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1
Olvera, Johabed G., and Claudia N. Avellaneda. Performance Management in Public Administration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.263.
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As one of the reforms supported by the New Public Management movement, Performance Management Systems (PMSs) have been implemented worldwide, across various policy areas and different levels of government. PMSs require public organizations to establish clear goals, measure indicators of these purposes, report this information, and, ultimately, link this information with strategic decisions aimed at improving agencies’ performances. Therefore, the components of any PMS include: (1) strategic planning; (2) data collection and analysis (performance measurement); and (3) data utilization for decision-making (performance management). However, the degree of adoption and implementation of PMS components varies across both countries and levels of government. Therefore, in understanding the role of PMSs in public administration, it is important to recognize that the drivers explaining the adoption of PMS components may differ from those explaining their implementation. Although the goal of any PMS is to boost government performance, the existent empirical evidence assessing PMS impact on organizational performance reports mixed results, and suggests that the implementation of PMSs may generate some unintended consequences. Moreover, while worldwide there is a steady increase in the adoption of performance metrics, the same cannot be said about the use of these metrics in decision-making or performance management. Research on the drivers of adoption and implementation of PMSs in developing countries is still lacking.
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Practical OpenTelemetry: Adopting Open Observability Standards Across Your Organization. Apress L. P., 2023.
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Thomas, Rebekah, and Veronica Magar. Mainstreaming Human Rights across WHO. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the efforts undertaken since 2013 to mainstream gender, equity, and human rights into the programs, policies, and practices of the World Health Organization (WHO). With a largely medical and public health staff, for whom the language of rights remains unfamiliar, and an organization focused on providing technical and normative support, WHO is thought to be ill-equipped to make human rights a core part of its activities. However, there are signs that this is changing. Starting with the adoption of an integrated approach to gender, equity, and human rights in 2012, this chapter explores how these cross-cutting values are being mainstreamed into the Organization, and also how norms and principles of human rights and the core attributes of a right to health are finding resonance across a wide range of health programs.
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Bajpai, Asha. Child Rights in India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470716.001.0001.
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Legislation is one of the most important tools for empowering children. Recent years have seen several key developments in the law, policy, and practice related to child rights. Significantly, with the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, a rights-based approach has acquired prominence in the child rights discourse across the world. The book analyses the laws in the light of court judgments and policy initiatives taken in India. It also examines the interventions and strategies employed by non-governmental organizations in recommending legislative reforms in support of children. This fully revised third edition focuses on the new legal developments in India—such as the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015; the new Central Adoption Resource Agency guidelines; the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009; and the National Food Security Act, 2013—thus attempting to integrate the law in theory and field practice. It is clear that realization of the rights of the child calls for a well defined, child friendly, national movement involving individuals, ad masses, peoples and societies, families and communities, states, and nations. Awareness of child rights by stakeholders is crucial.
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Swepston, Lee. The International Labor Organization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0010.
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Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a vital part of the right to health. While the International Labor Organization (ILO) historically treated OSH as an entirely technical matter, it has increasingly been influenced by a human rights agenda. The ILO has responded by adopting and promoting a large number of international standards—in the form of conventions, recommendations, and codes of practice that result in protection against dangers at work. These standards combat specific risks, guide the establishment of health protection across industries, provide guidance for dealing with HIV and AIDS in the workplace, help to set up systems of health protection, provide for how disabled workers can function, and design social security regimes. The ILO also provides practical help to prevent accidents and diseases at the workplace and to stop industrial accidents that kill and injure large numbers of workers—and that have a damaging influence on public health.
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Chapman, Audrey R., and Konstantinos Tararas. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on the human rights work of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and its interconnection with initiatives relating to global health. Embedded in its Constitution, the promotion of human rights has been a component of UNESCO’s activities across its fields of competence since the first years of its existence. Although global health is not central to its mandate, many of UNESCO’s programs are either inextricably connected to global health or have contributed to UN initiatives promoting public health and the right to health. This is showcased through an overview of UNESCO’s efforts on: (1) standard-setting and monitoring; (2) rights in education; and (3) rights in science. Enabling factors for a stronger human rights articulation of UNESCO’s global health initiatives are the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a rights-based common standard of achievement and the resulting inter-agency cooperation and coordination.
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Mone, Thomas. Organ donation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0277.
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Kidney transplantation has been and continues to be dependent on the apparently unscientific and decidedly personal act of organ donation. In the best-performing regions of the world, 75–95% of those who are medically suitable actually become donors upon their deaths, but because of increasing rates of organ failure, even in these high-performing areas, waiting lists continue to grow. Deceased organ donation performance is highly variable even among medically developed countries, and it is especially challenged in countries with cultural, legal, ethical or religious, economic, clinical, or organizational practices that limit donation. Recognizing these challenges, the transplantation community has collaborated to identify and promulgate international best practices and to foster innovation in the management of deceased donation. The goal of this effort is to clarify the organizational structures, social change interventions, and medical practices necessary to maximize both living and deceased donation. Although donation practice differs significantly across countries, successful organ donation programmes share certain traits and practices that can be modified to fit varied medical delivery reimbursement and social systems and structures. The world’s best-performing donation programmes have focused on increasing the public’s and healthcare professionals’ trust in the donation process, ensuring equitable access to transplantation, and they have built donation organizations that borrow from the theory and practice of business and healthcare management systems. The critical processes, essential functions, job roles, and foundational principles of successful donation programmes require the use of the tools that have been shown to improve donation and increase transplantation, thereby reducing (or, ideally, ending) deaths on the waiting lists. The wider adoption of these tools by countries with fledgling or struggling organ donation would increase organ availability and its exploitation of the poor who in many countries become organ ‘vendors’ rather than donors.
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Schildt, Henri. The Data Imperative. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840817.001.0001.
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Companies across all industries are engaging in digital transformation to harness the power of advanced information technologies. Building on interviews and diverse case studies, this book describes how data and algorithms are reshaping management practices, organizational structures, corporate culture, and work roles. The book develops a broad framework for understanding digitalization not as a technological change, but as a new normative mindset, ‘the data imperative’. New managerial ideals compel companies to pursue digital omniscience and omnipotence—the abilities to represent and understand the world through real-time data flows and to control customer experiences, physical equipment, and workers with software. The efforts to complement and replace human expertise with data and smart algorithms are associated with shifts in strategic priorities, adoption of powerful modular architectures, new organizational structures, and introduction of artificial intelligence into diverse work roles. Surveying the changes in management and the workplace, this book offers an integrative and balanced account of the ongoing changes. It elaborates how artificial intelligence is changing work at all levels of the hierarchy and envisions how the emerging artificially intelligent organization will change how professionals work. The frameworks and ideas espoused in this book will help the reader understand the ongoing changes in the workplace that affect everyone from executives and professionals to frontline workers.
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Bishop, Simon, and Justin Waring. Public–Private Partnerships in Health Care. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.28.
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This chapter provides an introduction to Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in health care. It provides contextual background to the worldwide growth of PPPs and discusses the various meanings attached to the term as well as key controversies surrounding their adoption into the public service landscape. It then introduces key developments in PPPs within the field of health care, outlining different types of PPP that have been established across the globe in light of distinct national contexts for the provision of health care and health challenges. Drawing on the authors’ own research into UK Independent Sector Treatment Centres as well as wider literature, the chapter then outlines key areas of deliberation for management and organization within PPPs. This covers issues of governance and accountability, managing innovation, managing culture and values, and managing employment.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. Bastard Ribbonism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.003.0003.
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‘Molly Maguire’ was a sobriquet of the Ribbon Society, an oath-bound combination that, from about 1810, had built a lodge network across much of the northern half of Ireland, physically confronting the Orange Order and articulating Catholic nationalist ambition. The adoption of the moniker in 1844–5 was associated with the expansion of the society into areas where it had not hitherto been active, and also with a shift in its social composition and the character of its activities, both of which now became more agrarian. In the communities around Ardara and Glenties that are the focus of this book, the initial emergence of the Molly Maguires owed much to an organizational drive by the Ribbon leadership, while debts incurred in the Famine to usurious mealmongers contributed to its recalcitrance in the early to mid-1850s.
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Hedge, Jerry W., and Gary W. Carter, eds. Career Pathways. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907785.001.0001.
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Numerous transformations have taken place in the workplace during the past several decades, combining to produce a dramatically different career landscape for individuals, educators, and organizations. Career pathways is a workforce development strategy that can be used to support career development activities and transitions across school and work roles. Adopting a career pathways framework and approach can help guide educational institutions in teaching students competencies that will increase their employability and can also help organizations develop people strategically, build engagement, and improve retention. In this book, a wide variety of critically important career pathway topics are addressed, including the role of career technical education, apprenticeships, and career support in career pathways; proactivity and career crafting; the gig economy and emerging career pathways; the role of data analytics in providing career and workforce insights; and career pathways for late career workers. It includes case study chapters that provide important practical insight into the development and use of career pathways in both educational and workplace settings. This book brings together leading workforce researchers and practitioners to provide new perspectives on school-to-work and workplace career pathways. It shows how career pathways can help individuals and organizations succeed in today’s workplace and in the workplace of the future.
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Wampler, Brian, Stephanie McNulty, and Michael Touchton. Participatory Budgeting in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897756.001.0001.
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Participatory Budgeting (PB) incorporates citizens directly into budgetary decision-making. It continues to spread across the globe as government officials and citizens adopt this innovative program in the hopes of strengthening accountability, civil society, and well-being. Governments often transform PB’s rules and procedures to meet local needs, thus creating wide variation in how PB programs function. Some programs retain features of radical democracy, others focus on community mobilization, and yet other programs seek to promote participatory development. This book provides a theoretical and empirical explanation to account for widespread variation in PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impacts. The book first develops six “PB types,” then, to illustrate patterns of change across the globe, four empirical chapters present a rich set of case studies that illuminate the wide differences among these programs. The empirical chapters are organized regionally, with chapters on Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America. The empirical chapters demonstrate that there are temporal, spatial, economic, and organizational factors that produce different programs across regions but similar programs within each region. A key finding is that the change in PB rules and design is now leading to significant differences in the outcomes these programs produce. We find that some programs successfully promote accountability, expand civil society, and improve well-being, but, that we continue to lack evidence that might demonstrate if PB leads to significant social or political change elsewhere.
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Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Miryam Bar-Matthews, and Avner Ayalon. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0002.
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We take up the question of “why” cultivation was adopted by the end of the Younger Dryas by reviewing evidence in the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, from the Late Glacial Maximum through the first millennium of the Holocene. Based on the evidence, we argue that the demographic increase of foraging societies in the Levant at the Terminal Pleistocene formed the backdrop for the collapse of foraging adaptations, compelling several groups within a particular “core area” of the Fertile Crescent to become fully sedentary and introduce cultivation alongside intensified gathering in the Late Glacial Maximum, ca. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. In addition to traditional hunting and gathering, the adoption of stable food sources became the norm. The systematic cultivation of wild cereals begun in the northern Levant resulted in the emergence of complex societies across the entire Fertile Crescent within several millennia. Results of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations provide a basis for reconstructing economic strategies, spatial organization of sites, labor division, and demographic shifts over the first millennium of the Holocene. We draw our conclusion from two kinds of data from the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene: climatic fluctuations and the variable human reactions to natural and social calamities. The evidence in the Levant for the Younger Dryas, a widely recognized cold period across the northern hemisphere, is recorded in speleothems and other climatic proxies, such as Dead Sea levels and marine pollen records.
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Whiting, Rebecca, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis. Participant-led video diaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0010.
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Rebecca Whiting, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis develop an unconventional research design using video methods, asking participants to produce their own video diaries, a process which is then followed by narrative interviews. This approach generates multi-modal data: audio, visual, and textual, and involves adopting a qualitative perspective, and a social constructionist epistemology. This participant-led research design allows researchers to investigate a range of issues that are not often recalled in interviews or surveys, by capturing naturally occurring, real-time events and activities, and micro-interactions including non-verbal behaviours. Although video methods are used in other disciplines, they are rare in organizational research. The approach is illustrated by a study which explored how digital technologies affect our ability to manage switches across work-life boundaries. Analysis of participants’ video diaries illustrates the theoretical and reflexive insights that can be gained from this method. The problems and pitfalls encountered in this study are also considered.
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Brayne, Sarah. Predict and Surveil. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190684099.001.0001.
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The scope of criminal justice surveillance, from policing to incarceration, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. At the same time, the use of big data has spread across a range of fields, including finance, politics, health, and marketing. While law enforcement’s use of big data is hotly contested, very little is known about how the police actually use it in daily operations and with what consequences. This book offers an inside look at how police use big data and new surveillance technologies, leveraging on-the-ground fieldwork with one of the most technologically advanced law enforcement agencies in the world—the Los Angeles Police Department. Drawing on original interviews and ethnographic observations from over two years of fieldwork with the LAPD, the text examines the causes and consequences of big data and algorithmic control. It reveals how the police use predictive analytics and new surveillance technologies to deploy resources, identify criminal suspects, and conduct investigations; how the adoption of big data analytics transforms police organizational practices; and how the police themselves respond to these new data-driven practices. While big data analytics has the potential to reduce bias, increase efficiency, and improve prediction accuracy, the book argues that it also reproduces and deepens existing patterns of inequality, threatens privacy, and challenges civil liberties.
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Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y., and Mérida M. Rúa, eds. Critical Dialogues in Latinx Studies. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479805198.001.0001.
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Critical Dialogues in Latinx Studies approaches the social histories and contemporary lives of a diverse range of Latina and Latino populations, including immigrants, exiles, refugees, and US-born groups from across the Americas. Adopting a comparative ethnic studies lens that captures histories of US imperialism, local and transnational perspectives on community, national and pan-ethnic identifications, and diverse social and demographic trends, this anthology emphasizes the breadth and dynamism of the ideas, debates, and questions that drive the dynamic field of Latinx/a/o Studies. The edited volume is unique, not only in its comparative, humanistic social science focus but also in its structure and organization of key discussions, what we call “critical diálogos,” in Latinx/a/o Studies. The anthology deliberately considers each contribution, not exclusively as a stand-alone piece but as part of a larger disciplinary theme and interdisciplinary conversation. This specific “diálogo framing” allows readers to identify specific areas of thematic interest, while remaining unavoidably attentive to the diversity and complexity of the everyday lives of Latinx populations, the political economic structures that shape enduring racialization and cultural stereotyping, and the continuing efforts to carve out new lives as diasporic, transnational, global, and colonial subjects. Critical Dialogues in Latinx Studies will introduce scholars and students to new approaches, theoretical trends, and understudied topics in Latinx/a/o Studies, while also fostering rigorous classroom discussion and scholarly research in a variety of disciplinary and interdisciplinary research areas.