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Journal articles on the topic 'Administrative law – Germany (West)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Paslavska, N. "Historical and legal aspects of the restoration of administrative justice in West Germany after 1945." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 74 (February 10, 2023): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.46.

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The article is devoted to the issue of restoration of administrative justice in Germany after the Second World War. Historical and legal aspects of this process related to general administrative justice and branches of special administrative justice are considered. An overview of the legal and political background for the restoration of administrative justice in Germany after 1945 is offered. The impetus for the further development of the country in the post-war period was the political and territorial situation at the time of the collapse of Nazi Germany and its division into occupation zones, in which the allies - Great Britain, the United States of America, the Soviet Union and France - later formed lands, as well as the division of Berlin into relevant sectors. The debate over whether the German Reich ceased to exist as a subject of international law has been resolved in favor of the succession thesis, according to which Germany lost active legal capacity after the end of the war, but not passive legal capacity under international law. After the liquidation of administrative courts, the Allies restored them throughout Germany. This initiated the development and nationwide standardization of administrative justice, the establishment of the Federal Administrative Court in 1952 and the entry into force of the Regulation on Administrative Courts in 1960. The general provisions of the Allies on administrative justice in the western occupation zones and the conceptual reorientation of administrative justice in Germany after the Second World War are analyzed. Three concepts of legal protection in Germany were studied, each of which was used to a different extent and which formed a mixed system: (a) traditional administrative justice, i.e. legal protection by administrative bodies in the narrow sense of administrative appeal, (b) legal protection by courts of general jurisdiction and (c) legal protection by special, administrative courts.

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2

Wenander, Henrik. "Administrative Independence in the Nordic States." Nordic Journal of European Law 5, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 20–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v5i1.24497.

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EU law increasingly requires that the Member States establish independent administrative bodies in various fields. Examples include market supervision, non-discrimination, and data protection. This article addresses the realisation of such requirements in the five Nordic states. The West Nordic systems of Denmark, Iceland, and Norway feature a traditional hierarchic organisation of the administrative authorities under the relevant ministries, albeit with examples of independent administrative bodies. Contrastingly, the East Nordic systems of Finland and Sweden have a long-standing constitutional tradition of organising the entire state administration with a considerable degree of independence from the governmental level. The study of the constitutional frameworks and traditions contributes to understanding the impact of EU law requirements on independence in different national systems. The relatively uncritical reception of requirements on administrative independence in the Nordic states may be explained by both the practical orientation of Nordic legal thinking and the long-standing existence of arrangements of independent authorities in the legal systems. This attitude is contrasted with the sceptical views on administrative independence in continental Europe, especially Germany, as exemplified by Case C-518/07 Commission v Germany (on independent national data protection authorities). Also the Nordic experiences, however, highlight the tension between the ideals of total independence and the needs for the authorities to be linked to, and funded by, the public sector. The legal comparison may help to understand the impact of EU law and reveal the various ‘Europeanisations’ of general administrative law, given the national preconditions.

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3

Hofhansel, Claus. "Explaining Foreign Economic Policy: A Comparison of U.S and West German Export Controls." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 1990): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005845.

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ABSTRACTThis article analyzes differences between United States and West German export controls. It shows that United States controls are more extensive and stricter than controls in West Germany. Three possible explanations for this variation in policy are considered. First, these two states differ in regard to their positions in the international system and in their choice of economic strategies. Second, the extent of domestic political support for strict export control policies varies between the two countries. Finally, West Germany lacks the institutional framework to adequately control its foreign trade. The evidence presented corroborates the first two alternatives, while institutional explanations receive relatively little support. The article then discusses the historical development of United States and West German export control policies and institutions. The analysis shows evidence of both change and stability. More specifically, the article questions the argument that institutions in foreign economic policy, once established, persist and resist change, instead of adapting to environmental changes. Several hypotheses are considered to explain why in the area of export controls changes in policy, and to some extent institutions, occurred more frequently in West Germany than in the United States.

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4

Sippel, Harald. "Recht und Emotion: ‚German Angst‘ und das Verwaltungshandeln in Deutsch-Südwestafrika." Recht in Afrika 21, no. 2 (2018): 208–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2018-2-208.

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The paper establishes a relationship between the academic complex ‘Law and Emotion’ and the concept of ‘German Angst’ using the example of the former colony German South West Africa. ‘German Angst’ is a special manifestation of the feeling of fear. It describes a merely perceived threat, an unfounded anxiety, which under certain circumstances should be typical of “the Germans”. The article examines whether what is today understood by ‘German Angst’ had already been influencing the extreme colonial administrative action and legislative measures towards the African population in German South West Africa compared to other former German overseas territories.

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5

DENGLER, KATHARINA. "Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Programmes on the Job Quality of Welfare Recipients in Germany." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 807–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000114.

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AbstractUsing rich administrative data on unemployed welfare recipients in Germany and propensity score matching, the author analyses the effects of participating in four major active labour market programmes (ALMPs) on various dimensions of job quality. In Germany, welfare recipients may suffer from poor job quality because they are forced to accept any reasonable job offer. However, few studies consider the effects of participation in ALMPs on job quality. The results imply that participation in a programme not only increases the probability of taking jobs but also increases the probability of holding a high-quality job for some dimension of job quality. In particular, further vocational training is very effective in terms of job quality for West German women. Thus, job centres should focus on the activation of unemployed welfare recipients.

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6

Paeffgen, H. U. "OVERLAPPING TENSIONS BETWEEN CRIMINAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE EXPERIENCE OF WEST GERMAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW†." Journal of Environmental Law 3, no. 2 (1991): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/3.2.247.

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7

Schmidt, Manfred G. "West Germany: The Policy of the Middle Way." Journal of Public Policy 7, no. 2 (April 1987): 135–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005213.

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ABSTRACTThis article focuses attention on the distinctive characteristics of economic and social policy in West Germany during the last four decades. It will be argued, that the distinctiveness of state intervention in West Germany resides in a combination of policies of conversative-reformist, liberal and social democratic complexion. The policy of the middle way which results from this combination differs from the extreme poles that are marked by the model of Social-Democratic welfare capitalism on the one hand and market capitalism on the other, but it also comprises elements of both types of political economies. The emergence and the maintenance of the policy of the middle way can largely be attributed to distinctive characteristics of the policy process, and of processes of learning from historical catastrophes.

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8

Gruszecka, Dagmara. "Niemiecka doktryna i judykatura wobec problemu odpowiedzialności karnej „sprawców zza biurek” — uwagi na tle koncepcji „Organisationsherrschaft”." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.4.24.

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The aim of the paper is to present the concept of Claus Roxin’s Organisationsherrschaft as an alternative to attributing criminal responsibility for crimes committed by Nazi “desk murderers.” This concept arose against the background of criticism, after the trials of Adolf Eichmann and Bohdan Stashynsky, of the particularly low number of convictions in similar cases and the numerous omissions of the entire German justice system. Under West German criminal law, a distinction made between those who order murder and those who commit murder on their own initiative meant that the above-mentioned perpetrators who passed on orders from above could only be found guilty of accessory to murder. The novelty of Roxin’s views, however, consisted in an attempt to combine the previous only individualistic perspective of criminal law with the idea of mass, bureaucratic murders. The traditional system of individual attribution of responsibility, as applied for ordinary criminality characterized by the individual commission of single crimes, must be adapted to the needs of collective responsibility, in which the organization (for example, an administrative structure) as a whole serves as the entity upon which attribution of criminal responsibility is based. The first part of the text discusses the main lines of argumentation presented by the West German jurisprudence in cases concerning high-ranking members of the state power apparatus of the Third Reich. At the same time, efforts were made to emphasize the lack of homogeneity of legal solutions presented in national criminal jurisdiction in West Germany and their unacceptable consequences. The second part is devoted to the basic theoretical assumptions of the doctrine of Organisationsherrschaft and its significance for the perception of the boundary between perpetration and participation in German criminal law. The third part briefly presents the contemporary reception of Roxin’s thought, as well as the main points of his criticism, indicating, however, how important it was to effectively prosecute decision-makers from the power apparatus of the Third Reich.

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9

Zimmermann, H. "Fiscal Equalization between States in West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070385.

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Almost from the beginning of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, a sophisticated horizontal equalization mechanism with strong equalizing effects has existed between its states ( Länder). Its historical and social background is shown briefly, and the equalization procedure, which compares the revenue potential of each state with a rough measure of its fiscal need, is described in detail. The far-reaching equalization of state revenues that results is evaluated under distributional objectives and above all on allocative grounds: There are few incentives for states to care for their own tax base, particularly because states have no tax-rate authority which would enable them to vary their revenues from own sources.

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10

Günther, Jutta. "Innovation cooperation: experiences from East and West Germany." Science and Public Policy 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154304781780073.

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11

Glatzer, Wolfgang, and Heinz-Herbert Noll. "Social Indicators and Social Reporting in Germany." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0000828x.

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Social indicators research developed in the United States at the end of the 1960s and the principal ideas and approaches were received by West German social scientists soon thereafter. It became common usage to speak of a social indicators movement, an expression which is rather unusual in regard to a scientific approach.

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12

Kort, Fred. "Developments in the Ethology of Law." Politics and the Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (August 1987): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002781.

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In a development parallel to the emergence of the biobehavioral orientation in political science, the ethology of law has become a prominent endeavor in the past ten years. That it is indeed a biobehavioral approach is a fact that received a cogent reminder at the Fifth International Conference on Human Ethology in Tutzing, West Germany, in 1986. In a major address at the conference, Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt defined human ethology as the biology of human behavior. Correspondingly, Wolfgang Fikentscher and Hagen Hof, in their respective presentations at the session on the ethology of law at the conference, emphasized that law is a particular form of human behavior, making it clear that the biobehavioral context for the study of law is imperative.

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13

Padgett, Stephen. "Policy Style and Issue Environment: The Electricity Supply Sector in West Germany." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 2 (April 1990): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004803.

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ABSTRACTThis work examines the relationship between policy style and issue environment. Empirical research in the electricity supply sector in West Germany suggests that even at the sectoral level the expectation of a monolithic and static policy style cannot confidently be sustained. This sector displays a dual policy style, the source of which is located in the relationship between state and sector, the structure of interest representation, and ownership / market relations in the sector. Fluctuations in policy style are related to changes in the issue environment. Addressing the structural dimension of issues, the work abstracts the structure and form which issues assume from their substantive content to identify issue anatomy. This concept is deployed in an explanation of changing policy style in the face of a complex of sectoral issues.

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14

Konukiewitz, M. "Urban Economic Development and Intergovernmental Policymaking in West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 4 (December 1986): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040471.

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Urban industrial decline has provided a challenge to the traditional policy structures for urban and regional policies in West Germany. Policy responses at the federal level are restrained by the need to maintain a delicate regional balance and limited to incremental adaptations of existing programs. Deeper effects can be observed from nontargetted sectoral industrial policies. The institutional framework of cooperative federalism is now under critical review. As a result, the federal government is likely to limit its future responsibilities in the field of urban development.

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15

Назаренко, Наталья, and Natal'ya Nazarenko. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE CITY GERMAN LAW ON REGULATION OF TRADE RELATIONS IN VELIKIY NOVGOROD IN THE XII—XVII CENTURIES." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 3, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598063fa9740b6.23500509.

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The article examines the nature of the influence of Germany’s urban law on Novgorod’s schras and the development of trade relations between Velikiy Novgorod and the Hanseatic League. The history of the formation of the municipal law of Germany and its variants — the system of law of the cities of Magdeburg and Lübeck — is covered. The foundation of the law of Lübeck, Magdeburg and other cities was the norms on the basis of which relations were built with the emperor or the episcopal administration, therefore the city’s charters of Germany have a number of coincidences. Some legal provisions borrowed from the city charters, as well as the rights of Lübeck and Magdeburg, will subsequently be included in the texts of Novgorod’s trade agreements and Novgorod hiding after the organization of trade representations (courtyards, factories) of the Hansa. Novgorod’s schras — multidimensional collections containing provisions on the organization of the court, the rules of trade, as well as the rules of criminal law and process. The texts of the laws have come down to our time in seven editions. The basis for all subsequent versions of the collections was the text of the secret of the second half of the XII century. Organized nature, benefits, rights and economic interests allowed German merchants to gain advantages in trade and to exist in Novgorod as a corporation for several centuries. Structural changes in the trade relations of Novgorod and the cities of the Hanseatic League led to important changes in law, especially civil and commercial, most related to the economy. Economic interaction initiated the process of legal integration between Russia and the West, stimulated the rapprochement and mutual influence of Russian and European legal institutions, gave rise to new forms of law that are acceptable for today.

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16

SCHOBER, PIA S. "Parental Leave and Domestic Work of Mothers and Fathers: A Longitudinal Study of Two Reforms in West Germany." Journal of Social Policy 43, no. 2 (January 7, 2014): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413000809.

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AbstractFollowing two parental leave reforms in West Germany, this research explores how child care and housework time changed among couples who have just had a child. The reform in 1992 extended the low paid or unpaid parental leave period, whereas the 2007 reform introduced income-dependent compensation and two ‘daddy months’. This study contributes to the literature by examining different mechanisms on how these reforms were associated with domestic work time in couples. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990–2010), the analysis applies ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and difference-in-difference estimations. The findings point to a significant reduction in paternal child care time eighteen to thirty months after childbirth among couples with children born after the 1992 reform. The 2007 reform was associated with increased child care time of fathers in the first year and eighteen to thirty months after the birth. Changes in maternal child care and both partners’ housework were not statistically significant. Alterations in maternal and paternal labour market participation, wages and leave taking accounted for most of the observed variations in paternal child care except for eighteen to thirteen months after the 2007 reform. This unexplained variance may point to a normative policy effect.

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17

Moon, Jeremy, Douglas Webber, and J. J. Richardson. "Linking Policy Areas: IT education, training and youth unemployment in the UK and West Germany." Policy & Politics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557386782628226.

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18

Pohlan, J. "Processes of Suburbanisation and its Effects on the Finances of Cities in West Germany: The Example of Bremen and the Surrounding Communities." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 1 (March 1996): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140025.

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This paper is an analysis of the effects of suburbanisation processes on the finances of cities in West Germany, taking the metropolitan area of Bremen as an example. The main thesis is that, under the present socioeconomic conditions, the German system of public finance and public responsibilities has led to a growing gap between the financial situations of central cities and of their surrounding communities in urban agglomerations. For the purpose of describing the differences in developments in the central city of Bremen and its suburban area, the main local tax revenues, as well as some indicators of ‘fiscal stress’, and their developments between 1982 and 1992 were analysed. The empirical results verify a significant shift of economic and financial strength to the suburban belt during the period under investigation. Although since the beginning of the 1970s a severe imbalance between the development of revenue and of expenditure needs has generated a dramatic budget situation in Bremen, in the surrounding communities in Lower Saxony budgetaty situations were sound in every respect. Similar processes, which have led to a relative weakness of revenues and increasing debts, have been observed in other central cities in Germany. Obviously the negative effect of suburbanisation processes on the financial situation of the central city is not a problem specific to Bremen. Generally, the larger cities are convinced that their functions for the hinterland and the resulting burdens have not been adequately taken into account in the systems of municipal finance and fiscal equalisation.

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19

Chamberlayne, Prue. "Income Maintenance and Institutional Forms: a comparison of France, West Germany, Italy and Britain 1945–90." Policy & Politics 20, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557392782453999.

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20

Dumez, H., and A. Jeunemaître. "A Style of Economic Regulation, France 1969–86: A Comparison between France and West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 8, no. 2 (June 1990): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c080139.

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21

Cox, R. H. "Creating Welfare States in Czechoslovakia and Hungary: Why Policymakers Borrow Ideas from the West." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110349.

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Political change in Eastern Europe meant that a policy reform was soon to follow. The initial expectation was that reform would stem from efforts to emulate the Western democratic countries, and that policymakers in Eastern Europe would borrow from the West. In this study it was found that in Czechoslovakia policymakers were attempting to borrow policies primarily from Britain and Sweden, whereas in Hungary the primary models were Germany and Austria. An explanation for this difference is that historical similarities in social-policy development structured the choice of countries, suggesting that historical trends have persisted despite the long period of Communist rule.

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22

Scharpf, Fritz W. "A Game-Theoretical Interpretation of Inflation and Unemployment in Western Europe." Journal of Public Policy 7, no. 3 (July 1987): 227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004438.

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ABSTRACTThe paper aims at a more complete, yet still parsimonious, explanation of macro-economic policy failure and success during the ‘stagflation’ period of the 1970s. Focusing on four countries, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden and West Germany, it is shown that both runaway inflation and rising unemployment could be avoided whenever it was possible to achieve a Keynesian concertation between fiscal and monetary expansion on the one hand and union wage restraint on the other. The actual policy experiences of the four countries are then explained in terms of the linkage between a ‘coordination game’ played between the government and the unions in which macro-economic outcomes are determined, and a politics game in which the government tries to anticipate the electoral responses of different voter strata to these outcomes.

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23

Kenworthy, Lane. "Are Industrial Policy and Corporatism Compatible?" Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 1990): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005821.

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ABSTRACTAs intense international competition along with rapidly changing product markets and technology have come to dominate the economic environment for firms, industries, and nations, government pursuit of a coordinated, proactive industrial policy has increasingly been viewed as a key to national economic success. Owing largely to its utility in generating consensus-formation, corporatist concertation has been suggested by a number of commentators as an ideal mechanism for implementing industrial policies. However, the legitimacy of corporatism as a mode of interest intermediation rests on the capacity of interest group representatives to win benefits for all their members, while industrial policy decisions are by nature selective or discriminatory. This feature of industrial policy casts doubts upon its compatibility with corporatism. The postwar policy-making experiences of Japan, Sweden, and West Germany support this skepticism.

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24

Verhoeyen, Etienne. "Een Duits netwerk bij de voorbereiding van de Militärverwaltung in België (1939-1940)." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 69, no. 4 (January 26, 2011): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v69i4.12342.

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Nadat Hitler in oktober 1939 beslist had een aanval in het Westen te ondernemen, werden in Keulen twee studiegroepen opgericht, die het toekomstig bezettingsregime van België en Nederland moesten voorbereiden. Er was een studiecommissie die geleid werd door de toekomstige leider van het Duits Militair Bestuur in België, Regierungspräsident Reeder, en daarnaast bestond een geheime studiegroep die de Sondergruppe Student werd genoemd. Deze bijdrage belicht het voorbereidend werk van de leden van deze studiegroep op het gebied van handel, industrie, recht, Volkstum en cultuur in België. De groep legde een grote belangstelling voor de Flamenfrage aan de dag en trok daarbij lessen uit de ervaringen met de bezetting van België tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Ofschoon er van diverse zijden in Duitsland werd op aangestuurd, hebben zowel de 'commissie Reeder' als de Sondergruppe de wederinvoering van de bestuurlijke scheiding van het Vlaams en Franstalig landsgedeelte, één van de 'verworvenheden' van het Vlaams activisme uit 1914-18, beslist afgewezen. De bijdrage laat ook de tegenstellingen zien die in Duitsland bestonden op het gebied van de beïnvloeding (ten voordele van Duitsland) in de te bezetten gebieden. ________ A German network in the preparation of the Militärverwaltung (Army administration) in Belgium (1939-1940)After Hitler had decided in October 1939 to carry out an attack on the West, two study groups were set up in Cologne in order to prepare the future occupational regime of Belgium and the Netherlands. The future leader of the German Army Administration in Belgium, President of the Government Reeder chaired the study group, and in addition there was a secret study group called the Sondergruppe Student (Special Student Group).This contribution illuminates the preparatory work of the members of this study group in the area of trade, industry, law, Volkstum (nationality) and culture in Belgium. The group demonstrated a lot of interest in the Flamenfrage (Flemish question) and in doing so drew lessons from the experience of the occupation of Belgium during the First World War.Although people from various quarters in Germany aimed for the reintroduction of the governmental separation between the Flemish and French speaking parts of the country, one of the 'achievements' of Flemish activism from the period of 1914-1918, both the 'Reeder committee' and the 'Sondergruppe' definitely dismissed it. This contribution also demonstrates the contradictions present in Germany in the area of influencing the territories to be occupied (in favour of Germany).

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25

Zhu, Huasheng, Ruobin Liu, and Bo Chen. "The Rise of Specialized and Innovative Little Giant Enterprises under China’s ‘Dual Circulation’ Development Pattern: An Analysis of Spatial Patterns and Determinants." Land 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010259.

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As potential ‘hidden champion’ companies originating from Germany, specialized and innovative ‘little giant’ enterprises (LGEs) have become role models for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and have been considered important actors in the strategy of ‘strengthening and supplementing national supply chains’. Based on the exogenous growth theory of the firm, this article takes the perspective of the ‘dual circulation’ new development pattern of China and analyses the spatial patterns and their determinants of LGEs using the data of national-level LGEs from 2019 to 2021 and the geographical weighted regression method. The following results were obtained: (1) the national-level LGEs show the spatial distribution pattern of ‘east–central–west’ decline and are highly concentrated in the high administrative levels of the cities, especially in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Cross–Strait urban agglomeration. (2) The domestic and international circulations jointly affect the spatial distribution of LGEs. Local institutional thickness has the largest and widest impact, followed by local industrial synergy. The impact of global linkage is relatively stable. (3) The impacts of the main determinants have spatial heterogeneity. The positive impact of local government support shows a decreasing differentiation law from east to west, and local industrial synergy is mainly significant in the east area of Northeast China, Bohai Rim, Shandong Peninsula, and Huang-Huai-hai Plain. The spatial heterogeneity of the effect of international circulation comes from the difference in marginal effects among regions and the influence of the Belt and Road Initiative. The positive impact of FDI is mainly concentrated in the northeast and southwest regions. This article highlights the importance of the domestic value chain in the strategy of Innovative China, and proves that varying global-local nexus of cities creates ‘soils’ with varying fertility in which LGEs thrives as well.

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Kudryachenko, A. "The Historical Stages of the Resettlement of Germans in Ukraine." Problems of World History, no. 10 (February 27, 2020): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-10-6.

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The article analyzes the three stages of the migration of the German ethnic group into the territory of modern Ukraine, different in nature, character and orientation, and their features are clarified. The author reveals the geography of the first migratory flows of the Goths in the second half of the II century, which went from the Wisla delta to Scythia, and were divided into the western (settled on the right bank of the Dnieper) and eastern. The latter, having settled down near the Sea of Azov, founded the state of Germanarich, and in the IV century, under the pressure of the Huns, the center of life of Goths moved to the Kerch Peninsula, the mountainous region of Crimea, where their state association Gothia existed until the XVIII century. It turns out that in the early Middle Ages there was a second wave of German settlements on modern Ukrainian lands from the West European direction. The expansion of the settlements of Germans and immigrants from other European countries on the lands of Kievan Rus was facilitated by political relations, which were also realized with the help of dynastic marriage unions. The princes of Kiev, pursuing a foreign policy worthy of a great power, have equal relations with the main European states of the medieval world - the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Byzantium, they invite priests, German craftsmen and merchants. Starting from the XI century, small German trade colonies appeared in Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, Lutsk and other cities. During the Lithuanian-Polish period, the influx of German settlers to Ukrainian lands is increasing. This was facilitated by various benefits and provision of points to the German immigrants by Lithuanian princes and Polish kings. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Magdeburg law was acquired by large trading cities. The third period, the most significant resettlement and colonization, that is, large-scale development of the South of Ukraine - the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea region and the lands of Crimea - begins in the second half - the end of the 18th century. The author emphasizes that this most powerful period and the great positive history of the development of our region is largely connected with immigrants of German origin (and representatives of other ethnic groups). This period becomes a powerful colonization and economic development of the entire South of Ukraine, the rich land of the Azov, Black Sea, Crimea. It is noted that then, on the initiative and real support of the government of tsarist Russia, the development of wide steppe spaces took place, which, together with Ukrainian lands, had recently been transferred to the Russian Empire. Since then, the history of immigrants has become part of the history of the Ukrainian people. The dynamics of the development of German colonies in different provinces of the South of Russia is analyzed separately, the social aspects of the life of settlements, the grave consequences for the colonists associated with the First World War, and revolutionary events in the Russian Empire are indicated. The gains and losses in the national development, in the arrangement, in the administrative division of the German and other settlers, which were the consequences of radical fluctuations in the national policy of the Soviet government in the pre-war period, are revealed.

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Dyson, Kenneth, and Peter Humphreys. "Satellite Broadcasting Policies and the Question of Sovereignty in Western Europe." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0000386x.

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AbstractThe article examines the manner in which public-policy for satellite broadcasting has been made in West Germany and France, the two countries currently leading developments in satellite broadcasting technology in Western Europe. A special theme of the two case studies is that of the complex relations and potential contradictions between industrial/technological policy and broadcasting policy, between the wider economics of satellite broadcasting and its cultural dimension. The article demonstrates a common pattern, as policy makers in both countries have been constrained to develop a broker role between competing aims and between national/regional pressures and international pressures. Nevertheless, both ideological and structural differences remained of enduring importance in establishing the parameters of policy making, and produced different, as well as similar, policy outcomes in the two countries. The question of ‘sovereignty’ is also set within the wider European context and the article examines responses at this latter level, in particular the European Community.

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Streeck, Wolfgang. "Thomas Janoski, The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States. Berkeley; University of California Press, 1990, 351 pp." Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 3 (July 1991): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005419.

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Tucović, Radosav. "PRAVNA OBAVEZA ILI KOLABORACIJA? USPOSTAVLJANJE I FUNKCIONISANJE UPRAVE GRADA BEOGRADA POD OKUPACIJOM 1941–1944." Istorija 20. veka 40, no. 2/2022 (August 1, 2022): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2022.2.tuc.345-360.

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The issue of collaboration has provoked much debate since the end of the Second World War. Appearances of collaboration, diversity depending on geographical location, plans of the Third Reich for a particular country and others were some main phenomena analyzed. However, to adequately study the form of collaboration, it is necessary to start from the legal framework that defined the phenomenon itself. In the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Belgrade City Administration was part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The institution of the same name was formed after the beginning of the occupation in 1941. However, it was established in multiple violations of The Hague Conventions and following the decisions of the Third Reich. Organizational changes made to the Belgrade City Administration adjusted it to the occupation system. All of this was against the provisions of The Hague Conventions, which were supposed to determine the form of occupation and be compulsory for Germany. The purpose of this article is to examine the establishment and functioning of the Belgrade City Administration under occupation from the perspective of international law. The legal framework is put in the context of the historical facts and used to analyze comparative experiences in the case of France and Belgium. Thus, the global context of the plans of the Third Reich and the executive practice in the creation of occupation systems in the west of Europe, are compared to the establishment of the Belgrade City Administration, as an occupation institution of domestic origin.

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30

Coppock, Rob. "Interactions between scientists and public officials: A comparison of the use of science in regulatory programs in the United States and West Germany." Policy Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1985): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00135920.

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31

Власов, Илья, and Ilya Vlasov. "On Introduction in Russia of the Institute of Criminal Liability for Legal Persons (Corporations)." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 11 (November 11, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14373.

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The number of European countries which have included into their national legislation the provision on criminal liability for legal persons (corporations) has been continuously growing. The following countries remain essential supporters of preserving criminal liability for individual guilt: Germany, Russia, Italy, and, may be, Poland, where after the adoption of the Law on Liability of Collective Entities for punishable offences, the Constitutional Tribunal in 1994 adopted the decision to consider this liability to be not criminal, but sui generis. Some Russian legal theorists were quick to support the tendency to recognize the practicability of introducing criminal liability for legal persons in spite of centuries-old traditions of liability for a personal guilt that is characteristic of the criminal law of the European continental countries. This can be explained by an excessive influence of the Anglo-Saxon common law countries, whose representatives went all out during the preparation of many international conventions to include into them the provisions that require establishing criminal liability for legal persons in national legislations of the European countries. But none of such conventions mentions the basis for criminal liability of legal persons. They fail to mention this fact, otherwise they would have to state that such liability suggests only strict liability. The author of the article tries to prove the irrelevancy of the above-mentioned type of liability in Russia with its rather effective administrative law and fairly solid provisions of the civil legislation which help to efficiently fight the damage incurred by legal persons (corporations) to different entities protected by the law. Introduction of the provisions on criminal liability for legal persons into the Russian criminal legislation touches upon the foundation on which all types of legal liability in this country are based on, as well as domestic centuries-old traditions, for it is not possible, without changing anything in the principal structure of the criminal responsibility, to simply include, without solid justification of the adopted changes, a new provision into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in which only a range of criminal acts for which legal persons may be liable would be outlined, without indicating grounds for their criminal liability, in contrast with the grounds for the liability of physical persons.

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32

Dickman, Steven. "West Germany eases law." Nature 340, no. 6229 (July 1989): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340085a0.

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Kimbel, KarlH. "West Germany: Drug law amended." Lancet 336, no. 8706 (July 1990): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91539-m.

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34

Borinski, Philipp. "West Germany." Washington Quarterly 8, no. 3 (July 1985): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636608509450286.

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35

Schwartz, Paul, Michelle Stanworth, and Gerhard Amendt. "Baby M. in West Germany." Columbia Law Review 89, no. 2 (March 1989): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1122826.

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36

Malinovskaya, Victoria M. "SPECIFICITY OF SCIENCE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY." Journal of Law and Administration, no. 1(42) (2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2017-1-42-51-58.

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37

Gordon, Alan. "Thomas Janoski, The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labour Market Policy in West Germany and the United States, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990. xxvi + 351 pp. $34.95; - W.W. Daniel, The Unemployed Flow, Policy Studies Institute, London, 1990. 243 pp. £24.95." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 1 (January 1992): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400020705.

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38

Ching, Frank. "Nationality vs ethnic identity." Asian Education and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-09-2017-0095.

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Purpose As far as governments are concerned, it is the nationality of a person, usually reflected in a passport, that shows whether the government has a duty to protect that individual and whether the person owes obligations to the state. Hong Kong is unusual in that for many people there, passports are primarily seen as documents that offer safety and security. It is not unusual for people to possess two or more passports. The purpose of this paper is to examine attitudes toward passports on the part of Hong Kong people, formed by their unique experience. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes key documents, such as China’s Nationality Law and a little known document, “Explanations of Some Questions by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Concerning the Implementation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.” The paper also looks at the Loh case of August 2016, involving a Canadian man who wanted a Hong Kong passport for his 11-year-old Canadian-born son, and the Patrick Tse case, where Hong Kong tried to strip a teenager who possessed German nationality of his Hong Kong passport. Findings The convenience of travel to China with a Home Return Permit seems to outweigh any sense of loyalty to an adopted country in the west, or the realization that the use of a document identifying its holder as a Chinese national means that she/he would not have any consular protection. It is also ironical that the Hong Kong Government should maintain the difference between nationality and ethnicity at a time when the Chinese Government is doing the very opposite, playing down the status of nationality while magnifying the importance of so-called “Chinese blood.” Originality/value This paper examines a topic that has not been widely studied but is likely to become more important in the years to come as China’s impact on the rest of the world increases. The nationality status of ethnic Chinese will increasingly become an issue as the flow of travel between China and other countries rises and Chinese immigrants continue to take up foreign nationality. While this issue is of special importance to Hong Kong, its impact will extend to countries around the world, in fact, to wherever Chinese persons are to be found.

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39

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "American Administrative Law under Siege: Is Germany a Model?" Harvard Law Review 107, no. 6 (April 1994): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1341844.

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Stark, F. Michael, and Klaus H. Stutte. "Behavioral rehabilitation in West Germany: Patient care, staff training, and administrative obstacles." Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 13, no. 3 (1990): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099494.

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41

Bodansky, Daniel, and Ilja Baudisch. "Germany v. N." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 4 (October 2006): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000032000.

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Germany v. N. Decision No. 2 WD 12.04. At <http://www.bverwg.de>.Bundesverwaltungsgericht (German Federal Administrative Court), June 21, 2005.On June 21, 2005, in Germany v. N, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) acquitted a soldier charged with disobeying an order in violation of his military duty of obedience and loyal service. The soldier, a major in the Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), had refused to participate in a military software project that he feared could support Operation Iraqi Freedom. The major based his refusal on his belief that the Iraqi war was illegal and that, as a result, he was permitted to refuse the order under his constitutional right of freedom of conscience.2 The court held that in view of the serious reservations that exist about the legality of Operation Iraqi Freedom and also about Germany's position in that conflict, the soldier's right to freedom of conscience required that he be offered alternative tasks unrelated to a war that he reasonably believed to be illegal.

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Denisov, S. A. "THE ADMINISTRATIVE TYPE OF STATE AND LAW OF NAZI GERMANY." Pravo: istoriya i sovremennost', no. 3 (2018): 009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2018.03.pp.009-023.

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43

손윤석. "Review of illegal liquidation in administrative law of unified Germany." KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW JOURNAL ll, no. 60 (November 2017): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17248/knulaw..60.201711.137.

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44

Gärditz, Klaus Ferdinand. "Shepherd v. Germany." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0623.

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In Shepherd v. Germany, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) issued a preliminary ruling requested by a German administrative court in an asylum case brought by a United States Army service member. Applying the relevant asylum law of the European Union (EU), the ECJ held that, under certain circumstances, a conscientious objector who has deserted from his military unit may claim international refugee protection. It also clarified the conditions under which the basically legitimate prosecution of military deserters must be qualified as illegitimate persecution under international refugee law.

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45

Deviatnikovaitė, Ieva. "Selection of Judges for Administrative Courts." Teisė 118 (March 2, 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2021.118.6.

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Administrative law, unlike civil or criminal law, is not a codified branch of law and it is characterized by a large number of sources of different legal force. Thus, a judge hearing administrative disputes must have particularly deep knowledge of administrative law. The article analyzes the experience of France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania in selecting candidates for judges to work with administrative cases.

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46

Kahl, Wolfgang. "What Is ‘New’ about the ‘New Administrative Law Science’ in Germany?" European Public Law 16, Issue 1 (March 1, 2010): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2010006.

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Administrative law in Germany is traditionally influenced by the ‘juristic method’ (juristische Methode). This method is shaped by the concept of a systemic legal order and by the distinction between legislation (legal politics) and law application (legal dogmatics). It concentrates on the legal protection perspective and the ‘legal act’ (Rechtsakt) standing for the formal, binding, and intervening decision of an authority. However, since the early 1990s of the last century, a large group of more progressive German scholars is working on a reform concept in order to substitute the one-sided approach of the juristic method by a new approach denoted as the ‘new administrative law science’ (Neue Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft). The new administrative law science is based on a more open, interdisciplinary method and a steering approach (Steuerungswissenschaft) focusing on decision making and on results (‘products’). The following article comprises the most significant assumptions and ideas of this new scientific stream and provides a differentiated evaluation.

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Pickett, Eric, Alexander Retemeyer, and Thomas Möller. "Customs Penalties in Germany." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2018): 310–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018037.

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Penalties for infringements of customs law in Germany are deeply embedded in national fiscal, criminal and administrative sanctions legislation. The adoption of Directive (EU) 2017/1371 on the fight against fraud to the Union’s financial interests by means of criminal law has so far had no impact on this legislation. This article describes the current rules and practices with regard to customs penalties in Germany and looks at the implications of the proposed Directive on customs infringements and sanctions.

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48

Osterland, Martin. "Shutdowns and labour market policies: Administrative measures and their effects in West Germany." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 3, no. 1 (May 1988): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948808725925.

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49

Conrad, Felix. "CO2 abatement cost in West Germany." Energy Policy 18, no. 7 (September 1990): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(90)90084-h.

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50

Boyron, Sophie. "Mediation in Administrative Law: The Identification of Conflicting Paradigms." European Public Law 13, Issue 2 (May 1, 2007): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2007015.

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In the three countries surveyed, England, France and Germany, commentators have expressed misgivings regarding the transformations that are occurring in administrative law. This article tries to design and test a comparative method to understand these evolutions and meet the demands of administrative lawyers. By resorting to a micro-analysis of mediation in the resolution of administrative law disputes, it is possible to identify and analyze a number of parallel evolutionary trends. If successful, this method could then be applied to other key areas of administrative law. In doing so, the research will uncover the dynamics and the implications of this process of deep change.

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