Journal articles on the topic 'Administrative law – Japan'
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1
Oshima, Yoshinori, and Machiko Sakai. "The Enforcement of Personal Data Protection Law in Japan." Global Privacy Law Review 1, Issue 3 (October 1, 2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2020094.
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This article examines issues regarding the administrative enforcement system of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) in Japan. The former APPI (established in 2003) provided two regulatory mechanisms for the administrative enforcement system: (1) self-regulation business operators or accredited personal information protection organizations and (2) indirect penalty based on violations of orders. Moreover, the Amendment Act in 2015 improved the system for securing obligations, such as the establishment of the Personal Information Protection Committee (PPC), the enhancement of regulatory authority, and the implementation of a co-regulation system. However, it is pointed out that these mechanisms might still not be sufficient as a system for securing obligations because of the limited authority of PPC, the validation of the co-regulation system, and the malfunction of an indirect penalty system. This article outlines the history of the APPI focused on the administrative enforcement system and examines improvement measures and further amendments such as the introduction of the administrative monetary penalty system.
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Ozawa, Mitsuyoshi. "Water Pollution Control Administration in Japan." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0183.
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In the 1960's environmental pollution began to pose a serious problem in Japan. To cope with the situation, the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and other related laws and regulations were legislated. In 1970 in particular, a Central Headquarters for Environmental Pollution Control (headed by the Prime Minister) was established as the center of environmental pollution control administration, and 14 Pollution related laws including an amendment to the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control were enacted by the so-called environmental pollution control session of the Diet at the end of that year. Along with the legislation of the related laws and regulations, the Environment Agency was inaugurated on July 1, 1971 in order to obtain comprehensiveness and unity in environmental administration. The agency took over and coordinated the administrative measures on the prevention of environmental pollution and the conservation of nature, which had previously been handled by various related ministries and agencies, and has been furthering these measures comprehensively.
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SHIONO, Hiroshi. "The Special Characteristics of the Japan Academy Seen from Administrative Law." Transactions of the Japan Academy 75, no. 2 (2021): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/tja.75.2_81.
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Ginsburg, Tom. "Dismantling the "Developmental State"? Administrative Procedure Reform in Japan and Korea." American Journal of Comparative Law 49, no. 4 (2001): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/841051.
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FUKUI, Kota. "The Transforming Market for Legal and Law-Related Practitioners in Japan." Asian Journal of Law and Society 6, no. 2 (November 2019): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.6.
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AbstractThe legal- and law-related-services market is undergoing significant transformation: it is being expanded and becoming highly competitive, affected by the cultural and economic diversification of the current world society. In Japan, another aspect must be considered in order to clearly understand this transformation. In addition to fully qualified legal professionals, or bengoshi, there are many different certified law-related practitioners such as shihō shoshi (judicial scriveners), gyōsei shoshi (administrative scriveners), zeirishi (certified public tax attorneys), benrishi (patent attorneys), sharōshi (labour and social-security attorneys), and others who are also important actors in the legal- and law-related-services market. These certified law-related practitioners take on important roles not only in services related to civil and administrative law, but also in corporate legal matters in the specialized fields of the business activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Japan. Traditionally, bengoshi and other certified law-related practitioners have shared the legal-services market symbiotically, without competition. However, the situation has gradually changed since around the 1990s. In this paper, the factors of the transformation of the Japanese legal- and law-related-services market are discussed based on empirical data, and the direction of the transformation in this market is indicated.
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Ha, Myeong-Ho. "The Administrative Law System of Imperial Japan and Implementation by Colonial Chosun." Korea Law Review 88 (March 31, 2018): 67–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36532/kulri.2018.88.67.
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전병준. "A study on standing to sue in revised administrative litigations law in Japan." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 25, no. 1 (June 2012): 177–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2012.25.1.177.
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Jin, Seong-man. "study on the Legal Work and Policy-Making in local administration of public law - Focus on the development of new administrative law in Japan -." Public Law 49, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 269–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38176/publiclaw.2021.06.49.4.269.
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Sherstoboev, O. N. "Nullity of Administrative Acts: Grounds, Legal Regime, Discretion." Siberian Law Review 18, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2021-18-2-228-242.
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The issues of criteria for the nullity of administrative acts are considered, the ratio of an illegal and invalid act, as well as a null and void act, analyzed, the possibility of administrative discretion in determining an invalid administrative act is analyzed, the role of vague legal concepts when an administrative act is declared invalid is demonstrated. The Author uses a comparative legal method, including the analysis of the practice of Germany, Great Britain, South Africa, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Russia and other countries. Special attention is paid to the laws on administrative procedures adopted in the post-Soviet territory and the influence of the German doctrine on this process. It is concluded that for the continental legal order the most preferable way to formalize the criteria for the invalidity of an administrative act are laws on administrative procedures or their analogs, while in the common law states, legal doctrine and judicial practice are of great importance. At the same time, many countries avoid recognizing acts as null and void, preferring the construction of their voidability. This is related to ensuring the stability of public administration, the predictability of administrative activities, and the protection of legitimate expectations. In any case, the theory of the reality of the administrative act is prevailing, and nullity is rather viewed as an anomaly. Therefore, only acts that are adopted with the most significant violations, which do not allow talking about the fair consequences of their adoption, are considered invalid. The illegality of an act does not automatically entail its nullity. A similar trend can be traced in Russia, although individual norms of law and practice of courts indicate the possible formation of a doctrine of the invalidity of an administrative act in the Russian legal system. Insignificant acts do not give rise to consequences from the moment of their adoption, legally they do not exist, and nothing can generate anything. With this approach, the courts only fix the criterion of invalidity without a dispute about law. Insignificant acts should be distinguished from contested ones, the latter may turn out to be illegal, but for a number of reasons (for example, protection of trust) the fact of their existence is confirmed along with their consequences.
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Porges, Amelia. "Japan—Trade in Semi-Conductors." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 2 (April 1989): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202757.
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In this dispute settlement action in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the complainant European Communities (EC) challenged the 1986 Japan-U.S. Arrangement on Semiconductor Trade (Arrangement). The panel of three experts found that (1) export regulations that prevent or quantitatively restrict exports below a minimum price level are inconsistent with GATT Article XI; (2) a complex of Japanese government measures including non-legally binding administrative guidance to prevent semiconductor exports below cost were such export restrictions and, hence, inconsistent with GATT Article XI; (3) the GATT’s provisions on dumping in Article VI neither justify nor forbid such restraints by exporting countries; and (4) the evidence did not show that Japanese actions to improve market access for foreign semiconductors had discriminated in favor of U.S. products.
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Ryan, Trevor. "Is Japan Ready for Enduring Powers? A Comparative Analysis of Enduring Powers Reform." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 9 (January 1, 2014): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000995.
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AbstractThis article seeks to understand why the uptake of “third generation” enduring powers in Japan has been disappointing from the perspective of reformers who introduced the powers in 2000. In addition to questions about optimum design of this particular legal instrument, it is an opportunity to explore deeper questions about regulation and the role of law and the market in ageing, post-industrial societies such as Japan. First, the article explains the form that enduring powers take in Japan. Second, it presents statistics on the uptake of enduring powers. Third, the article presents possible reasons for this low uptake, including unsuitable social norms, a lack of awareness, excessive regulation, unresponsive doctrine, and entrenched judicial values. Finally, the article concludes that while these reasons all have explanatory value and are not easily disaggregated, comparative analysis presents some promising developments in Japan such as the growth in candidates to take on enduring powers who are regulated and organised through legal professions, civil society, local government, and the court system. At a deeper level, the article concludes that the fate of enduring powers turns not only on regulatory and doctrinal levers but also on the relative strengths within Japan’s continuing legal development of divergent views on the imposition of formal legal norms and market mechanisms upon relationships previously regulated by informal social norms or administrative decree.
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Arakaki, Osamu. "Refugee Status in Japan: Change of Judicial Practice in the Democratic State." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 38, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v38i2.5517.
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This article considers the practice of Japanese courts in determining appeals to administrative determinations of refugee status in the 1980s and 1990s. Contrasting Japanese practice with that of New Zealand, the author highlights how the approach taken by the Japanese courts was characterised by conservatism and unwillingness to consider international jurisprudence. The author discusses how Japanese judges have appeared unfamiliar with internationally acceptedconcepts of refugee law, and also reveals that in the practice of the 1980s and 1990s attorneys were insufficiently knowledgeable about refugee law. The author concludes by discussing ways in which Japanese practice has evolved since 2000, and considers some possible reasons for this development.
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CHO, Byung-Sun. "ADMINISTRATIVE PENAL LAW AND ITS THEORY IN KOREA AND JAPAN FROM A COMPARATIVE POINT OF VIEW." Tilburg Law Review 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221125993x00132.
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Mingyue, Su. "The Dualistic Model of Juvenile Justice System in China: In & Beyond Criminal Justice." International Annals of Criminology 51, no. 1-2 (2013): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003445200000106.
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SummaryIn October 1984, Shanghai Changning district people's court established the first collegial panel of our country specializing in juvenile criminal cases; and it marks the beginning of the juvenile justice reform in China. After 30 years of development, the philosophy of juvenile justice has changed; juvenile judicial institutions are growing and juvenile justice system has gradually formed. Different from the practices of juvenile court in Western countries such as the U. S., Japan, and Germany, juvenile delinquency or deviant behavior that does not violate the criminal law would not enter the judicial process, but rather, would be handled by administrative agencies such as the police, and subject to coercive measures including educational measures, protective measures, and punitive measures in China. Among these measures, education through Custody as a strict administrative punishment can deprive the personal liberty of the juvenile delinquents for as long as four years. Instead of ruling by court through the due process in accordance with the law, decisions of education through custody are made by the administrative organs in practice. This practice is probably unique in the world.
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LÖSCHKE, Ayaka. "Administrative Measures Against Far-Right Protesters: An Example of Japan’s Social Control." Social Science Japan Journal 24, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyab005.
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Abstract Japan’s pre-emptive approach to far-right demonstrations has had a significant impact. Far-right street protests accompanied by hate speech have been rapidly decreasing, although Japan has not introduced penalties. Why did the Japanese approach have such an effect? While the regulation of hate speech in Japan has been discussed mainly in legal studies, Japan’s use of administrative measures against hate speech has not been emphasized. Focusing on the implementation of the 2016 Hate Speech Law, this article examines administrative measures against far-right protestors as an example of Japan’s ‘soft’ approach to social control: not directly banning but discouraging social activities that are deemed harmful to social harmony. These measures have a pre-emptive character and are implemented based on a prior consensus between local officials and far-right activists about appropriate ways to use public spaces and possible expressions. This article also shows that Japan’s treatment of both far-right protesters and counterdemonstrators is guided by the harmony-related concept of kenka ryōseibai, which imposes punishment on both parties in a private quarrel, whether right or wrong. Japan’s approach to far-right protests thereby differs from the conventional American and European approaches in terms of both forms of regulation and central values.
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Kato, Takayuki. "Reflections on the GDPR Adequacy Assessment and Strategy of Japan: For the Enhancement of Transborder Data Flows." Global Privacy Law Review 1, Issue 3 (October 1, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2020092.
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Japan started the dialogue with the EU Commission in April 2016 to realize free cross-border personal data flows and after thorough discussion, the mutual adequacy certification agreement between the EU and Japan was concluded and became effective in January 2019. While the adequacy agreement is a welcome event, this article examines if the policy which the Japanese government pursued is defensible. This article focuses on the difficulty in comparing the (General Data Protection Regulation) GDPR with data protection law in a third country especially where its tradition and language are greatly different from the EU. It explains this difficulty in terms of the institutional aspect (the creation of an independent organ), the substantive adequacy of data protection law (rights of data subjects and obligations of data controllers) and the adequacy of enforcement of data protection law (administrative, civil and criminal enforcement). It is understandable that the EU takes an adequacy approach for the data protection of their residents, but the time and effort involved in the assessment could be significant. The article suggests that an international agreement or convention could be a preferable option by drawing on the experience of Council of Europe Convention 108 and similar models when we narrow down the issues of data protection to the problem of crossborder data flows in the private sector. Personal Information Protection, Japan, General Data Protection Regulation, Adequacy
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Naiki, Yoshiko. "Shaping Mutual Recognition Regimes in Asia: Some Lessons from the Japan-Singapore Arrangement." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 34, Issue 4 (November 1, 2007): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2007021.
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Many debates have been focused on mutual recognition in the context of the EU or the US-EU framework. Instead, this paper attempts to evaluate the rise of mutual recognition in Asia. Using an empirical approach, this paper inquires whether or not mutual recognition regimes are emerging in Asia, and if so, how these new regimes differ from the models in the EU or transatlantic framework. To summarize, this paper observes that mutual recognition in Asia simply remains a continuous learning process between governments, without fully facilitating global administrative actions that can ‘promote transparency, participation, and accountability’.
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Kimura, Christopher. "Negotiating Capital and the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 05 (October 28, 2022): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced.2554.
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The 2019 European Union (EU)-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement is, so far, the EU’s largest bilateral free trade agreement. While the agreement itself is an example of the growing strength of the EU-Japan relationship, it is also an example of how two vastly different trade regimes can overcome entrenched structural and administrative styles to reach a consensus. This paper analyzes one of these barriers: negotiating capital. This concept represents the political economy of how trade negotiators utilize their legal expertise, negotiating flexibility, and limited resources to maximize free trade agreement outcomes. However, trade negotiators have differing amounts of negotiating capital, which depends on their home states’ structural and administrative constraints and how the trade negotiators define and develop their trade expertise. The EU’s and Japan’s contrasting structural and administrative approaches to trade negotiations and how trade experts define and develop their expertise lend a unique opportunity to understand how changes in negotiating capital can alter free trade agreement negotiation outcomes. Ultimately, the EU’s inclusive, quasi-federal structure and the negotiators’ need to consider the limitations on their trade mandate show how their negotiating capital is relatively limited and translates into a more integrated agreement text, i.e., provisions on public opinion. On the other hand, Japan’s top-down reformist trade regime leads to a more reactive strain of negotiating capital relying heavily on adherence to hierarchy and limited inclusiveness, resulting in agreement commitments that are generally weak and narrow. Negotiating capital is an important reality that all trade negotiators face. It is politically and strategically important for parties to understand how these various factors’ political economy impacts free-trade negotiations and outcomes.
Received: 10 May 2022Accepted: 18 July 2022
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노기현. "A study on the evolution of judicial review criteria for discretionary act in Administrative Law - Focusing on case law and theory in Japan -." Public Law Journal 14, no. 3 (August 2013): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.31779/plj.14.3.201308.011.
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Trikoz, Elena N. "MILITARY-ESTATE CODES IN MEDIEVAL JAPAN: ERA OF THE FIRST SHOGUNATES." RUDN Journal of Law 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 965–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-4-965-984.
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The phenomenon of clan-regional rulemaking during the military-oligarchic regime in medieval Japan is studied for the first time. The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of the texts of the largest princely codes of daimyo and military houses, as well as the norms of the Bushido code . The analysis was carried out on the basis of historical-genetic and synchronous-logical methods using Japanese primary sources with a survey translation, as well as scientific and abstract materials of Japanese, English and Russian medieval studies. Among the results achieved, a typology and hierarchy of sources of traditional law of the Shogun period are identified. The evolution of the system of law sources from the Kamakura shogunate to the Miromati dynasty is traced. One of the most striking monuments of Kamakur law is examined (the military-estate code Goseibai Sikimoku, 1232). Its sources, structure, technic mode and criminal provisions are studied. The analysis of the Bushido code showed that this quasi-legal regulator of the samurai behavior was an eclectic code of norms and rules for the bushi warriors with their ideals of loyalty and patriotism. The main transition to a new stage in the legal history of Japan after the Kammu сode, 1336 and during the period of Warring Provinces was established. It was distinguished by an increase in the number and significance of local law monuments - princely and clan codes, city statutes and charters of merchants' houses. From this list, the author singled out and compared in juridical techniques the ten large bunkokuho codes published by the largest princes- daimyo in order to systematize local laws and streamline the administrative-judicial system.
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Fraedrich, Laura. "Federal Circuit Keeps Commerce Honest." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 2 (February 1, 2011): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011017.
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Twenty years ago, from May 1990 through April 1991, Shinyei Corporation of America (hereinafter “Shinyei”) imported ball bearings into the United States that were subject to an antidumping duty order on ball bearings from Japan. The ball bearings had been manufactured by six different Japanese manufacturers and were subject to the second administrative review of the relevant antidumping duty order. The Department of Commerce, however, failed to apply the results of that administrative review to Shinyei’s imports, and Shinyei sued the Department of Commerce at the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) in 2000. This case note follows the path of the ensuing litigation, including three remands to the CIT by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (hereinafter “Federal Circuit”), which recently awarded attorney’s fees to Shinyei under the Equal Access to Justice Act.
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Dupan, Anna, and Juliana Bikbulatova. "Instruments for the protection of human rights violated during the study of human genome." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400019.
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The paper contains a comparative analysis of legal instruments used in the Russian legislation and in the legislation of other countries (Germany, Great Britain, USA, Japan) to protect (prevent violations, restore) human rights violated during the study of human genome. It was concluded that the existence of a comprehensive system of legal means for the protection and restoration of human rights violated during the study of human genome, is an incentive for the development of genomic research. In this regard, in Russia it is necessary to amend civil acts, Information, Criminal and Administrative Law in order to establish the peculiarities of the compensation for harm to human rights violations when studying human genome, special (different from the general) procedure for obtaining voluntary informed consent for genomic research, as well as special offences and administrative offenses committed during the study of the human genome.
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Angel, Robert C. "Explaining Policy Failure: Japan and the International Economy, 1969–1971." Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006978.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the determinants of Japan's most serious postwar blunder: failure to define and implement effective and timely counter-measures to deal with its change from deficit to surplus international monetary status during the 1969–1971 period. It concludes that intense bureaucratic compartmentalization and a lack of supra-ministerial leadership of national policy were key determinants of this failure, leaving Japan's political system dependent upon irresistible external pressure (gai-atsu,) in this case from the United States, to define and force implementation of necessary policy changes. This critical but largely ignored episode illustrates a negative aspect of the traditional insulation of Japan's national bureacracy from political (as opposed to administrative) interference in the definition and pursuit of basic national policy objectives.
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Vayno, A. A. "Comparative Legal Analysis of the Systems of Executive Power in Russia and Japan." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 9 (September 29, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.118.9.195-205.
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The paper is devoted to the comparative legal aspects of the study of executive power systems in Russia and Japan. These states, despite the significant difference in both the political and legal historical path and modern forms of government and state structure, have a number of common constitutional and legal features. Both countries have chosen a legal strategy aimed at the full-fledged building of a democratic rule of law. Comparison of executive-power systems reveals both serious similarities and significant differences in the statics and dynamics of their daily functioning. If in Russia ministers perform rather an administrative and managerial function and are actually deprived of many of their own political prerogatives, in Japan the top officials of ministries are, as a rule, public politicians. The difference also lies in the procedure for appointing heads of executive departments — in Russia in this process, the primary role is assigned to the personal will of the elected head of state, in Japan — to the collective will of the elite, self-organizing and legitimized through parliamentary elections. At the same time, a number of common features correspond to the governments of these countries, both in terms of their legal nature and in terms of their functions. These circumstances indicate the need to intensify comparative legal research in this direction in order to clarify questions about the further expediency of the mutual reception of norms and institutions related to the corresponding public law orders.
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Balashov, Іvan, Oksana Evsyukova, Nataliia Obushna, Serhii Selivanov, and Serhii Teplov. "Modern Trends in Personnel Management in the Civil Service: An Overview of Innovative Practices and Features of Administrative and Legal Regulation." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.4.13-32.
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<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected all spheres of social-political life of the world community. As a result, there have been serious changes in the labour market, including the civil service. The labour market for civil servants is becoming increasingly complex, and new flexible technological solutions necessitate civil servants’ constant readiness for changes and lifelong learning. After all, the attribute of the new time is the quick-speed changes (we live in the mode “from slow to fast and faster”), both in terms of the amount of changes and in terms of the speed of their appearance. In such conditions, the civil service needs highly professional managers who are able to work to achieve expected results, apply European standards of public administration and develop effective public policy. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological and applied aspects of personnel management in the civil service, taking into account the progressive innovative world human resources practices and features of administrative and legal regulation in this area. The authors proved the feasibility and identified the features of the formation of the talent management system as a leading modern trend in the field of personnel management in the civil service, examined the development of a talent management system in the civil service with an applied innovative tool such as e-learning in the conditions of modern challenges, and reviewed the positive international practice of talent management in the civil service (on the example of the USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Singapore and Japan). On this basis, the main trends in the formation of the talent management system in the civil service of Ukraine are identified and the specifics of its administrative and legal regulation are analyzed.</p>
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Abe, Hiroya, Yuko F. Kitano, Tomohiro Fujita, and Hiroya Yamano. "Distribution, use, management, regulation, and future concerns of reef-building corals based on administrative documents in Japan." Marine Policy 141 (July 2022): 105090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105090.
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Mason, Robert J. "Preservation and preemption in Japan’s Shirakami Sanchi World Heritage Area." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 448–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2014-0159.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine developments in Japan with regard to protected-area management. The focus is on ecological protection, citizen engagement, and the traditional users of the Shirakami Sanchi World Heritage Area. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on an extensive review of literature, interviews with key actors, and field observations. Findings – This study of Shirakami Sanchi World Heritage Area, an area of ancient beech forest in northern Japan whose ecological integrity was threatened by construction of a forest road in the 1980s, points to a successful case of ecological preservation and an expanded governmental commitment to citizen engagement in protected-area planning, accompanied by a marginalization of the small number of remaining traditional users of the forest’s resources. Research limitations/implications – This study points to the challenges inherent in balancing civic engagement, ecological protection, cultural heritage, and administrative expediency in protected-areas management. The findings are directed toward researchers engaged with issues surrounding management of parks and protected areas. Practical implications – Park and protected-areas managers can learn from this experience about balancing ecosystem protection, civic engagement, inclusion of traditional users, and administrative optimization in planning and management of protected areas. Originality/value – The field elements of the study are original contributions. The paper will be of value to scholars and practitioners involved with protected-area management.
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Tsuchisawa, K., K. Ono, T. Kanda, and G. Kelly. "Japanese occupational therapy in community mental health and telehealth." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 2_suppl (August 2000): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001935699.
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Help for people with mental health problems in Japan has traditionally centred on inpatient medical care. In a revision of the Mental Health Welfare Law planned for 2001, responsibility for the support of people with mental health problems will be transferred from central government to local government. Furthermore, local government will, in turn, delegate administrative tasks to a ‘community life support centre‘. We believe that such a centre could be linked to a university with a telehealth network. Connection to the network could benefit people with mental health problems living at home. We also believe that occupational therapists are ideally positioned to play a significant role in community life support centres. With the expected sustained growth in Japanese occupational therapy, it could become a key profession in the rehabilitation of people with mental health problems.
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Conrad, David A. "‘Before It Is Too Late’: Land Reform in South Vietnam, 1956–1968." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02101002.
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Attempts by the U.S. government to enact land redistribution in the Republic of Vietnam began in the mid-1950s. At that time. land reform was a linchpin of U.S. foreign policy in Asia. Wolf Ladejinsky, author of the legislation that had virtually eliminated tenancy in occupied Japan, encountered political controversy in Washington and administrative challenges in Saigon in his attempt to bring about greater equality of land ownership in South Vietnam. This initial attempt to modify land tenure arrangements failed when redistribution stalled, far from complete, during 1961. Although new land reform legislation did not appear until 1970, the 1960s were by no means years of inaction on land reform. Years of behind-the-scenes efforts by American policymakers in Washington and Saigon culminated in the Land-to-the-Tiller Law, an ambitious but doomed attempt to complete the work that Ladejinsky had begun over a decade earlier. Documents from the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, many newly declassified, suggest that bureaucratic intrigue and political infighting within the Johnson administration and Congress both hindered and facilitated the emergence of a new land reform program in war-ravaged South Vietnam.
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Tsuji, Yuichiro. "Forced sterilization and abortion in Japan: Family and constitution." Bratislava Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2018.2.2.118.
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This study analyzes the ght between the Japanese judiciary and legislature. In Japan, under the ex-Eugenic Protection Act, disabled people were obligated to undergo sterilization procedures for about 20 years. This surprising Act was established in 1948 and enabled doctors to sterilize people in order to eliminate hereditary diseases; they could also perform this procedure on physically or developmentally disabled people without their consent. The 2016 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women advised that research and compensation is urgent and necessary, but the government stated that it was a legal medical operation, and no compensation was necessary. Even under concrete judicial review, the judiciary in Japan may exercise its power to provide remedies for minorities who cannot amend statutes in the political process, or their constitutional rights will be infringed upon. is study argues that even concrete judicial reviews work to prevent serious damage before it occurs. This study will use a legal approach to review the first voting rights decision, as well as several decisions that are relevant to families in Japan. Under a concrete judicial review of the Japanese constitution, a plaintiff needs to bring a dispute in law to the court and allege that the statute or administrative disposition infringes on their human rights as provided for in the constitution. If there is no statute in the case, it is very difficult for a plaintiff to compel the legislature to pass the statute. If the legislature does not function well, the judiciary is obligated to find a way to encourage the legislature or the government to provide a remedy. The judiciary cannot compel the legislature, but may show some of the steps that it follows in its decisions.
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Yamasaki, Junya, Toshiharu Ikaga, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Japanese Municipalities Based on Environmental Impacts and Gross Regional Product." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154045.
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Governments at different levels need to appreciate the environmental impacts of socioeconomic activities within their boundaries. They also need to decide relevant environmental policies after carefully examining future pathways based on the relationship between the environment and the economy. This study focuses on Japanese basic administrative divisions (i.e., municipalities) and attempts to quantify the annual environmental efficiency of processes and socioeconomic activities within each of these divisions using life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) concepts. A key element of the LCIA is the integration of different environmental loads across various impact categories, such as global warming, air pollution, and land use, and their representation through a simple indicator. First, we conduct annual environmental impact assessments for all Japanese municipalities based on reliable, verifiable, and comparable statistical information. Next, we estimate the environmental efficiency of socioeconomic activities within each division by dividing the gross regional product (GRP) with the environmental damage amounts calculated through LIME2, an LCIA-based tool tailored for Japan. Assessment results for each municipality are visualized on maps of Japan in order to highlight the spatial distribution of the values for each indicator. The findings of this study can aid local, regional, and national governments in Japan to inform environmental policy design and decision-making at different spatial levels.
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Samoshchenko, I., and O. Zhytynskyi. "On the problem of criminal law protection of state symbols: Ukrainian and foreign experience." Problems of legality, no. 156 (April 22, 2022): 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.156.252293.
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The article reveals the problem of Ukrainian and foreign state symbols criminal law protection considering domestic and world practice. The relevant norms of criminal laws of the Russian Empire, USSR and Poland, which were in force in the Ukrainian lands in the XIX-XX centuries, have been examined. An analysis of domestic judicial practice in criminal cases related to the abuse of state symbols has been done. It has been illustrated that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies do not always correctly determine the nature of this crime. That is due to the lack of constitutional laws enshrining the system of state symbols of Ukraine, as well as gaps in legal regulation, in particular in the aspect of criminal protection of the European Union flag as membership in this organization is a strategic foreign policy priority of Ukraine. Inter alia, the erroneous legal treatment of individuals’ actions during the protest which took place near the President’s Office on March 20, 2021 as an insult to the State Emblem has been emphasized. The authors also considered solutions of the problem within the framework of a particular legal system – in criminal law of the United States, Germany, France, Spain, Iceland, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Japan and other countries. The scientific novelty of this investigation, among other things, is in the examination of both retrospective and prospects of legal responsibility for disrespect of the State language, which is necessary to establish according to the Constitutional Court’s decision on the validity of the Law of Ukraine “On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language”. However, the authors are inclined to think that this issue should be regulated by administrative law, given the experience of some post-Soviet states. Proposals for amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine have been made.
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Gavari Starkie, Elisa, and José Pastrana Huguet. "Evolución del caso japonés como referente internacional en la educación para la reducción del riesgo de desastres." Revista Española de Educación Comparada, no. 32 (December 29, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reec.32.2018.22319.
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This article offers the analysis of education for disaster risk reduction in Japan. This country has been selected as it is considered to be the reference on education for risk reduction. In fact the Three World Conferences in Disaster Risk Reduction (Yokohama 1994, Hyogo 2005 and Sendai 2015) have taken place in the Japanese territory. The methodology of the article lays on the historical study of the conceptual change of education for risk reduction. At the first stage only some measures in order to palliate disasters were adopted, at present, Japan offers an integrated model that tackles the risk management. The text offers a description of the Japanese model study starting from the l961 Law that regulates the participation of all administrative levels with defined functions in the integrated system. The Japanese model also has introduced in the curriculum two key strategies: the introduction of contents referred to risk reduction management in main subjects and a specific timetable for integrated study designed by the teachers. In fact teachers are considered to be key actors in the disaster risk reduction not only for the training they receive but also for the commitment with the community. In this sense the article refers to the work of the civil society, in particular through the volunteer association, that many times surpass the work of the Ministry of Education. The article ends with some brief conclusions concerning the Japanese model.
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Rovetta, Davide, Edwin Vermulst, Agnieszka Smiatacz, and Emmanuelle Rogiest. "Rules of Origin in the EU, a Simplification?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 3/4 (March 1, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020016.
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Determining under which circumstances a good originates in a certain country is often an extremely complicated exercise. This is mainly caused first, by the fact that each Free Trade Agreement (‘FTA’) establishes a different set of rules of origin. Second, effectively claiming preferential treatment is also hindered by the fact that (1) preferential rules of origin are often designed in a very restrictive way and (2) a complicated administrative procedure usually needs to be followed in order for origin to be conferred to a good. Moreover, these procedures strongly differ from one FTA to another. This article analyses the ways in which the EU strives towards the application of more simple and modern rules of origin and origin procedures. More specifically, first, modernized rules of origin and origin procedures are included in FTAs recently concluded by the EU. Second, the Regional Convention on pan-Euro-Mediterranean preferential rules of origin will replace about 60 bilateral protocols on rules of origin with a single legal instrument. Third, the Registered Exporter (REX) system simplifies certification of origin of goods. Rules of origin, Origin Procedures, EU–Japan FTA, CETA, Free Trade Agreement (FTA), Association Agreement, PEM Convention, Registered Exporter System (REX)
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Inoue, Hiroshi. "Japan’s Ritsuryō System and Shintō Shrines Arose as Twins." Journal of Religion in Japan 3, no. 1 (2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118349-00301002.
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This article takes up the fundamental question of when in Shintō history structures that could be called Shintō shrines first appeared. Inoue begins with a consideration of problems with the traditional view, here associated most closely with Fukuyama Toshio, who drew on the research of Tsuda Sōkichi, Yanagita Kunio and Ōba Iwao. Fukuyama had held that Shintō shrines emerged naturally out of the animism of Japan’s early agricultural society. Against this view, Inoue argues that the establishment of Shintō shrines must be seen as intimately connected with the establishment of the Ritsuryō state in the late seventh century, the state based on the criminal and administrative law system introduced from China. Further Inoue asserts that in the background of that development must be seen the influence of the Chinese Sui and Tang Empires and the introduction and spread of Buddhism into Japan. Inoue argues that, far from being a natural development, the appearance of Shintō shrines was the result of deliberate governmental action inspired by Chinese models as they were adapted to the Japanese situation.
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Friman, H. Richard. "Rocks, hard places, and the new protectionism: textile trade policy choices in the United States and Japan." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 689–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034020.
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Why have advanced industrial countries responded with different types of protectionist policy to postwar international competition and the resulting societal pressure for state action? In contrast to the across-the-board tariff wars of the 1930s, postwar protectionism is a patchwork of tariffs, unilateral and nonunilateral quotas, administrative restrictions, state subsidies, and production cartels. Arguments based on international economic structure, international regimes, statist approaches, and domestic structure all appear to have difficulty in accounting for divergent trade policy choices. This article introduces a more nuanced identification and integration of the international and domestic sources of the new protectionism. An examination of textile trade policy in the United States and Japan reveals that when state policymakers face conflicting international constraints and domestic pressure over the use of overt types of protectionist policy, the greater the domestic pressure, the more overt the policy response.
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Park, Seong-Wook, and Hee-Cheol Yang. "A Study on the Analysis of Japan's Basic Ocean Law and Policy of Korea -The Case of Korea, Japan and China on the Administrative System for Ocean-." Ocean and Polar Research 30, no. 1 (March 30, 2008): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4217/opr.2008.30.1.119.
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Biukovic, Ljiljana. "Compliance with International Treaties: Selective Adaptation Analysis." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 44 (2007): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009097.
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SummaryThis comment revisits the debate on the reasons for compliance, or lack thereof, with the regulations and administrative rules that govern the current international trade regime. The research on which it is based is the first part of the five-year project on Cross-Cultural Dispute Resolution funded by the Major Collaborative Research Initiative program of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. It focuses on the cultural components of non-compliance based on analysis of the legislative internalization of World Trade Organization norms and case law in China, Canada, and Japan on the one hand and on individual perceptions of the international trade environment on the other. The main hypotheses are that the sharing of international practice rules does not necessarily indicate consensus on the normative order underlying those rules and that the behaviour of those who are involved in the interpretation and application of international rules is informed by (1) their perception of the purpose, content, and effect of nonlocal rules and their underlying norms; (2) those rules' and norms' complementarity with local rules and norms; and (3) the degree of legitimacy accorded by local communities to the processes of interpretation and application.
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Leitner, Bernhard. "For Body, Mind and the Nation: An Archaeology of Modern Japanese Psychiatry." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2014-0005.
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Abstract This paper reassesses the history of psychiatry in Japan through application of the theory of disciplinary power by Michel Foucault. The society of the early Meiji era (1868-1912) is defined as a disciplinary society within the scope of discourses on punishment and general social reforms. By focussing on a close reading of both canonical and marginalised fragments of psychiatric texts, this analysis reveals their constitutive character for the establishment of psychiatric discourses. These texts, rooted in biological psychiatry, are shown to stress the hazard that mental illness presented to the nation. Recourse to juridical problems, which derive from enacting a European model of law, provides an explanation for the necessity of psychiatry as a social institution. The key point is to identify a discursive break between two major legal acts dealing with the confinement of the mentally ill: the Mental Patients Custody Act of 1900 and the Mental Hospital Act of 1919. The first deals mainly with administrative issues, while the latter was formed under the influence of an emerging psychiatric power. The Mental Hospital Act refines the disciplinary network operating in the social space, while blurring the discursive fissure between traditional care and psychiatric techniques.
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Saitoh, Yoshinori, Hiroshi Tago, Kimiyo Kumagai, and Akihiro Iijima. "A Closer Look at Effective Intervention Methods to Reduce Household Solid Waste Generation in Japan." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214835.
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In many countries municipal solid waste (MSW) is expected to soon increase beyond the pace of population growth due to urbanization. To minimize its negative impact, MSW management needs to be advanced. We studied administrative awareness-raising projects aimed at reducing household solid waste (HSW), which accounts for a large portion of MSW. An online questionnaire survey was administered to local governments (LGs) in Japan to research the implementation status of the awareness-raising projects and estimate the waste reduction effect of intervention methods within those projects. Regarding social factors, multiple linear regression analysis showed significant negative relationships of HSW generation rate with the household population, total population, and waste charge system. Conversely, positive relationships were identified with age, the number of cars, income, and the frequency of collection. Intervention methods, such as briefing sessions, utilization of resident leaders, and mobile phone apps, were revealed to be effective; in contrast, information dissemination using the traditional intervention method was not. In particular, the utilization of resident leaders may be the most cost-effective, but some LGs seem to have abolished this form of intervention after its introduction 30 years ago due to lack of empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness.
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Rawcliffe, Carole, and Susan Flower. "English Noblemen and Their Advisers: Consultation and Collaboration in the Later Middle Ages." Journal of British Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1986): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385859.
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In the society of late medieval Europe, where power, wealth, and influence were derived from the ownership of land, the delegation of responsibility by the ruling elite became a matter of financial, administrative, and political necessity. Not only was it physically impossible for a great rentier to oversee personally routine points of organization on his estates, but the overwhelming litigiousness of contemporary life also made it essential for any property owner of note to engage the services of men practiced in the law. Furthermore, regular consultation with leading members of his following played a crucial part in determining the success—or even the survival—of the magnate in question. Just as an astute monarch recognized the importance of the deliberative process, making himself accessible to his ablest and most powerful subjects, so too the great lord had to involve his kinsmen and supporters in questions of policy and politics. In the right hands the seignorial council could, therefore, become a formidable weapon, sometimes even providing an alternative power structure to the government itself. A striking instance of this usurpation of authority is to be found in tenth-century Japan, where the administrative council of the dominant Fujiwara clan effectively superseded the central bureaucracy of the Heian state. Indeed, it was from the chambers of this body (known as the Mandokoro) that the real government of the country was carried out. The old framework was carefully preserved, and the great council of state continued to perform a ceremonial function, but, so far as practical control was concerned, the orders of the Fujiwara advisers took the place of imperial decrees.
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Iwami, Asako, Takanori Matsui, Michinori Kimura, Kenshi Baba, and Mitsuru Tanaka. "Organizing the Challenges Faced by Municipalities while Formulating Climate Change Adaptation Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031203.
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As the effects of climate change increase in severity, organizations across the world are attempting to measures to mitigate these effects. In accordance with the Paris Agreement of November 2015, wherein participating nations agreed to restrict the increase in global temperature below 2 °C, Japan has formulated guidelines on creating adaptation plans that can be implemented by local governments. A Climate Change Adaptive Information Platform was also launched to promote understanding and cooperation by sharing information on climate risks. However, the literature on this topic lacks information related to the organization of requirements and challenges faced by municipal administrative officials that formulate adaptation plans. To address these issues, we examined the four municipal forums hosted at Hosei University to encourage administrative needs for new technological ideas in areas such as climate modeling and impact assessment. We used text mining on the transcripts of the various workshops conducted in these forums and attempted to understand the changes in discussions and to extract issues related to the formulation process. The results showed that various topics, such as creating adaptation promotion systems, assessing the impacts of climate change, formulating adaptation plans, communicating with related organizations and stakeholders, developing human resources, and capacity building, were discussed, and a need for information, procedures, and assistance was identified for the formulation of feasible adaptation plans. This study is expected to provide a useful reference to stakeholders involved in framing adaptation plans to mitigate the effects of climate changes, particularly at the municipal level.
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Hong, Joon-Hyung. "Rule of Law and Law Reform in Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 10 (December 31, 1995): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps10003.
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As a theater of historical experimentation, Korean society merits special attention. Economic and social transformations that unfolded over two centuries or more in Western societies and over more than a century in Japan have exploded in a far shorter time in Korea. Various features of Korean society are radically heterogeneous in origin: some echo feudal structures of the pre-modem Chosun Dynasty, which lasted through the 1890s. Others stem from institutions of Japanese colonial rule(1905-1945), from the American military occupation of 1945-1948, from the corrupt autocracy of Syngman Rhee(1948-1960) or from the "developmental dictatorships" that ruled Korea by military decree from 1961 until only a few years ago. In the quasi-pluralistic Korean society of today, a commerce-centered network of relations interacts with oligarchical structures deeply rooted in recent as well as remote history. Confronted with unprecedented challenges, internal and external, Korea presently is in a period of transition, groping its way toward democratization while trying to maintain momentum for sustained economic development.
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Santoso, Purwo. "Satu Dekade, Separuh-Jalan Proses Desentralisasi." Jurnal Desentralisasi 8, no. 5 (2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37378/jd.2010.5.1-12.
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Decentralization process in the first decade had brought significant impacts, even though it was not satisfactory to arrive at the final stage of the transformation process. The outcomes were in halfway to go in achieving decentralization missions. A new pattern of administration or government management had not yet been established in order to facilitate the process. The development of the public administration system had lost its strategic moment in directing the spirit of autonomy within a desirable framework. Upholding the missions would require political administration: political consensus to impose administrative instruments needed to safeguard policy implementation. Emphasize on political administration is important since strictly separating politics and administration would be impossible. Hence, meta-administrative evaluation is needed as essentially, decentralization requires fundamental reform of governance administration. In this context, it is reasonable to evaluate the contribution of the National Institute of Public Administration (LAN) in developing future decentralized governance administration-which is built on principles of autonomy.
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Takenouchi, Kensuke, and Katsuya Yamori. "Synergistic Integration of Detailed Meteorological and Community Information for Evacuation from Weather-Related Disasters: Proposal of a “Disaster Response Switch”." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 11, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 762–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00317-3.
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AbstractMeteorological information used for disaster prevention has developed rapidly in terms of both type and specificity. The latest forecasting models can predict weather with very high resolutions that can characterize disaster risk at the local level. However, this development can lead to an overdependency on the information and a wait-and-see attitude by the public. At the same time, residents share and use various types of information for disaster response, such as local conditions, in addition to official disaster information. Our research in Japan verified the practicality and efficiency of synergistically integrating these types of information by examining actual evacuation cases. The current numerical forecasting models sufficiently identify locality from the viewpoint of various administrative scales such as prefectures, municipalities, and school districts, but the improvements to these models have failed to improve residents’ judgment in successful evacuation cases. We therefore analyzed the relationship between meteorological information and residents’ disaster response and confirmed that they were strongly correlated and were contributing factors in preventing disasters. We revealed differences between a community’s disaster prevention culture and the disaster information provided. This led us to propose a new concept in community disaster prevention that we call the “disaster response switch,” which can serve as a data-driven risk management tool for communities when used in combination with advanced meteorological disaster information.
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Fedorovskii, A. "Russia and East Asia Challenges." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-58-71.
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The article deals with the prospects for Russia’s “pivot to the East” taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. “Middle class trap” is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author’s view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome “middle class trap”: Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda’s “income-doubling plan” accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China’s modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of “middle class economy”. To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China’s influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia’s policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. “Free Vladivostok port” and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia’s export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.
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Lysenko, Serhii. "INFORMATION SECURITY UPGRADE ACCORDING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 223 (January 22, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2020-1-223-129-139.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the growing role of artificial intelligence technologies and the need for legal regulation of the processes of interaction between artificial intelligence and humans, in the context of information security. According to the author, without a full and timely regulatory regulation of the development of technological innovations that can make independent decisions, society runs the risk of suffering serious losses. Therefore, it is extremely important already now, to develop and implement for information technologies such administrative and legal regulation, in which the development of technologies will not lead to risks for society and will retain control over what is happening to the person. The author suggests that in future artificial intelligence is deprived of the status of a computer program or technology, and it will become an independent subject of law, citing as an example of acquiring legal capacity by another artificial, abstract entity � the state. In the publication examines the existing attempts to form a legal framework for interaction between humans and artificial intelligence, which took place in the European Union, Japan and the PRC. This includes the precedent for recognizing artificial intelligence as an independent creative unit, which has already taken place in the Chinese city of Shenzhen, where the court ruled that some articles written using artificial intelligence are protected by copyright. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of domestic studies of the prospects for the use of artificial intelligence and its interaction with humans. The author proposes an approach to the regulation of legal relations associated with artificial intelligence, built around the principle � technology for the benefit of a person, to respect his rights and freedoms. The author predicts a shift in priorities in the field of information security from the protection of personal data and the security of their use, to the prevention of uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence, in the areas related to the implementation of human rights and freedoms.
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Yamane, Hiroko. "Deregulation and Competition Law Enforcement in Japan: Administratively Guided Competition?" World Competition 23, Issue 3 (September 1, 2000): 141–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/278968.
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ISHIZUKA, KATSUMI. "Japan and UN Peace Operations." Japanese Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (May 2004): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109904001355.
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Japan created ‘the PKO Law’ in 1992 to provide a legal framework for international peacekeeping activities, following its financial involvement in the Gulf War of 1991. This paper argues that the PKO Law imposed certain restrictions which complicated the missions of the Japanese Self Defence Forces (SDF) and civilian personnel in operational fields. Post 11 September (2001), the Japanese government created a new legal framework for counter-terrorism and dispatched its SDF personnel to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) and the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET).
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LAM, Peng Er. "Japan in 2018: Abe Administration Surviving Scandals, Consolidating Power." East Asian Policy 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000084.
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Japan’s Prime Minister Abe Shinzo won a third term as Liberal Democratic Party president in September 2018 despite two crony scandals. As Abe is likely to remain as prime minister till 2021, he is set to hike consumption tax in 2019, organise the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, raise defence spending and probably revise the constitution. Abe’s most significant legislative victory in 2018 was the revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law.