Journal articles on the topic 'Adolescent female non-athletes'
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Petisco-Rodríguez, Cristina, Laura C. Sánchez-Sánchez, Rubén Fernández-García, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, and José Manuel García-Montes. "Disordered Eating Attitudes, Anxiety, Self-Esteem and Perfectionism in Young Athletes and Non-Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186754.
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Eating disorders are associated with short and long-term consequences that can affect sports performance. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether female athletes, particularly gymnasts and footballers, exhibit more eating problems compared to female non-athletes, and to identify individual personality characteristics including anxiety, self-esteem, and perfectionism as possible contributors to eating disorder risk. In a sample of 120 participants, 80 adolescent female athletes were compared to a control condition of 40 non-athletes (mean age 17.2 ± 2.82). Participants responded to a questionnaire package to investigate the presence of disordered eating (SCOFF) and psychological variables in relation to disordered eating symptoms or eating disorder status. Subsequently, anthropometric measures were obtained individually by trained staff. There were statistically significant differences between conditions. One of the most important results was the score in SCOFF (Mann–Whitney = 604, p < 0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.52, r = 0.25), being higher in control than in the gymnast condition. These results suggest that non-athlete female adolescents show more disturbed eating behaviours and thoughts than female adolescents from aesthetic sport modalities and, therefore, may have an enhanced risk of developing clinical eating disorders.
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Cupisti, Adamasco, Claudia D’Alessandro, Silvia Castrogiovanni, Alice Barale, and Ester Morelli. "Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Composition in Italian Adolescent Female Athletes and Non-athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 2 (June 2002): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.2.207.
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This study aims to investigate dietary composition and nutrition knowledge of 60 athlete and 59 non-athlete adolescent females (age, 14-18 years), using a 3-day food recall and a questionnaire on nutrition. The reported daily energy intake was similar in athletes and non-athletes, but less than the recommended and the estimated requirements. In the athletes, the energy supply from breakfast was higher than in the non-athletes (18.5 ± 6.6 vs. 15.0 ± 8.2%, p < .005). Energy intake from carbohydrates was higher (53.6 ± 6.2 vs. 49.8 ± 63%, p < .05) and that from lipids was lower (30.4 ± 5.5 vs. 34.2 ± 5.2%, p < .001) in athletes than in non-athletes. Athletes also showed higher fiber (20.0 ± 5.8 vs. 14.1 ± 4.3 g/day, p < .001). iron (10.6±5.1 vs. 7.5 ± 2.1 mg/day,/7 < .001) and vitamin A (804 ± 500 vs, 612 ± 456 μg/day, p < .05) reported intake than non-athletes. Calcium, iron, and zinc intake were less than 100% RDA in both groups. Athletes gave a slightly higher rate of correct answers on the nutrition knowledge questionnaire (77.6 vs. 71.6%,p < .01) than non-athletes. In conclusion, the overall recalled dietary intake and nutrition knowledge of the studied adolescent females show some misconceptions and nutrient deficiencies, but the results in athletes are quite better man in non-athletes, suggesting a favorable role of sport practice on dietary habits and nutrition knowledge.
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RHEA, DEBORAH J. "Eating disorder behaviors of ethnically diverse urban female adolescent athletes and non-athletes." Journal of Adolescence 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0229.
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Opala-Berdzik, Agnieszka, Magdalena Głowacka, and Kajetan J. Słomka. "Characteristics of Functional Stability in Young Adolescent Female Artistic Gymnasts." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0051.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether young adolescent female artistic gymnasts demonstrate better functional stability than age- and sex-matched non-athletes. Different characteristics of the gymnasts’ postural control were expected to be observed. Twenty-two 10- to 13-year-old healthy females (ten national-level artistic gymnasts and twelve non-athletes) participated in the study. To assess their forward functional stability, the 30-s limit of stability test was performed on a force plate. The test consisted of three phases: quiet standing, transition to maximal forward leaning, and standing in the maximal forward leaning position. Between-group comparisons of the directional subcomponents of the root mean squares and mean velocities of the center of pressure and rambling-trembling displacements in two phases (quiet standing and standing in maximal leaning) were conducted. Moreover, anterior stability limits were compared. During standing in maximal forward leaning, there were no differences in the center of pressure and rambling measures between gymnasts and non-athletes (p > 0.05). The values of trembling measures in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly lower in gymnasts (p < 0.05). Both groups presented similar values for anterior stability limits (p > 0.05). The comparisons of rambling components may suggest a similar supraspinal control of standing in the maximal leaning position between gymnasts and healthy non-athletes. However, decreased trembling in gymnasts may indicate reduced noise in their postural control system possibly due to superior control processes at the spinal level. The anterior stability limit was not influenced by gymnastics training in female adolescents.
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Nunally, KD, LJ Micheli, E. Zheng, Z. Hussain, B. Wilson, M. Kocher, YM Yen, DE Kramer, and BE Heyworth. "SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATELLAR INSTABILITY IN ADOLESCENT DANCERS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00120.
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Background: Adolescent dancers may be a high-risk population for patellofemoral instability (PFI), but the condition remains under-investigated, to date, in this sub-group of athletes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) investigate the descriptive epidemiology of PFI in adolescent dancers, (2) analyze the efficacy of various patellar stabilization procedures within this population, and (3) compare PFI in dancers to a larger control group of matched, non-dancer athletes. Methods: A retrospective review of athletes, ages 10 to 19, who presented to a single tertiary care center with PFI between 2008 and 2017 was performed. Based on each patient’s primary sport, the cohort was divided into a dancer and a non-dancer control group. Demographics, clinical and radiologic features, surgical stabilization technique, and postoperative course and clinical outcomes were collected. Independent categorical groups were tested using chi squared and Fisher exact tests. Results: 258 adolescent athletes were included, 41 of whom were dancers, all females. This group was therefore matched with a control group of similarly aged, all-female athletes with PFI (Table 1). 54 athletes had bilateral PFI, yielding 285 knees for analysis. There was no difference between dancer and non-dancer athletes’ age, BMI, laterality, mechanism of injury, nor number of preoperative instability events. However, dancers had lower Dejour Classifications (p=0.044), smaller patella inclination angles (20.9±8.14 versus 25.0±9.84; p=0.004), and smaller Caton-Deschamps Indices (1.18±0.161 versus 1.25±0.189; p=0.041). Among dancers, there was no association between surgical stabilization technique and rates of recurrent instability (p=0.418) nor re-stabilization procedures (p=1.0) (Table 2). However, dancers who underwent tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) had higher rates of subsequent, non-stabilization procedures (66.7%), all for implant removal, compared to those undergoing isolated medial retinacular repairs (MRP) (3.8%) (p<0.001). There was no difference between the dancer and non-dancer athletes’ rates of recurrent instability (p=0.297), re-stabilization procedures (p=0.061), nor subsequent non-stabilization procedures (p=0.242). Conclusions: Female dancers with PFI have similar demographic and clinical features as other female athletes with PFI, but have lower rates or less severe trochlear dysplasia, lateral tilt and patella alta. Therefore, the ligamentous laxity inherent in dancers may be a more powerful risk factor for PFI than other non-modifiable risk factors. Notably, the TTO was a powerful stabilization procedure for this sub-population with low rates of recurrent instability episodes and no revision stabilization procedures performed. Rates of implant removal surgery following TTO may be substantial, though this may be technique or surgeon dependent. Tables/Figures: [Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Weiler, Rosa Maria Eid, Fernanda Malheiro Santos, Marco Antonio Kulic, Maria Paula C. De Souza Lima, Selma Ribeiro Pardini, Matsuyoshi Mori, and Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle. "Prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in female adolescent athletes and non-athletes." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 77, no. 4 (April 2013): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.12.024.
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Tubic, Tatjana, Visnja Djordjic, and Suncica Pocek. "Dimensions of self-concept and sports engagement in early adolescence." Psihologija 45, no. 2 (2012): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1202209t.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the differences in particular dimensions of selfconcept in female and male adolescents depending on sports engagement, as well as to determine which domain-specific self-perceptions provide the highest contributions to global self-worth in female and male adolescents engaged in sport and those not engaged in it. This research included 400 subjects at early adolescent age, of both genders (235 females and 164 males) further divided to sub-samples of athletes and non-athletes. An adapted version of a scale Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1988) was applied, which consists of nine subscales. The obtained results indicate that sport-engaged adolescents of both genders provide more favourable perception of themselves in most tested aspects of self-concept than those not engaged in an organized sports activity. Engagement in sport has special effect on selfconcept of male adolescents. Results of multiple regression analysis point out unambiguously the significance of self-perception of physical appearance in global self-worth of adolescents of both genders, irrespective of whether they are involved in sports activity or not.
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Ornelas Contreras, Martha, Omar Solis, Natalia Solano Pinto, and Judith Margarita Rodríguez-Villalobos. "Imagen corporal percibida en mujeres adolescentes deportistas y no deportistas (Perceived body image in female adolescent athletes and non-athletes)." Retos, no. 37 (September 3, 2019): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.72386.
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El presente estudio evaluó la percepción sobre su imagen corporal actual, ideal, social e inconformidad corporal entre adolescentes mexicanas deportistas vs no-deportistas. La muestra fue obtenida por conveniencia con un total de 408 mujeres con una edad de M= 14.24 y DE= 1.69 años; 198 de ellas conforman el grupo de deportistas (M=14.30 y DE= 1.57) ya que practican algún deporte y participan regularmente en torneos o competencias deportivas, las otras 210 participantes son del grupo de no deportistas (M= 14.18 y DE= 1.79). Todas contestaron la Escala Informatizada para la Estimación del Contorno de la Figura (EIECF) adaptada e informatizada. Los resultados del análisis de la varianza, muestran que las adolescentes no deportistas son quienes eligen modelos más gruesos para su figura actual y social, además de mostrar mayor inconformidad corporal. Resultados que permiten concluir que, en general, las personas activas tienen una mejor percepción de su imagen corporal, que las sedentarias.Abstract. This study consisted in determining differences and similarities between Mexican adolescents who practice a sport and those who do not with regard to their perception of their actual, ideal, and social body image, as well as their body dissatisfaction. A total sample of 408 female teenagers aged 12-17 years old participated in this study; 198 of them practiced a sport and regularly participated in tournaments or competitions. All the participants completed the Contour Drawing Rating Scale adapted and computerized by Gastélum and Blanco (2006). The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the one-way univariate analyses of variance, showed that adolescents who do not regularly participate in sports show thicker models in their present and social body image, in addition to displaying higher body dissatisfaction.
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Edama, Mutsuaki, Hiromi Inaba, Fumi Hoshino, Saya Natsui, Sae Maruyama, and Go Omori. "The relationship between the female athlete triad and injury rates in collegiate female athletes." PeerJ 9 (April 6, 2021): e11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11092.
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Background This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the triad risk assessment score and the sports injury rate in 116 female college athletes (average age, 19.8 ± 1.3 years) in seven sports at the national level of competition; 67 were teenagers, and 49 were in their 20s. Methods Those with menstrual deficiency for >3 months or <6 menses in 12 months were classified as amenorrheic athletes. Low energy availability was defined as adolescent athletes having a body weight <85% of ideal body weight, and for adult athletes in their 20s, a body mass index ≤17.5 kg/m2. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured on the heel of the right leg using an ultrasonic bone densitometer. Low BMD was defined as a BMD Z-score <−1.0. The total score for each athlete was calculated. The cumulative risk assessment was defined as follows: low risk (a total score of 0–1), moderate risk (2–5), and high risk (6). The injury survey recorded injuries referring to the injury survey items used by the International Olympic Committee. Results In swimming, significantly more athletes were in the low-risk category than in the moderate and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In long-distance athletics, significantly more athletes were in the moderate-risk category than in the low and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In the moderate and high-risk categories, significantly more athletes were in the injury group, whereas significantly more athletes in the low-risk category were in the non-injury group (p = 0.01). Significantly more athletes at moderate and high-risk categories had bone stress fractures and bursitis than athletes at low risk (p = 0.023). Discussion These results suggest that athletes with relative energy deficiency may have an increased injury risk.
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Andari, Nisa Nur Isnaini, Fillah Fithra Dieny, A. Fahmy Arif Tsani, Deny Yudi Fitranti, and Nurmasari Widyastuti. "Diet Quality, Nutritional Status, and Haemoglobin Level of Female Adolescent Athletes in Endurance and Non Endurance Sports." Amerta Nutrition 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.140-148.
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Background: Based on the duration and intensity of the exercise, sports can b classified into two types: endurance and non endurance (strength and power). Endurance sports is a high risk sport with low diet quality, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage), and haemoglobin level. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to analyze the differences of diet quality, nutritionl status, and haemoglobin level of female adolescent athletes in endurance and non endurance sports. Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 23 endurance athletes and 21 non endurance athletes in BBLOP Central Java, UNNES swimming and athletic sports club, and Salatiga atlhetic sports club. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. BMI and body was measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Tanita DC-360). Haemoglobin level was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Diet quality was measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) form. Data was analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: The majority of nutritional status based on BMI and perventage body fat in endurance and non endurance athlete were normal. About 9,5% of non endurance athlete had anemia. There were significant difference in diet quality (p=0,029) and variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake (p<0,001; p=0,028; p=0,045; p<0,001) of endurance and non endurance athletes, but no significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0,573) and haemoglobin level (p=0,714). Conclusion: There were significant difference on diet quality, variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake between endurance and non endurance athletes.
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Goto, Shiho, Joseph P. Hannon, Angellyn N. Grondin, James M. Bothwell, and J. Craig Garrison. "EFFECTS OF SPORTS SPECIALIZATION ON LOWER EXTREMITY SAGITTAL PLANE LOADING IN ADOLESCENT MALES AND FEMALES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00281.
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Background: Sport specialization has been associated with increased risk of both acute and chronic lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in adolescent athletes. Repetitive movement through sport specialization has been hypothesized to increase the stress through the lower extremity, leading to injury. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in sagittal plane lower extremity loading between adolescent athletes who participate in a single sport (SS) verse those who participate multiple sports (MS). Methods: A cross sectional study design was used. A total 252 adolescent athletes participated in the study (Males: SS=26, Age=14.62±1.72, Ht=173.06±12.41 cm, Mass =62.47±14.72 Kg; MS=27, Age=13.52±1.72, Ht=171.61±11.20 cm, Mass =61.32±14.21 Kg Females: SS=127, Age=14.28±1.77, Ht=164.72±10.73 cm, Mass =58.29±11.17 Kg, MS=84, Age=13.62±1.41, Ht=163.22±7.67 cm, Mass =57.63±11.44 Kg). Participants were included if they were between the ages of 10 and 17, involved in high-risk sports for equal or greater than 50 hours per year, and reported no injuries in the 3 months prior to participation in the study. Joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle were assessed at initial contact (IC) during a jump-landing (JL) task in both the dominant and non-dominant limbs. All values were normalized to the product of height and weight and averaged across three trials. Participants were grouped into SS or MS groups, then sub-grouped by gender. Separate independent t-tests were performed on each dependent variable for the dominant and non-dominant limbs in males and females to examine the differences between the groups (SS vs MS) (α = 0.05). Results: In the female cohort, the SS group demonstrated lesser knee flexion moments compared to the MS group on dominant side (SS=0.022 HtWt-1, MS=0.026 HtWt-1; p=0.012). The female SS group also demonstrated lesser hip extension moments (SS=0.031HtWt-1, MS=0.042 HtWt-1; p=0.022) and knee flexion moments on non-dominant side compared to that of the MS group (SS=0.023HtWt-1, MS=0.027 HtWt-1; p=0.013). There were no significant differences observed in any of the variables in male adolescents. Conclusion: Altered sagittal plane biomechanics were observed in female adolescents, but not in male adolescents during a JL task. The MS group had greater loading at the hip and knee joints than the SS group. Since MS has been suggested to increase the risk of lower extremity injuries, this biomechanical pattern at IC of a JL may be a profile for higher risk of lower extremity injuries. (394/400) [Table: see text]
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Joseph, Jacob, Fleur McIntyre, Christopher Joyce, Aaron Scanlan, and Ashley Cripps. "A comparison of multidimensional qualities discriminant of selection in elite adolescent Australian basketball athletes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0256032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256032.
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Purpose The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the multidimensional attributes of male and female basketball athletes under 16 years of age (U16) and under 18 years of age (U18), and (2) identify attributes that distinguish selection into a talent pathway according to sex and age group. Methods 67 male and 71 female athletes competing in U16 and U18 selection trials for a state based Australian basketball talent pathway completed a multidimensional testing battery. The test battery consisted of anthropometric, physical (20- linear sprint, countermovement jump height, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2), technical (Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test), tactical (video decision making), and psychological (Sports Orientation Questionnaire, Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative) assessments. Mean differences and independent t-tests were used to assess comparative differences between selected and non-selected athletes within each age and sex cohort. Stepwise discriminant analyses were used to identify attributes that were the strongest discriminators of selection in each group (male U16, male U18, female U16, and female U18). Results The discrimminant models showed for male U16 athletes smaller height (ES = -0.18) and greater shooting accuracy (ES = 0.52) was most discriminant of selection. Results were largely homogenous for male U18 athletes with lower visualisation score (ES = -0.62) most discriminant of selection. In female cohorts, faster 20-m sprint time (ES = -0.66) and taller height (ES = 0.58) was most discriminant of selection in U16 athletes while greater shooting accuracy (ES = 0.67), countermovement jump height (ES = 1.04), and height (ES = 0.65) was most discriminant of selection in U18 athletes. Conclusions These results emphasise the differing selection priorities within adolescent basketball cohorts according to sex and age group. The testing of anthropometric, physical and technical attributes may hold particular utility in adolescent female basketball given their identified importance to selection across U16 and U18 cohorts.
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Dolenc, Petra. "Anxiety, Self-Esteem and Coping With Stress in Secondary School Students in Relation to Involvement in Organized Sports / Anksioznost, Samospoštovanje In Spoprijemanje S Stresom Pri Srednješolcih V Povezavi Z Vključenostjo V Organizirano Športno Aktivnost." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0031.
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Abstract Aim. The objective of the study was to examine self-esteem, anxiety level and coping strategies among secondary school students in relation to their involvement in organized sports. Methods. The sample included 280 Slovenian male and female secondary school students aged between 15 and 19 years. The participants completed The Adolescent Coping Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the PSDQ Selfesteem Scale. Results. Participants engaged in organized sports exhibited higher self-esteem scores and lower anxiety scores in comparison to non-sport participants. Differences between the two groups have also been identified with respect to the use of certain coping strategies. Sport participants reported more productive coping than non-sport participants, which represents an active and problem-focused approach to dealing with everyday problems. Gender differences in the referred variables have also been studied, with female athletes exhibiting higher levels of anxiety than male athletes. Female participants were also found to use more non-productive coping than males, focused mainly on reducing emotional effects of stress. Conclusions. Organized youth sports have an important role in improving and maintaining a favorable sense of self-worth, reducing anxiety, and promoting productive coping strategies in adolescents when dealing with everyday problems.
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de Sousa, Eliene F., Teresa H. M. Da Costa, Julia A. D. Nogueira, and Lúcio J. Vivaldi. "Assessment of nutrient and water intake among adolescents from sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507864841.
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Adolescents aged 11–14 years (n 326), belonging to organized sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil were interviewed. Subjects (n 107) provided four non-consecutive days of food consumption and 219 subjects provided two non-consecutive days of intake. The objective was to assess their nutrient and water intake according to dietary reference intake values and their energy and macronutrient intake by sex and sports groups they were engaged in: endurance, strength-skill or mixed, according to the guidelines established by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Dietary data were corrected for intra-individual variation. Total energy expenditure was higher among endurance athletes (P < 0·001) following their higher training time (P < 0·001) when compared to adolescents engaged in strength-skill or mixed sports. Total energy intake was only significantly higher among endurance-engaged females (P = 0·05). Protein intake of males was above the guidelines established by the ACSM for all sports groups. All male sport groups fulfilled the intake levels of carbohydrate per kg body weight but only females engaged in endurance sports fulfilled carbohydrate guidelines. Intakes of micronutrients with low prevalence of adequate intake were: vitamins B1, E and folate, magnesium and phosphorus. Few adolescents ( < 5 %) presented adequate intake for calcium, fibre, drinking water and beverages. For micronutrients, prevalence of adequacies were lower for females than males, except for liquids and water. Nutrition guidance is needed to help adolescents fulfil specific guidelines of macronutrient intake for their sports and to improve their intake of micronutrients and water. Special attention should be given to female adolescent athletes.
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Kallini, Jennifer, Lyle J. Micheli, Dennis E. Kramer, Mininder S. Kocher, and Benton E. Heyworth. "PRESENTING FEATURES, CLINICAL COURSE, SURGICAL TECHNIQUES, AND OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BIPARTITE PATELLA IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ATHLETES: A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON TO A NON-OPERATIVELY TREATED COHORT." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00241.
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Background: The bipartite patella is a developmental variant in which incomplete ossification leads to a fibrocartilaginous synchondrosis between ossification centers; repetitive traction on the synchondrosis in young athletes may lead to pain. Few series of surgical cases exist to guide treatment approaches to refractory pain. Hypothesis/Purpose: To investigate the presenting features, clinical course, surgical techniques, and outcomes associated with operative treatment of symptomatic bipartite patella in pediatric and adolescent athletes, with comparison to a control group of symptomatic, non-operative patients. Methods: A retrospective medical record review of patients ≤20 years-old diagnosed with symptomatic, radiographically-confirmed bipartite patellae between 2003 and 2018 at a single tertiary-care pediatric hospital was conducted. Patients for whom knee pain could not be attributed to bipartite patella were excluded. Additional clinical and operative variables were collected for the subset that underwent surgical treatment. Outcomes analyzed included time to return to sport (RTS) and re-operation. Results: 278 patients (37.8% females; mean age: 12.7 years, range 7-20 years) were included, 27 (mean age: 15.3 years, range 10-20 years) of whom were treated operatively (9.7%). Compared to the 251 patients who underwent non-operative treatment (consisting of physical therapy, activity modification, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, and cryotherapy), the operatively treated patients were more likely to be older (mean age 12.4 years vs. 15.3 years, p<0.001), female (35.5% vs. 59.3%, p=0.02) and competitive athletes (83.6% vs. 100%, p=0.10). Of the operative patients, 16 (59%) had Saupe III (superolateral) ossicles, 8 (30%) had Saupe II (lateral) ossicles, and 3 (11%) had Saupe I (inferior) ossicles. Most operative patients (79%) reported insidious onset of pain, with minor trauma precipitating symptom onset in the remainder (21%). Symptom duration prior to surgery was 2.2 years (range 1.7 mo-10.1yrs). Procedures were categorized as isolated fragment excision (n=10), fragment excision with lateral release (n=9), isolated lateral release (n=4), ORIF (n=3), and arthroscopic drilling (n=1). Operative outcomes are found in Table 1. Conclusions: Bipartite patella may be an underappreciated cause of knee pain in adolescent athletes. Patients who underwent surgery displayed symptoms lasting >2 years, representing ˜10% of cases, and were most likely to have superolateral bipartite fragments with a mean size of ˜1cm2. Surgery was more common amongst females, competitive athletes, and older adolescents. There was an overall 11% risk of persistent or recurrent symptoms warranting re-operation. Prospective multi-center investigations may be warranted to identify optimal candidates for earlier interventions, as well as optimal non-operative and operative treatment techniques. [Table: see text]
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LaVoi, Nicole M., Erin Becker, and Heather D. Maxwell. "“Coaching Girls”: A Content Analysis of Best-Selling Popular Press Coaching Books." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 16, no. 2 (October 2007): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.16.2.7.
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Given the lack of nationalized and required coach education programs for those involved with youth sports, self-help coaching books are a common source of knowledge. With the exception of critiques of young adult sports fiction (Kane, 1998; Kreigh & Kane, 1997), sport media research has lacked investigation of mediums that impact non-elite youth athletes and adolescent girls, and youth coaches and parents of young female athletes. The purpose of this study is to examine ‘coaching girls’ books–specifically how differences between female and male athletes are constructed. A content analysis was performed on selective chapters within a criterion sampling of six best-selling, self-help ‘coaching girls’ books. Results indicate coaching girls books are written from a perspective of inflated gender difference, and represent a simplified, stereo-typed account of coaching girls. Four first-order themes emerged from analysis: Problematizing Coaching Girls, Girls Constructed As “Other,” Ambivalence, and Sustaining the Gender Binary. Implications of these themes are discussed.
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Nepple, Jeffrey J., Yi-Meng Yen, Ira Zaltz, David Podeszwa, Ernest L. Sink, Young-jo Kim, Dan Sucato, Anchor Group, and John Clohisy. "FAI SURGERY IN THE ADOLESCENT POPULATION: MILD DEFORMITIES AND LACK OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF TREATMENT FAILURE." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00019.
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Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is as prevalent in adolescents as in adults, yet few studies have analyzed treatment outcomes in the adolescent population. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of FAI surgery in adolescent patients and to identify predictors of treatment failure. Methods: A cohort of 126 adolescent patients (<18 years) undergoing surgery for symptomatic FAI were prospectively assessed among a larger multicenter cohort. The adolescent subgroup included 74 (58.7%) males and 52 (41.3%) females, had a mean age of 16.1 years (range 11.3-18.0), and a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. Mild cam FAI was defined by an alpha angle less than 55 degrees. Clinical outcomes were analyzed with the mHHS, HOOS (5 domains), and UCLA activity score. Failure was defined as revision surgery or clinical failure (failure to reach MCID (minimally clinically important difference) or PASS (patient acceptable symptoms state) for modified Harris Hip score. Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors significantly associated with failure. Results: There was clinically important improvement in all PROs (mHHS, all HOOS domains) for the overall cohort and 81% of patients met criteria for a successful outcome. The failure rate (revision surgery or clinical failure) of the overall cohort was 19%, including revision surgery in 8.7%. Female patients were significantly more likely than male patients to be classified as a failure (25.7% vs. 9.1%, p=0.017, OR 2.6), in part because of a lower preoperative mHHS (59.1 vs. 67.0, p<0.001). Mild cam FAI (alpha less than 55 degrees) was present in 31.5% of cases including 39.1% of females and 14.5% of males. Maximal alpha angle was significantly inversely associated with the failure rate (37.5% for alpha<55, 19.2% for alpha 55-63, and 6.8% for alpha>63, p<0.005). Non-athletes were at a significantly greater risk of failure compared to athletes (26.5% vs. 10.3%, p=0.043, OR 2.3). Multivariable logistic regression identified mild cam FAI and lack of participation in sports as predictive of failure (p=0.005 and p=0.04), while gender was no longer significantly associated with failure after controlling for other variables. Conclusions: Adolescent patients undergoing surgical treatment of FAI demonstrate significant improvement at early followup. However, mild cam FAI deformities (which are common in adolescent female patients) and lack of participation in sports are independently associated with higher rates of treatment failure. These factors associated with treatment failure should be considered in surgical treatment decision-making and patient counseling.
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S, Ott, Gonzalez L, Redell J, Duran J, Schatz P, and Becker E. "A - 22 Post-Concussive Changes in Menstrual Cycle Reporting: Comparing Self-Report Versus Blood Plasma Concentrations." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 4 (May 21, 2021): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab035.22.
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Abstract Objective Few studies have addressed serum levels of hypothalamic hormones, as a consequence of sports-related concussion, in concussed, female adolescent athletes. Methods Female athletes, ages 14–18, were assigned to two study groups: 1) 18 diagnosed with a sports-related concussion (SRC) and evaluated within 7 days of injury, and 2) 18 healthy participants matched on age, education, and sport. Participants self-reported menstrual cycle status, with Days 1–15 of the menstrual cycle corresponding to the Follicular phase and days >15 to the Luteal phase. Blood samples were drawn for Plasma concentration measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and progesterone. Using progesterone plasma concentration, <=2 ng/mL corresponding to the Follicular phase and > 2 ng/mL corresponding to the Luteal phase. Results Across both groups, there was agreement between self-reported and progesterone plasma concentrations menstrual cycle Follicular (71.4%) or Luteal phase (52.9%) [X2(1) = 2.33, p = 0.13, phi = 0.25] in identifying menstrual cycle phases. Within the non-concussed controls, there was 90% agreement for Follicular phase and only 33.3% agreement for Luteal phase [X2(1) = 1.55, p = 0.30, phi = 0.29], and for the concussed athletes there was 54.5% agreement for Follicular phase and 75% agreement for Luteal phase [X2(1) = 1.66, p = 0.35, phi = 0.30] Conclusions We provide preliminary evidence of disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary-axis (HPA) following mTBI as there was a 90% agreement between self-reported follicular phase and follicular phase determined by Progesterone levels for non-concussed females as compared to 54% agreement between the same measures for concussed females.
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Grabara, Małgorzata. "Posture of adolescent volleyball players – a two-year study." Biomedical Human Kinetics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2020-0026.
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SummaryStudy aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the posture of male and female adolescent volleyball players and non-training individuals over a 2-year period.Material and methods: The study group comprised 32 volleyball players and 30 non-athlete peers. Posture was assessed with a photogrammetric method based on the moiré phenomenon. Participants were examined 3 times at the ages of 14, 15 and 16 years. Training experience of the studied volleyball players at the time of the 1st measurement was less than 5 months.Results: In volleyball players greater asymmetry in the pelvis position was noted (rotation to the right). The right scapula was more outlying than the left, and the right shoulder was more elevated than the left. Volleyball training did not result in sagittal spinal curvatures. Male non-athlete participants exhibited a significant increase in thoracic kyphosis and a decrease in lumbar lordosis over a two-year period.Conclusion: Volleyball training affects the alignment of the pelvis, shoulder girdle and scapulae. The study revealed a number of differences in spinal curvatures between male volleyball players and non-athletes which could be associated with growth velocity and differences in body height.
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McGuine, Timothy, Eric Post, Adam Yakuro Pfaller, Scott Hetzel, Allison Schwarz, M. Alison Brooks, and Stephanie A. Kliethermes. "Does soccer headgear reduce the incidence of sport-related concussion? A cluster, randomised controlled trial of adolescent athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 7 (May 14, 2019): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100238.
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BackgroundThere have been no large randomised controlled trials to determine whether soccer headgear reduces the incidence or severity of sport-related concussion (SRC) in US high school athletes.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether headgear reduces the incidence or severity (days out from soccer) of SRCs in soccer players.Methods2766 participants (67% female, age 15.6±1.2) (who undertook 3050 participant years) participated in this cluster randomised trial. Athletes in the headgear (HG) group wore headgear during the season, while those in the no headgear (NoHG) group did not. Staff recorded SRC and non-SRC injuries and soccer exposures. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine time-to-SRC between groups, while severity was compared with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.Results130 participants (5.3% female, 2.2% male) sustained an SRC. The incidence of SRC was not different between the HG and NoHG groups for males (HR: 2.00 (0.63–6.43) p=0.242) and females (HR: 0.86 (0.54–1.36) p=0.520). Days lost from SRC were not different (p=0.583) between the HG group (13.5 (11.0–018.8) days) and the NoHG group (13.0 (9.0–18.8) days).ConclusionsSoccer headgear did not reduce the incidence or severity of SRC in high school soccer players.Trial registration numberNCT02850926.
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Romanchuk, Nicholas J., Michael J. Del Bel, and Daniel L. Benoit. "SEX-SPECIFIC ENERGY ABSORPTION STRATEGIES DURING UNANTICIPATED SINGLE-LEG LANDINGS IN ADOLESCENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR KNEE INJURIES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00237.
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Background: The vast majority of ACL injuries in adolescents occur during non-contact injuries, in particular single-leg landings. The magnitude of energy absorption about each joint during theses landings influences the internal and external forces acting on the joints of the lower extremity. Understanding the biomechanics of landing in adolescent male and female athletes may provide insight into these non-contact injury mechanisms. Hypothesis/Purpose: This study set out to identify sex-specific energy absorption strategies during single-leg landing and determine the relationship between joint strength and the observed strategies. To better represent real-world conditions, we developed a novel unanticipated drop-jump landing protocol for this population. Methods: Thirty-one healthy youth athletes completed unanticipated single-leg drop-jump landings on their dominant limb. Kinematics and lower-limb contributions to energy absorption were calculated over the landing phase for each jump. Independent t-tests as well as Mann-Whitney U tests determined the presence of statistical differences between sexes. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients determined the relationship between isometric joint strength and the observed kinematics and energy absorption. Results: Females participants absorbed a larger proportion of the landing forces at the ankle and smaller proportion at the hip compared to males. Females also reached larger peak negative joint power in their knee and ankle. Both hip extension and ankle plantar flexion strength were correlated with greater spine flexion and less pelvic flexion. Conclusion: Females adopted an energy absorption strategy which utilized distal joints to absorb a larger portion of the landing forces and tended to absorb the forces later relative to males. A greater reliance on the distal joints is related to reduced hip strength and may increase the risk for sustaining an ACL injury.
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Jakše, Boštjan, Barbara Jakše, Nataša Fidler Mis, Borut Jug, Dorica Šajber, Uroš Godnov, and Ivan Čuk. "Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2021 (January 12, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8810548.
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Objective. Nutritional status is important for health and competitive achievement. This area remains understudied among elite-level female athletes and is appropriate for research. We examined nutritional status and cardiovascular health markers of two groups of female athletes of the same age and competition period, involved in weight-bearing and a non-weight-bearing sport: gymnasts (n = 17) and swimmers (n = 14); mean age 17.4 and 16.6 years. Methods. Body composition and dietary intake were assessed by bioelectrical impedance and Food Frequency Questionnaire. The concentrations of serum micronutrients (B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D), calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron), blood lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Setting and Participants. A cross-sectional study of 31 athletes from Slovenia. Results. Gymnasts had higher body mass index (21.5 vs. 20.1 kg/m2, p = 0.043 ) and lower fat free mass (42.4 vs. 46.6 kg, p = 0.024 ) than swimmers and comparable body fat percentage (22.5 vs. 22.8%). Both groups had low intake of carbohydrates, fibre, polyunsaturated fats, protein (only gymnasts), and micronutrients (11/13 micronutrients gymnasts and 4/13 swimmers) and high intake of free sugars and saturated fats. Both groups also had significantly lower-than-recommended serum levels of 25 (OH) D. All cardiovascular risk factors were within recommended ranges. Gymnasts had higher LDL cholesterol (2.7 vs. 2.2 mmol/L, p < 0.011 ), and swimmers had higher systolic BP (126 vs. 107 mmHg, p < 0.001 ). Conclusions. Dietary intake especially in gymnasts was suboptimal, which may reflect in anthropometric and cardiovascular marker differences between gymnasts and swimmers.
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Cleary, Michelle A., Ronald K. Hetzler, Darcy Wasson, Jennifer J. Wages, Christopher Stickley, and Iris F. Kimura. "Hydration Behaviors Before and After an Educational and Prescribed Hydration Intervention in Adolescent Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.05.
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Context: The effectiveness of education in modifying hydration behaviors in adolescent athletes is unclear. Objective: To assess the hydration status and behaviors of female athletes before and after a 1-time educational intervention and prescribed hydration intervention in a warm, humid, tropical environment. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Non–air-conditioned gymnasium in a tropical environment (indoor wet bulb globe temperature = 24.0 ± 0.2°C). Patient or Other Participants: Thirty-six female adolescent elite volleyball players (age = 14.8 ± 0.8 years, height = 168.2 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 60.8 ± 9.0 kg, body mass index = 21.7 ± 2.7, body surface area = 1.65 ± 0.14 m2, body surface area to mass ratio = 2.71 ± 0.18 m2·kg−1·10−2) participated. Intervention(s): Four observational periods consisting of 3 practices per observational period separated by 48 hours. The 4 periods included a control period, educational intervention, prescribed hydration intervention (PHI), and observational follow-up (OF-U). After the control period, an educational intervention consisting of a slide presentation was provided to the participants, followed by a week of observation. In the PHI, a precalculated volume of water based on individual sweat rate was consumed every 20 minutes during each 2-hour practice. During all other periods, participants consumed their fluid of choice ad libitum. The order of the treatment periods was not randomized and was the same for all participants. Main Outcome Measure(s): Prepractice to postpractice changes in body mass (ΔBM), percentage of body mass lost (%BML), urine specific gravity, urine color, urine osmolality, sweat rate, and volume of fluid consumed (Fvol). Results: The PHI was the only period during which participants maintained body mass (ΔBM = 0.05 ± 1.3%); Fvol consumed was greatest during this time (Fvol = 1.3 ± 0.4 L; F1,3 = 34.869, P ≤ .001). The ΔBM was less for the PHI (ΔBM = 0.05 ± 0.9 kg, %BML = 0.04 ± 1.3%) than the OF-U period (ΔBM = −0.7 ± 1.1 kg, %BML = −1.2 ± 1.9%; F1,3 = 6.220, P = .01). The Fvol (1.3 ± 0.4 L) and percentage of fluid consumed (143.7 ± 110.8%) to restore sweat loss for the PHI period were higher than for any other period (F1,3 = 34.869, P ≤ .001). None of the participants experienced serious dehydration in any of the conditions. Conclusions: A 1-time education session alone was not successful in changing hydration behaviors. However, prescribing individualized hydration protocols improved hydration for adolescents exercising in a warm, humid environment.
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Nikolova, Anna, and Diana Dimitrova. "Morphological characteristics of judo cadets with respect to sex-related differences and athletic achievements." Biomedical Human Kinetics 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2018-0025.
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Abstract Study aim: Understanding the morphological determinants of performance is important for talent identification and optimization of training programs. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of male and female cadet judokas considering the sex-related differences and athletic achievements. Material and methods: Seventy-four (30 female and 44 male) cadet judokas from the Bulgarian National Team underwent an anthropometric assessment of height, weight, lengths, circumferences, and 8 skinfolds. Body fat percentage (%BF) was calculated using Slaughter et al. skinfold equations. Absolute and relative muscle mass, and arm and thigh muscle circumferences were also evaluated. Results: Except for the lower limb circumferences and thigh muscle circumference, a significant difference in most body dimensions was observed between the sexes. Male cadets had lower body fatness, but greater muscle mass as compared to female cadets. Medal winners from both sexes had lower %BF as compared to non-medalists. Male judokas with higher athletic achievements were significantly taller and had a larger arm span than their counterparts who are non-medalists (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Identified apparent sex-specific differences in almost all anthropometric variables and body composition parameters in adolescent judo cadets followed the pattern typical for adult athletes. Both male and female medal-winner cadets had lower %BF compared to the less successful athletes, but did not differ from them in the absolute and relative muscle mass and limb muscle circumferences. Our results suggest that maintenance of low body fat rather than higher muscle mass is essential for the competitive success of judo players.
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Hosseini, Elham, Abdolhamid Daneshjoo, and Mansour Sahebozamani. "Comparison of Knee Kinematic Factors Between Ball and Rocket Athletes in Predictable and Unpredictable Cutting Maneuvers." Physical Treatments: Specific Physical Therapy Journal 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ptj.11.3.498.2.
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Purpose: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most severe knee injuries that often has a non-contact mechanism and follows an incorrect knee joint alignment. The present study aimed to compare the effect of predictable and unpredictable cutting direction on knee joint kinematics in ball and racket athletes. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental, and the subjects included 48 female adolescent athletes from badminton (n=12), table tennis (n=12), basketball (n=12), and handball (n=12). After the initial evaluations, the cutting maneuver was performed in predictable and unpredictable ways and recorded by a three-dimension motion analysis. Also, 1-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used to compare the kinematic parameters of the knee between the ball and racket athletes. Results: The results of the statistical test showed a significant difference in the kinematic parameters of knee flexion (P=0.003), knee valgus (P=0.001), and tibia rotation (P=0.001) between the ball (basketball and handball) and racket athletes (badminton and table tennis) in the predictable cutting. But in the unpredictable cutting, there were no significant differences in the kinematic parameters of the knee flexion (P=0.86), knee valgus (P=0.56), and tibia rotation (P=0.18). Conclusion: The results indicated that ball athletes showed an increased kinematic risk factor such as decreased knee flexion, increased knee valgus, and tibia rotation more than rocket athletes. Therefore, injury prevention programs are more critical in ball athletes.
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Mueske, Nicole, Mia J. Katzel, Kyle P. Chadwick, Curtis VandenBerg, J. Lee Pace, Tracy Zaslow, Bianca Edison, Bridget G. O’Callahan, Haley L. K. Nakata, and Tishya Wren. "BIOMECHANICAL SYMMETRY DURING DROP JUMP AND SINGLE-LEG HOP LANDING IN UNINJURED ADOLESCENT ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00023.
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BACKGROUND Symmetry of strength, thigh girth and hop distance is often used as a benchmark in return to sport testing. Using symmetry as a gold standard has been translated into biomechanical testing; however, kinematic and kinetic symmetry during dynamic tasks in adolescents without lower extremity injury is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess symmetry in uninjured adolescent athletes during double and single-leg landing tasks. METHODS 36 uninjured athletes (ages 7-15 years, mean 12.4, SD 2.4; 47% female) completed vertical drop jump (DJ) and single-leg hop (SLH) for distance tasks; lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected through 3-D motion analysis using a 6 degree-of-freedom model; 2-3 trials per participant per side were analyzed. Differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs from initial contact to peak knee flexion were examined using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a methodology for performing statistics on time series data. The SPM method allows differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs to be evaluated for statistical significance at all time points throughout the landing movement. RESULTS During both DJ (Figure 1) and SLH (Figure 2), the dominant limb tended to be more internally rotated at the hip throughout landing, but the asymmetry was significant only for short periods early in landing during the DJ (p<0.05) and at mid-landing in the SLH (p=0.01). Additionally, the dominant hip tended to have less abducted positioning throughout both tasks, but differed significantly only shortly after initial contact in the SLH landing (p=0.04). The dominant limb ankle was less inverted (p<0.001) with a lower external inversion moment (p<0.001) during early to mid-landing in the DJ, and less everted (p=0.04) with higher external inversion moment (p=0.05) early in SLH landing. The only asymmetry observed in either task in the sagittal plane was slightly higher external ankle flexion moments (p=0.05) just after initial contact in the DJ. No asymmetries were detected in peak vertical ground reaction force or knee kinematics/kinetics for either task. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Uninjured adolescent athletes exhibited only slight asymmetries during double and single-leg landing, primarily at the hip and ankle in the frontal and transverse planes. The hip may perform larger adjustments to accommodate center of mass location, while the ankle fine-tunes the landing as the closest segment to the ground. This study supports that normal biomechanics are symmetric during double and single-leg landing. Biomechanical symmetry is therefore a reasonable target in return to sport assessment. While only small regions of statistically significant asymmetry were identified, it is possible that greater asymmetries are present within individuals. In the grouped analysis, asymmetry towards the dominant side for one individual could offset asymmetry towards the non-dominant side of another individual. In future analysis, we will examine the magnitude and significance of within-subject asymmetry.
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Podolak, Olivia E., Kristy B. Arbogast, Joshi B. Nabin, Kenneth Ciuffreda, Matthew Grady, and Christina L. Master. "The use Of Pupillary Light Reflex in Concussed Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00277.
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Background: Despite advancements, concussion diagnosis remains reliant on subjective symptom report and clinical assessments. Visual deficits and autonomic dysfunction have been described following concussion. Testing of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is a simple, portable, non-invasive, and objective means of quantifying pupillary function. Purpose: The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate pupillary responses to a light stimulus in concussed adolescent athletes and to determine whether clinical assessments correlated with PLR responses after a diagnosed concussion when compared to pre-injury responses. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, PLR and clinical measures [PCSI and/or SCAT symptom scales, near point of convergence (NPC) and accommodation amplitude (AA) of both eyes] were assessed in 93 (45 female), non-concussed adolescent athletes (ages 14-18) during their pre-season. PLR was obtained in response to a brief white light stimulus using a hand-held pupillometer. During each assessment, three monocular trials were performed in each eye alternatively, with subsequent averaged responses for each eye. Seven athletes (ages 14-17) sustained a concussion and had post-injury assessments of PLR and clinical measures completed longitudinally through recovery. Results: All seven concussed athletes completed PLR and clinical assessments at least once post-injury (mean initial day of evaluation = 6 days post injury). Six out of the seven concussed athletes demonstrated an increase in steady state diameter of 24% (median 18%), minimum pupil diameter of 17% (median 11%) and a maximum constriction velocity of 28% (median 33%) following concussion which decreased over the course of recovery, returning to pre-injury or below pre-injury measurements. Six of seven of the concussed athletes completed NPC and AA assessments at both pre-season and post-injury timepoints. In contrast to the PLR findings, both NPC and AA measures were normal at post-injury assessments. Reported symptom scores improved throughout recovery, correlating with PLR response recovery, with both returning to pre-injury measurements. Conclusion: Pupil responsivity was found to be significantly enhanced after concussion compared to pre-injury measurements, waning over time during recovery, following a similar trajectory as symptom burden. NPC and AA, which have autonomic contributions and are clinical measures, were normal pre- and post-injury and did not differentiate the concussed state from the uninjured state in our series. Our preliminary results demonstrate that dynamic PLR responses may detect acute autonomic deficits that are not evident via clinical assessments. Further investigation of its potential utility as sensitive and objective biomarker in concussion diagnosis, management and sports clearance is warranted.
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Mitchell, Brendon C., Matthew Y. Siow, Alyssa Carrol, Andrew T. Pennock, and Eric W. Edmonds. "MEAN 6 YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES, SURVIVORSHIP, AND RETURN TO SPORTS AFTER ARTHROSCOPIC CAPSULAR REPAIR WITH SUTURE ANCHORS FOR ADOLESCENT MULTIDIRECTIONAL SHOULDER INSTABILITY." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00021.
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Background: Multidirectional shoulder instability (MDI) refractory to rehabilitation can be treated with arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction with suture anchors. No studies have reported on outcomes or examined the risk factors that may contribute to poor outcomes in adolescent athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: To identify risk factors for surgical failure by comparing anatomic, clinical, and demographic variables in adolescents who underwent surgical intervention for MDI. Methods: All patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery at one institution between January 2009 and April 2017 were reviewed. Patients >20 years old at presentation were excluded. Multidirectional instability was defined by positive drive-through sign on arthroscopy plus positive sulcus sign and/or multidirectional laxity on anterior and posterior drawer testing while under anesthesia. Two-year minimum follow-up was required, but those whose treatment failed earlier were included for reporting purposes. Demographics and intraoperative findings were recorded, as were Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scoring, Pediatric and Adolescent Shoulder Survey (PASS), and the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) results. Results: Eighty adolescents (88 shoulders) were identified for having undergone surgical treatment of MDI. Of these 80 patients, 42 (50 shoulders; 31 female, 19 male) were available at a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Mean follow-up was 6.3 years (range, 2.8-10.2 years). Thirteen (26.0%) shoulders experienced surgical failure defined by recurrence of subluxation and instability, all of which underwent re-operation. Time to re-operation occurred at a mean of 1.9 years (range, 0.8-3.2). Our cohort had an overall survivorship of 96% at 1 year after surgery and 76% at 3 years. None of the anatomic, clinical, or demographic variables tested, or the presence of generalized ligamentous laxity, were correlated with subjective outcomes or re-operation. Number of anchors used was not different between those that failed and those that did not fail. Patients reported a mean SANE score of 83.3, PASS score of 85.0, and QuickDASH score of 6.8. Return to prior level of sport (RTS) occurred in 56% of patients. Conclusion: Multidirectional shoulder instability is a complex disorder that can be challenging to treat. Adolescent MDI that is refractory to non-surgical management appears to have long-term outcomes after surgical intervention that are comparable to adolescent patients with unidirectional instability. In patients who do experience failure of capsulorraphy, we show that failure will most likely occur within 3 years of the index surgical treatment. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Jasty, Naveen, Danielle Cook, Elizabeth Liotta, and Benton Heyworth. "Perioperative Complications and Early Clinical Outcomes Following ACL Reconstruction with Soft Tissue Quadriceps Tendon Autograft in Adolescent Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl4 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00223.
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Objectives: Quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft has emerged as an increasingly popular soft tissue graft alternative to the hamstring tendon (HS) autograph for ACL reconstruction (ACLR). However, utilization of the technique is not yet widespread, particularly in the population of adolescent athletes, for whom safety and effectiveness of the technique remains under-investigated, despite this being the most affected epidemiologic sub-population, with regard to primary ACL injury, post-ACLR re-tear, and overall complications. The study hypothesis was that QT-ACLR would have equivalent or lower rates of perioperative complications and early ACL re-tear than historically reported for HS ACLR. Methods: A retrospective review of all 12-19 year-old athletes who underwent primary QT-ACLR by a single surgeon at a tertiary care pediatric hospital were included, with prospective outreach performed at 1 and 2 years to collect PROs and confirm absence of ACL re-tear or revision surgery. Patients with <6 months follow-up were excluded to insure adequate reporting of early perioperative complications. Patients with between 6-12 month follow up were excluded from the ACL re-tear analysis. Concomitant procedures at the time of primary ACL surgery, perioperative and early post-operative complications, and subsequent surgeries were analyzed. A sub-analysis excluding the first 25 knees was performed to eliminate any potential effects of a surgical ‘learning curve’. Results: 90 patients (93 knees, 70% female) were included, with a mean age of 16.0 years (±1.85) and mean follow up of 12.6 months (IQR 9.1-21.4). Concomitant meniscal pathology was detected in more than half of patients, with 30% undergoing meniscal repair and 27% partial meniscectomy. There were 51 complications overall in 36 knees (39%, Table 1). Secondary surgery for a complication was performed in 22 knees (24%), most commonly for a cyclops lesion/arthrofibrosis (15%), but also for revision ACLR (5%) and removal of implants (1%). Of note, 6 additional knees (6%) were diagnosed by MRI for a cyclops lesion/arthrofibrosis, but were successfully treated with non-operative measures, including physical therapy, dynamic splinting, and/or intra-articular cortisone injections. ACL graft tear was more common in the first 25 knees for whom QT-ACLR was performed (16% vs. 1%, p=0.02), indicating that initial re-tear could be a function of the surgical learning curve and technique adjustments. Early graft tear rate of 5% is similar to reported rates in HS autograft in adolescents. Arthrosibrosis/cyclops lesions were more frequently observed than historically reported for other graft types, and were not significantly different based on learning curve (20% vs. 22%, p=1.00). Pedi-IKDC (Table 2) showed significant improvement from baseline to 6-month (p<0.001) and 1-year time (p<0.001) period. Patients without complications had a significantly higher Pedi-IKDC score at 1 year follow up (mean, 93.9) compared to those with complications (mean, 85.5; p=0.04). Conclusions: Quad tendon ACLR shows a relatively high overall early post-operative complication and subsequent surgery rate in adolescents, most notably cyclops lesions/arthrofibrosis, most cases of which underwent arthroscopic debridement/LOA. This is consistent with previous adult QT-ACLR studies. Graft tear rates at 1-year post-operatively are similar to historically reported re-tear rates of the HS ACLR for adolescents, with a higher re-tear rate in the earlier sub-cohort, which may relate to surgical learning curve. Continued research into minimizing risks and quantifying longer term ACL re-tear risk will be critical for this young, active population, who are increasingly undergoing ACLR with the QT autograft, which remains relatively understudied, particularly in the adolescent sub-population.
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Lehnert, Michal, Mark De Ste Croix, Zdeněk Svoboda, Milan Elfmark, Ondřej Sikora, and Petr Stastny. "Gender and Age Related Differences in Leg Stiffness and Reactive Strength in Adolescent Team Sports Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 74, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0020.
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Abstract The aim of the present study was to identify potential gender differences in leg stiffness and reactive strength during hopping tasks in 13 to16-year old team sports players. Reactive strength index (RSI) and leg stiffness were obtained in two consecutive seasons from 51 girls (U14: n = 31, U16: n = 20) and 65 boys (U14: n = 32, U16: n = 33). A significant main effect on absolute (U14: p = 0.022, η2= 0.084; U16: p < 0.001, η2= 0.224) and relative leg stiffness (U14 p<0.001; η2= 0.195; U16; p = 0.008, η2= 0.128) for gender was found in both groups with values higher in boys than in girls. For absolute and relative stiffness gender differences in the U14 group were significant in the 1st year only (p=0.027 and p=0.001), and for the U16s in the 2nd year only (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022). For RSI, a significant main effect for gender was observed in the U16 group only (p < 0.001 η2= 0.429) with values significantly higher in boys than in girls in both years of measurement (p = 0.001; p < 0.001). Results of this study support previous limited findings, mostly related to non-athletes, suggesting lower stretch-shortening cycle capability in adolescence female compared to male, however our data only partly supports the theory that quality of neuromuscular functions increases with age until post puberty.
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Valles Verdugo, Gabriela, Esteban Hernández Armas, Raúl Baños, José Moncada-Jiménez, and Iván Rentería. "Distorsión de la imagen corporal y trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes gimnastas respecto a un grupo control de adolescentes no gimnastas con un IMC similar (Body image distortion and eating disorders in adolescent gymnasts vs. a control group of non-." Retos, no. 37 (October 3, 2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.67090.
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Introducción: Los trastornos de la imagen corporal y alimentarios, así como conductas de control de peso riesgosas para la salud, son más frecuentes en los deportistas que practican deportes con énfasis en la estética, la delgadez y un bajo peso específico. Objetivo: Comparar la imagen corporal (insatisfacción y alteración) y el riesgo de trastornos alimenticios en una muestra de adolescentes gimnastas versus un grupo control de adolescentes no gimnastas con un IMC similar. Material y métodos: Se seleccionó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia de 56 participantes mujeres y hombres clasificados como gimnastas élite, gimnastas regulares y grupo control. La imagen corporal y trastornos alimenticios fueron valorados con la Escala de Factores de Riesgo de Trastornos Alimentarios (EFRATA). Resultados: Al realizar una prueba ANOVA de dos factores, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo (F(1, 55) =17.41, p ≤ 0.001) y grupo (F(2, 55) = 3.66, p = 0.033), mostrando un mayor grado de insatisfacción los hombres (M= -0.54) respecto a las mujeres (M = 0.43). El riesgo de anorexia mostró diferencias significativas por sexo (F(1, 55) = 10.69, p = 0.002) y grupo (F(2, 55) = 7.97, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusión: Los gimnastas presentaron un mayor grado de insatisfacción corporal al desear una silueta más gruesa o musculosa para el caso de los varones, mientras que las mujeres quieren ser más delgadas respecto al grupo control. De igual forma los gimnastas reportaron un mayor riesgo de anorexia en comparación con el grupo control.Abstract. Introduction: Body image and eating disorders, as well as risky weight management behaviors are more frequent in athletes who practice sports with an emphasis on aesthetics, thinness and a specific low body weight. Objective: to compare body image (dissatisfaction and alteration) and the risk of eating disorders in a sample of adolescent gymnasts versus a control group of non-gymnastics adolescents with similar BMI. Material and methods: A convenient non-probabilistic sample of 56 female and male participants classified as elite, regular gymnasts and control group with a BMI similar to that of gymnasts. The instrument used to assess body image and eating disorders was the Scale of Risk Factors for Eating Disorders. Results: When performing an inferential analysis using a two-way ANOVA, dissatisfaction with body image showed statistically significant gender (F(1, 55) = 17.41, p ≤ 0.001) and group (F(2 , 55) = 3.66, p = 0.033) differences, males displaying higher degree of dissatisfaction (M = -0.54) than females (M = 0.43). The risk of anorexia showed significant differences by sex (F (1, 55) = 10.69, p = 0.002) and group (F (2,55) = 7,97, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Gymnasts showed greater body dissatisfaction, with males desiring a more muscular silhouette whilst females a leaner figure compared to the control group. Likewise, gymnasts reported an increased risk of anorexia compared to the control group.
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Sahabuddin, Farhah Nadhirah Aiman, Nazatul Izzati Jamaludin, Nurul Hidayah Amir, and Shazlin Shaharudin. "The effects of hip- and ankle-focused exercise intervention on dynamic knee valgus: a systematic review." PeerJ 9 (July 5, 2021): e11731. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11731.
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Background A range of non-contact injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear, and patellofemoral pain syndrome are caused by disordered knee joint loading from excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Previous systematic reviews showed that DKV could be modified through the influence of hip strength and ankle range of motion. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of exercise intervention which involved either top-down or bottom-up kinetic chains on minimizing DKV in male and female adults and adolescents, with and without existing knee pain. Methodology Electronic searches were conducted in SAGE, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Pubmed. The search strategy consisted of medical subject headings and free-text search keywords, synonyms and variations of ‘exercise intervention,’ ‘knee alignment,’ ‘dynamic knee valgus’, ‘knee abduction’ that were merged via the Boolean operator ‘AND’ and ‘OR’. The search was conducted on full-text journals that documented the impact of the exercise intervention program involving either the bottom-up or top-down DKV mechanism on the knee kinematics. Furthermore, exercise intervention in this review should last at least one week which included two or three sessions per week. This review also considered both men and women of all ages with a healthy or symptomatic knee problem. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed by Cochrane risk assessment tool. The protocol of this review was registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021219121). Results Ten studies with a total of 423 participants (male = 22.7%, female = 77.3%; adults = 249, adolescents = 123; pre-adolescent = 51) met the inclusion criteria of this review. Seven studies showed the significant effects of the exercise intervention program (range from two weeks to ten weeks) on reducing DKV. The exercise training in these seven studies focused on muscle groups directly attached to the knee joint such as hamstrings and gastrocnemius. The remaining three studies did not show significant improvement in DKV after the exercise intervention (range between eight weeks to twelve weeks) probably because they focused on trunk and back muscles instead of muscles crossing the knee joint. Conclusion Exercises targeting specific knee-joint muscles, either from top-down or bottom-up kinetic chain, are likely to reduce DKV formation. These results may assist athletes and coaches to develop effective exercise program that could minimize DKV and ultimately prevent lower limb injuries.
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Barney, Nicole A., Nattaly E. Greene, Natalie L. Zusman, Scott Yang, and Matthew F. Halsey. "ADOLESCENTS WITH SPONDYLOLYSIS HAVE LOWER SRS-22 SCORES THAN CONTROLS AND PEERS WITH SCOLIOSIS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00153.
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Background: Spondylolysis is a common etiology of back pain in adolescents, especially in athletes whose sport involves repetitive spine hyperextension and rotation; however, there is a paucity of research characterizing the associated the health-related-quality-of-life (HRQL) in this population. The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) developed an HQRL outcome instrument, the SRS-22, originally to evaluate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treatments, but its use has broadened to other spine conditions, such as spondylolisthesis. The SRS-22 evaluates four clinical domains, five questions for each domain: pain, self-image, function, and mental health; a fifth domain has two questions that assesses satisfaction with treatment. The purpose of this study is to characterize the SRS-22 scores for patients who are diagnosed with spondylolysis, without listhesis, and subsequently compare them to the scores of normal adolescent controls and AIS patients found in the literature. Methods: A retrospective single-institution cohort of pediatric patients with spondylolysis was created from billing data using an ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnosis code filter in the period from January 2014 to December 2017. Charts were reviewed for patients’ SRS-22 survey results, initial patient-intake questionnaires, demographic data, and initial management decisions from medical records. Patients who had incomplete SRS-22 data or were diagnosed with other spinal pathology were excluded. Data was analyzed using descriptive analyses in Microsoft Excel. The averages obtained were compared directly to previously published domain scores for both a normal adolescent cohort and AIS patients (See Table 1). The presence of meaningful clinical difference (MCID) was determined using the values published by Rushton, et al (Spine 2013): pain 0.6, self-image 0.5, function 0.8, and mental health 0.4. Results: Initially, 46 adolescent patients were identified who met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients were excluded: nine for other spinal pathology (e.g. disc herniation or spondylolisthesis) and two for absence of SRS-22 surveys. The remaining thirty-five patients (23 female, 12 male) had a mean age of 15?1.6 (range 12-18) years. Eighty-three percent of patients (29 of 35) played sports including, most commonly, soccer (6, 17%), basketball (6, 17%) and gymnastics (5, 14%). Eight patients played multiple sports (23%). Symptom onset prior to presentation was a median of 6 (range 0.5-42) months. L5 was involved in 85.5% of patients (30/35), L4 in 8.5% (3/35), L1 in 3% (1/35) and both L4 & L5 in 3% (1/35). SRS-22 domain scores, reported on a 1-5 scale, at initial presentation were: pain 2.99 (SD, 0.66, range 1.4-4.6), self-image 3.45 (SD 0.70, range 1.6-4.0), function 3.81 (SD 0.61, range 2.3-4.8), mental-health 3.82 (SD 0.86, range 2.0-5.0); the total clinical sub-score was 3.52 (SD 0.55, range 2.1-4.4). The difference between our cohorts’ domain scores and published norms exceeded the MCID for pain (2.7-times the MCID), self-image (2.4xMCID), and function (1.2xMCID) (see Table 1). Also, the difference between our cohort’s and published AIS cohort scores exceeded the MCID for pain (1.9xMCID). Domain scores for self-image and function were less in our cohort than the published AIS scores, but did not exceed the MCID. Finally, the spondylolysis cohort had lower total clinical sub-scores than published results for both controls and AIS patients. Conclusions/Significance: Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in the adolescent population, especially in active athletes. Heretofore, there has been no published evaluation of the HRQL using the SRS-22 for those patients presenting with spondylolysis without listhesis. This cohort study has established the presence of a unique constellation of domain scores, increased pain, decreased self-image and decreased function, compared to published normal SRS-22 values. These findings also establish that pain has a much bigger impact on the quality of life in the spondylolysis population than those with AIS. The data from this study can serve as a baseline from which the impacts of treatment, such as activity modification, oral non-steroidal pain medications, physical therapy, bracing and surgery. Future research, tracking longitudinal changes in SRS-22 stratified by treatment modality, would enrich the shared decision-making between patient and provider when initially discussing management of this painful condition. [Table: see text]
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Leung, Anne, Elliot Greenberg, Julie Dyke, J. Todd Lawrence, and Theodore Ganley. "DEFINING LIMB DOMINANCE: A COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE-BASED AND SELF-SELECTED MEASURES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00052.
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Background: Limb dominance implies asymmetrical performance due to preferential strength or motor control within a single limb. While dominance may be easy to define and quantify within the upper extremity, there is currently no consensus as to whether limb dominance exists within the lower limbs, and if it does, how to best define it. While objective differences in limb performance would be the gold-standard for the identification of limb dominance, these methods may not be feasible within injured athletes. Several methods of identifying perceived limb dominance utilizing subjective reporting have been described; however, limb dominance may be task dependent and reports analyzing the correlation between objective and subjective performance are limited, particularly among adolescent athletes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the agreement between performance-based and self-reported measures of limb dominance in three different single leg hopping tasks. Methods: These data were prospectively collected as part of a large cross-sectional study of healthy youth athletes aged 8-16 years-old. Self-selected limb dominance was determined by asking the following question: “Which leg would you use to kick a ball as far as you could?”. Each subject performed a series of single leg hops and 3-trial means of the single hop for distance (SH), timed hop (TH), and vertical hop (VH) were used for analysis. Paired samples t-test or Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test were utilized to identify differences in limb performance for each of the hop tests. Associations between self-selected and performance-based measures of limb dominance were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: A total of 352 subjects (55% male(n=191), mean age=11.1) were included. There was a small but statistically significant difference in side-to-side performance for all hop tests with a mean difference of 2.58cm(p<0.001) for SH, 0.13s(p<0.001) for TH and 0.29cm(p=0.03) for VH. There was limited agreement between self-selected and performance-based limb dominance across all hop tests (55%SH, 54%VH, and 66%TH). Similarly, Chi-square analysis revealed no associations (p>0.05) between self-selected and performance-based limb dominance across all hop test constructs. Conclusions: Although a single limb did perform better on all hop tests, the mean differences were small, and likely not clinically relevant. Perceived limb dominance did not predict performance regardless of hopping task. These findings illustrate that equality of performance can be considered normal for young athletes recovering from lower extremity injury. This information also brings into question the appropriateness of holding the perceived dominant limb to higher standards or accepting lower standards for the non-dominant limb. Tables and Figures: [Table: see text][Figure: see text] References: Goekeler A, Welling W, Benjaminse A. A critical analysis of limb symmetry indices of hop tests in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case control study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(6):947-951. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.02.015 Losciale JM, Zdeb RM, Ledbetter L, Reiman MP, Sell TC. The Association Between Passing Return-to-Sport Criteria and Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2019;49(2):43-54. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8190 Mulrey CR, Shultz SJ, Ford KR, Nguyen A-D, Taylor JB. Methods of Identifying Limb Dominance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2018;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000589 van Melick N, Meddeler BM, Hoogeboom TJ, Maria W. G. Nijhuis-Van Der Sanden, Cingel REHV. How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. Plos One. 2017;12(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189876 Velotta, J. & Weyer, J. & Ramirez, A. & Winstead, J. & Bahamonde, Rafael. Relationship between leg dominance tests and type of task. Portugese J Sport Sci. 2011;11(1035-1038). Wellsandt E, Failla MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Limb symmetry indexes can overestimate knee function after anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(5):334-338.
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Howell, David R., Scott Laker, Michael W. Kirkwood, and Julie Wilson. "CONTACT AND COLLISION SPORTS PARTICIPATION DURING ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00169.
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Background: Recently, participation in contact and/or collision youth sports has received attention due to concern over exposure to repetitive head impacts. However, few studies have examined the relative risks and benefits of participation in contact and/or collision sports among young athletes currently engaged in these sports. Purposes and Hypotheses: We sought to examine whether participation in contact and/or collision sports during adolescence would be associated with quality of life (QOL) among a sample of healthy adolescent athletes undergoing a pre-participation examination. We hypothesized QOL domains scores would be similar between contact/collision and no/limited contact sport athletes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adolescent athletes undergoing a pre-participation physical examination. During the assessment, participants completed a sport participation questionnaire and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric-25 Profile, a measure of health-related quality of life. We grouped patients based on reported organized contact/collision or limited/non-contact sports participation in the past year, as delineated by Rice (2008). We compared PROMIS domain scores between groups using Mann-Whitney U tests, and used multivariable linear regression to identify the association between PROMIS domains scores and contact/collision sport participation while adjusting for covariates (sex, age, height, history of bone, muscle, ligament, or tendon injury, history of acute fracture or dislocation) in separate models. Results: A total of 281 adolescents participated: 143 (51%) reported contact or collision sport participation in the year prior to the study. There was a significantly greater proportion of females in the no/limited contact sport group compared to the contact/collision sport group (Table 1). There was a significantly greater proportion of contact/collision sport athletes who reported past bone, muscle, ligament, or tendon injuries and acute fracture or dislocation injuries compared to no/limited contact sport athletes (Table 1). Upon univariable comparison, those in the contact/collision sport group reported significantly lower anxiety and depressive symptom domain scores than the no/limited contact sport group (Table 2). After covariate adjustment, contact/collision sport participation was significantly associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptom domain scores (Table 3). Conclusion: Adolescents participating in organized contact/collision sports reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms than adolescents participating in no/limited contact sports. These results reinforce the need to re-examine assumptions that youth contact/collision sports are necessarily associated with negative quality of life. Future prospective studies will be required to better understand any causal relationship between contact sports and psychological well-being in young athletes, both in the short- and long-term. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Goldman, Joshua, and Jennifer Beck. "YOUTH MARATHON TRAINING: INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00063.
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Background Youth participation in long distance running has increased yet little data exist about the injury patterns and safety of such activity. There are inherent training challenges in youth athletes that theoretically increase their risk of injury relative to their adult counterparts. These include their ongoing neuromuscular development and evolving gait, vulnerable growth open plates, increasing limb length that outpaces muscle growth, and reduced heat tolerance. Students Run LA (SRLA), now in its 30th year of operation, is a non-profit organization that mentors youth during an eight-month marathon training program. While there are many program benefits, little is known about the safety of distance running in adolescent athletes. This study sought to determine the types and rates of injuries in a subset of SRLA participants. Methods & Study Design From August 2017 - March 2018, weekly injury reports were digitally collected by volunteer coaches. Data collection included demographics, injury type, severity, acuity, time off and training mileage. Results 50 high schools and 34 middle schools participated, representing 1930/2750 (70.2%) of total SRLA participants. Mean age was 15 (SD 1.9). 1922/1930 (99.6%) completed the marathon. 411 injuries occurred in 353/1930 (18%) runners during the training program. HS runners were more likely to be injured than MS runners (20.8% vs. 14.2%, p<0.001). There was no difference in injury rates between male and female runners (46.7% vs. 53.2%, p=0.153). 72% of injuries were acute, 16% were subacute, 3% chronic, and 9% unspecified. 60.1% of injuries were associated with time off with a mean time off of 4.8 days (SD 4.8). The most frequent sites of injury were the knee (33%), leg (19%), ankle (15%), and foot (14%). Overall, runners with injuries ran significantly more miles per week than uninjured runners (14.6 vs. 12 .0, p<0.001), a pattern that was consistent at the MS (14.1 vs. 11.6, p<0.001) and HS levels (15 vs. 12.1, p<0.001). Conclusions 18% of youth marathon participants reported an injury over the course of an 8-month training program. The majority of injuries were acute. There was no significant difference in injury rates between males & females but HS runners were more likely to be injured than MS runners. 99.6% of study participants successfully completed the marathon, a higher completion rate than seen in adults. Significance This study represents one of the largest descriptions of injury prevalence in youth distance running. The results highlight an injury rate in youth runners comparable to adults during a marathon training program and a race completion rate that is higher than adults. These findings may lead to changes in the current Position Statement with regard to youth marathon participation. Acknowledgements Orthopedic Institute for Children Students Run LA
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Viciana, Jesús, Daniel Mayorga-Vega, Santiago Guijarro-Romero, Alejandro Martínez-Baena, and Humberto Blanco. "The Spanish Adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale-II in Adolescent Athletes." Psychological Reports 120, no. 5 (May 24, 2017): 943–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117709261.
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The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale-II (S-SMS-II) in adolescent athletes. The sample included 766 Spanish adolescents (263 females and 503 males; average age = 13.71 ± 1.30 years old). The methodological steps established by the International Test Commission were followed. Four measurement models were compared employing the maximum likelihood estimation (with six, five, three, and two factors). Then, factorial invariance analyses were conducted and the effect sizes were calculated. Finally, the reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha, omega, and average variance extracted coefficients. The five-factor S-SMS-II showed the best indices of fit (Cronbach’s alpha .64 to .74; goodness of fit index .971, root mean square error of approximation .044, comparative fit index .966). Factorial invariance was also verified across gender and between sport-federated athletes and non-federated athletes. The proposed S-SMS-II is discussed according to previous validated versions (English, Portuguese, and Chinese).
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Zulfikri, Noh, Victor S. Selvanayagam, and Ashril Yusof. "Evaluation of Shoulder and Knee Isokinetic Strength Profile Among Elite Adolescent Badminton Players." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 5 (July 1, 2021): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0483.
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Context: Badminton continues to be a highly competitive sport where training is introduced at an early age and load has intensified. This exposes players to a greater risk of injuries, in particular when assessing related training outcomes such as strength, agonist–antagonist ratio, and bilateral deficit among adolescents where age- and sex-associated growth and development should be considered. Objective: To evaluate strength profile of the upper and lower limbs among adolescent elite Malaysian badminton players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Forty-eight asymptomatic athletes (24 males and 24 females) were grouped into early and late adolescence (13–14 y old and 15–17 y old, respectively). Main Outcome Measure(s): Strength (absolute and normalized) of the external/internal rotators of the shoulder and flexor/extensor of the knee and strength derivatives, conventional strength ratio (CSR), dynamic control ratio (DCR), and bilateral deficits were measured. Results: Males showed greater strength in all strength indices (P < .05). The older group had greater strength compared to younger for most of the upper and lower limb indices (P < .05); these effects diminished when using normalized data. For females, there was no age group effect in the shoulder and knee strength. All players displayed lower shoulder and knee normative values for CSR and DCR. Dominant and non-dominant knee strength were comparable between sex and age groups. Conclusions: For males, growth and maturation had a greater contribution to strength gained compared to training, whereas for females, growth, maturation, and training did not improve strength. The normalized data indicated that training did not improve all indices measured apart from external rotator strength in females. All players also displayed lower normative values of CSR and DCR. These results suggest that training in elite adolescent Malaysian badminton players lacks consideration of strength gain and injury risk factors.
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Négele, Zalán, Júlia Pápai, Zsófia Tróznai, Csaba Nyakas, and László Tóth. "The relationship between self-concept and level of physical performance in Hungarian adolescent athletes." Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An interdisciplinary journal 24, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cbb.2020.24.16.
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One’s self-concept is the representation of one’s self-knowledge developing during physical and mental maturation. It has unquestionable importance in sport performance as a motivational factor. This study assessed and analyzed the self-concept of secondary students aged 14 to 18 assigned to three groups of elite athletes, non-elite athletes and non-athletes. The research focused on the following questions: (1) Are there any differences between males’ and females’ self-concept? (2) Are there any differences in various components of the self-concept according to the level of physical performance? Components of the self-concept were assessed with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Gender differences were tested by independent samples t tests and the effects of athletic activity and gender on various self-concept components by a multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that males had a more positive self-concept than females. Regarding the level of athletic activity, non-athletes reported the least positive self-concept in both genders. According to the level of athletic performance, no difference was found between the three male groups, while the most positive self concept was clearly reported by non-elite athletes among females. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed that both gender and the level of athletic activity had an effect on self-concept components. Finally, the findings show that an optimally positive self-concept enhances performance in everyday life as well as in sports.
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Reading, Karen J., Linda J. McCargar, and Vicki J. Harber. "Energy Balance and Luteal Phase Progesterone Levels in Elite Adolescent Aesthetic Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.1.93.
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Menstrual abnormalities are associated with negative energy balance and reduced energy expenditure (REE). To examine this relationship in elite adolescent aesthetic athletes, 3 groups of females (aged 15-18 years) were studied: 10 oligo/amenorrheic athletes (OA), 11 eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and 8 non-athlete controls (C). Components of energy balance, body composition, dietary restraint, pubertal maturation, and luteal phase salivary progesterone were assessed in all groups. Both groups of athletes had a later age of menarche and lowerpubertal development score compared to the non-athletes (p < .05). With the exception of salivary progesterone (ng/ml; OA = 0.15±0.01 <EA = 0.29± 0.1 and C = 0.30 ± 0.13, /p = .007), there were no differences between the athlete groups. Energy balance (kcal/d) in the OA group was lower (−290 ± 677) compared to either EA (−5±461) or C (179 ± 592) but did not reach significance (p = .24). Dietary energy intake and absolute REE (kcal/d) were not different among groups, despite detectable differences in reproductive status, and thus could not be attributed to differences in energy balance or REE.
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Shojaei, M., F. Akbari, and A. Gaeeni. "Effect of sexual and skeletal maturation on physical fitness in non-athletes adolescent females." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.266.
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Damian, Marc-Tudor, Romana Vulturar, Cristian Cezar Login, Laura Damian, Adina Chis, and Anca Bojan. "Anemia in Sports: A Narrative Review." Life 11, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090987.
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Recent years have brought about new understandings regarding the pathogenesis of anemia in sports. From hemodilution and redistribution considered to contribute to the so-called “sports anemia” to iron deficiency caused by increased demands, dietary restrictions, decreased absorption, increased losses, hemolysis, and sequestration, to genetic determinants of different types of anemia (some related to sport), the anemia in athletes deserves a careful and multifactorial approach. Dietary factors that reduce iron absorption (e.g., phytate, polyphenols) and that augment iron’s bioavailability (e.g., ascorbic acid) should be considered. Celiac disease, more prevalent in female athletes, may underlie an unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Iron loss during exercise occurs in several ways: sweating, hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, and intravascular and extravascular hemolysis. From a practical point of view, assessing iron status, especially in the athletes at risk for iron deficiency (females, adolescents, in sports with dietary restrictions, etc.), may improve the iron balance and possibly the performance. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin are measures that are easily employable for the evaluation of patients’ iron status. Cutoff values should probably be further assessed with respect to the sex, age, and type of sport. A healthy gut microbiome influences the iron status. Athletes at risk of iron deficiency should perform non-weight-bearing, low-intensity sports to avoid inducing hemolysis.
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Sadeghi Bahmani, D., M. Hatzinger, M. Gerber, S. Lemola, P. J. Clough, S. Perren, K. von Klitzing, A. von Wyl, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, and S. Brand. "The origins of mental toughness–internalizing and externalizing problems at the age of 5 years predict higher mental toughness scores at the age of 14 years." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S452—S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.483.
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BackgroundThe concept of mental toughness has gained increasing importance among non-elite athletes for its psychological importance and explanatory power for a broad range of health-related behaviors. On the flip side, no study has focused so far on the psychological origins of mental toughness. Therefore, the aims of the present study were three-fold: to explore, to what extent psychological profiles of preschoolers at the age of five years predicted mental toughness scores and sleep disturbances at the age of 14 years, and to explore possible gender differences.MethodNine years after their first assessment at the age of five years (preschoolers), a total of 77 adolescents (mean age: 14.35 years; SD = 1.22; 42% females) took part in the present follow-up study. At baseline, both parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), covering internalizing and externalizing problems, hyperactivity, negative peer relationships, and prosocial behavior. At follow-up, participants completed a booklet of questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances.ResultsPreschoolers with high prosocial behavior and low internalizing and externalizing problems, as rated by parents and teachers, at the age of 14 years self-reported higher mental toughness and lower sleep disturbances. At the age of 14 years, and relative to their male counterparts, female participants reported lower MT scores and higher sleep disturbances.ConclusionsThe pattern of results suggests that mental toughness traits during adolescence have their origins during pre-school years.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Shah, Tanya, and Kate Essad. "Non-physiological Speech Disturbance in Teen Athletes with Concussion: A Case Series." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S24.3—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000581072.76335.aa.
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ObjectiveThis report is intended to share unique patient cases featuring a common but inadequately researched problem in adolescents with concussion.BackgroundDespite evidence associating concussion with increased risk of mental illness, the literature has limited information examining functional speech disorder as a sequala of concussion in teen athletes [Table 1].Design/MethodsA PubMed search was completed using the following key words: functional speech disorder, conversion disorder, concussion, pediatrics. A total of five articles resulted and were reviewed.ResultsA 14yo female with a concussion from volleyball had a protracted course of recovery due to anxiety. Months later, she was struck by a tennis ball without a second concussion. She developed a non-physiologic stutter and atasia-abasia. She recovered with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A 16yo female with history of depression sustained a concussion playing soccer with an associated slurred speech. Two weeks later, her initial concussion symptoms resolved however she began stuttering. She was treated by adjusting her psychiatric medications. Two years later she sustained another concussion which caused a reoccurrence of stuttering. Symptoms improved after a partial day program with psychiatry and intensive speech therapy. An 18yo male wrestler with no psychiatric history suffered a concussion. He developed catatonia with echolalia. He was unable to participate in CBT, however symptoms have partially improved with diazepam.ConclusionsThis series highlights pediatric athletes presenting with functional speech disorders after concussion or an event triggering anxiety of concussion. The development of conversion disorder of speech was independent of any pre-disposing psychiatric history. Psychological treatment with CBT or medication successfully improved conditions in all cases. Providers should counsel patients and families of potential stress-response symptoms that can occur with concussion. Ongoing research is needed to establish patterns of these conditions and provide evidenced based guidelines to best direct treatment of these young athletes.
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Overgaard, Penny Morgan. "CONCUSSION REPORTING IN YOUTH SPORTS: A GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S24.2—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000581068.68712.6a.
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ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory that explained concussion reporting in youth sports from the perspective of the young athletes.BackgroundParticipation in youth sports is increasingly popular with estimates of 35 – 40 million U.S. children playing an organized sport each year. Current concussion education has not been shown to be consistently effective. The risk of concussion exposure is present in a number of youth sports. Much of the research surrounding concussion reporting has targeted older adolescents. A better understanding of the reporting process among younger athletes is needed.Design/MethodsA grounded theory approach was used to gather and analyze data from semi-structured interviews with soccer players ages 5 to 12. The sample consisted of eleven athletes (8 male, 3 female) from non-elite soccer leagues in two counties; Maricopa, Arizona and Santa Barbara, California.ResultsData analysis induced four conceptual categories; trusted environment, self-monitoring, being a player and incentive structure. The resultant theoretical model explains injury reporting from the perspective of young athletes. This study suggests that there is an incentive structure related to injury reporting, that young athletes have a good understanding of the incentives in relation to their perception of self as a player. Athletes demonstrate self-agency in terms of self-monitoring, however important adult others provide a trusted environment that makes children feel safe with their decisions.ConclusionsThis study suggests that a better understanding of the incentive structure embedded in the reporting process is needed to design effective prevention and education strategies. Important other adults such as parents and coaches may play a pivotal role in injury reporting among younger athletes when compared to adolescents.
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Calmeiro, Luis, Sharon K. Stoll, and Paul Davis. "Moral Reasoning in Sport: Validation of the Portuguese Version of the RSBH Value-Judgement Inventory in Adolescents." Sport Science Review 24, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2015): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2015-0020.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Rudd Stoll Beller Hahm Value-judgement Inventory (RSBHVI) in a sample of adolescents. The RSBHVI, which measures moral and social reasoning, was translated using a back translation method. A sample of 238 10th to 12th grade high school students (age mean value 16.93 years, s = 1.34) completed the Portuguese versions of RSBH, and the Task and Ego-orientation Questionnaire. Partial support for the original structure of the moral reasoning scale, but not the social reasoning scale, was found. Females, and non-athletes and individual sport athletes scored significantly higher than males and team sport athletes in moral reasoning, respectively. Moral reasoning was negatively correlated with ego-orientation (r = −30; p <. 001) and uncorrelated with task-orientation (r = .10, p > .05). Participants who were low-ego scored higher in moral reasoning than those who were high-ego. It is suggested that decreasing levels of ego-orientation may be necessary to improve athletes’ moral reasoning.
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Aslan, Sehmus. "Perceived Stress Level and Sports Participation in Deaf Adolescents and Young Adults." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i3.3974.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sports participation on perceived stress level in deaf adolescents and young adults. A total of 110 deaf people aged between 14 and 25 years participated in the study. The Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to assess perceived stress level of the participants. The scale is a 5-item Likert scale and 10-item scale. The scores of PSS-10 consist of 0-40.44 (40.0%) of the participants were female and 66 (60.0%) were male. The mean age of female participants were 16,66 ± 1,36 years and male participants were 17,74 ± 1,65 years. Of the participants, 85 (77.3%) had antenatal and 25 (22.7%) had post-partum hearing impairment. Of the participants, 67 (60.9%) did participate sports and 43 (39.1%) did not participate in sports. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of sex, hearing disability level and having congenital or acquired disability (p> 0.05). The total score of PSS of the athletes were 22,33 ± 6,33 and the total score of the non-athletes were 26,74 ± 3,46. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p <0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of gender, the grades of hearing disability, and having congenital or acquired disability (p> 0.05). The results of our study showed that the perceived stress levels of deaf adolescents and young adults who participate in sports were lower than compared who did not participate in sports. This study demonstrated sports participation might recommend to adolescents and young adults with hearing impairment for reducing stress.
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Kostyun, Regina, David Wang, and Matthew Solomito. "High School Student-Athletes’ Awareness of Concussion Education May Differ by Age." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00166.
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Background: A tremendous amount of resources and education have been directed towards those involved in high school athletics to help recognize the signs and symptoms of a concussion and ensure removal from play of potentially concussed athletes. Concussion education policies have been broadly implemented across the country; however, the success of these educational methods at encouraging adolescents to disclose their symptoms has yet to be determined. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) identify how many student-athletes recognized they had been provided concussion education and (2) document disclosure and non-disclosure patterns. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to student-athletes at four Connecticut high schools. The survey contained demographic questions (sex, age, primary sport, and prior history of concussion) along with a question asking if the individual had received formal concussion education. The survey then asked in which of six provided situations the athlete would disclose their symptoms and which of eight provided reasons would prevent the athlete from disclosing their symptoms. Respondents were grouped by education status (received or not) and the difference in response frequency was evaluated using Chi-Square tests. Results: A total of 872 athletes (average age 15.8±1.3 years, 410 Males, 462 Females) completed the survey (61.2% response rate). A total of 583 (66.9%) athletes reported having received concussion education. Athletes who reported that they had not received concussion education were significantly younger than athletes that reported that they had received concussion education (p=<0.001). Both the education and non-education groups identified an important game as the least likely situation to disclose symptoms, and practice as the most likely situation. The most common reason for non-disclosure was “Don’t want to miss game” in the education group and “Don’t think I have a concussion” in the non-education group. Significant differences in response rates between groups were found for ‘Don’t think I have a concussion’ (p=0.038) and ‘Others played with concussions’ (p=0.005). Conclusion: Current educational efforts may not be successfully educating younger student-athletes about the importance of recognizing and reporting concussion symptoms. Within our small cohort of Connecticut high schools, approximately 1/3 of individuals reported not receiving education, and more than half of student-athletes report that they would not disclose concussion symptoms during important games despite receiving education. Further work is required to re-evaluate the efficacy of current educational programs available to high school athletes, focusing on non-disclosure reasons reported by varying ages of student-athletes. [Table: see text]
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Jenkins, Paul, Arya Minaie, Jaime Bauerlein, David Piskulic, Tim Kirn, Meghan Merklein, and Jeffrey J. Nepple. "RETURN TO PLAY ASSESSMENTS: RATES OF NEUROMUSCULAR ASYMMETRIES IN HEALTHY ADOLESCENT ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00266.
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Background: Return to play (RTP) assessments after ACL reconstruction attempt to identify patients with residual deficits that haven’t regained their preinjury function, in hopes of decreasing the high rate of reinjury in this population. However, the utility of common RTP assessments, including hop testing and Biodex isokinetic strength, remains to be better understood. In the adolescent population, RTP assessments commonly rely upon those used in adults with limited evidence. The purpose of the current study was to establish the performance of young healthy athletes on common RTP assessments. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 47 healthy athletes aged 12 to 16 years was performed. All athletes performed hop testing (4 components - single, triple, crossover and timed) and Biodex isokinetic strength (6 components - quadriceps and hamstring; 60, 180, 300 degrees/second). The results were compared to the contralateral leg with a deficit defined as greater than 10% less relative to the contralateral leg. Patient demographics including age, sex, BMI, and sport played, as well as the dominant and nondominant leg were recorded. Analysis was performed relative to a single extremity (total 94) to simulate the evaluation in the setting of ACL return to play. Results: A total of 17 males and 30 females were included, with 27 being 12-13 yo and 20 being 14-16 yo. Overall, at least one deficit was present in 61.7% of extremities. This was significantly more common in non-dominant (76.6%) than dominant (46.8%) extremities (p<0.001). Biodex isokinetic strength deficits were present in 55.3% of extremities, while hop testing deficits were present in 24.5% of extremities. A total of 17 extremities had deficits in both Biodex and hop testing, while 35 had isolated biodex deficits and 6 had isolated hop testing deficits. Biodex deficits were present for quadriceps strength in 18.1%, 7.4%, and 17.0% at 60, 180, and 300 degrees respectively, while deficits in hamstring strength were present in 27.7%, 11.7%, and 17.0% at 60, 180, and 300 degrees respectively. Hop testing deficits were present in 7.4% of single hop, 9.6% of triple hop, 9.6% of crossover hop, and 6.4% of timed hop testing. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that asymmetries in strength and hop testing are common in adolescent healthy athletes. These deficits are more common for Biodex isokinetic strength testing than functional hop testing. Deficits are more likely to occur in the nondominant extremity.
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Shigematsu, Ryosuke, Shuta Katoh, Koya Suzuki, Yoshio Nakata, and Hiroyuki Sasai. "Sports Specialization and Sports-Related Injuries in Japanese School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Descriptive Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 7369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147369.
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Although early sports specialization is associated with sports-related injuries, relevant quantitative studies on young non-elite athletes, the majority of sports participants, are scarce. We described sports specialization time points and the characteristics of sports-related injuries. Undergraduate students at a university in Japan (n = 830) recalled their history of sports participation from elementary to high school and sports-related injuries in a self-administered questionnaire. Of 570 valid respondents, 486 (85%) engaged in sports at least once. Significantly more respondents played multiple sports in upper elementary school (30%) than in other school categories (1–23%). In junior high and high schools, 90% and 99% played only one sport, respectively. Of the 486 respondents who played sports, 263 (54%) had experienced acute or overuse injuries. The proportion of injured participants significantly differed by school category: lower elementary school (4%), upper elementary school (21%), junior high (35%), and high school (41%). The proportions of acute or overuse injuries in males were higher than those in females. In conclusion, this study clarified a slight variation in sports items, particularly in junior high and high schools, which demonstrates 13 years as the age of beginning specialization in a single sport. More than half of the non-elite athletes experienced sports-related injuries. Injuries were frequently observed in males and those in junior high and high schools.