Journal articles: 'Adolescent female athletes'

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Brown, Kelly A., Aditya V. Dewoolkar, Nicole Baker, and Colleen Dodich. "The female athlete triad: special considerations for adolescent female athletes." Translational Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (July 2017): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.04.04.

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Whitney, Kristin E., Bryan Holtzman, Allyson Parziale, and Kathryn E. Ackerman. "URINARY INCONTINENCE IS MORE COMMON IN ADOLESCENT FEMALE ATHLETES WITH LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00115.

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BACKGROUND: Female Athlete Triad (Triad), an interrelated syndrome of low energy availability (EA), menstrual irregularity, and low bone mineral density. A broader, more comprehensive term was recently introduced by the International Olympic Committee: ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S). RED-S includes Triad, but also highlights the multiplicity of complex health and performance consequences of low EA and emphasizes that male athletes are also affected. The syndrome RED-S refers to impaired physiological function caused by relative energy deficiency including menstrual function, metabolism, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health. Low EA has independent negative effects on reproductive function and gonadal steroid production. Urinary incontinence (UI) has many risk factors, including estrogen deficiency (which can be caused by low EA), depression, and participation in high-impact activities. A high prevalence of UI has been reported in female athletes participating in a variety of different sports. To date, research evaluating low energy availability as an independent risk factor for UI has been limited, particularly in a young female athlete population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of UI and low EA in adolescent female athletes. METHODS: 1000 female athletes (ages 15–30 years) presenting to a sports medicine clinic completed a 476 question survey covering topics related to relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S), including female athlete triad risk factors and athletic activity. For the purpose of this study, data was extracted from responses by subjects between 15–19 years of age. Low EA was defined as meeting = 1 criterion: self-reported history of eating disorder/disordered eating (ED/DE), high score on the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and/or high score on the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP). UI was assessed through a modified form of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence (ICIQ-UI Short Form). Descriptive statistics are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and associations between EA status and UI queries were assessed by chi-squared analysis (cut off for statistical significance was defined as: p<0.05). RESULTS: Of those who completed the survey, 70.8% were adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age. UI during athletic activities was reported by 14.4% of these athletes. Of those reporting UI, UI was significantly more common in those with low EA than those with adequate EA (54.9% vs. 45.1%, p=0.003). Age was not associated with UI in this subset (p=0.83). The median onset of UI was 1–2 years prior to completing the survey and the median frequency of UI over the previous year was reported as weekly. There was no significant correlation between the presence of menstrual dysfunction and UI (p=0.104). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that UI is a common problem among adolescent female athletes, occurring in 14.4% of 15-19 year old female athletes surveyed in this study. UI is more prevalent in adolescent female athletes with low EA in comparison to female athletes with adequate EA. These findings are consistent with those previously observed in studies involving older populations of adult female athletes with eating disorders, where UI was more prevalent in those with low EA in comparison to controls with adequate EA. These findings suggest a potential place for genitourinary disorders in the constellation of impaired physiologic functions considered associated with low EA in athletes/RED-S, and offers a window into a commonly overlooked clinical problem impacting young female athletes.

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Miller, Kathleen E., Merrill J. Melnick, Grace M. Barnes, Michael P. Farrell, and Don Sabo. "Untangling the Links among Athletic Involvement, Gender, Race, and Adolescent Academic Outcomes." Sociology of Sport Journal 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.2.178.

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Although previous research has established that high school sports participation might be associated with positive academic outcomes, the parameters of the relationship remain unclear. Using a longitudinal sample of nearly 600 western New York adolescents, this study examined gender- and race-specific differences on the impact of two dimensions of adolescent athletic involvement (“jock” identity and athlete status) on changes in school grades and school misconduct over a 2-year interval. Female and Black adolescents who identified themselves as jocks reported lower grades than did those who did not, whereas female athletes reported higher grades than female nonathletes. Jocks also reported significantly more misconduct (including skipping school, cutting classes, having someone from home called to the school for disciplinary purposes, and being sent to the principal’s office) than did nonjocks. Gender moderated the relationship between athlete status and school misconduct; athletic participation had a less salutary effect on misconduct for girls than for boys.

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Ackerman, Kathryn E., and Madhusmita Misra. "Amenorrhoea in adolescent female athletes." Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2, no. 9 (September 2018): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30145-7.

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Sherman, Roberta Trattner, and Ron A. Thompson. "The Female Athlete Triad." Journal of School Nursing 20, no. 4 (August 2004): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405040200040301.

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The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome of the interrelated components of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Sometimes inadvertently, but more often by willful dietary restriction, many female athletes do not ingest sufficient calories to adequately fuel their physical or sport activities, which can disrupt menstrual functioning, thereby increasing their risk of bone loss. Although its prevalence is unknown, the Female Athlete Triad is believed to affect many athletes at all ages and all sport competition levels. Even though the Triad affects athletes in all sports, girls and women in sports that emphasize a thin or small body size or shape appear to be most at risk. This article focuses on the risks of the Female Athlete Triad for middle-and high-school-age female athletes as well as the unique issues related to the identification, management, and treatment of the various components of the Triad in this special adolescent subpopulation.

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Tomczyk, Christopher P., Megan Mormile, Megan S. Wittenberg;, Jody L. Langdon, and Tamerah N. Hunt. "An Examination of Adolescent Athletes and Nonathletes on Baseline Neuropsychological Test Scores." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-84-17.

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Context: An estimated 15.3 million adolescent students are enrolled in US high schools, with approximately 7.8 million participating in athletics. Researchers have examined various demographics in high school athletes; however, athletic participation may play a larger role in test performance than previously thought. Currently, investigations of concussion assessment may rely on uninjured athletes as controls. However, due to the intense nature of athletics, this may not be an appropriate practice. Objective: To examine differences between athletes and nonathletes using a common computerized neuropsychological test. Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools from a school district in Columbus, Ohio. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 662 adolescent high school students (athletes: n = 383, female n = 18; nonathletes: n = 279, female n = 193). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were administered a computerized neuropsychological test battery (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test [ImPACT]) during baseline concussion assessment. Differences between groups were established for output composite scores. Results: Differences were found between athletes and nonathletes in composite reaction time (F1,522 = 14.855, P < .001) and total symptom score (F1,427 = 33.770, P < .001). Nonathletes reported more symptoms, whereas athletes had faster reaction times. No differences were present in composite verbal memory, composite visual memory, composite visual motor speed, or composite impulse control (P > .05). Conclusions: Symptom reporting and reaction time differed between high school athletes and nonathletes. Participation in extracurricular activities may lead to cognitive differences in adolescents that can influence performance on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test battery. Researchers should account for these differences in baseline performance when making concussion diagnostic and management decisions.

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Biese, Kevin M., Stephanie A. Kliethermes, Andrew M. Watson, Timothy A. McGuine, Pamela J. Lang, David R. Bell, and M. Alison Brooks. "Musculoskeletal Injuries and Their Association With Previous Concussion History: A Prospective Study of High School Volleyball and Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546521997116.

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Background: Sports-related concussions may have a neurobiological recovery period that exceeds the period of clinical recovery, and one consequence of an extended neurobiological recovery may be the risk of subsequent musculoskeletal injuries. Most literature citing an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury after a sports-related concussion has been reported in populations other than adolescent athletes. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to prospectively determine if incidence rates of musculoskeletal injury differ between adolescent athletes with and without a previous sports-related concussion, while controlling for sex, sport, and age. A secondary aim was to determine if this relationship differs between male and female athletes of the same sport. Our hypotheses were that acute-noncontact injury rates would be higher in athletes with a previous sports-related concussion when compared with athletes without a previous sports-related concussion, and that this relationship would exist only in female athletes and not male athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: High school soccer and volleyball players were recruited in 2 prospective cohort studies that observed 4837 athletes during their sporting season (females, 80%; soccer, 57%; mean [SD] age, 15.6 [1.1] years). At preseason, all participants self-reported demographics and previous sports-related concussion within the past 12 months. During the sport season, team athletic trainers electronically recorded athlete exposures and injury data, including injury characteristics. Injury rates per 1000 athlete exposures and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. All injury rates and IRRs were adjusted for sex, age, and sport. Results: The rate of acute-noncontact lower extremity injury was 87% greater (IRR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.29-2.74) in participants with a previous sports-related concussion versus those without one. The acute-noncontact lower extremity injury rates (IRRs) for females and males with a previous sports-related concussion were 1.76 (95% CI, 1.19-2.59) and 2.83 (95% CI, 0.85-9.50), respectively. No difference was detected in acute-contact (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.56-1.73) or overuse (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.51-2.37) lower extremity injury rates by previous sports-related concussion. Conclusion: Female adolescent athletes who reported a sports-related concussion within the past 12 months were more likely to sustain an acute-noncontact lower extremity injury during their high school sports season when compared with female athletes without a previous sport-related concussion.

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Cupisti, Adamasco, Claudia D’Alessandro, Silvia Castrogiovanni, Alice Barale, and Ester Morelli. "Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Composition in Italian Adolescent Female Athletes and Non-athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 2 (June 2002): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.2.207.

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This study aims to investigate dietary composition and nutrition knowledge of 60 athlete and 59 non-athlete adolescent females (age, 14-18 years), using a 3-day food recall and a questionnaire on nutrition. The reported daily energy intake was similar in athletes and non-athletes, but less than the recommended and the estimated requirements. In the athletes, the energy supply from breakfast was higher than in the non-athletes (18.5 ± 6.6 vs. 15.0 ± 8.2%, p < .005). Energy intake from carbohydrates was higher (53.6 ± 6.2 vs. 49.8 ± 63%, p < .05) and that from lipids was lower (30.4 ± 5.5 vs. 34.2 ± 5.2%, p < .001) in athletes than in non-athletes. Athletes also showed higher fiber (20.0 ± 5.8 vs. 14.1 ± 4.3 g/day, p < .001). iron (10.6±5.1 vs. 7.5 ± 2.1 mg/day,/7 < .001) and vitamin A (804 ± 500 vs, 612 ± 456 μg/day, p < .05) reported intake than non-athletes. Calcium, iron, and zinc intake were less than 100% RDA in both groups. Athletes gave a slightly higher rate of correct answers on the nutrition knowledge questionnaire (77.6 vs. 71.6%,p < .01) than non-athletes. In conclusion, the overall recalled dietary intake and nutrition knowledge of the studied adolescent females show some misconceptions and nutrient deficiencies, but the results in athletes are quite better man in non-athletes, suggesting a favorable role of sport practice on dietary habits and nutrition knowledge.

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Petisco-Rodríguez, Cristina, Laura C. Sánchez-Sánchez, Rubén Fernández-García, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, and José Manuel García-Montes. "Disordered Eating Attitudes, Anxiety, Self-Esteem and Perfectionism in Young Athletes and Non-Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186754.

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Eating disorders are associated with short and long-term consequences that can affect sports performance. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether female athletes, particularly gymnasts and footballers, exhibit more eating problems compared to female non-athletes, and to identify individual personality characteristics including anxiety, self-esteem, and perfectionism as possible contributors to eating disorder risk. In a sample of 120 participants, 80 adolescent female athletes were compared to a control condition of 40 non-athletes (mean age 17.2 ± 2.82). Participants responded to a questionnaire package to investigate the presence of disordered eating (SCOFF) and psychological variables in relation to disordered eating symptoms or eating disorder status. Subsequently, anthropometric measures were obtained individually by trained staff. There were statistically significant differences between conditions. One of the most important results was the score in SCOFF (Mann–Whitney = 604, p < 0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.52, r = 0.25), being higher in control than in the gymnast condition. These results suggest that non-athlete female adolescents show more disturbed eating behaviours and thoughts than female adolescents from aesthetic sport modalities and, therefore, may have an enhanced risk of developing clinical eating disorders.

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Brown, Robert T., Susan M. Mcintosh, Vicki R. Seabolt, and William A. Daniel. "Iron status of adolescent female athletes." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6, no. 5 (September 1985): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0070(85)80001-2.

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Logan, Bridget Linehan, Lynn Foster-Johnson, and Eleni Zotos. "Urinary incontinence among adolescent female athletes." Journal of Pediatric Urology 14, no. 3 (June 2018): 241.e1–241.e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.12.018.

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Thralls, Katie J., Jeanne F. Nichols, Michelle T. Barrack, Mark Kern, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "Body Mass-Related Predictors of the Female Athlete Triad Among Adolescent Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0072.

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Early detection of the female athlete triad is essential for the long-term health of adolescent female athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between common anthropometric markers (ideal body weight [IBW] via the Hamwi formula, youth-percentile body mass index [BMI], adult BMI categories, and body fat percentage [BF%]) and triad components, (low energy availability [EA], measured by dietary restraint [DR], menstrual dysfunction [MD], low bone mineral density [BMD]). In the sample (n = 320) of adolescent female athletes (age 15.9± 1.2 y), Spearman’s rho correlations and multiple logistic regression analyses evaluated associations between anthropometric clinical cutoffs and triad components. All underweight categories for the anthropometric measures predicted greater likelihood of MD and low BMD. Athletes with an IBW ≤85% were nearly 4 times more likely to report MD (OR = 3.7, 95% CI [1.8, 7.9]) and had low BMD (OR = 4.1, 95% CI [1.2, 14.2]). Those in <5th percentile for their age-specific BMI were 9 times more likely to report MD (OR 9.1, 95% CI [1.8, 46.9]) and had low BMD than those in the 50th to 85th percentile. Athletes with a high BF% were almost 3 times more likely to report DR (OR = 2.8, 95% CI [1.4, 6.1]). Our study indicates that low age-adjusted BMI and low IBW may serve as evidence-based clinical indicators that may be practically evaluated in the field, predicting MD and low BMD in adolescents. These measures should be tested for their ability as tools to minimize the risk for the triad.

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Edama, Mutsuaki, Hiromi Inaba, Fumi Hoshino, Saya Natsui, Sae Maruyama, and Go Omori. "The relationship between the female athlete triad and injury rates in collegiate female athletes." PeerJ 9 (April 6, 2021): e11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11092.

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Background This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the triad risk assessment score and the sports injury rate in 116 female college athletes (average age, 19.8 ± 1.3 years) in seven sports at the national level of competition; 67 were teenagers, and 49 were in their 20s. Methods Those with menstrual deficiency for >3 months or <6 menses in 12 months were classified as amenorrheic athletes. Low energy availability was defined as adolescent athletes having a body weight <85% of ideal body weight, and for adult athletes in their 20s, a body mass index ≤17.5 kg/m2. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured on the heel of the right leg using an ultrasonic bone densitometer. Low BMD was defined as a BMD Z-score <−1.0. The total score for each athlete was calculated. The cumulative risk assessment was defined as follows: low risk (a total score of 0–1), moderate risk (2–5), and high risk (6). The injury survey recorded injuries referring to the injury survey items used by the International Olympic Committee. Results In swimming, significantly more athletes were in the low-risk category than in the moderate and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In long-distance athletics, significantly more athletes were in the moderate-risk category than in the low and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In the moderate and high-risk categories, significantly more athletes were in the injury group, whereas significantly more athletes in the low-risk category were in the non-injury group (p = 0.01). Significantly more athletes at moderate and high-risk categories had bone stress fractures and bursitis than athletes at low risk (p = 0.023). Discussion These results suggest that athletes with relative energy deficiency may have an increased injury risk.

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Boisseau, Nathalie, Sonia Vera-Perez, and Jacques Poortmans. "Food and Fluid Intake in Adolescent Female Judo Athletes before Competition." Pediatric Exercise Science 17, no. 1 (February 2005): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.17.1.62.

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Judo is a weight-class sport, meaning that there are weight-defined classes in competitions. Regular body weight restrictions and/or nutritional imbalances can alter growth and maturation states in adolescents. The aim of the present study was to estimate to what extent female judo athletes (age 16.1 ± 0.3 years) modified food and drink intakes 3 weeks and 1 week before competition. Our findings indicate that unbalanced dietary intakes and “weight cutting” might occur in female adolescent competitors. We conclude that dietary recommendations are compulsory in order to educate coaches and young judokas about adequate nutrition and safe weight control behaviors, as well as the dangers of rapid weight loss and dehydration during adolescence.

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Thompson-Kolesar, Julie A., Corey T. Gatewood, Andrew A. Tran, Amy Silder, Rebecca Shultz, Scott L. Delp, and Jason L. Dragoo. "Age Influences Biomechanical Changes After Participation in an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517744313.

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Background: The prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries increases during maturation and peaks during late adolescence. Previous studies suggested an age-related association between participation in injury prevention programs and reduction of ACL injury. However, few studies have investigated differences in biomechanical changes after injury prevention programs between preadolescent and adolescent athletes. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate the influence of age on the effects of the FIFA Medical and Research Centre (F-MARC) 11+ injury prevention warm-up program on differences in biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury between preadolescent and adolescent female soccer players. It was hypothesized that the ACL injury risk factors of knee valgus angle and moment would be greater at baseline but would improve more after training for preadolescent athletes than adolescent athletes. It was further hypothesized that flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction would increase after training for both preadolescent and adolescent athletes. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Institutional Review Board–approved written consent was obtained for 51 preadolescent female athletes aged 10 to 12 years (intervention: n = 28, 11.8 ± 0.8 years; control: n = 23, 11.2 ± 0.6 years) and 43 adolescent female athletes aged 14 to 18 years (intervention: n = 22, 15.9 ± 0.9 years; control: n = 21, 15.7 ± 1.1 years). The intervention groups participated in 15 in-season sessions of the F-MARC 11+ program 2 times per week. Pre- and postseason motion capture data were collected during 4 tasks: preplanned cutting, unanticipated cutting, double-legged jump, and single-legged jump. Lower extremity joint angles and moments were estimated through biomechanical modeling. Knee flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction was estimated from surface electromyography. Results: At baseline, preadolescent athletes displayed greater initial contact and peak knee valgus angles during all activities when compared with the adolescent athletes, but knee valgus moment was not significantly different between age groups. After intervention training, preadolescent athletes improved and decreased their initial contact knee valgus angle (–1.24° ± 0.36°; P = .036) as well as their peak knee valgus moment (–0.57 ± 0.27 percentage body weight × height; P = .033) during the double-legged jump task, as compared with adolescent athletes in the intervention. Compared with adolescent athletes, preadolescent athletes displayed higher weight acceptance flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction at baseline during all activities ( P < .05). After intervention training, preadolescent athletes displayed an increase in precontact flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction during preplanned cutting as compared with adolescent intervention athletes (0.07 ± 0.02 vs –0.30 ± 0.27, respectively; P = .002). Conclusion: The F-MARC 11+ program may be more effective at improving some risk factors for ACL injury among preadolescent female athletes than adolescent athletes, notably by reducing knee valgus angle and moment during a double-legged jump landing. Clinical Relevance: ACL prevention programs may be more effective if administered early in an athlete’s career, as younger athletes may be more likely to adapt new biomechanical movement patterns.

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Ackerman, Kathryn E., and Madhusmita Misra. "Bone Health and the Female Athlete Triad in Adolescent Athletes." Physician and Sportsmedicine 39, no. 1 (February 2011): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2011.02.1871.

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Thralls, Katie J., Jeanne F. Nichols, Michelle T. Barrack, Mark Kern, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "Anthropometric Predictors of the Female Athlete Triad among Adolescent Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000466129.90826.bc.

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Armento, Aubrey, Karin VanBaak, Emily A. Sweeney, Julie C. Wilson, and David R. Howell. "Presence and Perceptions of Menstrual Dysfunction Among High School Female Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00168.

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Background: Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of menstrual dysfunction (MD) among adolescent female athletes. Little is known about the characteristics of adolescent athletes with MD, as well as their awareness of MD. Purpose: Our primary study purpose was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of female athletes who believe that MD is a normal response to high training demands. The secondary purpose was to explore the relationship between MD and patient-reported quality of life. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adolescent athletes undergoing pre-participation evaluation. Participants completed health history, family affluence, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaires. Those who reported menarche within the past year were excluded. We categorized participants into groups based on their response to, “Do you think it is normal to lose your period during high levels of athletic training?” (yes/no). We compared groups using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. We also grouped patients into MD (yes/no) if they exhibited one or more of the following: 1) age of menarche >15 years; 2) ≤9 periods in the last year; or 3) a period of three consecutive months without a menstrual cycle. We constructed a series of linear multivariable regression models assessing the effect of MD on PROMIS outcomes adjusting for age and BMI. Results: 44% (n=40/90) answered that period loss was a normal response to a high level of training, and this group had lower body mass index (BMI), were less likely to report being worried about current weight, and had a higher family affluence level than those who answered period loss was not a normal response to training (Table 1). The overall prevalence of MD was 28% and was not significantly different between those who did and did not answer that period loss was a normal response to training (Table 1). Those with MD reported higher fatigue and pain interference scores than those without MD (Table 2). After adjusting for age and BMI, MD was significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety, fatigue, and pain interference (Table 3). Conclusion: Nearly half of our sample of adolescent female athletes perceive MD as a normal response to high training demands. Females with MD reported higher levels of anxiety and fatigue than those without MD. Understanding adolescent perceptions of MD and the characteristics of those with MD can guide future educational interventions aimed at high risk athletes for the female athlete triad. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]

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Savage, Michael P., and Derek R. Holcomb. "Adolescent Female Athletes' Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 28, no. 5 (October 1999): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021658727236.

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WEBSTER, BRENDA L., and SUSAN I. BARR. "Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, no. 5 (May 1993): 648???652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305000-00019.

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Sommi, Corinne, Frances Gill, Jeffrey D. Trojan, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Strength and conditioning in adolescent female athletes." Physician and Sportsmedicine 46, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2018.1486677.

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Wojtys, Edward M., Mary L. Jannausch, Jennifer L. Kreinbrink, Siobán D. Harlow, and MaryFran R. Sowers. "Athletic Activity and Hormone Concentrations in High School Female Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.62.

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Context: Physical activity may affect the concentrations of circulating endogenous hormones in female athletes. Understanding the relationship between athletic and physical activity and circulating female hormone concentrations is critical. Objective: To test the hypotheses that (1) the estradiol-progesterone profile of high school adolescent girls participating in training, conditioning, and competition would differ from that of physically inactive, age-matched adolescent girls throughout a 3-month period; and (2) athletic training and conditioning would alter body composition (muscle, bone), leading to an increasingly greater lean–body-mass to fat–body-mass ratio with accompanying hormonal changes. Design: Cohort study. Settings: Laboratory and participants' homes. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 106 adolescent girls, ages 14–18 years, who had experienced at least 3 menstrual cycles in their lifetime. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were prospectively monitored throughout a 13-week period, with weekly physical activity assessments and 15 urine samples for estrogen, luteinizing hormone, creatinine, and progesterone concentrations. Each girl underwent body-composition measurements before and after the study period. Results: Seventy-four of the 98 girls (76%) who completed the study classified themselves as athletes. Body mass index, body mass, and fat measures remained stable, and 17 teenagers had no complete menstrual cycle during the observation period. Mean concentrations of log(estrogen/creatinine) were slightly greater in nonathletes who had cycles of <24 or >35 days. Mean log(progesterone/creatinine) concentrations in nonathletes were less in the first half and greater in the second half of the cycle, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: A moderate level of athletic or physical activity did not influence urine concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, or luteinizing hormones. However, none of the participants achieved high levels of physical activity. A significant number (17%) of girls in both activity groups were amenorrheic during the 3-month study period.

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Andari, Nisa Nur Isnaini, Fillah Fithra Dieny, A. Fahmy Arif Tsani, Deny Yudi Fitranti, and Nurmasari Widyastuti. "Diet Quality, Nutritional Status, and Haemoglobin Level of Female Adolescent Athletes in Endurance and Non Endurance Sports." Amerta Nutrition 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.140-148.

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Background: Based on the duration and intensity of the exercise, sports can b classified into two types: endurance and non endurance (strength and power). Endurance sports is a high risk sport with low diet quality, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage), and haemoglobin level. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to analyze the differences of diet quality, nutritionl status, and haemoglobin level of female adolescent athletes in endurance and non endurance sports. Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 23 endurance athletes and 21 non endurance athletes in BBLOP Central Java, UNNES swimming and athletic sports club, and Salatiga atlhetic sports club. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. BMI and body was measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Tanita DC-360). Haemoglobin level was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Diet quality was measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) form. Data was analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: The majority of nutritional status based on BMI and perventage body fat in endurance and non endurance athlete were normal. About 9,5% of non endurance athlete had anemia. There were significant difference in diet quality (p=0,029) and variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake (p<0,001; p=0,028; p=0,045; p<0,001) of endurance and non endurance athletes, but no significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0,573) and haemoglobin level (p=0,714). Conclusion: There were significant difference on diet quality, variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake between endurance and non endurance athletes.

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Davies, E., and R. Collins. "Participation, self-esteem and self-concept in adolescent equestrian athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep140021.

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sport participation, global self-esteem and physical self-concept in female adolescent equestrian athletes. 239 participants (239 females aged 12-20 years old, 15.96±2.422 years) completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) and a modified version of the Sport Activity Questionnaire through an online survey. Seven of the original 11 PSDQ subscales were chosen to be analysed: physical activity, body fat, sports competence, global physical self-concept, appearance, flexibility and global self-esteem. Global self-esteem and appearance were significantly affected by participant age (H(2) = 7.27, P<0.05 and H(2) = 9.58, P<0.01, respectively). Physical activity was significantly affected by discipline (H(4) = 13.39, P<0.05). Implications of these findings suggest that equestrian sport could act as a contributor to self-esteem in female adolescents and as such more emphasis on psychosocial development within the British Equestrian Federation's Long Term Athlete Development programme (LTAD) and the training of equestrian coaches needs to be implemented by governing bodies.

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Stickley, Christopher D., Ronald K. Hetzler, Bret G. Freemyer, and Iris F. Kimura. "Isokinetic Peak Torque Ratios and Shoulder Injury History in Adolescent Female Volleyball Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.571.

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Abstract Context: Few researchers have examined shoulder strength in adolescent volleyball athletes despite increasing levels of participation in this age group. Objective: To compare medial and lateral isokinetic peak torque of the rotator cuff among skill levels and between athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: The Human Performance Lab and Athletic Training Lab. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-eight female adolescent club volleyball athletes from 10 to 15 years of age (mean = 13.02 ± 1.60 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured concentric and eccentric peak torque of the medial and lateral rotators of the shoulder and calculated resultant cocking and spiking ratios based on peak torque values. Results: Athletes at higher skill levels had higher peak torque measurements in concentric and eccentric medial and lateral rotation compared with the athletes at lower skill levels. No differences in peak torque existed between participants with or without an injury history 6 months before the study. Strength ratios did not differ across skill levels, but previously injured participants produced lower eccentric medial rotation to concentric lateral rotation ratios compared with participants without a history of injury (P = .02). At the highest skill level, previously injured participants produced lower eccentric lateral rotation to concentric medial rotation ratios compared with participants without an injury history (P = .04). Conclusions: Differences in medial and lateral shoulder rotator strength ratios appear to be related more to injury prevalence than to absolute strength. Shoulder dysfunction related to strength ratio deficits also may exist in adolescent female volleyball athletes. Preventive shoulder strengthening programs focused on improving eccentric strength and correcting imbalances between medial and lateral rotators may be warranted for all female adolescent volleyball athletes.

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Pritchard, Mary E., and Gregory S. Wilson. "Factors Influencing Body Image in Female Adolescent Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 14, no. 1 (April 2005): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.14.1.72.

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Recent research has noted an increase in body image dissatisfaction among adolescents and adults. One group that seems to be particularly at risk for body image dissatisfaction is female athletes. However, few studies have examined what factors might influence body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. The present study surveyed 146 female high school athletes to determine which factors influence their body image. We found that body image related to several physical and psychological health variables, including physical ailments, negative health habits, stress, fatigue, anger, tension, depression, confusion, negative affect, and use of ineffective coping styles. Finally, several parental health habits related to female body image including maternal smoking and maternal and paternal nutrition habits. In sum, coaches and parents need to emphasize healthy habits, as well as effective coping strategies when dealing with female athletes. In addition, parents must realize the impact they have on their daughter’s body image.

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Allen, Justine B., and Bruce L. Howe. "Player Ability, Coach Feedback, and Female Adolescent Athletes' Perceived Competence and Satisfaction." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 280–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.20.3.280.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between athlete ability and coach feedback with perceived competence and satisfaction among female adolescent athletes. Athletes (N = 123) reported their perceptions of coaches' use of feedback, their own field hockey competence, and satisfaction with the coach and team involvement. In addition, coaches' ratings of athletes' ability were obtained. Analyses revealed that both ability and coach feedback were significantly related to perceived competence and satisfaction. Specifically, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that higher ability, more frequent praise and information, and less frequent encouragement and corrective information were related to higher perceived competence. Further, a canonical correlation analysis revealed that higher ability, frequent praise and information after a good performance, and frequent encouragement and corrective information after an error were associated with greater satisfaction with the coach and team involvement. The results are discussed in relation to Harter's (1978) competence motivation theory).

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Lynch, James M., Megan Anderson, Brooke Benton, and Sue Stanley Green. "The Gaming of Concussions: A Unique Intervention in Postconcussion Syndrome." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.78.

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Objective: To present the case of 2 adolescent high school student-athletes who developed postconcussion syndrome with protracted and limiting visual complaints that markedly affected academic, social, and athletic activity for a year after the onset of symptoms. Both had significant improvement soon after a unique intervention was administered. Background: A 14-year-old female soccer and softball player sustained 2 concussions in the same week. She had persistent symptoms for a year that affected her grades and precluded athletic participation. A 15-year-old male football player sustained a concussion during an altercation with 2 other male adolescents. He continued to have symptoms 1 year later, with a marked decrease in academic performance and restriction from athletics. Both adolescents reported blurry vision, photophobia, and associated headache as significant components of the postconcussion syndrome. Differential Diagnosis: Concussion, postconcussion syndrome, skull fracture, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, second-impact syndrome, and visually sensitive migraine. Treatment: Both patients were advised to obtain computer gaming glasses to use throughout the day. The female patient was diligent in her use of the glasses, with marked lessening of symptoms. The male patient was less accepting of the glasses but did report lessening of symptoms when using the glasses. Uniqueness: We hypothesized that postconcussion syndrome with marked visual complaints would respond to and improve with decreased stimulation of the visual system. This was attempted with the addition of computer gaming glasses. Both adolescent athletes responded well to the filtering of visual stimuli by off-the-shelf computer gaming glasses. Conclusions: Postconcussion syndrome is a persistent condition with a myriad of symptoms. Two young athletes developed postconcussion syndrome with prominent visual symptoms that lasted a year. The addition of computer gaming glasses markedly lessened symptoms in both patients.

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Dorak, Ferudun. "Self-esteem and Body Image of Turkish Adolescent Girls." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 4 (May 30, 2011): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.4.553.

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The aim in this study was to examine the relationship between self-esteem and body image in female adolescents who are athletes or nonathletes. Adolescent girls (N = 477) between the ages of 12 and 14 participated in the research in İzmir, Turkey. The self-esteem survey developed by Coopersmith (1967) and the Body Cathexis Scale developed by Secord and Jourard (1953) were used in the study. The findings obtained show that there is a significantly stronger relationship between self-esteem and body image in the athletic adolescent girls compared with the sedentary girls (p < 0.05).

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Rebullido, Tamara Rial, Cinta Gómez-Tomás, Avery D. Faigenbaum, and Iván Chulvi-Medrano. "The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Adolescent Female Athletes: A Systematic Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010012.

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This review aimed to synthesize the most up-to-date evidence regarding the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among adolescent female athletes. We conducted a systematic review of studies regarding UI in female athletes less than 19 years of age. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRIMSA). The electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) were searched between October and November 2020. After blinded peer evaluation, a total of 215 studies were identified and nine were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. This review identified a prevalence of UI in adolescent female athletes between 18% to 80% with an average of 48.58%. The most prevalent sports were trampolining followed by rope skipping. The prevalence of UI among adolescent female athletes practicing impact sports was significantly prevalent. There is a need for further research, education, and targeted interventions for adolescent female athletes with UI.

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Logue, Danielle M., Sharon M. Madigan, Anna Melin, Eamonn Delahunt, Mirjam Heinen, Sarah-Jane Mc Donnell, and Clare A. Corish. "Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030835.

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Low energy availability (EA) underpins the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). The condition arises when insufficient calories are consumed to support exercise energy expenditure, resulting in compromised physiological processes, such as menstrual irregularities in active females. The health concerns associated with longstanding low EA include menstrual/libido, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular dysfunction and compromised bone health, all of which can contribute to impaired sporting performance. This narrative review provides an update of our previous review on the prevalence and risk of low EA, within-day energy deficiency, and the potential impact of low EA on performance. The methods to assess EA remain a challenge and contribute to the methodological difficulties in identifying “true” low EA. Screening female athletic groups using a validated screening tool such as the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) has shown promise in identifying endurance athletes at risk of low EA. Knowledge of RED-S and its potential implications for performance is low among coaches and athletes alike. Development of sport and gender-specific screening tools to identify adolescent and senior athletes in different sports at risk of RED-S is warranted. Education initiatives are required to raise awareness among coaches and athletes of the importance of appropriate dietary strategies to ensure that sufficient calories are consumed to support training.

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Tamminen, Katherine A., and Nicholas L. Holt. "Female adolescent athletes' coping: A season-long investigation." Journal of Sports Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 2010): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903406182.

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Darmafall, Kristyn, Marc Tompkins, Julie Agel, Megan Reams, and Bradley J. Nelson. "omes of ACL Reconstruction in Adolescent Female Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 7_suppl6 (July 2017): 2325967117S0043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00435.

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Bugaevsky, К. "Sexual dimorphism in adolescent female athletes in female taekwondo and kickboxing." Єдиноборства, no. 1(19) (February 1, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2021-1.01.

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Kim, Hyun-Chul, and Ki-Jun Park. "Type of injury and recovery time in elite adolescent Korean judo athletes: An epidemiological study." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954121990951.

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We aimed to assess the risk of injury associated with training activities in a population of elite adolescent judo athletes, expected to represent South Korea. From 2019, we prospectively collected data on elite adolescent judo athletes at the Korean Training Center. The athletes were assessed by sports medicine doctors, and data were stratified according to sex, weight class, and injury location. We used χ2 tests to compare groups. Injury rates were expressed as Poisson rates with 95% confidence intervals. One-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the pain score and recovery time due to type of injury. The study included 240 elite adolescent judo athletes whose 617 injuries (annual average, 2.57 injuries/athlete) were recorded. When all athletes were considered, most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (39.71%), followed by the upper extremities (36.63%), trunk (16.69%), and head and neck area (6.97%). Recovery time significantly differed according to the body regions in the weight classes. The pain score and recovery time according to the type of injury were significantly different. When the pain score decreased by 1, the recovery time decreased by about 1.47 days. In all weight classes, female athletes had a higher injury rate than male athletes; both male and female athletes had different recovery time depending on their weight class. The type of injury influenced the pain score and recovery time, with pain score being associated with recovery time.

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Snyder Valier, Alison R., Cailee E. Welch Bacon, R. Curtis Bay, Eileen Molzen, Kenneth C. Lam, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. "Reference Values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in Adolescent Athletes by Sport and Sex." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 12 (July 14, 2017): 2723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517714471.

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Background: Effective use of patient-rated outcome measures to facilitate optimal patient care requires an understanding of the reference values of these measures within the population of interest. Little is known about reference values for commonly used patient-rated outcome measures in adolescent athletes. Purpose: To determine reference values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS) in adolescent athletes by sport and sex. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A convenience sample of interscholastic adolescent athletes from 9 sports was used. Participants completed the PedsQL and MFS during one testing session at the start of their sport season. Data were stratified by sport and sex. Dependent variables included the total PedsQL score and the 5 PedsQL subscale scores: physical functioning, psychosocial functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, and school functioning. Dependent variables for the MFS included 3 subscale scores: general functioning, sleep functioning, and cognitive functioning. Summary statistics were reported for total and subscale scores by sport and sex. Results: Among 3574 males and 1329 female adolescent athletes, the PedsQL scores (100 possible points) generally indicated high levels of health regardless of sport played. Mean PedsQL total and subscales scores ranged from 82.6 to 95.7 for males and 83.9 to 95.2 for females. Mean MFS subscale scores (100 possible points) ranged from 74.2 to 90.9 for males and 72.8 to 87.4 for females. Conclusion: Healthy male and female adolescent athletes reported relatively high levels of health on the PedsQL subscales and total scores regardless of sport; no mean scores were lower than 82.6 points for males or 83.9 points for females. On the MFS, males and females tended to report low effect of general and cognitive fatigue regardless of sport; mean scores were higher than 83.5 points for males and 83.8 points for females. Clinically, athletes who score below the reference values for their sport have poorer health status than average adolescent athletes participating in that sport. Scores below reference values may warrant consideration of early intervention or treatment.

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Kovac, Dimitrije, Zarko Krkeljas, Dusko Spasovski, Vladimir Grbic, and Lazar Miceta. "Functional movement screen proficiency of adolescent female volleyball players." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 2 (2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.23.

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Assessments and testing of young athletes often exclude the fundamental and functional movement capacity, which are critical for healthy motor development of adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional capacity of young female volleyball players and determine if participation in volleyball leads to development of movement dysfunctions. Two-hundred fifty-eight (258) adolescent female volleyball players (14.3 ± 1.7 yrs) underwent the functional movement screen. Person correlation showed no significant relationship between functional tests and playing experience, while age showed significant, but weak relationship with total functional score (r = 0.189; p < 0.005). Overall, 44% of participants scored less than 14. Paired sample t-tests show significant bilateral asymmetries in hurdle step, in-line lunge, and shoulder mobility tests. Functional movement screen was useful in identifying functional limitations and asymmetries in young female athletes. However, as neither age nor playing experience were strongly associated with functional score, more attention should be given to the qualitative movement assessment of individual tests, rather than the composite score.

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Lam, Kenneth C., Alison R. Snyder Valier, R. Curtis Bay, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod. "A Unique Patient Population? Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes Versus General, Healthy Adolescent Individuals." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.12.

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Context: Normative scores for patient-rated outcome (PRO) instruments are important for providing patient-centered, whole-person care and making informed clinical decisions. Although normative values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Generic Core Scale (PedsQL) have been established in the general, healthy adolescent population, whether adolescent athletes demonstrate similar values is unclear. Objective: To compare PedsQL scores between adolescent athletes and general, healthy adolescent individuals. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Secondary schools. Patients or Other Participants: A convenience sample of 2659 interscholastic athletes (males = 2059, females = 600, age = 15.7 ± 1.1 years) represented the athlete group (ATH), and a previously published normative dataset represented the general, healthy adolescent group (GEN). Intervention(s): All participants completed the PedsQL during 1 testing session. Main Outcome Measure(s): The PedsQL consists of 2 summary scores (total, psychosocial) and 4 subscale scores (physical, emotional, social, school), with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Groups were stratified by age (14, 15, or 16 years old). Independent-samples t tests were conducted to compare between-groups and sex differences. Results: The ATH group scored higher than the GEN group across all ages for total and psychosocial summary scores and for emotional and social functioning subscale scores (P ≤ .005). For physical functioning, scores of the 15-year-old ATH were higher than for their GEN counterparts (P = .001). Both 14- and 15-year-old ATH scored higher than their GEN counterparts for the school functioning subscale (P ≤ .013), but differences between 16-year olds were not significant (P = .228). Male adolescent athletes reported higher scores than female adolescent athletes across all scores (P ≤ .001) except for social functioning (P = .229). Conclusions: Adolescent athletes reported better HRQOL than GEN, particularly in emotional functioning. These findings further support the notion that ATH constitutes a unique population that requires its own set of normative values for self-reported, patient-rated outcome instruments.

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Hall, Randon, Kim Barber Foss, Timothy E. Hewett, and Gregory D. Myer. "Sport Specialization’s Association With an Increased Risk of Developing Anterior Knee Pain in Adolescent Female Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (February 2015): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0101.

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Objectives:To determine if sport specialization increases the risk of anterior knee pain in adolescent female athletes.Design:Retrospective cohort epidemiology study.Methods:Female basketball, soccer, and volleyball players (N = 546) were recruited from a single county public school district in Kentucky consisting of 5 middle schools and 4 high schools. A total of 357 multisport and 189 single-sport (66 basketball, 57 soccer, and 66 volleyball) athlete subjects were included due to their diagnosis of patellofemoral pain (PFP) on physical exam. Testing consisted of a standardized history and physician-administered physical examination to determine the presence of PFP. This study compared self-reported multisport athletes with sport-specialized athletes participating in only 1 sport. The sports-participation data were normalized by sport season, with each sport accounting for 1 season of exposure. Incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and used to determine significant differences between athletes who specialized in sport in early youth and multisport athletes.Results:Specialization in a single sport increased the relative risk of PFP incidence 1.5-fold (95% CI 1.0−2.2, P = .038) for cumulative PFP diagnoses. Specific diagnoses such as Sinding Larsen Johansson/patellar tendinopathy (95% CI 1.5−10.1, P = .005) and Osgood Schlatter disease (95% CI 1.5−10.1, P = .005) demonstrated a 4-fold greater relative risk in single-sport compared with multisport athletes. Incidence of other specific PFP diagnoses such as fat pad, plica, trauma, pes anserine bursitis, and iliotibial-band tendonitis was not different between single-sport and multisport participants (P > .05).Conclusion:Early sport specialization in female adolescents is associated with increased risk of anterior knee-pain disorders including PFP, Osgood Schlatter, Sinding Larsen-Johansson compared with multisport athletes.

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Cattem, Marcus Vinicius de Oliveira, Bruna Taranto Sinforoso, Francesco Campa, and Josely Correa Koury. "Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116069.

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Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) can be used to qualitatively compare individuals’ hydration and cell mass independently of predictive equations. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of BIVA considering chronological age and handgrip strength in adolescent athletes. A total of 273 adolescents (male; 59%) engaged in different sports were evaluated. Bioelectrical impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were obtained using a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water were estimated using bioimpedance-based equations specific for adolescents. Female showed higher values of R (5.5%, p = 0.001), R/height (3.8%, p = 0.041), Z (5.3%, p = 0.001), and fat mass (53.9%, p = 0.001) than male adolescents. Male adolescents showed higher values of FFM (5.3%, p = 0.021) and PhA (3.1%, p = 0.033) than female adolescents. In both stratifications, adolescents (older > 13 y or stronger > median value) shifted to the left on the R-Xc graph, showing patterns of higher hydration and cell mass. The discrimination of subjects older than 13 years and having higher median of handgrip strength values was possibly due to maturity differences. This study showed that BIVA identified age and strength influence in vector displacement, assessing qualitative information and offering patterns of vector distribution in adolescent athletes.

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Constantini, Naama W., Alon Eliakim, Levana Zigel, Michal Yaaron, and Bareket Falk. "Iron Status of Highly Active Adolescents: Evidence of Depleted Iron Stores in Gymnasts." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.1.62.

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Much attention has focused on the nutrition and hematological profile of female athletes, especially gymnasts. The few studies on iron status of male adolescent athletes found a low incidence of iron deficiency. The present study investigated the iron status of male and female gymnasts (G) and compared it with athletes of other sports. Subjects were 68 elite athletes (43 M, 25 F) ages 12-18, of four sports: gymnasts (11 M, 12 F), swimmers (11 M, 6 F), tennis players (10 M, 4 F), and table tennis players (11 M, 3 F). All lived in the national center for gifted athletes, trained over 25 hr a week, ate in the same dining room, and shared a similar lifestyle. Mean levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell indexes, serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin were measured in venous blood. There was no difference in mean Rb among gymnasts (G) and nongymnasts (NG). However, Hb was less than 14 g/dL in 45% of M G vs. only 25% in NG, and less than 13 g/dL in 25% of premenarcheal FG vs. 15% in NG. Low transferrin saturation (< 20%) was detected in 18% of M G and 25% of FG vs. 6% and 8% in male and female NG, respectively (p < .05). The percentage of males suffering from low ferritin level (< 20 ng/ml) was twice as high in G (36%) vs. NG (19%), and about 30% in all females. In summary, iron stores were consistently lower in M G vs. NG. Adolescent athletes of both genders, G in particular, are prone to nonanemic iron deficiency, which might compromise their health and athletic performance.

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Opala-Berdzik, Agnieszka, Magdalena Głowacka, and Kajetan J. Słomka. "Characteristics of Functional Stability in Young Adolescent Female Artistic Gymnasts." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0051.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether young adolescent female artistic gymnasts demonstrate better functional stability than age- and sex-matched non-athletes. Different characteristics of the gymnasts’ postural control were expected to be observed. Twenty-two 10- to 13-year-old healthy females (ten national-level artistic gymnasts and twelve non-athletes) participated in the study. To assess their forward functional stability, the 30-s limit of stability test was performed on a force plate. The test consisted of three phases: quiet standing, transition to maximal forward leaning, and standing in the maximal forward leaning position. Between-group comparisons of the directional subcomponents of the root mean squares and mean velocities of the center of pressure and rambling-trembling displacements in two phases (quiet standing and standing in maximal leaning) were conducted. Moreover, anterior stability limits were compared. During standing in maximal forward leaning, there were no differences in the center of pressure and rambling measures between gymnasts and non-athletes (p > 0.05). The values of trembling measures in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly lower in gymnasts (p < 0.05). Both groups presented similar values for anterior stability limits (p > 0.05). The comparisons of rambling components may suggest a similar supraspinal control of standing in the maximal leaning position between gymnasts and healthy non-athletes. However, decreased trembling in gymnasts may indicate reduced noise in their postural control system possibly due to superior control processes at the spinal level. The anterior stability limit was not influenced by gymnastics training in female adolescents.

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Roberts, Timothy A., Jennifer Glen, and Richard E. Kreipe. "Disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction in adolescent female athletes." Journal of Adolescent Health 32, no. 2 (February 2003): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00694-8.

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Levine, S. "Warm-ups Reduce Leg Injuries in Adolescent Female Athletes." AAP Grand Rounds 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.27-2-14.

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de Hoyos, Diego, and George B. Barrett. "Neoprene Knee Sleeves Enhance Proprioception in Adolescent Female Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00892.

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Sharples, Alice, Dane Baker, and Katherine Black. "Nutrition for Adolescent Female Team Sport Athletes: A Review." Strength & Conditioning Journal 42, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000559.

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Sandström, Göran, Stig Rödjer, Stefan Jacobsson, Dick Nelson, and Mats Börjesson. "Increased Level of Serum Hepcidin in Female Adolescent Athletes." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 28, no. 2 (March 2018): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000423.

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Gruodytė, R., J. Jürimäe, A. Cicchella, C. Stefanelli, C. Passariello, and T. Jürimäe. "Adipocytokines and bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes." Acta Paediatrica 99, no. 12 (June 10, 2010): 1879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01905.x.

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de Hoyos, Diego, and George B. Barrett. "Neoprene Knee Sleeves Enhance Proprioception in Adolescent Female Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00892.

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Gilchrist, Jenna D., Kristen M. Lucibello, Eva Pila, Peter R. E. Crocker, and Catherine M. Sabiston. "Emotion profiles among adolescent female athletes: Associations with flourishing." Body Image 39 (December 2021): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Adolescent female athletes'

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