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Journal articles on the topic 'Administrative law – Ireland'
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Van Der Valk, Sophie, and Mary Rogan. "Prisoner Complaints Mechanisms: Assessing Human Rights Requirements and the Role of a General Ombudsman." European Public Law 26, Issue 4 (December 1, 2020): 801–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2020066.
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Davey, Michael. "General Synod of the Church of Ireland." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 16, no. 1 (December 13, 2013): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x13000860.
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This year's programme looked, at first sight, to be a little daunting: 10 Bills and 26 motions to be dealt with in less than three days. However, on closer inspection the situation was not as bad as it seemed. Most of the Bills were of a technical or administrative nature: provision for the Cathedrals and Dignities of the Diocese of Tuam, Killala and Achonry, some tidying up of the Constitution and internal administration, and the abolition of the existing practice whereby members of General Synod are automatically proposed for re-election – an attempt, no doubt, to encourage greater turnover and variety among Synod members. It will be interesting to see how successful this will be.
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Lucey, Mary Catherine. "Competition law enforcement in Hong Kong SAR and in Ireland: similar and atypical." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 18, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-10-2018-0042.
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Purpose This paper aims to understand the emergence, operation and evolution of judge-centred models for the enforcement of competition law in Ireland and in Hong Kong SAR. The public enforcement model in Hong Kong chimes with the Irish regime where competence to adjudicate on competition law violations and to impose sanctions is intentionally reserved exclusively to judges. This design choice renders the Irish and Hong Kong regimes both similar to each other and atypical on the global stage, where in many jurisdictions an administrative competition agency investigates suspected infringements, makes determinations of infringements and may penalise infringers. Design/methodology/approach This paper starts by detailing the current competition law architecture in each jurisdiction. Then, it examines closely the discourse (expressed in consultations, experts’ reports and Parliamentary documents) in the lengthy period preceding their introduction. This approach aims, firstly, to understand why judicial models were chosen over more familiar administrative ones and, secondly, to unearth any similar concerns which had a bearing on the choice of atypical design. Next, it analyses some implications of the judicial model in operation for, firstly, parties; secondly, the administrative competition agencies; and, thirdly, the evolution of competition law. Findings It finds the existence of similar concerns surrounding due process/separation of power arose in each jurisdiction. Other similar strands include a sluggish political appetite which delayed reform. Each jurisdiction actively sought to inform itself about international experience but did not feel obliged to copy the enforcement dimension even where substantive prohibitions were persuasive. Research limitations/implications It shines a light on the independent response by two small Common Law jurisdictions, which does not converge with popular administrative international models of competition law enforcement. Practical implications It is hoped that the decades-long experience in Ireland may interest those involved in Hong Kong competition law, which is at a comparatively fledgling stage of development. Originality/value This is an original research and appears to be the first paper exploring the atypical approaches taken in Hong Kong SAR and Ireland to designing locally suited regimes for the enforcement of competition law.
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Ryall, Áine. "Enforcing the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive in Ireland: Evolution of the Standard of Judicial Review." Transnational Environmental Law 7, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102518000079.
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AbstractThe specific characteristics of each national system of judicial review reflect the indigenous legal framework and well-established administrative culture. It is necessary, therefore, to contextualize judicial review against the background of the idiosyncrasies of the local legal and administrative systems and what the national system regards as ‘unlawful’ decision making. An analysis of the contemporary jurisprudence of the Irish courts – in the specific context of enforcement of environmental impact assessment law – reveals a complex web of principles, which continue to evolve and to be influenced by European Union (EU) law. The article maps the development of these principles and assesses whether the standard of review (or the intensity of scrutiny) applied by the Irish courts is compatible with the EU law principle of effective judicial protection.
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Melnychuk, O. "Mediation in administrative proceedings: European experience for Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 72 (November 27, 2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.45.
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The article reveals the European experience of using mediation in administrative proceedings and the implementation of its best practices in Ukraine. Mediation in administrative proceedings has successfully proven itself in European countries. The tradition of alternative resolution of public legal disputes exists in Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway and other countries. The ability to use mediation in administrative proceedings is substantiated, the effectiveness of which depends on the peculiarities of each legal system, the organization of public administration and the existing practice of resolving public legal disputes.
It is indicated that the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Mediation» are favorable for the use of mediation. The main problem of implementing mediation in administrative proceedings lies in the political will and legislative capabilities of the subjects of power. A certain category of public-law disputes can potentially be resolved through mediation, provided there is a more stable practice and demarcation of discretionary powers of the relevant subjects.
It is proposed to continue to introduce pilot projects on mediation, in particular in tax disputes, as well as with the participation of local self-government bodies, with further scaling to the entire territory of Ukraine. The necessity of continuing the training of mediators, who would have knowledge of highly specialized legal norms in the field of law and public administration (concerning licensing, registration procedures, property valuation, assessment of taxes or social assistance, etc.) is indicated. It is recommended to introduce relevant disciplines into educational programs, to introduce certificate courses for training mediators that would form relevant competencies, to conduct a large-scale company to popularize procedures for resolving public legal disputes through mediation.
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Speer, John K. "Doherty v. U.S. Department of Justice." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 2 (April 1991): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203070.
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This case is the latest in a series of actions brought in the United States since 1984 that have resulted in court and administrative decisions on the claim of asylum by, and attempt at extradition of, the plaintiff, Joseph Patrick Doherty, a native of Northern Ireland and subject of the United Kingdom and its Colonies. He was admittedly a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and was convicted in absentia, in Northern Ireland, of murder of a British Army officer there in 1980. In the instant case, the plaintiff sought review by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit of two administrative decisions by successive Attorneys General of the United States (one by Edwin Meese in June 1988, and the other by Richard Thornburgh in July 1989).
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Miller, Robert. "Legislating For Fair Employment: The Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Bill, 1988." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 2 (April 1989): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940001744x.
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ABSTRACTTwo decades ago allegations of religious discrimination and the onset of ‘the troubles’ led the British Government to institute a programme of administrative and legislative reform in the province. These reforms culminated in the Fair Employment Act (1976). More recently, the Government began a review of the efficacy of the existing legislation and this has now resulted in a new Fair Employment Bill for Northern Ireland. The new Bill should be seen as a serious attempt to grapple with the chronic problem of religious discrimination in the province. The realisation of equality of opportunity in Northern Ireland, however, continues to be as much a test of political will as of the ability of those who frame ‘fair employment’ legislation.
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Norris, Michelle, and Dermot Coates. "The Uneven Geography of Housing Allowance Claims in Ireland: Administrative, Financial and Social Implications." European Journal of Housing Policy 7, no. 4 (November 23, 2007): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616710701650468.
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Close, Ciara Mary, Tania Bosqui, Dermot O’Reilly, Michael Donnelly, and Anne Kouvonen. "Migrant mental health and representation in routine administrative registers." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2016-0035.
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Purpose There has been an increase in the use of registers and record linkages to study migrant mental health. However, the accuracy of these registers and the degree to which they are representative of the migrant population in Northern Ireland (NI) are unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore: the coverage of the NI migrant population in general practitioner (GP) data and Census records; the issues faced by migrants in terms of registering and accessing the local health system; and the reporting of racial hate crimes against migrants to police. Design/methodology/approach Two focus groups of professionals (n=17) who worked with migrants were conducted. Group discussions were guided by a research-informed topic guide, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Three main themes emerged: issues with the use of GP registration, Census and hate crime data for researching migrant mental health; barriers to health service use (e.g. low cultural awareness among health staff and access to interpreters); and risk factor exposure and mental health status in migrant communities (e.g. poverty, isolation and poor working conditions). Originality/value Record linkage and registry studies of migrant health and well-being using Census and health service sources need to be mindful of the likelihood that some migrants may be missed. The possible underrepresentation of migrants in health registers may be explained by reduced use of such services which may be caused my encountering staff with limited cultural competency and the inability to access an interpreter promptly.
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GRAHAM, AARON. "JAMAICAN LEGISLATION AND THE TRANSATLANTIC CONSTITUTION, 1664–1839." Historical Journal 61, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1700022x.
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AbstractBetween its first meeting in January 1664 and the final session held under unfree labour in December 1838, the volume of legislation passed by the house of assembly in Jamaica increased exponentially. As in Britain and Ireland, this reflected the growing administrative capacity and political power of the legislature and also the enormous demand for laws and law-making among local interest groups. The rise and fall of slavery and the slave society in the island was therefore underpinned in a large part by the power of its colonial legislature, which also operated within the broader transatlantic constitution structured by imperial politics and law. There was very little though to distinguish the house of assembly from others in British North America, at least in legislative terms, and even after the traumatic imperial disjuncture of 1783 the reformed transatlantic constitution continued to provide a supportive environment for the expansion of legislation within the island of Jamaica.
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Watts, Kim. "Managing Mass Damages Liability via Tort Law and Tort Alternatives, with Ireland as a Case Study." Journal of European Tort Law 11, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2020-0134.
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AbstractMass harm events pose liability challenges for public authorities that may be difficult to resolve via tort. A State can use statutory and non-statutory compensation funds to manage and avert its liability to pay damages to individual citizen victims. Compensation funds eliminate or minimise the traditional concept of fault and often replace it with a no-fault structure, ideally enabling swift payment of compensation to individual victims via an administrative scheme. The Irish government has repeatedly used this kind of solution for groups including victims of contaminated blood products, individuals who suffered abuse as children in State-sanctioned institutions, victims of unnecessary obstetric procedures and other public health failings. This approach has been necessary because multi-party actions are generally unavailable in Ireland, and because of entrenched access to justice problems. The evidence of their use reveals a haphazard pattern and inconsistent treatment of victims. Irish funds have aimed to compensate both the pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses of victims, often in a mixed way. The Irish approach is unsatisfactory because of the trend towards low and homogenised levels of compensation, poor procedure and the lack of other realistic redress alternatives. Overall, these compensation funds have been predominantly advantageous for the State from a cost and liability minimisation perspective. The situation could be improved if future compensation funds were properly designed and supervised, supported by appropriate legislation, and cognisant of the surrounding legal landscape and compensation fund jurisprudence from other European jurisdictions.
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Filipenko, A. S. "Experience in organizing the activities of law enforcement agencies in European countries." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.36.
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The article considers foreign experience in organizing the activities of law enforcement agencies. It is determined that the field of law enforcement is constantly in a state of dynamic transformation and improvement, which to some extent reflects the direction of national legislation and policies.
It is also noted that according to modern requirements, maintaining the rule of law is one of the most important tasks of the state, so in organizing the work of law enforcement agencies, the implementation of international experience is one of the most important tasks of the rule of law. One of the current trends in the development of the legal system is its openness, which determines the possibility of using advanced foreign concepts to implement universally recognized international principles, norms and standards of human and civil rights and freedoms.It is emphasized that the following facts should be taken into account: historical traditions of legislation and law enforcement, features of socio-economic and cultural development of countries, general cultural and legal consciousness of the population, degree of interaction with government and civil society, features of national police, logistics. providing police and other important factors. International law enforcement standards have an important role to play in policing.It was found that abroad, as in Ukraine, law enforcement reform is part of administrative reform, and the direction of its implementation often depends on the overall objectives of public administration reform. The purpose of most reforms in foreign countries is to: increase the efficiency of national systems; transforming the country into a responsible employer capable of attracting a sufficient number of workers with the necessary qualifications, controlling the cost of their maintenance; increasing the confidence of the private sector and citizens in public institutions.Three models of internal security in European countries are considered: centralized or continental model (Norway, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg), decentralized model (Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, Combino) (integrated) model (UK, Germany, Netherlands).
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Jabbar, F., M. Aziz, and B. D. Kelly. "Implementing the Mental Health Act 2001 in Ireland: views of Irish general practitioners." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 30, no. 4 (November 13, 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.57.
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ObjectivesThe Mental Health Act 2001 introduced important reforms of Irish mental health law and services. This paper aims to provide an evidence-based exploration of general practitioners’ views on the implementation of the Mental Health Act 2001.MethodsWe posted questionnaires to 1200 general practitioners in Ireland seeking their views on their experiences with the Mental Health Act 2001.ResultsEight hundred and twenty general practitioners (68.3%) responded. Among those who provided comments, a majority (75.2%) provided negative comments. The most commonly occurring themes related to difficulties with transport of patients to inpatient facilities, form filling, time requirements and administrative matters. Other negative comments related to general practitioner recommendations for involuntary admission, training, mental health tribunals, applications for involuntary admission and the position of children. Minorities provided neutral (18.0%) or positive comments (6.8%), chiefly related to user-friendliness, transparency and improved communication.ConclusionsGeneral practitioners highlight a need for greater training and clear guidelines in relation to the Mental Health Act 2001. Their forthright responses demonstrate deep engagement with the new legislation and eagerness to see the Mental Health Act 2001 realise its full potential to improve the involuntary admission process and protect human rights, in the best interests of patients.
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Demchuk, N., and R. Havric. "Legal responsibility for illegal crossing of the state border: foreign experience of legal regulation." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.25.
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In the scientific article, the authors conducted a study of foreign experience in prosecuting for illegal crossing of the state border under the laws of neighboring countries and the European Union. Based on the study, the authors concluded that according to foreign legislation on liability for illegal crossing of the state border, such acts are mostly criminal liability (especially post-Soviet states, except Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia and Moldova; the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Poland; France; Germany). However, the legislation of many European Union countries, including the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Estonia, provides for criminal liability only if there are aggravating circumstances when crossing the state border, providing for administrative liability for crossing the state border in other cases. Such circumstances are: use of force or threat of imminent use of force when crossing the state border, violation of the air border, ignoring the stop signal or order issued by a border guard official, crossing the border by a group of persons or a vehicle in a place not intended to cross the border, repeated offense while crossing the border, causing serious damage to health or life of a border guard official. Similarly, the legal regulation of legal liability for illegal crossing of the state border in Ukraine is an administrative offense, but in the presence of qualifying circumstances (illegal crossing of the state border to harm the interests of the state, as well as illegal crossing of the state border by a person prohibited entry into the territory of Ukraine, or representatives of units of the armed forces or other law enforcement agencies of the aggressor state) – a crime. Belarusian law provides for administrative liability for illegal crossing of the state border for the first time, and criminal liability for repeated offenses. States such as the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Moldova, whose legislation does not provide for criminal liability for illegal entry and illegal stay in the country, consider illegal crossing of the state border exclusively as an administrative offense.
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Patterson, Nerys. "Gaelic law and the Tudor conquest of Ireland: the social background of the sixteenth-century recensions of the pseudo-historical Prologue to the Senchas már." Irish Historical Studies 27, no. 107 (May 1991): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010506.
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Contemporary studies of the Tudor conquest of Ireland identify numerous interest-groups whose different political strategies produced a complex course of events. This paper examines the reactions of an influential segment of the Gaelic learned class, the traditional lawyers (brehons), to the threat of conquest. It offers evidence that some important brehon families supported administrative reforms within the Gaelic lordships, in accord with crown demands, and that they used native jural traditions to support legal change.As participants in the struggles of this period, the brehons have been viewed by scholars as part of the traditional cultural élite, which included poets and historians. Their indistinct appearance in the historical record partly accounts for such treatment. Brehons are scarcely mentioned in the Irish annals, while English sources tend to depict them as ultramontanists, practising ‘secret and hidden rites’, not as administrators with policies. Unlike the bardic poets, the brehons failed to leave behind a body of work that reflected their personal opinions; their literary monument, the corpus of Irish law-tracts, presents formidable barriers to interpretation, even as jural material, let alone as testimony to social history. These difficulties arise from the brehons’ deliberate attempts to preserve an appearance of antiquity and changelessness in the jural tradition. So successful were they in this, that many scholars believe that the later brehon schools copied the old law-tracts solely for their antiquarian interest and that the tracts had little relevance to contemporary affairs.
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Ovcharova, Elena, Kirill Tasalov, and Dina Osina. "Tax Compliance in the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America: Forcing and Encouraging Lawful Conduct of Taxpayers." Russian Law Journal 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 4–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2019-7-1-4-54.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the system for the tax authorities to assess tax risks and to prevent tax law violations. The work focuses on how the tax authorities affect the conduct of taxpayers through “soft law,” disclose information about their approach towards understanding tax risks and enforce a system of measures to ensure compliance. Tax compliance is analysed in the article as good-faith and lawful conduct of a taxpayer, which is formed under the influence of a system of, at the same time, preventive and incentive measures. This article considers tax compliance issues in Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA, not so much as a consequence of the voluntary actions of the taxpayer, but as a consequence of the conditions that are set for a taxpayer by the administrative action of tax authorities. To do this, the approaches of the tax authorities to defining the criteria for tax risks and the procedure for assessing them are analysed, as is the effect of these approaches on the subsequent implementation of tax control measures, while the system of enforcement measures and incentives for taxpayers to comply with tax legislation are examined. Tax compliance is the most desirable regime for the state, but in the entire history of taxation no jurisdiction has been able to achieve full tax collection solely based on a persuasive method. At the same time, owing to the limited resources of tax administrations, in practice there is no real opportunity to examine absolutely every taxpayer. For specifically this reason, a risk-based approach to carrying out tax control with a reasonable combination of both incentive measures and the enforcement of compliance with tax legislation is becoming increasingly relevant. The authors consider the implementation of a risk-based approach and its effect on tax compliance, on the choice of tax control measures, and on depth and scope in terms thereof, using the example of the experience of Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA. The article also pays special attention to an analysis of incentive measures and the enforcement of tax compliance in these jurisdictions.
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Greer, Alan. "Sir James Craig and the constrution of Parliament Buildings at Stormont." Irish Historical Studies 31, no. 123 (May 1999): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400014218.
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Architecture has its political uses: public buildings being the ornament of a country; it establishes a nation, draws people and commerce, makes the people love their native country, which passion is the original of all great actions in a Commonwealth.Sir Christopher WrenWhen the prince of Wales formally opened the new Northern Ireland Parliament Buildings at Stormont on 16 November 1932, it brought to an end over ten years of controversy, delay, confusion, and wrangling over both finance and design. Although approval to build a new parliament house and administrative offices was given in the autumn of 1922, and preliminary work began on the site in 1923, the above-ground foundation stone was not laid until 1928, and the departmental offices were not occupied until April 1931. There is an extensive literature which stresses the political significance of the architecture of civic and public buildings such as parliament houses, law-courts, government offices and even theatres. Other writers have noted the linkages between architecture, empire, nationalism and state formation. Thomas Metcalf commented that distinctive architectural forms ‘sought to manifest the ideals of imperialism’ and were designed to enhance ‘the hold of Empire over ruler and ruled alike’. For architects such as Herbert Baker, classical design, with its monumentality and ideals of law, order and government, was the only architectural form appropriate for the representation of empire. This was an architecture which gave a ‘visible shape to the new imperialism of the turn of the twentieth century’.
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Repin, D. A. "PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ACTIVITIES OF HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN UKRAINE." Legal horizons, no. 19 (2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i19.p144.
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The article is devoted to an actual topic about the problems of legal regulation of the activities of humanitarian organizations in Ukraine, because of the armed conflict in the east of Ukraine the activities of humanitarian organizations providing assistance to the affected population as a result of hostilities have intensified. At the same time, due to such activation, abuse of this assistance has become more widespread, which results in the use of this assistance not for the intended purpose or for profit. Therefore, with the help of this study, the authors are trying to answer the difficult question of solving this complex problem. This study seeks to address the complexities and shortcomings of humanitarian assistance. Resolving these issues will make the work of humanitarian organizations more effective and transparent, which will be beneficial to both donors and the state, as well as to those who need this aid. The authors also explored the international experience of regulating the work of humanitarian organizations in other countries, such as Finland, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and others. The authors drew attention to the rather widespread problems arising in the territories of armed conflict: disproportionate provision of humanitarian aid, “humanitarian needle”, “humanitarian tourism”; as well as drawing attention to the strengthening of the occurrence of administrative and criminal responsibility in accordance with the norms required by modern Ukrainian legislation. The authors have provided some ways of solving existing problems: amendments to the Law of Ukraine “About Humanitarian Aid”, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, updating of the existing database of international financial assistance. Keywords: humanitarian aid, humanitarian organizations, armed conflict, donor, recipient, acquirer.
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Poppe, Krijn, Hans Vrolijk, Nicole de Graaf, Roeland van Dijk, Emma Dillon, and Trevor Donnellan. "Sustainability Monitoring with Robotic Accounting—Integration of Financial and Environmental Farm Data." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116756.
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The production of farm sustainability indicators is vital for all actors in the food chain. This paper shows how robotic accounting could assist in the monitoring and compliance of farm performance, to assess the various aspects of sustainability. We show how financial farm accounting, which is routine on most farms, can be extended to deliver a range of sustainability metrics. Using farm invoices from the Netherlands and Ireland, we show that many invoices contain volume data that can be used to calculate environmental indicators such as pesticide use, mass balances (especially needed in organic farming), material balances of N and P, energy use, antibiotics use, etc. Using a number of illustrative use cases, we show the feasibility of deriving both financial and sustainability data from invoices. Standard algorithms can be used to link the invoice data to bank payment data and code it with a chart of accounts using a simple data and process model. Linking invoices with bank data provides advantages with respect to completeness, reliability, and efficiency. We describe a software tool that provides flexible data management processes that can easily be adapted by the user to collect new data that reflect emerging environmental or social concerns. Data collectors can set up procedures in which new types of data can be acquired or new indicators calculated, avoiding the need for software reprogramming. The digitalisation of invoices, ideally in a standard (UBL) format, is a necessary step to facilitate the process described. This digital format would lead to reduced accounting costs and at the same time could also provide farmers with a dashboard of sustainability indicators. Once invoices are digitalised, accounting costs drop, the potential for errors or omissions is reduced, and the administrative burden for environmental accounting diminishes due to the low marginal cost of data management.
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Kelly, B. D. "Homosexuality and Irish psychiatry: medicine, law and the changing face of Ireland." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2015.72.
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Homosexual acts were illegal in Ireland until 1993. Between 1962 and 1972 there were 455 convictions of men for crimes such as ‘indecency with males’ and ‘gross indecency’. Homosexuality was regarded as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973 and by the World Health Organisation until 1990. ‘Treatment’ provided in various countries, including England and Northern Ireland, included psychotherapies (such as psychoanalysis) and ‘aversion therapies’ involving delivering emetic medication or electric shocks to homosexual men as they viewed images of undressed males; administration of testosterone followed by showing films of nude or semi-nude women; and playing tape recordings outlining the alleged adverse effects of homosexuality and alleged benefits of heterosexuality. In Ireland, homosexuality was regarded as a sexual deviation throughout the 1960s and some psychiatrists were involved in court proceedings and ‘treating’ homosexual persons with psychotherapy. Although there are some suggestions that ‘aversive therapies’ were used for homosexuality in Ireland, there is currently insufficient primary evidence to clarify this further. The history of psychiatry’s attitude to homosexuality is revealing for what it shows of the changeability of psychiatric diagnostic practices over time, and the extent to which certain psychiatric diagnoses are subject to social, political and various other influences. There is a strong need to enhance mental health services for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons who experience mental health problems.
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O`Keeffe, Brendan. "Regional and Local Devolution in Ireland – the Potential of LEADER Partnerships to Provide Municipal Government." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2009): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/86.
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Emerging economic and social challenges prompted EU and national authorities to initiate and support localised or area-based partnership approaches to development. Such approaches involve enabling representatives from the state sector, social partners, community and voluntary groups to form collaborative partnership structures with competences in integrated local development in a defined geographical area. In terms of local development in Ireland, the most significant partnership structures that have emerged are LEADER Local Action Groups and Local Development Partnerships. Extensive studies of partnership processes, outputs and limitations in Ireland and throughout the EU reveal a number of limitations in the current degree of synergy between partnership and mainstream approaches. Emerging development approaches to the provision of social welfare and public services increasingly involve new forms of public-voluntary and public-private partnerships.
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Targońska, Agnieszka. "Legal Evolution of Same-Sex Marriage in Ireland." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 31, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2022.31.2.229-244.
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Mangan†, John, and Finola Furlong. "Strategies of developing part administration in Ireland." Maritime Policy & Management 25, no. 4 (December 1998): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839800000058.
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Appleby, John C., and Mary O'Dowd. "The Irish admiralty: its organisation and development, c. 1570-1640." Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 95 (May 1985): 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400034234.
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There were two main concerns of Tudor and Stuart governments in relation to the sea surrounding the coast of Ireland. First, and most important, there was the need to defend it from hostile ships belonging to England's enemies. This involved the security of England as much as Ireland and, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was usually controlled by the admiralty establishment in London. The setting out and supervision of ships to defend the Irish and English coasts was rarely delegated to an Irish authority. The second concern was the administration of the law maritime in Ireland. The law maritime included within its jurisdiction all crimes committed at sea or on the coast such as the seizure and robbing of ships by pirates and other sea-rovers, as well as cases involving death aboard ship, seamen's wages, salvage, wreck, damage by collision at sea, and other disputes involving the sea or the men who earned their living from it. In the medieval period such matters were often dealt with in the courts of chancery and exchequer, but in the later middle ages a separate admiralty court emerged in England where the civil maritime law was practised. The existence of the court, however, remained shadowy until it was enlarged and established on a permanent basis in the 1530s. At the same time, procedure in the court was simplified by the passing of an act which allowed for the prosecution of crimes at sea by special commissions according to common law.
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KNOX, COLIN, and PAUL CARMICHAEL. "Improving Public Services: Public Administration Reform in Northern Ireland." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 1 (December 22, 2005): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405009311.
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The devolved government in Northern Ireland set about the task of putting in place ‘a modern and effective system of public administration that can deliver high quality public services to our citizens’. It did so through a review of public administration launched in June 2002. This article offers a formative evaluation of the quest to improve the quality of public services, now being taken forward by a British minister since the suspension of devolution. It argues that the review is being driven by institutional concerns and is devoid of a public service modernising agenda. Additionally, it contends that how people in Northern Ireland perceive public services is contingent on their views on its constitutional status (Direct Rule or devolved government) which, in turn, is linked to their support for the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement, rather than the performance of public bodies. As a consequence, the reforms may result in little more than institutional tinkering with doubtful impact on the quality of public services.
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Bell, Jonathan PW, and Aileen Stockdale. "Examining participatory governance in a devolving UK: Insights from national parks policy development in Northern Ireland." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 34, no. 8 (July 26, 2016): 1516–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x15625643.
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This paper provides a contemporary examination of policy making and participatory practice in the context of devolving governance in the UK. The paper takes Northern Ireland as its focus and is particularly timely considering the context of devolved governance, the ongoing transition from conflict to relative peace and the potential for rejuvenating democracy through participatory governance. The paper concentrates on one particular policy process, namely the attempted designation of a national park in the Mournes Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. A thematic analysis of qualitative data is drawn upon to analyse the structural factors that framed the policy-making process, in particular the role of power in determining how consultation processes were initiated, designed and undertaken. Using Lukes’ model as an analytical framework, power is shown to manifest at multiple levels within the policy-making process to influence policy outcomes. The paper reveals how the persistence of a top-down approach to policy development combined with a highly parochial political outlook undermined attempts to designate a Mourne National Park. The paper concludes that, given the immaturity of recently devolved government in Northern Ireland, in this instance, the democratising intentions of devolved governance have not been met. This has implications for Northern Ireland’s recent reform of public administration which devolves certain planning powers to local authority level and the management of the internationally significant Mournes landscape.
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COUSINS, MEL. "Registration of the Religion of Children under the Irish Poor Law, 1838–1870." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 61, no. 1 (December 2, 2009): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046907002436.
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There were obvious tensions inherent in the fact that in nineteenth-century Ireland, while the majority of the population was Catholic, the state religion was Protestant. This had numerous effects on Irish political and social history, including the administration of the poor law. This article looks at one of the religious issues involved in the operation of the poor law: the registration of children (of unknown religion) on admission to the workhouse. The Irish attorney-general had ruled that they should be registered as Protestant. However, local boards of guardians often objected strongly to this. This article outlines and analyses the struggles which took place between the different interests involved.
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OFFER, JOHN. "‘Virtue’, ‘Citizen Character’ and ‘Social Environment’: Social Theory and Agency in Social Policy since 1830." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 2 (March 3, 2006): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405009530.
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This article takes a fresh look at the intellectual context of the poor law in Britain and Ireland from the 1830s to the 1930s, and is focused on the different conceptions over time of the ‘service user’ as agent (drawing on Le Grand) in relation to a fundamental contrast between social theory which is ‘non-idealist’ and ‘idealist’ (drawing on Harris). It first examines the ideas of liberal tories, rather than Benthamites, in remodelling the poor law in England and introducing it to Ireland in the 1830s. Second, it explicitly draws a contrast between idealist and non-idealist social thought, relating it to the idealist nature of both the majority and minority reports on the poor law of 1909 and to the non-idealist thought of Spencer and the earlier discussion. The subsequent dominance of idealist thought in social policy theory and practice is then reviewed, considering Titmuss on agency, the ‘rediscovery’ of informal care in the 1970s as evidence of a shift to the non-idealist perspective that people can act as rational agents for their own well-being, and the resurgent influence of idealist thought on ‘New Labour’. The article concludes that links identified between ideas of agency and types of social theory since the 1830s enhance our understanding of debates today.
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Aveyard, Stuart C. "‘We couldn't do a Prague’: British government responses to loyalist strikes in Northern Ireland 1974–77." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 153 (May 2014): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400003643.
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In May 1974 the Ulster Workers' Council (U.W.C.), comprising loyalist trade unionists, paramilitaries and politicians, mounted a general strike backed by widespread intimidation. Their target was the Sunningdale Agreement, which produced a power-sharing executive for Northern Ireland and proposed a crossborder institution with the Republic of Ireland. After a fortnight the U.W.C. successfully brought Northern Ireland to a halt and the Executive collapsed, leading to the restoration of direct rule from Westminster. Three years later the United Unionist Action Council (U.U.A.C.) adopted the same strategy, demanding a return to devolution with majority rule and the repression of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (P.I.R.A.). This second strike was defeated. Many contemporary politicians were critical of the Labour government's failure to put down the U.W.C. strike. William Whitelaw, formerly secretary of state for Northern Ireland in Edward Heath's Conservative administration and the minister responsible for the bulk of the negotiations prior to Sunningdale, believed that the prime minister, Harold Wilson, and the new secretary of state for Northern Ireland, Merlyn Rees, did not have the same attachment to the political settlement and were less willing to support the Northern Ireland Executive in its hour of need. Paddy Devlin of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (S.D.L.P.) argued that the unwillingness to arrest those involved, ‘more than any other single action by the authorities ... caused thousands of law-abiding people who had earlier given support to the executive to switch loyalties’.
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Cahill, Maria. "Recognising Freedom of Thought in Irish Constitutional Law." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 8, no. 2-3 (March 30, 2021): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10015.
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Abstract Recent technological advances have made clear that the law needs to take a stance in relation to freedom of thought. Although there is no formal recognition of freedom of thought in the text of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, I will argue that such a right does exist in Irish law on the basis of both implicit and initial explicit recognition for freedom of thought in the decisions of the superior courts. Part 2 lays out the ways in which freedom of thought is implicitly recognised in the Irish legal system, both through the protection of other constitutional rights and through the place of international law in the Irish legal order. Part 3 takes the analysis a step further, using the doctrine of unenumerated rights (a peculiarity of Irish constitutional law) to spotlight an overlooked Supreme Court judgment in which the right to freedom of thought has been judicially recognised in the absence of a textual mandate in the Constitution. It then proceeds to shore up arguments in favour of such recognition, arguing that protecting freedom of thought is a good thing, because it honours human freedom and human dignity.
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Bennett, Shona N., Mark Harrison, Michelle Gilmore, and Daniel M. Bennett. "The Role of the GP in United Kingdom Mental Health Legislation." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 4, no. 12 (June 9, 2011): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inr075.
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GPs may be required to assist in the administration of Mental Health or Mental Capacity Legislation. Although infrequent, this process can be complicated and time consuming. Due to different legal systems, the role of the GP in civil commitment varies considerably throughout the UK. This article aims to give a brief overview of the main pieces of legislation in the different areas of the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and to assist the GP in navigating the practicalities of applying the law to clinical cases.
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KNOX, COLIN. "Tackling Racism in Northern Ireland: ‘The Race Hate Capital of Europe’." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 2 (July 26, 2010): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000620.
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AbstractNorthern Ireland has been dubbed by the media as the ‘race hate capital of Europe’ and attracted recent international criticism after one hundred Roma families were forced to flee their homes following racist attacks. This paper examines the problem of racism in Northern Ireland from a number of perspectives. First, it considers the effectiveness of the Government's response to racism against its Racial Equality Strategy 2005–10 using performance criteria designed to track the implementation of the strategy. Second, it considers and empirically tests the assertion in the literature that sectarianism shapes the way in which racism is reproduced and experienced. Third, it explores racism at the level of the individual – which factors influence people in Northern Ireland to exhibit racist behaviour. Finally, the paper considers the likely policy implications of the research findings in the context of devolved government where addressing racism is part of a wider political imbroglio which has gridlocked decision-making within the power-sharing Executive of Northern Ireland.
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Škof, Bojan, Matej Pollick, and Aleš Kobal. "Protecting Public Interest in Financial Crisis." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/14.1.19-32(2016).
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The financial crisis has been ongoing from beginning of year 2008 and we still have not reached a point of recovery throughout the European Union. Many European countries, such as Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus, received the financial help of international organisations (notably the International Monetary Fund, the European Central bank and the European Commission). Taking into account the public interest as the ultimate goal and objective of the system-wide reforms arising from the start from the financial institutions, namely banks and other financial institutions, it is important to analyse whether the wide economic and social reforms which are still reshaping the democratic setup of these countries really met the public interest objectives. Thus, this article deals with first and foremost the definition of public interest in financial services.
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GARRETT, PAUL MICHAEL. "The ‘Daring Experiment’: The London County Council and the Discharge from Care of Children to Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s." Journal of Social Policy 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006876.
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This article examines the activities of the Children's Committee of the London County Council (LCC) and what a contemporary newspaper referred to as a ‘daring experiment’: its efforts to discharge children from public care to Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s. Archival evidence reveals how Irish children were identified and separated from English children in care and, in many instances, sent to Ireland. It is maintained the dominant constructions of ‘Ireland’ played a role in the scheme. In addition, the LCC policy is examined and viewed in the context of other exclusionary practices centred on Irish people in Britain in the mid-twentieth century.
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Roper, S. "The Principles of the ‘New Competition’: An Empirical Assessment of Ireland's Position." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 3 (June 1998): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160363.
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An assessment is provided of the extent to which industrial development policy and manufacturing firms in Ireland have embraced the four principles of the ‘New Competition’ outlined by Professor Michael Best. Comparisons with Germany arc made throughout the paper. A functional analysis of industrial development spending in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland suggests that less than a tenth of all expenditure is targeted at improving sectoral competitiveness. Less than 2% is aimed directly at developing collaboration and cooperation between firms, The remainder is counterstrategic, grant aiding the development of individual firms. Although plants in Ireland are found to have more extensive network linkages than those in Germany, these were predominantly between companies which were part of the same group rather than collaborative relationships between independent plants. The limited information available suggests that the production operations of manufacturing plants in Ireland are less flexible than those of German plants. In terms of product development, plants in Ireland had more multifunctional involvement and less functional demarcation than plants in Germany. Plants in Ireland also had similar product-quality aspirations to their German counterparts. Political and operational difficulties are likely to arise in the adoption of a more strategic industrial policy. Firms in Ireland may also be constrained by available human and financial resources in their attempts to embrace the principles of the New Competition.
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Coen, Mark. "“The Work of Some Irresponsible Women”: Jurors, Ghosts, and Embracery in the Irish Free State." Law and History Review 38, no. 4 (May 14, 2020): 777–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248019000816.
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This article examines a campaign of jury intimidation conducted by female Republicans in the Irish Free State from 1926 to 1934. It discusses the rationale, logistics and key personalities of the campaign, as well as the policing, prosecutorial and legislative responses to it. The article demonstrates that a small number of women disrupted the administration of justice and generated a significant amount of publicity for their actions, not only in Ireland but also in the British press. In-depth consideration of this overlooked campaign brings issues of gender, state legitimacy, subversive activity and the vulnerability of the jury system into sharp relief.
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Falkner, Gerda. "Institutional Performance and Compliance with EU Law: Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 1 (February 25, 2010): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x09990183.
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AbstractThis article compares the performance of state institutions and compliance with EU law in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. The public institutions highlighted are of crucial relevance when it comes to enforcing EU social standards and include the court and legal systems as well as labour inspectorates and equal treatment authorities. Expert and practitioner assessments point to major shortcomings in their institutional performance. The procedural compliance pattern to which these shortcomings give rise closely resembles that found by previous studies in some Western European countries, notably Ireland and Italy. Thus, the four countries examined here fall within a ‘world of dead letters’ as far as their compliance with EU law is concerned. In this ‘world’, EU directives tend to be transposed in a politicised mode (although so far, this happened rather timely and correctly) and there is frequent non-compliance at the later stages of monitoring and enforcement.
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Butler, William. "The formation of the Ulster Home Guard." Irish Historical Studies 40, no. 158 (November 2016): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2016.26.
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AbstractThis article explores the problems encountered in the formation of the Ulster Home Guard, supposedly a direct equivalent to its well-known British counterpart, as part of the paramilitary Ulster Special Constabulary in Northern Ireland, during the Second World War. Predictably, the Ulster Home Guard became an almost exclusively Protestant organisation which led to many accusations of sectarianism from a variety of different national and international voices. This became a real concern for the British government, as well as the army, which understandably wished to avoid any such controversy. Though assumptions had previously been made about the numbers of Catholics in the force, this article explores just how few joined the organisation throughout the war. Additionally, the article investigates the rather awkward constitutional position in which the Ulster Home Guard was placed. Under the Government of Ireland Act, the Stormont administration had no authority on matters of home defence. It did, however, have the power to raise a police force as a way to maintain law and order. Still, the Ulster Home Guard, although formed as part of the Ulster Special Constabulary, was entrusted solely with home defence and this had wider implications for British policy towards Northern Ireland throughout the Second World War.
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McMENAMIN, IAIN. "Varieties of Capitalist Democracy: What Difference Does East-Central Europe Make?" Journal of Public Policy 24, no. 3 (December 2004): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x04000170.
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The establishment of capitalist democracies in East-Central Europe raises the question of whether existing accounts of varieties of capitalist democracy need to be revised. This article provides a systematic quantitative comparison of varieties of capitalist democracy in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland with 19 other OECD countries. It finds that the East-Central European cases constitute a distinctive cluster; that they have much in common with Greece, Iberia and Ireland and that they are closer to the continental European than the liberal variety of capitalist democracy. These results have important implications for the internal politics of the European Union, prospects of an East-Central European repeat of the relative success of Ireland and the Mediterranean in the European Union, and debates about the influence of neo-liberalism on public policy.
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Paris, Marie-Luce, and Lawrence Donnelly. "Legal Education in Ireland: A Paradigm Shift to the Practical?" German Law Journal 11, no. 9 (September 2010): 1067–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200020101.
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AbstractIrish legal education is under increasing pressure to reform and reinvent itself in the face of various challenges, especially those implied by the Bologna process. In line with two of the main priorities of the process, namely employability and student-centred learning, a growing number of Irish law faculties have incorporated, or are planning to incorporate, more practice-related components into the law curriculum and, in some cases, a fully fledged Clinical Legal Education programme. This is an important shift in the paradigm of legal education in Ireland which should be welcomed and encouraged by all stakeholders – students, academics, practitioners, judges and those involved in myriad capacities in the administration of justice.In the first part, a comprehensive presentation is given about the general structure of legal education in Ireland dealing with the main legal education providers, academic and professional requirements for legal training, as well as figures on the legal population and the approximate cost of legal education. The second part goes on to consider three views about the role of practice in Irish legal education, namely the ‘traditional’ view, the ‘holistic’ view and the ‘clinical’ view. These schematically presented views reflect different perspectives on the nature and purpose of legal education. They do not necessarily compete with each other, especially the last two which could arguably complement one another in the general renewal that Irish legal education is facing at the moment. The traditional view is that the status quo, i.e., in which practical elements are not a big feature of legal education at third level, has worked well and should, more or less, be preserved. The holistic view encourages the teaching of some element of practical preparation, but that this can best be provided to students by third level institutions through interdisciplinary courses that put law in context. The view which favours clinical legal education is that more can, and indeed should, be done to enhance the preparation of students for law practice, although it has to be pondered in light of economic realities, competing views about pedagogy and the Bologna context.
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O'Halloran, Kerry. "Charities, civil society and the charity law reviews on the island of Ireland." Policy & Politics 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557304773558189.
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OSBORNE, R. D. "Progressing the Equality Agenda in Northern Ireland." Journal of Social Policy 32, no. 3 (July 2003): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279403007025.
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Developing the equality agenda has been a major preoccupation of policy intervention in Northern Ireland since Direct Rule from London was instituted in 1972. This paper examines how policy has developed and its effectiveness. The paper highlights new developments since the Belfast Agreement of 1998 and examines in particular new attempts to mainstream equality in the policy process. The paper concludes by suggesting that the Northern Ireland experience has much to offer students of social policy elsewhere.
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Smith, Nicola Jo-Anne. "Deconstructing 'globalisation' in Ireland." Policy & Politics 32, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/0305573042009453.
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Osborne, R. D. "Policy Dilemmas in Belfast." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 2 (April 1996): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000301.
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ABSTRACTMajor policy developments in Northern Ireland concerned with socioeconomic differences between Protestants and Catholics have involved a concern with structural issues and the nature of the policy making process. These initiatives have raised considerable debate concerning the extent to which religion-specific policies are appropriate. In this article each of these initiatives is considered in detail. It is suggested that the debates in Northern Ireland could have significance in the light of proposals to develop race-specific policies in Britain.
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McKeown, Penny, and Michael Connolly. "Education Reform in Northern Ireland: Maintaining the Distance?" Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 2 (April 1992): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400020869.
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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to investigate the extent to which education reform in Northern Ireland has developed along separate lines and to comment on the degree to which a part of the UK can move independently with respect to key social policies. The next section will examine in more detail the unique features of education in Northern Ireland, following which it will discuss the main elements of the legislation. In doing so, we will draw comparisons with the themes underpinning recent developments in Britain.
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Whicher, Anna, and Tom Crick. "Co-design, evaluation and the Northern Ireland Innovation Lab." Public Money & Management 39, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1592920.
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Shiner, Bethany, and Patrick O’Callaghan. "Introduction to a Comparative Study of the Right to Freedom of Thought." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 8, no. 2-3 (April 22, 2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10018.
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Abstract This is the introduction for the special issue on a comparative study of the right to freedom of thought across several jurisdictions including the UK, Ireland, Canada and the USA as well as the regional jurisdictions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
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Romanis, Elizabeth Chloe, Alexandra Mullock, and Jordan A. Parsons. "The Excessive Regulation of Early Abortion Medication in the UK: The Case for Reform." Medical Law Review 30, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 4–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwab042.
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Abstract Early medical abortion (EMA) involves the administration of two medications—mifepristone and misoprostol—24–48 hours apart. These routinely used medications are recognised as safe and effective by the World Health Organization which recommends this combination of medications as a safe form of abortion until nine weeks’ gestation. Despite the safety and effectiveness of this drug regimen, there exists excessive regulation around EMA. This is despite new regulations introduced in Northern Ireland in 2020 and (temporary) changes made in 2020 to allow at-home administration of mifepristone in Great Britain (following earlier changes to permit home use of misoprostol). We argue that the excessive regulation of EMA is inappropriate because it fails to recognise that abortion is essential healthcare. Further, the regulation constitutes disproportionate interference with clinical discretion and service organisation because it is medically unnecessary and prevents abortion providers in the UK from adapting their service provision in line with emerging evidence of best practice.
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McDowell, J. Moore. "The devaluation of 1460 and the origins of the Irish pound." Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 97 (May 1986): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025311.
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The Irish parliament which met at Drogheda in 1460 is best known for its legislative declaration of its own sovereignty Although this was subsequently abrogated by Poynings’ law, the 1460 parliament effected one lasting change, to which little attention has been given: it established a separate Irish currency for the first time and in so doing created an institution which with varying visibility and value was to last until 1826 — the Irish pound.Before 1460 an Irish coinage existed. This was, however, merely a local minting to a common bullion standard which applied in England and Ireland since the first Irish minting under King John at the very beginning of the thirteenth century. Considerable historical attention of a numismatic bent has been paid to the coinages issued under the Normans. It has been concentrated in the main on the more or less mechanical questions of where, how many and by whom coins were issued. Wider analysis has been almost entirely political or related to the problems of the exchequer — mintings in place and in quantity being indicators of Norman influence and of the cost of such administration as existed in medieval Ireland.
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Knox, Colin, and Paul Carmichael. "Devolution—The Northern Ireland Way: An Exercise in ‘Creative Ambiguity’." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 1 (February 2005): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0429.
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Devolution in Northern Ireland followed directly from the 1998 Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement which provided, inter alia, for a democratically elected Assembly “inclusive in its membership, capable of exercising executive and legislative authority, and subject to safeguards to protect the rights and interests of all sides of the community”. More than six years on, the Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly are in suspension for the fourth time (the latest since October 2002). The conjunction of devolution and the implementation of the Agreement mean that the former is wholly dependent on the vagaries of the latter and, as a consequence, has devalued the potential of devolution to improve the governance of Northern Ireland.