Journal articles: 'Adjustment (Psychology) Depression, Mental'

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Maercker, Andreas, Rahel C. Bachem, Louisa Lorenz, Christian T. Moser, and Thomas Berger. "Adjustment Disorders Are Uniquely Suited for eHealth Interventions: Concept and Case Study." JMIR Mental Health 2, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.4157.

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Background Adjustment disorders (also known as mental distress in response to a stressor) are among the most frequently diagnosed mental disorders in psychiatry and clinical psychology worldwide. They are also commonly diagnosed in clients engaging in deliberate self-harm and in those consulting general practitioners. However, their reputation in research-oriented mental health remains weak since they are largely underresearched. This may change when the International Statistical Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization is introduced, including a new conceptualization of adjustment disorders as a stress-response disorder with positively defined core symptoms. Objective This paper provides an overview of evidence-based interventions for adjustment disorders. Methods We reviewed the new ICD-11 concept of adjustment disorder and discuss the the rationale and case study of an unguided self-help protocol for burglary victims with adjustment disorder, and its possible implementation as an eHealth intervention. Results Overall, the treatment with the self-help manual reduced symptoms of adjustment disorder, namely preoccupation and failure to adapt, as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions E-mental health options are considered uniquely suited for offering early intervention after the experiences of stressful life events that potentially trigger adjustment disorders.

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Stravynski, Ariel, Maryse Tremblay, and Richard Verreault. "Marital Adjustment and Depression." Psychopathology 28, no. 2 (1995): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000284908.

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Whisman, Mark A. "Marital adjustment and outcome following treatments for depression." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69, no. 1 (2001): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.69.1.125.

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Elgar, Frank J., Patrick J. McGrath, Daniel A. Waschbusch, Sherry H. Stewart, and Lori J. Curtis. "Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems." Clinical Psychology Review 24, no. 4 (August 2004): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.02.002.

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Barcelona de Mendoza, Veronica, Emily W. Harville, Jane Savage, and Gloria Giarratano. "Experiences of Intimate Partner and Neighborhood Violence and Their Association With Mental Health in Pregnant Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 6 (November 17, 2015): 938–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515613346.

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Both intimate partner violence and neighborhood crime have been associated with worse mental health outcomes, but less is known about cumulative effects. This association was studied in a sample of pregnant women who were enrolled in a study of disaster exposure, prenatal care, and mental and physical health outcomes between 2010 and 2012. Women were interviewed about their exposure to intimate partner violence and perceptions of neighborhood safety, crime, and disorder. Main study outcomes included symptoms of poor mental health; including depression, pregnancy-specific anxiety (PA), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of mental health with adjustment for confounders. Women who experienced high levels of intimate partner violence and perceived neighborhood violence had increased odds of probable depression in individual models. Weighted high cumulative (intimate partner and neighborhood) experiences of violence were also associated with increased odds of having probable depression when compared with those with low violence. Weighed high cumulative violence was also associated with increased odds of PTSD. This study provides additional evidence that cumulative exposure to violence is associated with poorer mental health in pregnant women.

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Haj-Yahia, Muhammad M. "Political violence in retrospect: Its effect on the mental health of Palestinian adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 4 (July 2008): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408090971.

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The aim of this study has been to examine the effect of retrospective report of political violence during the first Intifada (1987—1993) on psychological adjustment of 1185 Palestinian adolescents (10th to 12th graders) seven years after the first Intifada had ended. Analysis of the inter-relations was conducted between self-reported measures of political violence, socio-demographic characteristics, perceived parents' psychological adjustment problems and internalizing (i.e., somatization, withdrawal, anxiety, and depression) and externalizing (i.e., thought, attention and social problems, delinquent and aggressive behaviors) symptoms. It showed the significant net effect of retrospectively reported exposure to political violence on both internalizing symptoms and externalizing symptoms over and above the effect of socio-demographic characteristics and perceived parents' psychological adjustment problems. The discussion addresses the meaning of these results in light of the conceptual and methodological limitations of this study.

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Sumerlin, John R. "Adaptation to Homelessness: Self-Actualization, Loneliness, and Depression in Street Homeless Men." Psychological Reports 77, no. 1 (August 1995): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.295.

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Adaptation to homelessness was investigated in a sample of 145 street homeless men using loneliness and depression scales and the construct of self-actualization. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation of a matrix of correlations of measures on the history of being homeless, demographic data, scores on loneliness and depression scales, and self-actualization measures gave a 3-factor model of adjustment: adaptive striving, detachment, and adaptive resources. Maslow's and Sullivan's contention that satisfying interpersonal relationships are common pathways to mental health was affirmed.

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Campo-Arias, Adalberto, Yuly Suárez-Colorado, and Carmen Cecilia Caballero-Domínguez. "Factorial structure of the Beck Depression Inventory for depression in university students." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 67, no. 3 (July 2018): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000198.

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ABSTRACT Objective To explore the dimensionality of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) among Colombian college students. Methods A validation study was designed, involving the participation of a sample of 786 health science students (medicine, nursing, and psychology) aged between 18 and 27 (M=20.0, SD = 1.9). The participants completed the 21-item BDI. Internal consistency was calculated (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and dimensionality was demonstrated using factorial confirmatory analysis (CFA). Results The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was high (0.898) and the Bartlett's sphericity test gave excellent results (chi-square = 3,102.60; df = 210; p < 0.001). One-, two- and three-dimensional models were used. The unidimensional model performed best, representing 24.8% of the total variance, high internal consistency, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 and a McDonald's omega of 0.84. However, the CFA did not fit adequately (chi-square = 583.79; df = 189; p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.052, CI 90% 0.047-0.056, CFI = 0.87, TLI = 0.85 and SMSR = 0.04). Conclusions The best factor solution for the BDI is given by the unidimensional model, which presents high internal consistency. However, its adjustment in the CFA is not acceptable.

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Chen, Lingjun, and Xinyin Chen. "Affiliation with depressive peer groups and social and school adjustment in Chinese adolescents." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 1087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001184.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the role of depressive peer group context in individual social and school adjustment in a sample of 1,430 Chinese adolescents (672 boys, mean age = 15.43 years) from middle (n = 430) and high (n = 1000) schools. Peer groups were identified using the Social Cognitive Map technique. One-year longitudinal data on depression and social and school adjustment were obtained from self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, and school records. Multilevel analyses showed that group-level depression positively predicted later individual depression. Moreover, group-level depression negatively predicted later social competence, peer preference, school competence, and academic achievement, and it positively predicted later peer victimization and learning problems. The results suggest that affiliation with more depressive peer groups contributes to more psychological, social, and school adjustment problems in a cascading manner among Chinese adolescents.

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VITTENGL, J. R., L. A. CLARK, and R. B. JARRETT. "Improvement in social-interpersonal functioning after cognitive therapy for recurrent depression." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 4 (April 21, 2004): 643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001478.

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Background. Cognitive therapy reduces depressive symptoms of major depressive disorder, but little is known about concomitant reduction in social-interpersonal dysfunction.Method. We evaluated social-interpersonal functioning (self-reported social adjustment, interpersonal problems and dyadic adjustment) and depressive symptoms (two self-report and two clinician scales) in adult outpatients (n=156) with recurrent major depressive disorder at several points during a 20-session course of acute phase cognitive therapy. Consenting acute phase responders (n=84) entered a 2-year follow-up phase, which included an 8-month experimental trial comparing continuation phase cognitive therapy to assessment-only control.Results. Social-interpersonal functioning improved after acute phase cognitive therapy (dyadic adjustment d=0·47; interpersonal problems d=0·91; social adjustment d=1·19), but less so than depressive symptoms (d=1·55). Improvement in depressive symptoms and social-interpersonal functioning were moderately to highly correlated (r=0·39–0·72). Improvement in depressive symptoms was partly independent of social-interpersonal functioning (r=0·55–0·81), but improvement in social-interpersonal functioning independent of change in depressive symptoms was not significant (r=0·01–0·06). In acute phase responders, continuation phase therapy did not further enhance social-interpersonal functioning, but improvements in social-interpersonal functioning were maintained through the follow-up.Conclusions. Social-interpersonal functioning is improved after acute phase cognitive therapy and maintained in responders over 2 years. Improvement in social-interpersonal functioning is largely accounted for by decreases in depressive symptoms.

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Beck, Cynthia A., and Scott B. Patten. "Adjustment to antidepressant utilization rates to account for depression in remission." Comprehensive Psychiatry 45, no. 4 (July 2004): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.003.

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Creaven, Ann-Marie, Amy Healy, and Siobhán Howard. "Social connectedness and depression." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 10 (July 10, 2017): 1400–1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517716786.

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The associations between volunteering and health outcomes are well established. However, little research has identified the unique association between volunteering and health outcomes over and above the contribution of related social connectedness factors, such as social contact, group or organization membership, and social support provision; variables also implicated in health outcomes. Using large-scale cross-national cross-sectional survey data from the European Social Survey, this study models the association between volunteering and depressive symptoms. Models are conducted with and without adjustment for sociodemographic variables and for a more comprehensive range of social connectedness factors than has been included in previous studies. The findings confirm previous studies demonstrating a link between volunteering and depressive symptoms. However, adjusted analyses indicate that this association can be explained by social connectedness and sociodemographic variables. The findings suggest that studies of volunteering and health outcomes should consider the broader social context in which the volunteer is located, as social connectedness and sociodemographic correlates of volunteering might be more closely tied to mental health than volunteering itself.

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Stinchcombe, Arne, Nicole G. Hammond, and Kimberley Wilson. "Differential Effects of Social Support by Sexual Orientation: A Study of Depression Symptoms Among Older Canadians in the CLSA." Research on Aging 42, no. 9-10 (August 7, 2020): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027520923111.

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This study examined differences in symptoms of mental illness, specifically depression, by sexual orientation and examined the protective role of social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) older Canadians. Data were drawn from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a national study of adults aged 45–85 years at baseline ( n = 46,157). We examined whether the effect of sexual orientation on depression symptoms was moderated by four types of social support: emotional/informational support, affectionate support, tangible support, and positive social interaction. LGB identification was associated with increased depression symptoms relative to heterosexual participants. After adjustment for covariates, bisexual identity remained a significant predictor of depression symptoms. Low emotional/informational social support was associated with increased depression symptoms, an effect that was most pronounced for lesbian and gay participants. The findings contribute to the growing body of research on the mental health of older LGB people.

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Lopez, Frederick G., Vicki L. Campbell, and C. Edward Watkins. "Depression, psychological separation, and college adjustment: An investigation for sex differences." Journal of Counseling Psychology 33, no. 1 (1986): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.1.52.

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Prosser, Jonathan, and Paul McArdle. "The changing mental health of children and adolescents: evidence for a deterioration?" Psychological Medicine 26, no. 4 (July 1996): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037739.

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SynopsisThis paper reviews the evidence for changing patterns of mental health over time in childhood and youth in Western societies. The evidence suggests that the prevalence of major depression, substance abuse and offending behaviour, as well as the incidence of suicide, is increasing in adolescent populations, particularly among males. There are also indications that problem behaviours among younger children are becoming more common. There is no evidence of a deterioration in the adjustment of the pre-school population.

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Barnow, Sven, Michael Linden, Michael Lucht, and Harald-J. Freyberger. "The importance of psychosocial factors, gender, and severity of depression in distinguishing between adjustment and depressive disorders." Journal of Affective Disorders 72, no. 1 (October 2002): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00424-4.

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Vittengl, Jeffrey R., Lee Anna Clark, and Robin B. Jarrett. "Interpersonal problems, personality pathology, and social adjustment after cognitive therapy for depression." Psychological Assessment 15, no. 1 (2003): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.1.29.

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Trousselard, Marion, Damien Claverie, Dominique Fromage, Christel Becker, Jean-Guillaume Houël, Jean-Jacques Benoliel, and Frédéric Canini. "The Relationship between Allostasis and Mental Health Patterns in a Pre-Deployment French Military Cohort." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 4 (October 12, 2021): 1239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040090.

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(1) Background: While a number of studies among military personnel focus on specific pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, they do not address the cumulative impact on mental health of stressors related to the profession. The present study aims to determine the relationship between allostatic load and mental health status in a cohort of fit-for-duty soldiers prior to their deployment to Afghanistan. The aim is to better-define the consequences of stressor adjustment. (2) Methods: A cohort of 290 soldiers was evaluated in a cross-sectional study with respect to psychopathology (PTSD, anxiety, depression), psychological functioning (stress reactivity, psychological suffering), and allostatic profile (urinary cortisol and 8-iso-PGF2α, blood cortisol and BDNF). A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify allostatic patterns. (3) Results: Around 10% of the cohort reported high scores for psychopathology, and biological alterations were identified. For the remainder, four allostatic profiles could be identified by their psychological functioning. (4) Conclusions: Both biological and psychological assessments are needed to characterize subthreshold symptomatology among military personnel. The psychological significance of allostatic load should be considered as a way to improve health outcomes.

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Harter, Susan, and Nancy R. Whitesell. "Multiple pathways to self-reported depression and psychological adjustment among adolescents." Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (1996): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400007410.

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AbstractThis study built upon earlier work documenting a theoretically derived model of four antecedents of depression, defined by a composite of global self-worth, affect (cheerful to depressed, and hope (hopefulness or hopelessness), among normative samples of adolescents. The four antecedents were: (a) perceived competence/adequacy in peer-salient domains (perceived appearance, peer likability, and athletic competence); (b) peer support; (c) perceived competence/adequacy in parent-salient domains (scholastic competence and behavioral conduct); and (d) parent support. However, not all components are observed in the profiles of individual adolescents. Thus, in this study, we examined the multiple pathways among those reporting depressive reactions (defined by the composite) as well as the different routes to positive adjustment, among those with high scores on the composite. Six profiles were identified among each group. For those reporting depressive reactions, perceived deficiencies in both peer- and parent-salient domains were particularly critical predictors. In contrast, for those reporting positive adjustment, peer and parent support were central components. The discussion emphasized the need to consider individual profile differences in planning interventions for adolescents at risk.

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Chen, Xinyin, Kenneth H. Rubin, and Boshu Li. "Social and school adjustment of shy and aggressive children in China." Development and Psychopathology 7, no. 2 (1995): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006544.

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AbstractFifty-seven extremely shy-inhibited children, 59 extremely aggressive children, and 352 of their average counterparts, 8 and 10 years-of-age, residing in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China, were compared on sociometric nominations of peer acceptance and rejection, teachers' assessments of school related competencies, a self-report measure of depression, and Chinese measures of normative school behavior, honorship, leadership, and academic achievement. The results indicated that, as in the Western literature, aggressive children in China were more likely to have difficulties in adjustment than their average age-mates. Inconsistent with the results in Western literature, shy-inhibited children in China were found to be more accepted by peers than their average age-mates. Furthermore, compared with the average and aggressive children, shy-inhibited children were most likely to be considered for honorship and leadership positions and were regarded by teachers as the most competent in school. Finally, the three comparison groups did not differ on a measure of depression. Children in China, however, evidenced higher depression scores than a comparison group in the West. Given these findings, it seems to be important to examine, in the future, the processes of socialization that lead to social adjustment and maladjustment of shy-inhibited and aggressivedisruptive children in non-Western cultures.

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Rodríguez-Pérez, Víctor, Alicia Piñeirua Menéndez, Claudia Ramírez-Rentería, and José Antonio Mata Marín. "Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) adapted for HIV: Psychometric properties, sensitivity & specificity in depressive episodes, adjustment disorder & without symptomatology." Salud mental 44, no. 6 (December 2, 2021): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2021.037.

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Introduction. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) is the most widely used instrument for assessing depression symptoms. Although it has been validated in the Mexican population, it has not been tested in people living with HIV (PLWH), who tend to have symptoms difficult to distinguish from those associated with viral infection. Objective. We obtained the psychometric properties, sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points to distinguish between a depressive episode, adjustment disorder and no symptoms. Method. Prospective study with 2,022 PLWH (88% men), who completed the BDI-IA between 2016 and 2017. Subjects had a mean age of 31.9 ± 9.3 years, with 12.0 ± 5.6 years of schooling, and 4.5 ± 4.3 years since diagnosis. The differentiation of items, internal consistency, factor analysis, and calculation of sensitivity and specificity were tested. Results. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .91 was obtained. Through factorial analysis with orthogonal rotation (average intercorrelations r = .40, KMO .929), we obtained three factors: general factor of depression, somatic, and cognition, which explained 39.7%, 6.01%, and 5.49% of the variance, respectively. Only the items in the first factor (the short version with 12 items) were tested. With a cut-off point of 11, it had 85.5% sensitivity and 76% specificity [(AUC) = .865, 95% CI [.83, .90], p ≤ .001], and distinguished major depressive disorder from cases without mental symptoms. Discussion and conclusion. We show that the short version of the BDI-IA is reliable, valid, sensitive, and specific for evaluating depression symptoms comorbid with HIV infection.

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Okun, Alexandra, Jeffrey G. Parker, and Alytia A. Levendosky. "Distinct and interactive contributions of physical abuse, socioeconomic disadvantage, and negative life events to children's social, cognitive, and affective adjustment." Development and Psychopathology 6, no. 1 (1994): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005897.

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AbstractPast research highlights the importance of considering the sequelae of physical abuse in the context of other risk factors and possible exacerbating circumstances. The present research examines the relative, unique, and interactive effects of physical abuse, sociocultural disadvantage, and cumulative negative life events. Multiple measures and data sources were used to assess the socioeconomic circumstances, exposure to recent negative events, and social, cognitive, and affective adjustment of 19 physically abused and 49 nonabused elementary school-age children. Results indicated that abuse strongly independently predicted problems in children's adjustment with peers, self-perceptions, and depression. Abuse was also related to increased behavioral problems at home and at school, though this relation abated and even reversed itself as social disadvantage increased. Cumulative negative events independently predicted negative self-perceptions and, for girls, increased depression. Socioeconomic hardship was independently related to children's cognitive maturity. In addition, socioeconomic disadvantage qualified the relation between negative events and children's adjustment to peers, such that increased negative events were related to lower peer adjustment among less disadvantaged children but increased peer adjustment of children with more disadvantage. These results support calls for a more contextualized approach to examining the developmental outcomes of physical abuse, one that considers multiple risk factors simultaneously.

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Parra, Luis A., Timothy S. Bell, Michael Benibgui, Jonathan L. Helm, and Paul D. Hastings. "The buffering effect of peer support on the links between family rejection and psychosocial adjustment in LGB emerging adults." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 6 (April 7, 2017): 854–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517699713.

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Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) emerging adults often seek support from their peers if they lack support from their family of origin. We predicted that peer social support would moderate the link between negative family relationships and psychosocial adjustment, such that in the context of family rejection, experiencing more peer support would predict lower levels of anxiety, depression, and internalized homonegativity (IH) and higher self-esteem. Sixty-two (27 females) LGB individuals (ages 17–27, M = 21.34 years, SD = 2.65) reported on their families’ attitudes toward homosexuality, experiences of family victimization, peer social support, anxiety and depression symptoms, IH, and self-esteem. Results showed that peer social support moderated the link between negative family attitudes and anxiety and also moderated the link between family victimization and depression. The moderating effects suggest that having a supportive peer group may protect against mental health problems for LGB emerging adults who lack support from their family of origin.

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Xiong, Junmei, Man Hai, Jintao Wang, Ye Li, and Guangrong Jiang. "Cumulative risk and mental health in Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of psychological capital." School Psychology International 41, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034320934524.

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The current study examined the associations among cumulative risk, psychological capital and adolescents’ anxiety/depression and life satisfaction. Chinese adolescents ( N = 1473, grades 7 to 12, ages 12 to 18, 52.1% female) completed self-report cumulative risk, psychological capital, anxiety/depressive symptoms and life satisfaction questionnaires. Cumulative risk was associated with anxiety/depression and life satisfaction. Psychological capital demonstrated a compensatory effect on youth adjustment. Furthermore, a cost of resilience was observed in high-school students with high psychological capital, who showed compromised life satisfaction in conjunction with reduced anxiety/depression under circumstances of severe adversity. Psychological capital also buffered the impact of cumulative risk on anxiety/depressive symptoms in middle-school students; however, it did not moderate the relationship between cumulative risk and life satisfaction. Therefore, psychological capital cannot protect adolescents exposed to cumulative risk from the exacerbation of psychopathology and declining life satisfaction simultaneously, and a ‘toll’ exists as a byproduct of resilience in high-school students. Suggestions for school health practices were provided accordingly.

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Aluoja, Anu, Mall Leinsalu, Jakov Shlik, Veiko Vasar, and Kersti Luuk. "Symptoms of depression in the Estonian population: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and social adjustment." Journal of Affective Disorders 78, no. 1 (January 2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00179-9.

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Nelson, Denise R., Constance Hammen, Patricia A. Brennan, and Jodie B. Ullman. "The impact of maternal depression on adolescent adjustment: The role of expressed emotion." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71, no. 5 (2003): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.5.935.

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Konrad, Marcel, and Karel Kostev. "Increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment and somatoform disorders in transsexual individuals." Journal of Affective Disorders 274 (September 2020): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.074.

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F. Rezvan, Anita, and N. L. Srimathi. "Impact of Levels of Education on Depression and Anxiety in Iranian Students." PJPR Vol. 37 No. 1 (2022) 37, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2022.37.1.04.

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Depression and anxiety had been among the most common mental health concerns reported in students across academic levels. With increased globalization, the influx of international students pursuing various professional courses in different countries has increased manifold in recent years. A bulk of research investigating the factors that affect health and adjustment of international students describe the unique challenges faced by them in adapting to new cultural environment and making successful transition. The present research focused on examining depression and anxiety among male and female Iranian students in India. The study sample consisted 300 male and 300 female students totaling to 600 students who were pursuing graduate, post graduate, doctoral, and post-doctoral degrees. Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 2001) and IPAT Anxiety scale (Cattel, Krug, & Scheier, 1976) were used to assess depression and anxiety; respectively. Results indicated that education level did not have a significant impact on depression and anxiety implying that Iranian students in India experience similar levels of depression and anxiety irrespective of their varied educational background. However, gender-wise comparison reveals a statistically significant difference, with female students reporting higher rates of depression and anxiety than their male counterparts. Therefore, it is necessary to address depression and anxiety at the earliest during college years so as to arrest their negative impact on academic outcomes.

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Pessoa, Thais Emanuele, Tamyres Tomaz Paiva, Isabella Leandra Silva Santos, Carlos Eduardo Pimentel, and Tailson Evangelista Mariano. "Structural analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory short version (BDI-13)." Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology 56, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): e1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v56i2.1515.

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Depression is known as the disease of the century, being one of the most common mental disorders nowadays. We aimed to validate the reduced version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) for Brazilian Portuguese. To achieve this goal, we conducted two studies. The first study (N = 268) had the purpose of knowing the exploratory factorial structure of the BDI-13 through the analysis of the main components, as well as the analysis of internal consistency. The results showed a one-dimensional structure comprising the 13 items. The second study (N = 250) aimed to confirm the structure present in the first study, testing alternative models of factorial structures, through confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated that the most suitable model is the three-dimensional model, presenting the best indexes of adjustment. The present scale presented factor validity as well as adequate internal consistency for research purposes.

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Cubito, David S., and Karen Obremski Brandon. "Psychological adjustment in adult adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70, no. 3 (2000): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087856.

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LAWLOR, DEBBIE A., CAROLE L. HART, DAVID J. HOLE, DAVID GUNNELL, and GEORGE DAVEY SMITH. "Body mass index in middle life and future risk of hospital admission for psychoses or depression: findings from the Renfrew/Paisley study." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 8 (April 4, 2007): 1151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000384.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is evidence that greater body mass index (BMI) protects against depression, schizophrenia and suicide. However, there is a need for prospective studies.MethodWe examined the association of BMI with future hospital admissions for psychoses or depression/anxiety disorders in a large prospective study of 7036 men and 8327 women. Weight and height were measured at baseline (1972–76) when participants were aged 45–64. Follow-up was for a median of 29 years.ResultsGreater BMI and obesity were associated with a reduced risk of hospital admission for psychoses and depression/anxiety in both genders, with the magnitude of these associations being the same for males and females. With adjustment for age, sex, smoking and social class, a 1 standard deviation (s.d.) greater BMI at baseline was associated with a rate ratio of 0·91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·82–1·01] for psychoses and 0·87 (95% CI 0·77–0·98) for depression/anxiety. Further adjustment for baseline psychological distress and total cholesterol did not alter these associations.ConclusionsOur findings add to the growing body of evidence that suggests that greater BMI is associated with a reduced risk of major psychiatric outcomes. Long-term follow-up of participants in randomized controlled trials of interventions that effectively result in weight loss and the use of genetic variants that are functionally related to obesity as instrumental variables could help to elucidate whether these associations are causal.

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Onrust, Simone, Pim Cuijpers, Filip Smit, and Ernst Bohlmeijer. "Predictors of psychological adjustment after bereavement." International Psychogeriatrics 19, no. 5 (September 14, 2006): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610206004248.

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Background: The impact of spousal bereavement on mental health varies among the widowed. More information is needed on factors influencing bereavement outcome.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study on a sample of 216 widowed individuals. Initial non-response was high, with only 8% of all approached persons participating in the study. The influence of demographic and psychosocial predictors on four general outcome measures (depression, anxiety, somatization, and quality of life) and one loss-related outcome (complicated grief) was studied by means of backward linear regression analysis. Further analyses were performed to explore the possibility of a buffer effect.Results: Depressive symptomatology was best predicted by: age, duration of widowhood, perceived non-supportiveness, physical disorders, and mastery. The other outcome measures were predicted by the same predictors supplemented by gender and education. Mastery interacted with the number of physical disorders while perceived social support interacted with duration of widowhood and age.Conclusions: Enhancement of mastery should probably be one of the components of effective support for widowed individuals most vulnerable to psychiatric complications. The widowed could furthermore benefit from social support. Obviously, these suggestions need to be further examined in longitudinal research with more representative samples.

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Dunn, T. W., J. R. Vittengl, L. A. Clark, T. Carmody, M. E. Thase, and R. B. Jarrett. "Change in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms during acute-phase cognitive therapy for depression." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001279.

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BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, is recurrent, and impairs people's work, relationships and leisure. Acute-phase treatments improve psychosocial impairment associated with MDD, but how these improvements occur is unclear. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that reductions in depressive symptoms exceed, precede and predict improvements in psychosocial functioning.MethodPatients with recurrent MDD (n=523; 68% women, 81% Caucasian, mean age 42 years) received acute-phase cognitive therapy (CT). We measured functioning and symptom severity with the Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report (SAS-SR), Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (RIFT), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology – Self-Report (IDS-SR). We tested cross-lagged correlations between functioning and symptoms measured at baseline and the beginning, middle and end of acute-phase CT.ResultsPre- to post-treatment improvement in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms was large and intercorrelated. Depressive symptoms improved more and sooner than did psychosocial functioning. However, among four assessments across the course of treatment, improvements in functioning more strongly predicted later improvement in symptoms than vice versa.ConclusionsImprovements in psychosocial functioning and depressive symptoms correlate substantially during acute-phase CT, and improvements in functioning may play a role in subsequent symptom reduction during acute-phase CT.

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Wan, Ming Wai, Deborah J. Sharp, Louise M. Howard, and Kathryn M. Abel. "Attitudes and adjustment to the parental role in mothers following treatment for postnatal depression." Journal of Affective Disorders 131, no. 1-3 (June 2011): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.009.

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Cubela Adoric, Vera, and Tina Kvartuc. "Effects of Mobbing on Justice Beliefs and Adjustment." European Psychologist 12, no. 4 (January 2007): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.4.261.

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Abstract. Recent research on psychological consequences of negative treatment at the workplace has focused new interest on the targeted employee's just-world assumptions. In line with prior work, the present study sought evidence for the hypothesis that repeated and prolonged exposure to such treatment has adverse effects on the belief in a just world (BJW) and its function in sustaining a positive outlook and mental health. To this end, a group of 54 self-labeled victims of mobbing was compared with a matched control group on measures of their justice beliefs and dimensions of their adjustment (depression, optimism, pessimism, trust, and cynicism). The results showed that the perceived victimization by mobbing (rather than the mere frequency of exposure to negative acts at the workplace) was associated with worse adjustment and a weaker belief in the justness of the world. In particular, a personal BJW was found to be sensitive to the perceived victimization, whereas a general BJW did not differ between victims and controls. The relationships of justice beliefs to adjustment dimensions were basically unaffected by victim status. Among the dimensions of adjustment, trust proved to be most strongly associated with victimization and justice beliefs.

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Fauerbach, James A., John W. Lawrence, Amy G. Bryant, and Jennifer H. Smith. "The relationship of ambivalent coping to depression symptoms and adjustment." Rehabilitation Psychology 47, no. 4 (2002): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.47.4.387.

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Tojal, Catarina, and Raquel Costa. "Depressive symptoms and mental adjustment in women with breast cancer." Psycho-Oncology 24, no. 9 (February 2, 2015): 1060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3765.

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Weiss, Jonathan A., Aranda Wingsiong, and Yona Lunsky. "Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders." Autism 18, no. 8 (November 19, 2013): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361313508024.

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Parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder often report higher levels of depression, anxiety, and mental health–related issues. The combination of stressors and family adjustment difficulties can cause distress which may develop into a crisis. Understanding crisis in the family is important to mental health practice since it can serve as a guide in delivering service to at-risk families. This study investigated the subjective experience of crisis in 155 mothers of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Thematic analysis revealed that crisis is characterized by factors influencing four major areas: demands, internal capabilities, external resources, and subjective appraisal. Understanding what crisis means to families of individuals with autism spectrum disorder can help inform effective preventative and crisis services.

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Schneider, Lon S., Mary F. Zemansky, Michael Bender, and R. Bruce Sloane. "Personality in Recovered Depressed Elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 4, no. 2 (September 1992): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610292001005.

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Personality traits in euthymic elderly subjects with and without past histories of major depressive episodes were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and the Social Adjustment Scale-SR. Recovered depressed subjects were characterized by significantly more personality traits from DSM-III-R Clusters B and C than controls, and they exhibited differences in social adjustment, as well. Subjects who have recovered from depressive episodes may show significant diferences in personality and social adjustment that might represent residua of past depression, a trait characteristic, or a risk factor for recurrence.

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French, Doran C., Jody Conrad, and Tamara M. Turner. "Adjustment of antisocial and nonantisocial rejected adolescents." Development and Psychopathology 7, no. 4 (1995): 857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940000688x.

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AbstractThis study was designed to expand the investigation of peer-rejected subgroup differences to adolescence. A sample of 501 eighth-grade adolescents (age 13–14 years) were assessed. These students and their classmates (1,082 15–16-year-olds) were assessed at 10th grade. Rejected-antisocial and rejected-nonantisocial subgroups were identified at both time periods using peer ratings of social status and antisocial behavior. They were compared with accepted, accepted-antisocial, and accepted-nonantisocial subgroups. Results are consistent with past research indicating significant heterogeneity within the rejected population. Rejected-antisocial adolescents exhibited elevated problem behavior (substance use and deviant peer involvement), depression, and school adjustment difficulties (low attendance, low achievement, and school discipline problems). Rejected-nonantisocial students in contrast exhibited little problem behavior, but were characterized by low physical attractiveness and lower involvement in athletics. Discussions of psychopathological risk associated with peer rejection must account for the heterogeneity and extreme differences between antisocial and nonantisocial-rejected adolescents. Comparison of antisocial and nonantisocial-rejected children with their respective antisocial and nonantisocial-accepted comparison groups revealed few differences. This calls into question the unique contribution of rejection in the development of psychopathology.

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Vittengl, Jeffrey R., Lee Anna Clark, Michael E. Thase, and Robin B. Jarrett. "Psychometric properties of the Marital Adjustment Scale during cognitive therapy for depression: New research opportunities." Psychological Assessment 32, no. 11 (November 2020): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000944.

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Garnefski, N., V. Kraaij, M. J. Schroevers, J. Aarnink, D. J. van der Heijden, S. M. van Es, M. van Herpen, and G. A. Somsen. "Cognitive Coping and Goal Adjustment After First-Time Myocardial Infarction: Relationships With Symptoms of Depression." Behavioral Medicine 35, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964280903232068.

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Dyer, Janyce G., and Donna E. Giles. "Familial influence in unipolar depression: Effects of parental cognitions and social adjustment on adult offspring." Comprehensive Psychiatry 35, no. 4 (July 1994): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(94)90021-3.

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Regan, Bridget, and Laura Varanelli. "Adjustment, depression, and anxiety in mild cognitive impairment and early dementia: a systematic review of psychological intervention studies." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 12 (October 14, 2013): 1963–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300152x.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Many people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early dementia suffer from concomitant depression and anxiety disorders, which in some cases, may be related difficulties adjusting to their diagnosis and associated cognitive problems. Successful adjustment and alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms in these people is of critical importance for quality of life and may also help prevent, or delay, further cognitive decline. A variety of psychosocial intervention approaches has been trialed with this group.Method:The literature was systematically searched for community-based intervention studies that aim to improve depression, anxiety, or adjustment. Studies were included or excluded using a priori criteria. Once included, the quality of studies was evaluated using pre-set criteria.Results:Seventeen of 925 studies identified through literature databases and manual searches met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 16 were considered to be of at least “adequate quality.” These included seven randomized controlled trials and eight pre–post studies. A diverse range of psychotherapeutic approaches, formats (individual or group), outcome measures, inclusion criteria, and cultural contexts were apparent, making comparisons between studies challenging.Conclusions:Several studies have demonstrated positive findings in the treatment of depression in older adults with early dementia using problem solving and modified cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) approaches. Amongst the large range of approaches trialed to improve adjustment and quality of life for patients with MCI and early dementia, some approaches, such as modified CBT, have shown promise. There is a need for replication studies using more rigorous methodology before clear clinical recommendations can be made.

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Long, Clive G., Olga Dolley, and Clive Hollin. "The use of the mental health treatment requirement (MHTR): clinical outcomes at one year of a collaboration." Journal of Criminal Psychology 8, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-01-2018-0003.

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Purpose In the UK, the mental health treatment requirement (MHTR) order for offenders on probation has been underused. A MHTR service was established to assess the effectiveness of a partnership between a probation service, a link worker charity and an independent mental healthcare provider. Short-term structured cognitive behavioural interventions were delivered by psychology graduates with relevant work experience and training. Training for the judiciary on the MHTR and the new service led to a significant increase in the use of MHTR orders. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A total of 56 (of 76 MHTR offenders) completed treatment in the first 12 months. A single cohort pre-post follow-up design was used to evaluate change in the following domains: mental health and wellbeing; coping skills; social adjustment; and criminal justice outcomes. Mental health treatment interventions were delivered under supervision by two psychology graduates who had relevant work experience and who were trained in short term, structured, cognitive behavioural (CBT) interventions. Findings Clinically significant changes were obtained on measures of anxiety and depression, and on measures of social problem solving, emotional regulation and self-efficacy. Ratings of work and social adjustment and pre-post ratings of dynamic criminogenic risk factors also improved. This new initiative has addressed the moral argument for equality of access to mental health services for offenders given a community order. Originality/value While the current initiative represents one of a number of models designed to increase the collaboration between the criminal justice and the mental health systems, this is the first within the UK to deliver a therapeutic response at the point of sentencing for offenders with mental health problems. The significant increase in the provision of MHTR community orders in the first year of the project has been associated with a decrease in the number of psychiatric reports requested that are time consuming and do not lead to a rapid treatment.

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Tsolaki, Magda, Mara Gkioka, Eleni Verykouki, Niki Galoutzi, Eirini Kavalou, and Vassiliki Pattakou-Parasyri. "Prevalence of Dementia, Depression, and Mild Cognitive Impairment in a Rural Area of the Island of Crete, Greece." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 32, no. 5 (May 4, 2017): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317517698789.

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The studies on the prevalence of dementia, depression, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Greece are sparse and show major variations of prevalence depending on geographical areas, nutritional habits, and the way of living. The aim of this door-to-door study was to find the prevalence of dementia, depression, and MCI in a rural Greek population. Four hundred and forty-three individuals older than 61years following the application of specific criteria were diagnosed with: normal cognition, depression, MCI with and without depression, and dementia with and without depression. Four diagnostic methods were used, 2 of which included Mungas correction for age and education. After Mungas adjustment, the results were as follows—depression: 33.9%; MCI: 15.3%; MCI with depression: 8.6%; dementia: 2.0%; and dementia with depression: 7.2%. Dementia is less prevalent compared to global data and other Greek areas. Mild cognitive impairment is more prevalent than dementia. High percentages of depression may be related to low education.

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Winokur, G., W. Coryell, J. Endicott, H. Akiskal, M. Keller, J. D. Maser, and M. Warshaw. "Familial depression versus depression identified in a control group: are they the same?" Psychological Medicine 25, no. 4 (July 1995): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035042.

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SYNOPSISSubjects who meet the criteria for an affective syndrome possibly are aetiologically heterogeneous. An approach to this possibility involves examining affectively ill subjects obtained by different methods of ascertainment. This study compares depressed and manic subjects who are related to affectively ill probands with affectively ill subjects who were obtained from a study of a control population, and, therefore, were less likely to be familial. The subjects were identified in a large collaborative study of depression where both family members as well as controls were personally interviewed and followed up for 6 years after admission to the study. Data were obtained on subtypes of affective disorder using the Research Diagnostic Criteria and information was gathered about psychiatric hospitalizations, suicide attempts, alcoholism and psychological functioning prior to admission. Similar assessments were made for the comparison groups for the 6 year period between intake and follow-up. Relatives of bipolar I/schizoaffective manic probands were more likely to show mania than affectively ill controls or relatives of unipolar/schizoaffective depressed probands. Affectively ill controls were less likely to be hospitalized and less likely to suffer from an incapacitating depression. They were also likely to have functioned in a more healthy fashion than the affectively ill relatives of the bipolars and unipolars, in the 5 years before admission to the study. In the 6 year follow-up, both the subjects themselves and raters assessed the depressed controls as functioning better than the affectively ill relatives of the probands. Further, assessment of global adjustment during the 6 year period was worse for the relatives of affectively ill probands than for the depressed controls. Length of major depression was longer in relatives of bipolar and unipolar probands than in controls. Though all of the subjects in this study met research criteria for an affective illness, there were marked differences in the qualitative aspects of these illnesses with the relatives of affectively ill probands, who functioned less well and had longer and more severe episodes and more hospitalizations.

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Laberon, Sonia, Catherine Grotz, Hélène Amieva, Karine Pérès, and Anne-Marie Vonthron. "Psycho-social transition to retirement and adjustment to retired life: influence on wellbeing and mental health in retired farmers." Ageing and Society 39, no. 12 (August 7, 2018): 2578–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000648.

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AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between psycho-social transition to retirement on the wellbeing and mental health of retired farmers through their adjustment to retired life. The sample was taken from the Approche Multidisciplinaire Intégrée cohort, a French prospective study of retired farmers living in rural areas in south-western France. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on a sample of 530 participants. The wellbeing and mental health of retirees were investigated through three outcomes: satisfaction with current life, perceived health and depression. Multiple mediator models show that the more retirees consider retirement as a positive event, the better they adapt to the new temporality of their retirement life and the more they feel satisfied with their current life, healthy and less depressed. Acceptance of the end of working life is also a mediator in the perceived health model. These results highlight the centrality of the adjustment to the new temporality induced by retirement. They indicate that the level of this adjustment is linked to how retirement is affectively experienced, regardless of its duration.

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Miller-Graff, Laura E., Amy K. Nuttall, and Jennifer E. B. Lefever. "Interpersonal violence during pregnancy: Enduring effects in the post-partum period and implications for the intergenerational transmission of risk." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 3 (June 12, 2018): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418780358.

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Women are at greater risk of exposure to interpersonal violence during pregnancy. The influence prenatal violence has on children’s behavioral adjustment is generally understood to stem from its impact on mothers, but there is a dearth of prospective research to test these models. The current study evaluated the influence of interpersonal violence during pregnancy on children’s behavioral adjustment in toddlerhood through the mother’s mental health and parenting in infancy. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study on the transition to motherhood ( N = 682). Mothers reported on their experiences of violence during pregnancy, depression at 6 months, and their children’s behavior at 24 months. Warm, responsive behavior was coded at 8 months. Prenatal experiences of violence predicted toddlers’ aggression/defiance toward mothers through maternal depressive symptoms and parenting in infancy. There were no effects on the toddlers’ aggression toward their peers. Interpersonal violence in pregnancy was linked to aggression/defiance toward mothers in early childhood via cascading negative effects on maternal depressive symptoms and parenting.

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Keles, Serap, Oddgeir Friborg, Thormod Idsøe, Selcuk Sirin, and Brit Oppedal. "Resilience and acculturation among unaccompanied refugee minors." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416658136.

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The present study was designed to understand differences between unaccompanied refugees who retained or achieved good mental health ( healthy or resilient) and those who maintained or developed poor mental health ( clinical and vulnerable). Using person-based analyses, the role of pre-migration traumatic exposure and acculturation-related factors in long-term trajectories of psychological adjustment among unaccompanied refugees was explored. This study included three waves of data collection in a population-based sample. The participants were 918 unaccompanied refugees who had received asylum and residence status in Norway. The pattern of change in depression symptoms over time was used to characterize subgroups displaying resilient, vulnerable, clinical or healthy trajectories. Results indicated that the extent of post-migration acculturation hassles and heritage culture competence, as well as pre-migration traumatic events and gender, distinguished the refugee groups in terms of mental health trajectories. The implications for clinical practice and immigration policy are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Adjustment (Psychology) Depression, Mental'

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