing the economic and policy factors related to the potential adoption of IFRS by the United States. In Part I (see Hail et al. 2010), we develop the conceptual framework for our analysis and discuss economic factors driving the costs and benefits associated with IFRS adoption. In this part, we provide an analysis of the political factors related to the possible U.S. adoption of IFRS, present several scenarios for the evolution of U.S. accounting standards, and outline opportunities for future research on global accounting standards and regulation. We start with a general discussion of the standard-setting process in accounting and how a U.S. switch to IFRS might affect worldwide competition among accounting standards and standard setters. We discuss potential political ramifications of such a decision on the standard-setting process in the United States, as well as on the governance structure of the International Accounting Standards Board. Drawing on our economic framework and the insights from our analysis, we conclude by outlining several possible ways of how U.S. accounting standards could evolve. These scenarios include maintaining U.S. GAAP, letting firms decide whether and when to adopt IFRS, mandating full compliance with IFRS within a prespecified schedule, or creating a competing U.S. GAAP-based set of accounting standards that could serve as a global alternative to IFRS.
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MURTAZASHVILI, ILIA. "Institutions and the shale boom." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 1 (September 19, 2016): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000242.
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AbstractThis paper uses the institutional economics of Douglass North to explain three features of the shale boom: why fracking technology emerged in the United States, the rapid increase in production of natural gas in the United States and the uneven response to these new economic opportunities in shale-rich economies. It argues that the institutional matrix of the United States, in particular private ownership of minerals, encouraged experimentation on the barren Texas oil and gas fields, where fracking technology emerged and the rapid transfer of mineral rights to gas companies. Institutional entrepreneurs, namely landmen and lawyers, facilitated contracting between owners of mineral rights and drillers. Private ownership of minerals and an ideology supportive of drilling provide insight into the adoption of regulations that encourage hydraulic fracturing.
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Kubo, Tomoko. "Housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-195-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The topic of shrinking cities has been one of the most important urban issues in the past three decades. Couch and Cocks (2013) reviewed studies on the outcomes of recent shrinking cities: (1) rapid out-migration from post-socialist countries such as the movement from East Germany to West Germany in the 1990s; (2) economic -decline as an additional trigger for out-migration such as in old industrial areas in Northern England and the Rust Belt of the United States; and (3) rapid demographic changes such as low fertility and longevity-led ageing of the society leading to shrinking regions in the European countries and Japan. Although many studies have been conducted in East Germany, the old industrial cities, and the aging European countries (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Hoekstra et al. 2018, Hollander 2018), little is known about shrinkage in Japanese cities. Over recent decades, the debates on shrinking cities have been widely studied; these studies can be classified into three categories: (1) studies to understand the background reasons that caused shrinkage, (2) those to analyze the effects or outcomes of shrinkage (e.g., increase in housing vacancies or vacant lots, growth of crime rate or political challenges), and (3) those to propose policy implications or practical solution strategies to overcome shrinkage (Hollander and Nemeth 2011).</p><p>First, Hollander (2018) and other studies identified the relationship between the neighborhood life cycle (Hoover and Vernon 1959, or studies by the Chicago schools) and urban shrinkage, with regards to old industrial cities such as those in the Rust Belt of the United States and erstwhile mining towns in North England. Hoover and Vernon (1959) proposed that a neighborhood follows a five-stage cycle, comprising the stages of development, transition, downgrading, shrinkage, and renewal; this five-stage model is linked to the discriminative housing policies from the 1930s until the 1970s in the United States (Metzger 2000). In addition to these neighborhood cycles, other factors such as economic decline, outmigration and population loss, demographic changes (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Couch and Cocks 2013), social transition, globalization and neo-liberalization have transformed housing, welfare, and family relations in many countries (Yui et al. 2017, Ronald and Lennarts 2018). In East Germany, housing oversupply during the post-socialist shrinking periods acted as a catalyst to form a new residential segregation pattern in Leipzig (Grobmann et al. 2015). Some neighborhood conditions can lead to an increase in the number of housing abandonments or long-term housing vacancies in specific neighborhoods, as demonstrated by various studies mentioning oversupply of housing during the housing bubble periods and longitude low demand neighborhoods in the United States (Molloy 2016), the high ratio of poverty (Immergluck 2016), and the conditions of the surrounding neighborhoods (Morckel 2014). Second, the population loss caused by massive out-migration and a rise in housing abandonment or housing vacancies were the most common outcomes of urban shrinkage. Out-migration was triggered by the movement to seek better job opportunities or quality of life, urban life cycles with growth and decline (Couch and Cocks 2013), and the longitudinal decline process of population (Alves et al. 2016). Nordvik and Gulbrandsen (2009) analyzed aging-led shrinkage with a case study in Norway and found a spatial characteristic of shrinkage that occurs more often in suburbs than in city-centers, and the positive relation between the rise in the vacant property ratio and an increase in the elderly population in a region. The out-migration of the younger generation, arising from the desire to move away from parental homes in suburbs, and the deaths among the parental generation that have occurred in the last 30 to 50 years have led to a gradual increase in vacant housing in the suburb in Norway (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009). Apparently, the Japanese suburban neighborhoods have experienced the rise in housing vacancies and ageing population through the similar mechanism with that in Norway, but the reality and spatial patterns of shrinking-related problems vary reflecting the urban and housing policies, housing market characteristics, and embedded relationship between housing and family in society. According to Couch and Cocks (2013), the rise in housing vacancies in a region arises due to several factors, as follows. The first factor is that of short-term vacancies for which there is no demand in the local housing market; this issue can be resolved through public intervention in terms of reinvestment in inner-city social housing, such as in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The second factor is that of oversupply of housing as compared to the housing demand in a region; this is caused by lower satisfaction among residents in their residential environment or inequality in public investment and access to private financial resources by local residents. Moreover, shrinking cities with a high ratio of long-term housing vacancies tend to experience an increase in crime such as burglary. This is because the rise in housing vacancies causes a decline in neighbourhood vitality required to protect social disorder; vacant housing is used to store stolen goods or sell drugs, and there is a “broken window effect” with regard to abandoned housing vacancies (Jones and Pridemore 2016).</p><p>There have recently been more meaningful discussions on how to handle the problems of shrinking cities. As Hoekstra et al. (2018) mentioned, there have been two main approaches in these discussions: one approach has focused on increasing the population in shrinking cities again, whereas, the other accepts longitudinal shrinkage patterns and aims to increase the quality of life of present and future residents (Hollander and Nemeth 2011). The former approach advocates entrepreneurial policies to attract new residents, resulting in an increase in inequality within a region, unsold housing, and a lack of affordable housing (Hoekstra et al. 2018). The latter approach employs methodologies such as selective demolition of abandoned housing to control the housing stock of a region, promoting down-sizing or right-sizing to meet the changes in the housing demands of residents, or densification of urban buildings to recreate walkable neighborhoods (Hoekstra et al. 2018). Hollander and Nemeth (2011) proposed smart decline strategies based on the concept of social justice, with an emphasis on the following aspects: accepting voices from diverse actors, utilizing different types of technology to share information about citizens to problematize uneven power structure, transparent decision-making processes with clear evaluation, and paying attention to the scale of decision making (e.g., the total planning burden is shared among regional levels, and the required interventions are conducted at local levels). Compared to the rich accumulation of literature on shrinking cities in Western countries, the Japanese situation has not been discussed sufficiently and there is an absence of strategies to resolve the issues in Japan. Research on shrinkage and housing has clarified that factors related to housing, welfare, and family relations are embedded in the social fabric, and the relationships vary by region or by country (Ronald and Lennerts 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to obtain deeper understanding of the housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities. The present study aims to review the above-mentioned three categories of shrinking city debates in Japan, to propose practical countermeasures for shrinking and aging Japanese cities. First, we review the reasons that caused the shrinkage in Japanese cities. Second, we analyze the increase in housing vacancies as an outcome of this shrinkage. Third, we examine the political countermeasures that have been adopted in Japan and evaluate their efficacy in the Japanese situation. Finally, through these analyses, we propose policy implications to deal with the problems of aging and shrinking cities in Japan. The major findings of the study are as follows: First of all, existing systems that had been established during the economic and urban growth periods of Japan are not suitable to address the new demands of the shrinking and aging era. Therefore, a great divide in terms of residential environments has occurred within a metropolitan area or between cities. Lesser access to financial resources to reinvest in old suburban neighborhoods or local cities accelerates the divide or inequality in terms of residential environments. Second, an increase in housing vacancies can decrease the quality of life of older adults in these shrinking neighborhoods. Third, these problems could be resolved by adopting a strategy of smart decline, with selective investment to control housing stock, and by accepting aging in place in shrinking neighborhoods. We discuss the challenges in implementing these possible solutions in Japanese cities.</p>
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Oehrle, Elizabeth. "The Economic Accountability of Music Education." British Journal of Music Education 4, no. 3 (November 1987): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700006057.
Full textAbstract:
Music education struggles to survive in countries such as England, United States and South Africa because of the lack of financial support, particularly during economic recessions. To counter this unfortunate situation, well-written books and articles have been appeared over the years, propounding the truth that the arts do have an essential place in the balanced education of children, but these well-founded and constructed arguments continually fall on deaf ears. During economic recessions government planners and educational authorities rationalise that they can afford to do away with the arts because these subjects make little or no difference to the economic welfare of the country.Information from the best-seller by Peters & Waterman, In Search of Excellence, reveals that the principle characteristics of the managers of excellent companies in the United States are characteristics that concern the creative process of thinking, creative aspects of personality, creative products and environmental conditions. These companies have a positive effect on the United States economy. As the aspect of education which is best equipped to nurture these characteristics is the arts, then it is reasonable to argue that we can not afford to ‘phase out’ music education.Because education in the United States, England and South Africa is closely linked to the economy, music educators in capitalist countries should begin to argue for the arts from an economic standpoint, as capitalistic societies are orientated primarily toward capital gain. Failing this, we shall have to argue for more fundamental changes in political and economic systems.
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Rodriguez Izaba, Orlando F., Aaron W. Thompson, Ariana P. Torres, and Maria I. Marshall. "Market Access and Value-added Strategies in the Specialty Crops Industry." HortScience 58, no. 1 (January 2023): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16909-22.
Full textAbstract:
Value-added (VA) technologies can help farmers in the specialty crops industry generate new products, increase off-season income sources, expand market access, and improve overall profitability. The United States Department of Agriculture defines VA agricultural products as those that have been changed physically or produced in a manner that enhances their value. Drawing from this definition, we investigated the adoption of VA technologies, such as drying, physical cutting into customer-ready portions, and washing, by specialty crops farmers. The objectives of this study were two-fold. First, we analyzed how market access drives specialty crop farmers to adopt VA technologies. Second, we addressed key identification issues by investigating the potential endogeneity between the adoption of VA technologies (vertical diversification) and the number of crops (horizontal diversification), which have not been addressed in the VA technology adoption literature. Data for this study were from a 2019 Web-based survey of specialty crops farmers in the United States. The results suggest that market access, growers’ networks, and crop diversification are major drivers of VA technology adoption in the specialty crops industry. The results indicate that farmers who adopted VA technologies experienced economic growth relative to their counterparts.
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Novikova, Elena, and Mikhail Rybalko. "Economic aspects of cooperation between New Zealand and the United States as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400148.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes economic aspects of the interaction between New Zealand and the United States of America as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region. The substantiation of the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in the foreign policy of the two countries is given. We determined that the economic component is one of the most significant components of bilateral relations. Statistical data for the five-year period (2016-2021) are presented, demonstrating the evolution of economic relations between New Zealand and the United States. We established that the economic policy of the two countries is aimed at continuing intensive international cooperation and implementing a recovery strategy in 2021. We concluded that the "soft power" course used by Wellington would enable the country to achieve significant benefits even more in cooperation with other states and reach qualitatively new levels in the existing system of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.