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Academic literature on the topic 'ADN – Réplication – Dynamique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ADN – Réplication – Dynamique"
Rouillon, Christophe. "La réplication de l'ADN chez l'euryarchaea pyrococcus abyssi : mise en place et dynamique du complexe." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S066.
Full textPoli, Jérôme. "Dynamique de la réplication du génome et réponses cellulaires au stress réplicatif." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20233.
Full textA fluctuating environment is a powerful mean of selection for living organisms, which evolved complex signaling networks to integrate these variations and direct swift and efficient cellular responses. The aim of my work is the identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance of replicative stress and DNA damage. First, we show that changes in dNTP pools affect several aspects of replication dynamics in budding yeast. dNTP levels are limiting for normal S-phase progression and determine the temporal program of replication during a replicative stress. Interestingly, we also observed that chromosomal instability (CIN) mutants display expanded dNTP pools due to the constitutive activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. Since increased dNTP levels promote forks progression in the presence of DNA lesions, we propose that CIN mutants adapt to chronic replicative stress by upregulating dNTP pools. Secondly, we bring new lights on the role of Crt10 in vivo, which has been initially identified as a negative regulator of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) genes expression. Deletion of CRT10 neither leads to expanded dNTP pools, nor to a massive deregulation of RNR genes, although crt10Δ cells exhibit faster fork progression. The crt10Δ mutant accumulates at the G1/S transition and exhibits a strong defect of origin firing that could account for its replication phenotype. Moreover, we observed a global decrease in ribosome biogenesis in crt10Δ. The physical interaction of Crt10 with several members of the ribosome biogenesis pathway and its role in the Rtt101-Mms1 complex suggest that Crt10 may regulate ribosome levels in vivo. At last, we identified MRX (Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2) as a bona fide member of the transcription termination of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). ChIP-seq reveals that MRX localized at the same loci than the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 complex in vegetative growth. rad50Δ cells exhibit transcriptional read-through and upregulation of unstable cryptic transcripts (CUTs) leading to a misregulation of their associated gene. Finally, MRX seems to be involved in the resolution of branched structures emanating from collision between transcription and replication machineries, as it is the case for Sen1
Collien, Yoann. "Dynamique de la réplication chez l'archée Haloferax volcanii." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX063/document.
Full textHaloferax volcanii is an archaea belonging to the phylum euryarchaeota and the class Halobacteriales. The mechanisms related to replication and repair in archaea are very similar to those found in eukaryotes, making H. volcanii a relevant model organisms for the study of replication and archaeal biology, especially since many genetic tools are available. Interestingly, all replication origins can be removed from the chromosome of H. volcanii, raising many questions about the mechanisms involved. Several hypotheses have been proposed on how this strain initiates its replication, either relying on recombination-dependent replication initiation or an origin-independent mechanism. In order to study these replication-related mechanisms, I have constructed a strain of H. volcanii able to incorporate thymidine analogues into DNA during its synthesis by deleting genes involved in the thymidine biosynthesis pathway. A short-time cultures of the strain in the presence of an analogue allows its incorporation in nascent DNA. By immunodetection of the analog coupled to fluorescence microscopy observation of whole cells, it is possible to investigate the localization of neosynthesized DNA,which reflect the regions where replication is active. These analyses revealed mainly 2 to 3 active replication regions per cell, without any particular location. These regions had already been observed by studying the localization of a key replication protein (RPA2) fused to the fluorescent green protein GFP, confirming its location in active replication areas. A surprising variability in the number of replication foci from one cell to another was observed, suggesting a probabilistic initiation of replication. It is also surprising to observe so few active replication areas compared to the high polyploidy of this strain. This raises the question of what these replication areas correspond to. For further understanding, I developed for H. volcanii molecular combing, to isolate individual DNA molecules and specifically reveal incorporated analogues to determine the number of copies of the chromosome that are being replicated, as well as the number of active origins on each of the copies. I have also developed time-lapse approach to track these regions over time by monitoring cell proliferation directly under the microscope
Bialic, Marta. "Dynamique de la réplication dans les cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT020.
Full textEmbryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have a great potential for regenerative medicine due to their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate multiple cell types, but the key question of how they establish and maintain a pluripotent epigenome is not resolved. Interestingly all ES and iPS cells display a peculiar cell cycle with rapid doubling time, very short G1, and S phase representing 60-70% of the total cell cycle. In this work we tried to see whether chromosomes in mouse and human ES cells are replicated in a special way that might be used to set up the pluripotency state or to define cell identity. Mammalian genomes are duplicated by the firing of ~20,000 replication origins, organized in ~3000 small clusters forming replication foci that are spatially and temporally regulated during S phase. It has been shown that many of these topologically-associated domains change their replication time upon cell differentiation or reprogramming, but the exact mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we used DNA combing to compare fork velocity (FV), local inter-origin distances (IOD) and global instant fork density (GIFD) between pluripotent mouse ES cells and fibroblasts (MEF), as well as during the differentiation of mES cells into embryoid bodies (EB) and neural precursors. We found that FV is slightly reduced (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min) and IOD basically unchanged in mES compared to MEF. In contrast GIFD, which represents the density of forks active at any moment during S phase, shows a strong reduction from 2 forks/Mb in MEF to 1 fork/Mb in mES cells. We found a similar drop in GIFD in human ES cells (H9) compared to fibroblasts (BJ). To test whether this lower fork density is compensated by an extension of S phase, we developed a dual pulse/chase protocol to measure S-phase length in asynchronous populations by FACS. Using this assay, we found that S-phase length is identical (~8.4 hr) in both mES and MEF cells, despite the GIFD drop in the former. This raises an interesting question: how can ES cells replicate the same amount of DNA, in the same time and with similar fork velocity, but using a 2-fold lower instant fork density? We propose that the lower GIFD (amplitude) is compensated by a higher frequency of replication foci activation, which is not detected by the GIFD pulse protocol. This higher frequency of replication foci activation could play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of a chromatin structure permissive for pluripotency or self-renewal
Renty, Christelle de. "Analyse de la dynamique de réplication préméiotique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae par peignage moléculaire de l'ADN." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20168.
Full textThe duplication of chromosomes in eukaryotes initiates from numerous origins that are activated during S phase according to specific spatio-temporal replication programs. These replication programs are connected to downstream cell cycle events and contribute to accurate transmission of the genetic material to progeny, yet they are flexible and can adapt to varying physiological conditions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, meiosis can be considered as a differentiation program whereby a diploid cell gives rise to four genetically different haploid cells. Interestingly, premeiotic DNA replication is usually two to three times longer than during vegetative cell division (mitosis), in multiple organisms, yet no one really knows why. The aim of my thesis work was to uncover the reasons for this S phase extension in meiosis, using a state-of-the-art imaging technique called DNA combing. With this technique that I contributed to improve, the firing of origins as well as replication fork progression rates can be monitored on the level of single DNA molecules. My data indicate that the same number of origins is used in mitosis and meiosis. However, by focusing on a single chromosome (Chr. VI) we discovered that, although the same set of origins is used, it is activated following a different program. A first subset of origins fires with high efficiency, then replication forks seem to pause for a long while before a second subset of origins fires. I tried using various mutants to determine the nature of these replication pausing sites and their potential link with the induction of meiotic recombination, which is essential for correct chromosome segregation in meiosis. This process begins with the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) that require the concerted action of a number of meiotic-specific proteins, among which Mer2, Rec114 and Spo11. In order to see if these DSB proteins are responsible the lengthening of S in meiosis, I analyzed replication dynamics in strains lacking these proteins. Besides this work, I also demonstrated the utility of DNA combing for defining when DNA replication is completed in mitotic cells, a measure that was not available from current techniques. This way I was able to show that yeast cdc14-1 cells, defective for a conserved protein phosphatase needed for ribosomal DNA (rDNA) segregation and mitotic exit, finish rDNA replication much later than control cells. It is likely that the failure of cdc14-1 cells to finish rDNA replication in time is responsible for its non-segregation in anaphase
Sollelis, Lauriane. "Dynamique de la réplication de l’ADN et complexe pré-réplicatif chez Leishmania sp.. : apport du système CRISPR/Cas9." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT062/document.
Full textLeishmania, a protozoan parasite which causes a large range of diseases worldwide, is characterized by a constitutive 'mosaic aneuploidy', i.e. each cell in a population possesses a unique combination of mono-, di- and trisomies for each of its 36 heterologous chromosomes. Mosaic aneuploidy is generated and maintained via high rates of asymmetric chromosomal allotments during mitosis, leading to the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. This implies an unconventional regulation of the replication, followed by a permissive segregation.The main objective of this study was to unravel DNA replication dynamics and to map the replication initiation sites in Leishmania using DNA combing and ChIP-seq analyses. First, we have characterized DNA replication fork parameters. One of the major findings of this study was that Leishmania exhibits the fastest replication speed and the largest interorigin distances among the eukaryotes tested so far. We have also estimated that the Leishmania major genome possesses 168 origins of replication.To study the actors involved in DNA replication, we first had to develop novel genetic tools. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR associated endonuclease 9) system is a recently discovered powerful technique for genome editing. In order to adapt this system to Leishmania, we have chosen a two-plasmid strategy: one for the expression of the single guide (sg) RNA and a second for the expression of the endonuclease CAS9. The proof of concept has been based on the disruption of the paraflagellar rod-2 (PFR2) loci by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In a second attempt, we have developed an inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system, both to obtain knock outs and to perform marker-free endogenous gene tagging. We used the system to investigate the function of Origin Recognition Complex proteins. Although the system was leaky, the genome was edited as expected. We thus deleted Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 and monitored the cell cycle progression of the parasite. We found that the depletion of these nuclear proteins lead to a growth defect and to the appearance of zoids (anucleated cells). The endogenous tagging of Orc1b confirmed the localization previously obtained using an episomal expression vector, and will allow further investigation on the role of this protein.In total, we have shown the presence of original replication dynamics parameters in Leishmania, and using CRISPR Cas9, we have demonstrated that Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 are involved in the nuclear duplication of Leishmania, in agreement with their putative in DNA replication
Mignotte, Françoise. "Nature, dynamique et contrôle du stock d'ADN mitochondrial de cellules différenciées." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112237.
Full textTheulot, Bertrand. "Étude de la dynamique de réplication du génome de Saccharomyces cerevisiae par séquençage nanopore." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS565.
Full textIn eukaryotes, DNA replication initiates from multiple origins activated throughout S-phase. Each origin forms two diverging replication forks that synthesize DNA. Although genome duplication depends on a proper fork progression, the governing factors are poorly understood, and little is known about replication fork velocity variations along eukaryotic genomes. My thesis project aimed at generating in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae the first ever genome-wide map of fork progression based on individual fork rates. Our laboratory has recently introduced a high-throughput, high-resolution, single molecule-based replication mapping technique relying on the detection by nanopore sequencing of 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analogue incorporated in replicating DNA. In collaboration with bioinformaticians, I have developed NanoForkSpeed (NFS), a method capable of positioning, orienting and extracting the velocity of replication forks from BrdU tracks synthesized during a brief pulse-labelling of asynchronously growing cells. In addition, I have engineered the BT1 yeast strain which exhibits highly efficient BrdU incorporation and wild-type growth, allowing the measurement of fork progression in physiologically relevant conditions. NFS retrieves previous S. cerevisiae mean fork speed estimates (≈2 kb/min) and precisely quantifies speed changes in cells with altered replisome progression or exposed to hydroxyurea. The positioning of >125,000 fork velocities provides a genome-wide map of fork progression based on individual fork rates, showing a uniform fork speed across yeast chromosomes except for a marked slowdown at known pausing sites, namely centromeres, telomeres, the ribosomal DNA and some tRNA genes. During my PhD, I have also created Nanotiming, a novel method to study the replication timing (RT) of S. cerevisiae's genome. Nanotiming relies on the quantification of BrdU rates in nanopore reads: since thymidine concentration increases during S-phase in yeast, BrdU incorporation will be lower in late replicating than in early replicating regions. In contrast to reference techniques based on DNA copy number analysis, which are either low-resolution or difficult to implement as they require cell synchronization or sorting, Nanotiming only demands the labeling of asynchronously growing yeast cells with BrdU during one doubling. RT profiles obtained both in wild-type cells and in a mutant strain where Rif1, a key RT regulator, has been inactivated are remarkably similar to those established by high-resolution methods, validating my approach. In addition to its simplicity, Nanotiming also paves the way for high-throughput analysis of single molecule RT and in-depth study of inter-individual RT variability
Tonnerre-Doncarli, Brossas Caroline. "Construction d'un domaine synthétique de réplication précoce et impact sur la structure chromatinienne et la permissivité transcriptionnelle." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC253.
Full textLarge genomes of multicellular organisms are replicated according to a conserved and precise temporal program, however, molecular mechanisms involved in the coordination of origin firing during the S-phase remain unresolved. To further investigate these aspects of replication timing we have inserted two autonomous replicons spaced out by 30 kb in a naturally mid-late replicated region of chromosomel in DT40 to create a synthetic early replicated domain. We observed a spatial proximity between the two flanking advanced replicons indicating that the synthetic early domain formation may be associated with a molecular connection between the two advanced replicons spaced out by 30kb with the potential formation of a chromatin loop. We also analyzed the impact of the earlier replication timing on transcriptional permissiveness and chromatin structure of a reporter construct lying in the central part of the early synthetic domain. We observed a more tightly controlled repression of the reporter gene associated with an earlier replication. This result supports the view that earlier replication timing favors a better locicing of tissue-specific promoters with high CpG content. Finally, we analyzed the impact of the loss of cis-regulatory elements contolling the replication timing (TC) at the G 1/S transition. We found that TC elements have to be maintained alter the timing decision point (TDP) to ensure the correct temporal program of replication at the proximal origin in the following S-phase. Our results indicate that the timing information is not transferred to the origin at the TDP but is carried by the local chromatin environment
Delpech, Floriane. "Dynamique cellulaire des protéines de la réplication chez l'archée halophile Haloferax volcanii." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX087/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis project was to improve our understanding of DNA replication in archaea, the third domain of life with bacteria and eukarya. The model organism chosen for these studies is the halophilic archaea Haloferax volcanii, a mesophilic aerobe for which genetics tools allow studying in living cells the localization of proteins fused to the Green Fluorescent protein (GFP). Four proteins involved in DNA replication were fused to the GFP and expressed under the control of their own promoter: (i) the ‘Flap Endonuclease 1’ (FEN1), involved in Okazaki fragments maturation, (ii) the ‘Origin Recognition Complex’ (ORC1), involved in DNA replication origin recognition, (iii) the ‘Proliferating Cellular Nuclear Antigen’ (PCNA), processivity factor of replicative DNA polymerases, and (iv) the ‘Replication Protein A’ (RPA2), single-stranded DNA binding protein essential for DNA replication in H. volcanii. Only the PCNA fusion to the GFP was not successful, suggesting that the GFP hinders essential roles of PCNA in DNA replication. Fen1 and Orc1 were successfully fused to the GFP and expressed in living cells, but specific localization in cells related to growth phase, reflecting different replication dynamics, were not observed. In contrast, we could observed fluorescent foci formed by the fully functional GFP::Rpa2 protein that actively responded to DNA damage in H. volcanii cells. The number of these fluorescent foci per cell was constant during cell growth but it significantly increased in cells exposed to aphidicoline, which inhibits DNA synthesis during replication. When cells were treated with phleomycine, a DNA damaging agent mainly causing double-strand breaks, formation of a massive fluorescent focus coinciding with DNA compaction was observed. Our results suggest that the specific cellular localization of GFP::Rpa2 observed reflects Rpa2 roles in DNA repair and/or DNA replication fork restart