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Nakaike, Yoshihiro, Hikaru Sato, Rina Sato, Hikaru Moriyama, Shota Abe, Kenji Yoshida, Hiroyoshi Kawaai, and Shinya Yamazaki. "Analysis of Dose Escalation of Propofol Associated With Frequent Sedation." Anesthesia Progress 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/anpr-66-02-08.
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Patients with dental phobia frequently require intravenous sedation to complete dental treatment. We encountered a case of a patient who received frequent sedation by propofol, which required escalation in the dosage of propofol required. The patient was a healthy young female with severe dental phobia, and the dental procedures were initiated under intravenous sedation. Intravenous sedation was administered to the patient more than 100 times over 9 years, and the dosages were analyzed. The mean dosage of propofol administered per hour was 6.9 ± 2.4 mg/kg/h, and the dosage tended to increase with frequency (0.06–0.1 mg/kg/h in each administration). Increased dosage was needed with a shorter interval between sedations after 30 episodes of sedation. Regarding the mean dosage of propofol per hour, the step-down method exhibited the highest increase in dosage rate of 0.18 mg/kg/h per administration followed by target-controlled infusion at 0.07 mg/kg/h per administration and combination sedation at 0.06 mg/kg/h per administration. We discuss factors that may be associated with acute tolerance to propofol when frequent propofol sedations are provided.
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Tranquilli, Wm J., L. M. Graning, J. C. Thurmon, G. J. Benson, S. G. Mourn, and E. L. Lentz. "Effect of midazolam preanesthetic administration on thiamylal induction requirement in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 662–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.05.662.
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SUMMARY The thiamylal sparing effect of midazolam was studied in 30 healthy Beagle and mixed-breed dogs. Using a replicated Latin square design, all dogs were given placebo (saline solution) and 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg of midazolam/ kg of body weight prior to iv administration of thiamylal sodium. The 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg dosages significantly decreased the amount of thiamylal required to obtund swallowing reflex and easily achieve endotracheal intubation. Midazolam at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg reduced thiamylal requirement by 16.4% and 18.9%, respectively, whereas the 0.05 mg/kg dosage decreased thiamylal requirement by only 6.8%. The 0.2 mg/kg dosage did not further decrease thiamylal requirement beyond that achieved with the 0.1 mg/kg dosage of midazolam. This study demonstrates that the preanesthetic iv administration of midazolam reduces the thiamylal dose necessary to accomplish intubation. The optimal preanesthetic dosage (lowest dosage with significant effect) was 0.1 mg/kg.
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Nachreiner, R. F., K. R. Refsal, W. R. Ravis, J. Hauptman, E. J. Rosser, and W. M. Pedersoli. "Pharmacokinetics of L-thyroxine after its oral administration in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.12.2091.
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Summary Twelve mature (5 sexually intact males, 4 castrated males, and 3 females) mixed-breed dogs were surgically thyroidectomized and used in a Latin-square design pharmacokinetic study of orally administered l-thyroxine. The dogs were treated with 44, 22, and 11 μg of l-thyroxine/kg as a single morning dose or in divided doses, morning and evening. Serum concentration of thyroxine (T4) was evaluated to determine a number of pharmacokinetic variables for comparison. Mean steady-state concentrations (Css) were determined from the area under the curve. Variables were analyzed for comparisons between dosages by use of anova. Concentration at steady state was highest for dogs of the 44-μg/kg of body weight once-daily group and was lowest for dogs of the group given 11 μg/kg in 2 daily doses. Single daily administration resulted in higher Css, except at the 22-μg/kg/d dosage. Clearance was faster for the 22- and 44-μg/kg/d dosages than for the 11-μg/kg/d dosage. The half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (mrt) also were shorter for the 44-μg/kg/d dosage, possibly indicating more rapid elimination of the drug at higher doses and dose-dependent kinetics. Perhaps, as the dogs’ metabolism increased with higher iodothyronine concentrations, hormone degradation was accelerated. Interval (divided vs single dose) caused some expected changes: maximal concentration was higher and minimal concentration was lower when single administration was used. These undulations resulted in iodothyronine concentrations above the physiologic range for a number of hours, whereas concentration closer to physiologic ranges was achieved by use of divided doses. Delayed absorption (lag time) was seen in 37 of the 72 data sets, but was generally short, about 0.25 hour. Mean time to maximal concentration was 3 to 4 hours. At the higher dosages, serum total T4 concentration was high normal or above normal during most of the time after l-thyroxine administration, but serum concentration of total 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine did not remain within the normal range until the 44-μg/kg/d dosage was used. The customary dosage of 22 μg/kg/d (0.1 mg/10 lb/d) may not be adequate for most dogs. Pharmacokinetic variables appear to be highly dependent on the individual dog. Those with rapid absorption and higher concentration tended to have these characteristics at each dosage in this study. The pharmacokinetic variables, therefore, appear to be highly individualized, and dosages recommended for treatment of hypothyroidism should be considered to be only a starting point for the average dog. To avoid underdosing or overdosing, monitoring of treatment to adjust dose for individual dog kinetic variables seems to be imperative.
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Shih, Ming-Kuang, Yu-Chou Chao, and Ying-Line Sheu. "NOVEL DOSAGE FORM TARGETING VAGINAL ADMINISTRATION." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 04 (August 2013): 1350034. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500348.
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Currently, treatments for vaginal infections are mostly given orally or subcutaneously. However, because of extensive first-pass metabolism, the exposure of unchanged drug to the vaginal mucosa (i.e. bioavailability) after oral or subcutaneous dosing may be as low as 2.92%. Meanwhile, ointments for external application may result in pain or hypersensitivity. To address these problems, we proposed a novel composite dosage form consisting of polyurethane (PU) foam and aquagel impregnated therewithin. The PU/aquagel dosage form was shaped into a circular pad having diameter of about 5 cm, which made it suitable for being inserted into the vagina (average diameter 3 cm) thereby acting directly on cells within the inflamed lesion. We had successfully developed hydrophilic PU foam with an excellent water retention rate of about 1674%, which may retain 6.5-fold water as compared to convention PU foam. The hydrophilic PU foam comprised inter-connected cells which allowed the continuous flow of the aquagel along the struts, thereby allowing the aquagel to reach the peripheral of the PU foam and directly contact the lesion site. In this way, it is possible to deliver active compounds dispersed within the aquagel to the lesion site without enzymatic degradation. The active compounds would biologically adhere to the vaginal mucosa, thereby providing a fast-releasing yet sustained treatment. We investigated the relationship between the viscosity of the aquagel and the gel retention rate of the hydrophilic PU foam. Several over-the-counter medications for treating vaginal infections were dispersed in the aquagel, and in vitro transmembrane penetration analysis was conducted to elucidate the transmembrane delivery rate thereof. The O/W gel containing acyclovir exhibited a bioavailability of 60.7% at 26 h after the treatment, which is 19.4-fold compared to that of the orally administered acyclovir. This finding suggested that the novel dosage foam may reduce the concentration of active compounds, thereby reducing their cytotoxicity to normal cells.
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Wordell, Cindy J. "Intravenous Immune Globulin: Dosage and Administration." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 7, no. 2 (March 4, 1987): S27—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1987.tb03510.x.
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Sur, S., J. Lam, P. Bouchard, A. Sigounas, D. Holbert, and W. J. Metzger. "Immunomodulatory effects of IL-12 on allergic lung inflammation depend on timing of doses." Journal of Immunology 157, no. 9 (November 1, 1996): 4173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.4173.
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Abstract We investigated the effects of IL-12 on a murine model of allergic lung inflammation. Administration of IL-12 was timed to interfere with either allergic sensitization (early dosage) or the hypersensitivity inflammatory response in the lung (late dosage), or both (early and late dosages). Comparisons of IL-12- and PBS-treated animals within each treatment group revealed several noticeable effects of IL-12. Early dosage, and the combination of early and late dosages, strikingly decreased ragweed-specific serum IgE, tracheal ring reactivity to acetylcholine, and BAL eosinophilia following allergen challenge. In contrast, late dosage had no effect on IgE levels and only a minimal effect on tracheal ring reactivity, but had a modest effect on recruitment of eosinophils. Early dosage down-regulated IL-5 and IL-10, but did not alter IL-4 or IFN-gamma expression. Late dosage down-regulated IL-5, up-regulated IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but did not change IL-4 expression. The combination of early and late dosage down-regulated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 expression, but increased IFN-gamma expression and production in the BAL cells and fluids. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-12 has potent immunomodulatory effects on allergic lung inflammation that depend on the timing of IL-12 administration relative to allergic sensitization and allergen challenge.
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Walker, Robert D., Gary E. Stein, Joseph G. Hauptman, and Kathleen H. MacDonald. "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of enrofloxacin administered orally to healthy dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.12.2315.
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Summary Enrofloxacin was administered orally to 6 healthy dogs at dosages of approximately 2.75, 5.5, and 11 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4-week interval between dosage regimens. Serum and tissue cage fluid (tcf) concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured after the first and seventh treatments. The mean peak serum concentration occurred between 1 and 2.5 hours after dosing. Peak serum concentrations increased with increases in dosage. For each dosage regimen, there was an accumulation of enrofloxacin between the first and seventh treatment, as demonstrated by a significant (P = 0.001) increase in peak serum concentrations. The serum elimination half-life increased from 3.39 hours for the 2.75 mg/kg dosage to 4.94 hours for the 11 mg/kg dosage. Enrofloxacin accumulated slowly into tcf, with peak concentrations being approximately 58% of those of serum. The time of peak tcf concentrations occurred between 3.8 hours and 5.9 hours after drug administration, depending on the dosage and whether it was after single or multiple administrations. Compared with serum concentrations (area under the curvetcf/area under the curveserum), the percentage of enrofloxacin penetration into tcf was 85% at a dosage of 2.75 mg/kg, 83% at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg, and 88% at a dosage of 11 mg/kg. All 3 dosage regimens of enrofloxacin induced continuous serum and tcf concentrations greater than the minimal concentration required to inhibit 90% (mic90) of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic clinical isolates tested, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only the 11 mg/kg dosage regimen provided continuous serum and tcf concentrations that exceeded the mic90 for P aeruginosa isolates; whereas none of the dosages induced serum or tcf concentrations greater than the mic90 of the obligate anaerobic bacteria tested.
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Rajkumar, L. A. Pradeep, Sujith J. Chandy, Heber Rew Bright, V. J. Hema Jiji, Judith Basker, and K. Gunaraj. "Importance of Appropriate Medication Administration in Patients with Nasogastric Feeding Tube." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v22.3.23.46.
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Solid dosage forms like modified release and enteric coated formulations are considered inappropriate for nasogastric feeding tube (NGFT) administration due to varying pharmacokinetics which could lead to inadequate therapeutic responses or toxicity. An analysis was conducted to assess the appropriateness of prescribed medicines for NGFT administration in hospital inpatients so that physicians can be sensitized to the importance of this. In this cross-sectional study conducted in a large tertiary care centre, prescription data of in-patients with nasogastric feeding tube (NGFT) were retrieved through electronic pharmacy transactions. Adult patients who were admitted in the hospital for more than one day and were dispensed a NGFT were included. The appropriateness of medicines administered through NGFT was assessed using standard published literature. Details of medicines that were categorized as inappropriate were collated and analysed. In case of inappropriate prescribing, availability of appropriate dosage forms was also determined. A total of 510 patients were found eligible for analyses. Majority of the patients were dispensed at least one inappropriate dosage form. Among the dispensed oral solid dosage forms, 16.38% were found to be inappropriate for NGFT administration. Of these, 21.41% were dispensed on same day as the NGFT, 34.67% were dispensed before the NGFT and were continued throughout the hospital stay and 43.92% were dispensed within or after 24 hours of NGFT dispensation. These findings will improve awareness among healthcare professionals about the need for appropriate administration of oral formulations in patients intubated with NGFT. Keywords: Inappropriate Dosage Forms, Nasogastric Feeding Tube, Appropriate Dosage Forms, Modified Release Formulations
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Yuan, Xiaofan, Lei Guo, Chuan Jiang, Xu Yang, and Jie Huang. "The Effect of Different Administration Time and Dosage of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Neuroimmunomodulation 28, no. 3 (2021): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515131.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Despite the vitamin D treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), there continues to be controversial discrepancy in outcomes according to the current research. Many systematic reviews have evaluated the effect of vitamin D as an adjuvant treatment in patients with MS; however, there is no consensus on the optimum administration time and dosage of vitamin D intake. A meta-analysis for exploring the different administration time and dosage of vitamin D is warranted. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of different administration time and dosage of vitamin D in patients with MS were recorded within 7 databases. This meta-analysis was performed with 2 clinical outcomes: EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) and relapses during research. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The pooled results indicated that receiving different administration time and dosage of vitamin D as an adjuvant treatment had no significant therapeutic effect on MS according to the EDSS scores and relapses during research. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> According to our meta-analysis, the administration of vitamin D in different dosages (ranging from 2,857 to 14,007 IU/day) and treatment period (ranging from 6 to 24 months) did not affect the clinical outcomes (EDSS and relapses during research) in patients with MS. Additional RCTs should be conducted to explore whether a longer duration and a larger dosage of vitamin D without serious adverse effects might produce therapeutic effects in patients with MS.
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King, Jonathan N., Catherine Mauron, and Günther Kaiser. "Pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of benazepril, benazeprilat, and inhibition of plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity after single and repeated administrations to dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.12.1620.
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SUMMARY Plasma pharmacokinetic variables of benazeprilat, the active metabolite of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitor benazepril, were evaluated in healthy Beagles. Benazeprilat was administered iv at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight (n = 9). The elimination half-life of benazeprilat was 3.5 hours, although an additional terminal phase was observed in some dogs. Vehicle (gelatin capsules) or benazepril at dosages of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg was administered orally as a single administration, then once daily for 15 consecutive days (n = 5 or 6/group). Peak benazeprilat concentrations were rapidly attained by 2 hours. Benazeprilat concentrations accumulated moderately with repeated administration, with a peak concentration that was 23% higher and an area under the concentration-time curve that was 34% higher after the 15th dose of benazepril, compared with values after a single dose. The effective half-life for accumulation for all 4 dosages was 12 hours. Steady-state concentrations at 2 hours after administration were achieved after a median (range) of 1 (1 to 6) dose(s). Pharmacodynamic variables were assessed by measurement of plasma ace activity after oral administration of benazepril or vehicle. All dosages of benazepril caused profound inhibition of ace, with rapid onset of activity (time to peak effect, 2 hours) and long duration of action (single administration of all 4 doses induced inhibition of ace that was significantly different from the value in the control [vehicle-treated] dogs for all time points between 1 and 30 hours). Maximal inhibition at all time points was induced by the 0.25- mg/kg dosage at a single administration and with the lowest dosage tested (0.125 mg/kg) at steady state. At steady state, the 0.25-mg/kg dosage caused (mean ± sem) 96.9 ± 2.0% inhibition of ace activity at maximal effect and 83.6 ± 4.2% at trough effect (24 hours after dosing), indicating minimal variation in peak/trough effect. Steady-state inhibition of ace activity at both peak and trough drug effect was achieved after 1 to 4 doses. The data indicate that benazepril is a potent and long-acting ace inhibitor in dogs.
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Verdier, M. F., M. Manchon, J. Dubost, J. M. Grozel, J. Bienvenu, and V. Banssillon. "Dosage sérique de lidocaïne après administration intrabronchique." Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 4, no. 4 (January 1985): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0750-7658(85)80113-1.
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Day, Thomas K., and Cheryl K. Roge. "Evaluation of sedation in quail induced by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.05.969.
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Objective To evaluate the sedative properties of 3 dosages of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer midazolam as a means of chemical restraint in quail (Colinus virginianus) and to evaluate the ability of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil to reverse the sedative effects of midazolam Design Prospective randomized controlled trial Animals Study 1, 30 birds; study 2, 10 birds. Procedure 2 studies were performed. In the first study, 30 birds were randomly assigned to receive midazolam at a dosage of 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg of body weight (10 birds/dosage). Degree of sedation was evaluated by use of a numerical scale, and the peak time of adequate chemical restraint was determined. The dosage in study 1 that produced the highest degree of sedation was administered to 10 birds in study 2. Flumazenil was administered at a dosage of 0.1 mg/ kg at the peak time of sedation that had been determined in study 1. Results Administration of 6 mg of midazolam/kg induced the highest degree of chemical restraint without causing alterations in cardiopulmonary function. Peak time of sedation was 10 minutes after administration; however, administration of 4 mg of midazolam/ kg also induced a high degree of sedation, but for a shorter period. Administration of flumazenil caused complete recovery from sedation induced with midazolam. Clinical Implications Administration of midazolam to wild birds induced adequate sedation. Results of the study reported here may be extrapolated to other species of wild birds, including raptors and, possibly, pet birds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:969-971)
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Ogilvie, Gregory K., Antony S. Moore, Changhua Chen, Phyllis A. Ciekot, Stephen W. Atwater, Philip J. Bergman, and Lisa M. Walters. "Toxicoses associated with the administration of mitoxantrone to dogs with malignant tumors: A dose escalation study." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205, no. 4 (August 15, 1994): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1994.205.04.570.
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Summary Forty-four dogs with histologically confirmed malignant tumors were used in a prospective study to determine the toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent mitoxantrone, when administered at dosages higher than what has been previously reported for use in dogs. After each dose was administered, dogs were evaluated for signs of toxicosis for 3 weeks or until the dog developed progressive disease, died, or was euthanatized. Forty dogs had been refractory to 1 or more treatment modalities (surgery, n = 26; chemotherapy other than mitoxantrone, n = 17; radiation, n = 2) prior to entering this study. Ten dogs were given mitoxantrone at a dosage of 5.5 mg/m2 of body surface, IV, every 3 weeks (39 total doses); 11 were given mitoxantrone at a dosage of 6.0 mg/m2, IV, every 3 weeks (26 total doses); and 23 were given mitoxantrone at a dosage of 6.5 mg/m2, IV, every 3 weeks (70 total doses). The most common signs of toxicosis were vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy, and sepsis secondary to myelosuppression. Two dogs, both of which received the highest dosage, died of complications attributable to mitoxantrone administration. The prevalence of toxicoses was not associated with age, breed, sex, tumor type, number of doses, or dosage. Dogs did develop myelosuppression 7 days after they were given mitoxantrone. Median neutrophil count for dogs that received mitoxantrone at a dosage of 6.5 mg/m2 was 2,800 cells/μl (range, 300 to 4,600 cells/μl); median neutrophil count for dogs that received mitoxantrone at a dosage of 6.0 mg/m2 was 3,800 cells/μl (range, 600 to 10,400 cells/μl); and median neutrophil count for dogs that received mitoxantrone at a dosage of 5.5 mg/m2 was 4,500 cells/μl (range, 1,700 to 16,100 cells/μl).
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Tudor, Rebecca A., Mark G. Papich, and W. Rich Redding. "Drug disposition and dosage determination of once daily administration of gentamicin sulfate in horses after abdominal surgery." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, no. 4 (August 15, 1999): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.215.04.503.
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Objective To evaluate pharmacokinetics of once daily IV administration of gentamicin sulfate to adult horses that had abdominal surgery. Design Prospective study. Animals 28 adult horses that underwent abdominal surgery for colic. Procedure 14 horses were treated with each dosage of gentamicin (ie, 6.6 or 4 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) and blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Plasma gentamicin concentrations were measured by use of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Pharmacokinetic analysis measured the elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and gentamicin total systemic clearance. Treatment outcome, CBC, and serum creatinine concentrations were recorded. Results 1 horse in the high-dosage group died. All other horses successfully recovered, and did not develop bacterial infection or have evidence of drug toxicosis resulting in renal injury. Mean pharmacokinetic variables for gentamicin administration at a high or low dosage (ie, 6.6 or 4 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) were half-life of 1.47 and 1.61 hours, volume of distribution of 0.17 and 0.17 L/kg, and systemic clearance of 1.27 and 1.2 ml/kg/min, respectively. Mean serum creatinine concentration was 1.74 and 1.71 for the high and low dosages, respectively, and serum creatinine concentration was not correlated with gentamicin clearance. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Gentamicin administration at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, IV, every 24 hours, will result in plasma concentrations that are adequate against susceptible bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 2.0 μg/ml. Gentamicin administration at a calculated dosage of 6.8 mg/kg, IV, every 24 hours will result in optimum plasma concentrations against susceptible bacteria with a MIC of ≤ 4.0 μg/ml. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:503–506)
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Rautamo, Maria, Kirsi Kvarnström, Mia Sivén, Marja Airaksinen, Pekka Lahdenne, and Niklas Sandler. "A Focus Group Study about Oral Drug Administration Practices at Hospital Wards—Aspects to Consider in Drug Development of Age-Appropriate Formulations for Children." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020109.
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Oral drug administration to pediatric patients is characterized by a lack of age-appropriate drug products and the off-label use of medicines. However, drug administration practices at hospital wards is a scarcely studied subject. The aim of this study was to explore the oral drug administration practices at pediatric hospital wards, with a focus on experiences and challenges faced, methods used to mitigate existing problems, drug manipulation habits, perceptions about oral dosage forms and future needs of oral dosage forms for children. This was a qualitative study consisting of focus group discussions with physicians, nurses and clinical pharmacists in a tertiary university hospital with the objective of bringing forward a holistic view on this research topic. These healthcare professionals recognized different administration challenges that were classified as either dosage form-related or patient-related ones. A lack of depot formulations developed especially for children as well as oral pediatric dosage forms of drug substances currently available as intravenous dosage forms was recognized. The preferred oral dosage forms were oral liquids and orodispersible tablets. Patient-centered drug administration practices including factors facilitating drug administration both at hospital wards and at home after patient discharge were identified. Among all healthcare professionals, the efficient cooperation in drug prescribing and administration as well as in educating the child’s caregivers in correct administration techniques before discharge and improving the overall discharge process of patients was emphasized. This study complements the prevalent understanding that new dosage forms for children of varying ages and stages of development are still needed. It also brings a holistic view on different aspects of oral drug administration to pediatric patients and overall patient-centered drug administration practices.
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Limenh, Liknaw Workie, Derso Teju Geremew, Asmamaw Emagn Kasahun, Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw, Minichil Chanie Worku, Wudneh Simegn, and Wondim Ayenew. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Traditional Healers toward Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2023 (June 27, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7091233.
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Background and Objectives. Traditional healers are an integral part of healthcare systems in many countries, including Ethiopia, where traditional medicine is widely practiced. They often employ unique medicinal preparation and route of administration that may differ from modern practices. However, there is a paucity of data on dosage forms and route of administration practice by traditional healers in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of traditional healers towards different dosage forms and route of administration. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 70 traditional healers from June 1, 2022 to July 25, 2022. The data were collected through structured questionnaires. The data were checked for completeness and consistency and then entered into SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. The results were presented with frequencies and percentages. The association between sociodemographic factors and traditional healers’ knowledge of dosage forms and route of administration was determined using the Pearson’s chi-squares test. A statistically significant difference was declared if the p value was 0.05 or lower. Results. Most (58.1%) traditional healers had information on dosage forms, especially about solid, semisolid, and liquid dosage forms. In addition, 33 (53.2%) traditional healers had information about rectal, nasal, and oral route of administration. All traditional healers had practiced different dosage forms and route of administration both individually and in combination earlier to date. More than half of the participants agreed on the need for different dosage forms and route of administration. This study result also showed that most (72.6%) traditional healers had gaps in sharing experiences and information with other healers and health professionals. Conclusions. The current study revealed that solid, semisolid, and liquid were the most frequently formulated dosage forms with oral, rectal, and nasal route of administration by traditional healers. The practice of checking the status of the formulations was poor. Traditional healers had a good attitude towards the need for different dosage forms and route of administration. The stakeholders should provide continuous training and exchange of experiences between traditional healers and healthcare professionals to improve the knowledge of traditional healers for appropriate use of dosage forms and route of administration.
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Ostrop, Nikola J., Jeanne Lamb, and Gwynneth Reid. "Intravaginal Morphine: An Alternative Route of Administration." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 18, no. 4 (July 8, 1998): 863–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03911.x.
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The availability of various dosage forms allows morphine to be administered in a number of ways. However, if the oral and rectal routes are not feasible, the parenteral one may appear to be the only viable option. Morphine was administered by the intravaginal route in a 44‐year‐old woman as an alternative to intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia. The dosage forms included sustained‐ and immediate‐release tablets as well as regular suppositories. The initial dosage was calculated according to guidelines for switching to oral administration and titrated to response. Adequate pain control was achieved, but due to unpredictable bioavailability, close monitoring was essential.
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Case, J. Brad, Jennifer L. Fick, and Matthew B. Rooney. "Proximal Duodenal Perforation in Three Dogs Following Deracoxib Administration." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 46, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0460255.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and gross pathological findings, treatment, and outcome in three dogs receiving deracoxib that developed proximal duodenal perforation and subsequent septic peritonitis. Clinical findings were acute vomiting and anorexia following initiation of deracoxib therapy. Deracoxib dosages ranged from 2 to 3 mg/kg per os q 24 hours. In each dog, exploratory laparotomy revealed duodenal perforations approximately 1 cm orad to the major duodenal papilla. Two out of three dogs survived following exploratory laparotomy. Two of three dogs in the present case series received the approved deracoxib dosage. Dogs receiving deracoxib, even at labeled dosages, should be monitored judiciously for signs of gastrointestinal disease.
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Dubs, Cynthia. "Using Simulation in First Year Nursing Student Curriculum to Improve Dosage Calculations." World Journal of Social Science Research 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): p61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v10n1p61.
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Patient safety is of the upmost importance specifically when related to medication administration. Nurses are responsible for safe medication administration as a primary responsibility. Nursing education programs, especially associate degree nursing programs, use high-fidelity simulation to enhance medication administration and dosage calculation. First year nursing students are expected to pass a dosage calculation exam with accuracy to assess safe medication practices. The purpose of this quasi-experimental ex post facto design study was to examine the causal relationship between the medication administration simulation and the dosage calculation test scores in first year, associate degree nursing students. First year nursing students who participated in the high-fidelity medication administration had statistically significant differences in their dosage calculation test scores and the odds of passing the dosage calculation test on the first attempt than the students who did not participate. Age and gender demographic information of the students who participated in the high-fidelity simulation did not show any statistically significant information based on their participation. The study aims to examine which education intervention is effective in improving dosage calculation test scores in first year nursing students. Implementation of high-fidelity simulation experiences can improve dosage calculation exams scores and contribute to a safer nursing workforce.
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Prodanova, Krasimira. "Optimizing Multiple Drug Administration from Depot by Applying Pharmacokinetic Concepts." International Journal Bioautomation 24, no. 4 (December 2020): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/ijba.2020.24.4.000593.
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For the multiple drug administration from therapeutic reasons it is important to maintain the concentration in the blood plasma in an appropriate range. In the present paper an optimization approach is developed to determine drug dosage regimen to achieve the desired plasma concentrations after application from depot, i.e. oral, muscular, subcutant. The developed methodology allows the optimization of both the dose and the dosage interval. Performance of the developed methodology is evaluated by computing bias and precision of the estimated trough and peak drug concentrations that are reached after dosage regimen determinations. This article focuses on an optimal impulsive control of compartment model to individualise dosage regimens of Amikacin in the context of extended dosage intervals. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.
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Godber, Leanne M., Robert D. Walker, Gary E. Stein, Joe G. Hauptman, and Frederik J. Derksen. "Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.05.613.
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SUMMARY Once-daily administration of aminoglycosides may be a safe and effective therapeutic regimen, on the basis of the microbiologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these antibiotics. This study was designed to determine serum and tissue concentrations following IV administration of gentamicin, at dosages of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight, every 24 hours, and 2.2 mg/kg, every 8 hours, for 10 days in adult horses. Nephrotoxicosis from these dosage regimens also was compared, and microbiologic effects, including postantibiotic effects, were determined with various concentrations of gentamicin against an equine clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment at the 6.6-mg/kg dosage resulted in maximal serum concentrations (77.93 ± 19.90 μg/ml, mean ± sem) and area under the concentration-vs-time curves (83.79 ± 14.97 μg.h/ml) that were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those following treatment at the 2.2-mg/kg dosage (5.05 ± 0.50 μg/ml and 6.03 ± 0.66 μg.h/ml, respectively). Nephrotoxicosis was not induced with either dosage regimen, and postantibiotic effects were prolonged with a higher gentamicin concentration. This study provided evidence to support the use of once-daily gentamicin treatment in adult horses.
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Arrington, Kathryn A., Alfred M. Legendre, Gretchen Simpson Tabeling, and Donita L. Frazier. "Comparison of body surface area-based and weight-based dosage protocols for doxorubicin administration in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.11.1587.
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Summary Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of a single dose of doxorubicin, at dosages of 30 mg/m2 of body surface area and 1 mg/kg of body weight, were compared in 17 dogs. Effects of doxorubicin on complete blood cell count, platelet count, and the dogs' clinical condition were evaluated for 14 days. Cluster analysis, on the basis of clinical signs of doxorubicin toxicosis at the 30- mg/m2 dosage, revealed that 6 of 7 small dogs (≤ 10 kg) became ill, whereas 7 of 10 large dogs (> 10 kg) remained clinically normal. Small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 had higher peak plasma concentrations, greater area under the curve for plasma drug concentration vs time, longer drug elimination half - lives, greater volumes of distribution, and more clinical signs of toxicosis than had large dogs (P ≤ 0.05). Five of 9 small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 developed severe myelosuppression (<1 × 103 granulocytes/μl). In contrast to the toxicoses with body surface area - based dosing, myelosuppression was not induced in small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. In small and large dogs given doxorubicin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, pharmacokinetic characteristics and clinical signs of toxicosis were similar. Mean wbc counts and granulocyte counts for all dogs were lower on day 7 with 30 mg of doxorubicin/m2 (n = 17), compared with that for 1 mg of doxorubicin/kg (n = 14; P ≤ 0.01).This study indicated that a body weight - based (milligram per kilogram) dosing regimen may result in more uniform therapeutic and toxic responses in dogs. Limited toxicosis was observed in dogs weighing > 10 kg treated with doxorubicin with either dosing scheme; however, differences in pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that 1 mg/kg may be an inappropriately low dosage.
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Diana, Nevy. "RESPONE OF FORAGES BY ADMINISTRATION OF FERMENTED GOAT URINE." JURNAL PETERNAKAN NUSANTARA 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jpnu.v5i1.1420.
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Urine goat fermentented can be used as organic fertilizers element hara on the ground For the agricultural crops and forage. Theof this study todetermine dosage of fermented goat urine onnumber of tillers, plant heightproduction of fresh dry matter,content of Phosphor and potassium on different forages (Pennisetum purpureum schumach), (Setaria sphacelata)and (Brachiaria brizantha). Experimental design usedfactorial with two factors, the first factor wasdose of fermented goat urine (liters /ha) composed of P0 = 0/ha,P1 = 10/ha, P2 = 15/haand P3 = 20/ha and the second factor was forages composed of R1 Pennisetum purpureum schumach, R2 Setaria sphacelataand R3 Brachiaria brizanta. The results showed that dosage of fermented goat urine and species of forage and interaction had significant effect (P<0.05) on number of tillers, plant height, fresh and dry weight production, phosphorus and potassium of plant.Increasing dosage, dosage fermented goat urine.Increase plantheight, fresh weight, dry weight production while, growth of Pennisetum purpureum schumach was higher than Brachiaria brizantha and Setaria sphacelata. The optimum dosage fermented goat urine on Pennisetum purpureum schumach was 20 liters/ha while on Brachiaria brizantha and Setaria sphacelata was 15 liters/ha. It is concluded that usage increase growth of forages and the best combination show on Pennisetum purpureum schumach with dosage at 20 liters /ha.Keywords: Forages, Urine goat fermented, productivity.
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Woo, Emily Jane, and Megha Kaushal. "Rhesus Immunoglobulin Dosage and Administration in Obese Individuals." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 141, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0286-le.
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Duval, Julie M., and Steven C. Budsberg. "Cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.02.188.
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SUMMARY Cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin were determined over time in dogs after sc administration of the drug. Nineteen healthy adult dogs were anesthetized and were given 2.5 or 5.0 mg of enrofloxacin/kg of body weight, sc. Serial serum and bone samples were obtained for determination of enrofloxacin concentrations at intervals until 8 hours after drug administration. Cortical bone samples were procured by surgical disarticulation of successive second phalanges. Additional cortical bone samples were taken from long bones in 4 dogs. Mean ± sd peak serum enrofloxacin concentration was 0.54 ± 0.10 μg/ml for the 2.5-mg/kg dosage and 0.97 ± 0.34 μg/ml for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage. Serum concentration was significantly higher than bone concentration for each dosage. Mean peak bone concentrations reached 29% of peak serum values: 0.15 ± 0.09 μg/g and 0.29 ± 0.09 μg/g for 2.5-mg/kg and 5.0-mg/kg dosages, respectively. Serum concentration for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage was significantly greater than that for the 2.5-mg/kg dosage for all times, whereas bone concentrations for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage were significantly higher at all times after 180 minutes. For the duration of the study, cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin at either dosage exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for the Enterobacteriaceae, but reliably exceeded the mic for Staphylococcus sp only at the 5.0-mg/kg dosage. At no time did cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin exceed the mic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa at either dosage. To validate extrapolation of data from the second phalanx to long bones and from anesthetized to awake dogs, 16 healthy dogs being euthanatized in unrelated studies were given 2.5 or 5.0 mg of enrofloxacin/kg, sc. These dogs were not anesthetized but were euthanatized at 60, 120, or 240 minutes after drug administration, and multiple cortical bone samples were taken. Antibiotic concentrations in the second phalanx were not significantly different from those in long bones. Comparison of enrofloxacin concentrations in cortical bone of awake and anesthetized dogs suggested no differences between groups. We concluded that general anesthesia and use of the antibiotic concentrations in the second phalanx as representative of those in long bones did not affect results of this study.
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Sharma, Swati, Dileep Singh Baghel, Saurabh Singh, and Sachin Kumar Singh. "DOSAGE FORM DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIKANTAKADI KVATHA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 16 (September 16, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s4.21336.
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Objective: This is aimed to study the development of different dosage form and physicochemical characterization of Trikantakadi Kvatha (TK).Methods: Stability, shelf life, non-convenient, and large dosages administration are the major concern for Kvatha. To overcome these problems, an effort has been made to modify the formulation without changing its efficacy into various dosage forms such as tablet, syrup, and tincture. Comparative pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical parameters of crude herbs and prepared formulations were investigated. TK was prepared by classical method mentioned in literature and converted into TK syrup, TK Ghana vati, and Trikantakadi tincture (TT). Precaution should be taken during the processing of formulations. TT placed at a dark place in airtight container.Results: Physicochemical and phytochemical investigations are not shown any remarkable variations with various prepared dosage forms. The Rf range observed between the 0.08 and 0.80 follows the standard value when compared with the reference of plant drug used for the preparation of dosage form.Conclusion: The prepared dosages forms were not exhibited any remarkable difference according to thin-layer chromatography studies and physicochemical parameters. However, the developed dosage forms are more stable than kvatha.
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Bocea, Bogdan-Axente, Bianca-Iulia Catrina, Mihai-Dan Roman, Nicolas Catalin Ionut Ion, Sorin Radu Fleaca, Cosmin-Ioan Mohor, Antonescu Oana Raluca, Sergiu-Ioan Moga, and Romeo Gabriel Mihaila. "Incidence of Subclinical Deep Vein Thrombosis after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Is Not Correlated with Number of Tranexamic Acid Doses." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2024): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133834.
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Background: Recent studies increasingly highlight the efficacy of tranexamic acid administration in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the optimal dosage of tranexamic acid is still controversial. Methods: The current study analyzes the efficiency of tranexamic acid dosage and the number of administrations in THA and TKA. The objective of this study is to compare the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on the number of dosages. We divided the patients into two groups; one group received a single dosage, and the other group received two dosages. Doppler ultrasound examinations were conducted on the lower limbs of all patients at both six and thirty days postoperatively. The second objective is to compare the decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) in the two groups. Results: The results show that there is no difference in DVT incidence between the patients with different TXA numbers of dosages. There is no statistically significant decrease in Hb between the two groups at day one and day five postoperatively. Day one shows a statistically higher average in the two-dose group, approximately 0.06 g/dL, and day five shows a slightly elevated average in the single-dose group, approximately 0.06 g/dL. Blood transfusion requirements show no significant differences in the groups; one patient in the single-dose tranexamic acid group needed transfusion at day five postoperatively, while two patients in each group required immediate postoperative transfusion. Conclusion: There was no increase in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis among patients receiving two dosages of tranexamic acid.
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He, Zili, Maged Khalil, Srinivas Kodali, Seema Naik, Chenthilmuragan Rathnasabapathy, William Steier, Madhumati Kalavar, and Chi Chen. "Differential Modulation of Erythrogenic Effects of EPO by Prolonged Administration of Glucocorticoids." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1733.1733.
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Abstract Glucocorticoids have either stimulatory or inhibitory effects on erythropoesis depending upon the timing and the dosage of their administration. We previously reported cases of enhanced hematopoetic recovery in response to erythropoietin (Epo; Procrit) in patients receiving prolonged treatment of glucocortcoids. To examine the differential roles of glucocorticoids on erythropoiesis in chronic settings, we use a murine model in current study and evaluate erythropoietic responses to Epo for rats receiving higher (loading) or lower (maintenance) dosages of dexamethasone(Dex) for a prolonged period of time. Commercially-obtained adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to DEX, EPO, DEX+EPO, or control groups, and maintained at conditions approved by the institutional Animal Care and Research Committee. Rats in the EPO or DEX+EPO groups received subcutaneous injection of Epo at 70 units/100 grams body weight, once a week, for five week. The animals in the DEX or DEX+EPO group were both divided into two subgroups receiving injection of Dex at either higher doses of 0.4mg/350 grams body weight, or lower doses of 0.02 mg/350 grams body weight, three times a week, for five weeks. The animals were sacrificed at the end of study and peripheral blood and bone marrow were used to evaluate levels of erythropoiesis. Weekly administration of Epo (70 units/100 grams body weight) for five weeks produced enhanced erythropoiesis in the EPO group, resulting in an increase of 10.6% in RBC, and 15.3% increase in hemoglobin (Hb), compared to control. Treatment of rats with higher dosage (0.4 mg/350 g, three times a week for five weeks) of dexamethasone increased RBC and Hb by 3% and 2%, respectively, when compared with controls. Combined treatment of Epo and dexamethasone at the higher dosage enhanced the erythropoiesis, and increased RBC and Hb by 20% and 23%, respectively. In contrast, treatment of rats with a lower maintenance dosage of 0.02 mg/350 g body weight, three times a week for five weeks, peripheral RBC and Hb levels were dropped by 7% and 6%, respectively. Combination of Epo and the lower dosage of dexamethasone could only generate an increase in RBC and Hb of 10% each, displaying suppressing effect of dexamethasone at lower dosage. Bone marrow biopsy revealed hypocellularity in all groups using dexamethasone. Marrow iron staining was performed and ruled out any iron deficiency in all groups. These results suggest that glucocorticoids modulate erythropoisis in two ways depending on concentrations, enhancing erythropoiesis greatly at loading dosage while suppressing it at lower maintenance doses. Our data, together with our clinical observations, present an interesting phenomenon of cross modulation of the two widely used medications, Epo and glucocorticoids. It certainly warrants further investigation of involving pathways at molecular levels. In Vivo Effects of Dexamethasone on Epo stimulated erythropoiesis In Vivo Effects of Dexamethasone on Epo stimulated erythropoiesis
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Nadeshkumar, Abarna, Gitanjali Sathiadas, and Shalini Sri Ranganathan. "Administration of oral dosage forms of medicines to children in a resource limited setting." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): e0276379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276379.
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Background There are many paediatric specific challenges such as lack of age-appropriate dosage forms, inability of young children to swallow tablets and capsules and poor acceptability, during administration of oral dosage forms of medications to children. Parents adopt various methods which they consider best to circumvent this problem. The objective of this study was to describe the administration practice by parents when giving oral dosage forms of medications to children. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the administration practice of 1800 oral dosage forms of medications administered to children under the age of 12 years using validated indicators. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire given to parents or caregivers was used to collect the necessary data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Data from 1800 oral dosage forms was obtained from 663 children. Of the 1287 solid dosage forms, almost one-third were manipulated by parents at the time of giving the medications to children. They were crushed and dissolved in water given to children. In about 17% of instances safety of water was questionable. In 92% of instances, measuring device was found to be inappropriate. Conclusion Administration of oral dosage forms of medications to children is far from ideal and hinders successful use of medications in children.
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Tai, Lydia W., Victor K. L. Hung, Wei Mei, Qiu Qiu, Sookja K. Chung, and C. W. Cheung. "Effects of Repeated Central Administration of Endothelin Type A Receptor Antagonist on the Development of Neuropathic Pain in Rats." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/529871.
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Endothelin-1 (ET-1) predominates in the endothelin family effectively in vascular tone control, mitogenesis, and neuromodulation. Its receptors are widespread in the central nervous system (CNS) associated with endogenous pain control, suggesting an important role of ET-1 in central pain processing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of central ET-1 on the development of neuropathic pain behaviour by repeated intrathecal administration of endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) antagonist (BQ-123) in a sciatic nerve ligation (SNL) animal model. BQ-123 was administered intrathecally to rats at dosages 15 μg, 20 μg, 25 μg, and 30 μg, daily for 3 days. Mechanical allodynia was assessed daily 30 minutes before/after injection, 1 hour after injection of BQ-123 from post-SNL day 4 to day 6, and once on day 7 (without BQ-123 administration) before rats were sacrificed. Increasing trends of mechanical threshold were observed, and they reached significance at all dosages on post-SNL day 7 (P<0.05at dosage 15 μg andP<0.001at dosages 20 μg, 25 μg, and 30 μg) in comparison to control group. BQ-123 at dosage 30 μg showed the most stable and significant mechanical threshold rise. Repeated central administration of BQ-123 alleviated mechanical allodynia after SNL. Our results provide insight into the therapeutic strategies, including timing, against neuropathic pain development with ETAR antagonist.
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S.N., Rakesh Babu, Gururaj S. Kulkarni, Yuktha HJ, and Padma M. Paarakh. "Veterinary Dosage Forms." International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, no. 32 (February 2, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.32.1.9.
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In the field of science known as veterinary medicine, non-human animals such as cattle, working animals, and domestic animals are treated using medical, surgical, public health, dental, diagnostic, and therapeutic concepts. The development of veterinary dosage forms holds promise for the future of biotechnology, medication therapy, and diagnostics. Brief explanations of the classification of animals, the requirement for veterinary dosage forms, the flavorings used in animals, the various routes of administration, and the dosage form in animals are the main points of this overview. A brief discussion has been had on stability studies and control agencies from various nations that concentrate on the legal requirements for veterinary pharmaceuticals.
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Letcher, James, and Ronald Durante. "Evaluation of use of tiletamine/zolazepam for anesthesia of bullfrogs and leopard frogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.01.80.
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Summary Use of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (1:1 fixed ratio combination) as an anesthetic agent in 2 anuran species was studied. A dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, administered im, resulted in variable weak tranquilization. Intramuscular administration at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg induced variable states of tranquilization or anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and bullfrogs (R catesbeiana). The dosages of 50 mg/kg induced anesthesia with greater consistency than lower dosages in bullfrogs, but resulted in mortalities. The same dosage was uniformly fatal in leopard frogs. Neither gross nor histologic lesions were identified in the frogs that died. Depth and duration of anesthesia was dosage related. At the 20 and 50 mg/kg dosages, leopard frogs attained a greater depth of anesthesia and remained anesthetized for a significantly greater duration than did bullfrogs; however, at the 5 and 10 mg/kg dosages, bullfrogs developed greater tranquilization for longer periods than did leopard frogs. Results of this study revealed profound intraspecies variation in depth and duration of effect of tiletamine/zolazepam; therefore, the drug does not appear to be a suitable injectable anesthetic in anurans.
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Vatistas, Nicholas J., Jack R. Snyder, Susan V. Hildebrand, Faye A. Harmon, Michael J. Woliner, Pegeen Henry, L. Reed Enos, David Magliano, Scott Anthony Brown, and Christiana Drake. "Effects of the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G on ischemia and reperfusion injury of the ascending colon in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.12.2155.
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Summary Sixteen horses were allotted at random to 3 groups: vehicle only; low dosage (vehicle and 3 mg of U-74389G/kg of body weight); high dosage (vehicle and 10 mg of U-74389G/kg). These solutions were given prior to reperfusion. The ascending colon was subjected to 2 hours of ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Before, during, and after ischemia, full-thickness colonic tissue biopsy specimens were obtained for measurement of malondealdehyde (mda) concentration and myeloperoxidase activity and for morphologic evaluation. Although increases were not significant, mda concentration and myeloperoxidase activity increased during ischemia and reperfusion. Administration of U-74389G did not have significant effects on mda concentration and myeloperoxidase activity. However, the lower dosage tended (P = 0.08) to reduce myeloperoxidase activity at 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion. In horses of the vehicle-only group, ischemia induced a decrease in mucosal surface area that was continued into the reperfusion period (P ≤ 0.05). Administration of U-74389G at both dosages (3 and 10 mg/kg) prevented the reperfusion-induced reduction in mucosal surface area, which was significant at 60 minutes (high dosage; P = 0.05) and 90 minutes (low and high dosages; P = 0.02). After initial reduction in horses of all groups, mucosal volume increased for the initial 60 minutes of reperfusion. Our results indicate that lipid peroxidation may be partially involved in continued cellular death after ischemia of the ascending colon of horses. The 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, prevented further loss of mucosa and partially attenuated the induced increase in myeloperoxidase activity during reperfusion of the ascending colon.
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Rosenthal, J., G. Milla, A. Flores, M. Yon, C. Pfeiffer, E. Umaña, N. Skerrette, and F. Barahona. "Effect of different dosage and administration schedules of folic acid on blood folate levels in a population of Honduran women of reproductive age." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 8 (August 2008): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008002255.
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AbstractBackgroundObservational studies and clinical trials have shown conclusive evidence that periconceptional folic acid supplementation prevents up to 70 % of neural tube defects (NTD). The Honduran government wanted to implement a supplementation programme of folic acid but needed to assess the relative effects of two dosages of folic acid.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of two dosages of folic acid on blood folate levels in Honduran female factory workers aged 18 to 49 years.DesignThis was a randomized, double-blind control supplementation trial conducted in Choloma, Honduras. A total of 140 eligible women were randomly assigned to two dosage groups and followed up for 12 weeks. One group received a daily dosage of 1 mg folic acid and the other a once weekly dosage of 5 mg. Serum folate and red blood cell folate levels were determined by radioassay at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks.ResultsSerum folate levels increased from 6·3 (se 0·2) to 14·9 (se 0·6) ng/ml (P < 0·0001) in women assigned to the 1 mg/d group and from 6·9 (se 0·3) to 10·1 (se 0·4) ng/ml (P < 0·0001) in those assigned to the 5 mg/week group. Red blood cell folate concentrations also increased significantly in both groups, albeit more slowly. Educational level, age and BMI were not associated with the changes in serum and red blood cell folate levels during the supplementation period. However, a differential effect on serum folate levels by dosage group and time was observed.ConclusionsAlthough both folate supplementation regimens increased serum and red blood cell folate levels significantly among the women studied, blood folate levels that are considered to be protective of NTD were reached faster with the daily dosage of 1 mg folic acid.
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Prajapat, Priyanka, Dilip Agrawal, and Gaurav Bhaduka. "A brief overview of sustained released drug delivery system." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 05–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2022.10.3.5.11.
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The most popular and patient-friendly method of drug administration is often thought to be the oral route of administration. Compared to conventional release formulations, advancements in formulation technology, including modified release dosage forms or sustained release oral dosage forms, have been extensively accepted. A sustained release dosage form provides a prolonged release of the drug over an extended period, thereby giving better patient compliance and enhanced bioavailability. Sustain release systems are considered a wiser approach for drugs with short half-lives requiring repeated dosing. Sustained release drug delivery has a range of advantages over conventional dosage forms, including increased patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, significantly reduced steady state drug level fluctuations, maximum drug utilization, the increased safety margin of potent drugs, lower healthcare costs due to improved therapy, and shorter treatment times. The present review focuses on design, fabrication, and various factors that influence the performance of sustained-release dosage forms.
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Sojka, J. E., J. S. Weiss, M. L. Samuels, and Guey-Mei You. "Effect of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on gastric fluid pH in ponies." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.10.1818.
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SUMMARY The effect of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on gastric fluid pH was investigated in 4 ponies. Gastric fluid pH was determined after sc administration of octreotide or physiologic saline solution (control). A baseline sample of fluid was obtained, the agent was given, and 8 additional samples were collected hourly. Administration of octreotide at all dosages tested (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/kg of body weight) increased gastric pH to > 5.0. Baseline values were consistently < 2.7. Administration of octreotide at these same dosages induced gastric pH values > 4.0 for 2.4 ± 1.2, 4.8 ± 0.8, 5.7 ± 1.3, and 5.4 ± 2.6 (mean ± sd) continuous hours, respectively. Treatment at all dosages increased the pH of gastric fluid, compared with control values. The duration of the increase in pH was significantly (P < 0.05) different than that of the control treatment, even for the lowest dosage, 0.1 μg/kg.
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Kravtsova, O. Yu, D. A. Dvoryaninov, G. B. Kolyvanov, A. A. Litvin, O. G. Gribakina, and V. P. Zherdev. "Experimental pharmacokinetics of a new antiparkinsonian drug ADK-1113." Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, no. 1 (June 25, 2024): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/2587-7836-2024-1-27-31.
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The pharmacokinetics of a new antiparkinsonian drug ADK-1113 after single intravenous and intragastric administrations in mice at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg was studied. The absolute bioavailability was 10.1–16.3 % that indicates on potential possibility of preparing a dosage form for oral administration.
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Yeung, T. K., K. Chakrabarti, D. Wilding, and J. W. Hopewell. "Modification of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: manipulation of the dosage schedule." Human & Experimental Toxicology 21, no. 11 (November 2002): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht300oa.
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Modification of the dosing schedule for doxorubicin (DOX) administration represents a possible method of reducing cardiotoxicity from this potent anti-cancer drug, while at the same time maintaining its cytotoxic action. The quantitative effects of modified dosage scheduling have been investigated in a clinically relevant rat model. Cardiotoxicity to DOX was assessed by the degree of reduction in cardiac output at 4–24 weeks after the intravenous administration of DOX. The effects of dose schedules involving three or six small dose administrations, over one and two weeks, were compared with that produced by large single doses of DOX. The total drug dose administered for each schedule was varied in order to establish dose–effect relationships. After a total dose of 3 mg/kg DOX, given as three or six equal small doses, there was a gradual decline in cardiac output in the first 12 weeks after drug administration. Between 12 and 24 weeks, the reduction in cardiac function was relatively stable at between 65% and 85% of that of age-matched controls for three and six equal small doses, respectively. Dose–effect curves for animals showing a ¶30% reduction in cardiac function after 12 weeks indicated the degree of reduction in cardiac function produced by the modified dose scheduling. Compared with a large single dose, larger total doses were required to produce the same severity of damage. Thus, schedules based on three and six equal small doses resulted in dose modification factor of 1.5 ‘0.23 and 2.1’ 0.28, respectively, when compared with the same effect produced by a large single dose. This appeared to be independent of the severity of cardiac damage, suggesting a simple mathematical relationship between the total acceptable dose of DOX and the dose administered at each intravenous injection. These modifications in the cardiotoxicity of DOX produced by the administration of multiple small doses were of the same order of magnitude as that produced by other methods introduced to reduce anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
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Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Incorrect administration method for booster dosage of rabies vaccination." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 6 (June 2014): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140040.
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Almeida, Nilsa Maria Galvão, Renata Lima, Thaís Francine Ribeiro Alves, Márcia de Araújo Rebelo, Patrícia Severino, and Marco Vinícius Chaud. "A novel dosage form for buccal administration of bupropion." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 51, no. 1 (March 2015): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502015000100010.
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Bupropion is an antidepressant used in the treatment of smoking. The purpose of this study was to prepare controlled-release hydrogel films for buccal administration of bupropion and investigate its physicochemical and cytotoxic properties. The films were prepared from ultrapure sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K4M, and medium-viscosity chitosan. Evaluation of film physicochemical characteristics was based on scanning electron microscopy, bupropion content, mechanical strength (burst strength, relaxation, resilience, and traction), and cytotoxicity. Bupropion content in bilayer films was 121 mg per 9 cm2. The presence of bupropion modified film mechanical strength, but did not compromise the use of this pharmaceutical form. As shown by the cytotoxicity results, films containing bupropion did not cause cellular damage. Bupropion administration in the form of hydrogel films is a potentially useful alternative in the treatment of smoking.
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Daniel, Phyllis. "Adult Dosage-range Policy Development for Pain Medication Administration." Clinical Nurse Specialist 19, no. 2 (March 2005): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002800-200503000-00021.
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Ceschel, G. C., P. Maffei, S. Lombardi Borgia, C. Ronchi, and S. Rossi. "Development of a Mucoadhesive Dosage Form for Vaginal Administration." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 27, no. 6 (January 2001): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ddc-100105179.
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Perioli, Luana, Giuseppina D’Alba, and Cinzia Pagano. "New oral solid dosage form for furosemide oral administration." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 80, no. 3 (April 2012): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.12.011.
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Rollins, Brett M., Diana C. Lee, and Matthew A. Silva. "Insulin Dosage Preparation and Administration: Prefilled Pens versus Syringes." Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 43, no. 3 (September 2013): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2055-2335.2013.tb00254.x.
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Beardsworth, S. F., R. Ahmad, E. Terry, and K. Karim. "IntraperitonealInsulin: A Protocol for Administration during CAPD and Review of Published Protocols." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088800800208.
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For many diabetics in end-stage renal failure, the initial therapy they receive will be continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) together with i.p. insulin. To date, all published protocols rely on empirical dosages based upon predialysis insulin requirements. A practical regimen for the institution of i.p. insulin administration during CAPD is described. The only endpoints used to determine insulin dosage were fasting plasma glucose 5 to 10 mmol/L and 2 h postprandial plasma glucose 8 to 15 mmol/L. An initial protocol related to body weight, dextrose content, volume, and timing of dialysate was based on a retrospective analysis of the results in our first 10 patients. Subsequently, a prospective assessment in an additional 22 patients confirmed the effectiveness of the regimen. The following protocol is recommended for the institution of i.p. insulin therapy in patients undergoing CAPD: Preprandial exchanges 1.36% dextrose-0.175 U/L dialysate/kg body weight 3.86% dextrose-0.25 U/L/kg Overnight exchanges 1.36% dextrose-0.1 U/L/kg 3.86% dextrose-0.15 U/L/kg Further adjustment of insulin dosage is then made on the basis of four hourly plasma glucose profiles. Self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose is recommended.
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Almukainzi, May. "Assessment of oral solid dosage forms administration manner and acceptability." Pharmacia 68, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e65604.
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Taking oral solid dosage forms (OSDFs) safely and effectively is particularly important. This study aimed to determine the pattern and knowledge about the proper criteria of OSDF administration and the consumers’ preferences toward OSDF characteristics. The aims of this study were achieved by cross-sectional survey through open and closed-ended questionnaires, and the presence of the main OSDF administration recommendations of a sample of 32 OSDF drug leaflets was assessed. Based on a simple random sample of 250 volunteers, we found inadequate compliance with the OSDF medicine administration criteria. We also found an absence of the main recommendations of OSDF drug administration on most of the investigated OSDF drug leaflets. Conventional white, round tablets were found to be the most preferred type of OSDF drug. These findings can be valuable to pharmaceutical manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and pharmacists to enhancing patient awareness and compliance with OSDF administration for safe and effective drug administration.
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Meher, Abhishek, and Nachiket S. Dighe. "An Overview of Fast Dissolving Oral Film." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (August 29, 2019): 822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3428.
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Taste-masking techniques are applied to mask or overcome the bitter or unpleasant taste of active pharmaceutical ingredients/drugs to achieve patient acceptability and compliance. Oral administration of bitter or unpleasant tasting drugs is often the biggest barrier for patient groups, such as pediatrics and geriatrics [1, 2]. Unless the active ingredient is tasteless or does not have any unpleasant taste, taste-masking plays a key role in the success of a final solid oral dosage form. The efficiency of taste-masking is often a key determinant for the success of specialized dosage forms like orally disintegrating tablets and films, and chewable tablets [2]. The mechanisms of taste-masking techniques often rely on two major approaches: the first is to add sweeteners, flavors, and effervescent agents to mask the unpleasant taste, and the second is to avoid the contact of bitter/unpleasant drugs with taste buds. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in the area of taste-masking by applying novel strategies and techniques, such as hot-melt extrusion and microencapsulation.[1,3] The following presents an overview and current status of the industrial approaches and platforms used for taste-masking in oral dosage forms. [1, 2, 4] Many pharmaceutical companies are switching their products from tablets to fast dissolving oral thin films (OTFs).[6,7] Films have all the advantages of tablets (precise dosage, easy administration) and those of liquid dosage forms (easy swallowing, rapid bioavailability). Statistics have shown that four out of five patients prefer orally disintegrating dosage forms over conventional solid oral dosages forms. Pediatric, geriatric, bedridden, emetic patients and those with Central Nervous System disorders, have difficulty in swallowing or chewing solid dosage forms.[7,8] Many of these patients are non-compliant in administering solid dosage forms due to fear of choking.[9] OTFs when placed on the tip or the floor of the tongue are instantly wet by saliva. This technology provides a good platform for patent non- infringing product development and for increasing the patent life-cycle of the existing products. [10, 11]
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Prins, Petra, Simone Wahnschafft, Kiara Rivera Guevara, Ahsum Khan, Anna Fishbein, and Keith Robert Unger. "Assessment of the incidence of medical events reported following Y90 treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2017): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.491.
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491 Background: Radioembolization (Y90) is a minimally invasive procedure combining embolization and radiation therapy to treat primary and metastatic liver tumors. During radioembolization, resin beads loaded with the radioactive isotope, yttrium Y-90, are administered through the hepatic arterial vasculature. Although the safety profile of Y90 is well described, the number of dosage errors associated with treatment delivery is unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess incidence of medical events reported following Y90 treatment. Methods: A search was conducted of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission events notification database for reported medical events between January 2000 and July 2016 using the following search terms: Y90, SIRS spheres, and TheraSpheres. Results: We recorded 96 reported medical events related to Y90 treatment: 26% were related to human error, 20% to equipment malfunction, 14% to catheter blockage, 2% were caused by catheter movement, 5% were the result of improper microsphere migration, and 33% had undetermined cause. The human error-related events consisted of application of an incorrect dose (82%), administration to the incorrect liver lobe (7%), or targeting of the wrong organ (11%). For the events involving incorrect dose administration, the total dosage exceeded the prescribed dose by greater than 20% in 5 events, while the total dosage was less than the prescribed dose by > 20% in 86 events. In 12 cases, dose inaccuracies were indicated but final dose administered was not reported. Conclusions: Although the incidence of medical events was relatively small, equipment failure and human errors were frequent. Under dosages occurred more often than over dosages. Stopcock malfunction and catheter blockage were common causes and equipment redesign should be considered. Human errors involving administration of the incorrect dose are potentially avoidable with procedural modifications.
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Jacob, Ani, and Jane H. White. "Lavender aromatherapy for sleep in hospitalized patients: A scoping review." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 11, no. 10 (June 17, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n10p41.
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Background and objective: The importance of promoting sleep for hospitalized patients is vital especially because sleep has been shown to promote healing. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches for health and wellness have been widely used in the United States. However, for hospitalized patients, while aromatherapy such as lavender is often used by nurses for comfort and sleep, the evidence for specific dosage and administration methods are unclear, even though its effectiveness has been shown and published. The purpose of this scoping review is to highlight the significant issues surrounding the evidence to date for lavender aromatherapy’s clinical use for hospitalized patients.Methods: This review utilized the PRISMA steps to identify literature important to the study’s purpose.Results: After the initial search using specific keywords yielded 588 articles, further steps in the process resulted in 8 studies whose purpose was to test the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy for sleep in hospitalized patients. Three major categories that resulted from the review addressed the clinical evidence limitations associated with lavender’s use for sleep: the wide range of sample characteristics and counties, mixed variables for study purposes, and disparate dosage and administration methods. Most significant for clinical practice was the disparate dosages and methods of lavender aromatherapy administration across the studies reviewed for effectiveness.Conclusion and implications: Nurses should proceed with caution when using lavender aromatherapy for hospitalized patients. This review highlighted the need for nurses to conduct and disseminate findings from randomized clinical trials utilizing hospitalized general medical-surgical patients. Testing dosages and administration methods that have shown to be effective for medical surgical hospitalized patients is warranted.
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Budsberg, Steuen C., Douglas T. Kemp, and Nancy Wolski. "Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate in dogs after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.12.2333.
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Summary Clindamycin phosphate was administered to dogs at dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight via iv and im routes. The disposition curve for iv administration was best represented as a 2-compartment open model. Mean elimination half life was 194.6 ± 24.5 minutes for iv administration and 234.8 ± 27.3 minutes for im administration. Bioavailability after im administration was 87%. Dosage of 11 mg/kg, iv, given every 8 hours, provided serum concentration of clindamycin that exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for all Staphylococcus spp, as well as most pathogenic anaerobes, throughout the dosing interval. Intramuscular administration induced signs of pain and cannot be recommended.