Dissertations / Theses: 'Adiposity'

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Darries, Mouroodah Sulayman. "Surfacing fat : adiposity as adornment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85811.

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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides a critical discussion of, and motivation for, my jewellery practice, in which fat from the human body is transformed into adornment. Drawing on Julia Kristeva’s theory of ‘abjection’, this research scrutinises the grotesque status of body substances in the modern media, with the intention of changing viewer reactions to these substances from repulsion to aesthetic enjoyment. I consider the influence of popular culture, where idealised bodies are promoted as ‘better’ than non-normative body types, and then consider how (or whether) the abject remainders of the ‘ideal body’ can successfully be refigured as adornment. In order to situate my practical Masters work in the wider field of contemporary avant-garde jewellery practice, I study the work of select jewellers, who also refer to, or use, body substances in critical ways in their work. Through this, I hope to scrutinise both normative notions of the body and of jewellery as adornment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis dien as ’n kritiese bespreking van en motivering vir my praktiese juwelierswareontwerp, waarin vet afkomstig van die menslike liggaam verander word in versiering. Die navorsing gebruik Julia Kristeva se teorie van ‘abjection’ om die groteske status wat liggaamstowwe in die moderne media het, uit te pluis, met die doel om die toeskouer se reaksie op hierdie stowwe van afkeer in estetiese genot te verander. Ek oorweeg die invloed van populêre kultuur waarbinne geïdealiseerde liggame as ‘beter’ as nie-normatiewe liggaamstipes aangebied word. Ek kyk verder na hoe (en of) die vernederende (‘abject’) oorblyfsels van die ‘ideale liggaam’ suksesvol as versiering omvorm kan word. Om my praktiese werk vir die Meestersgraad binne die wyer veld van kontemporêre avant-garde juwelierswarepraktyk te vestig, ondersoek ek ook werk van sekere juweliers wat ook liggaamstowwe in hulle werk gebruik, of daarna verwys. Hierdeur hoop ek om die normatiewe idees van beide die liggaam en juweliersware as versiering uit te pluis.

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Ul, Haq Zia. "Adiposity and subjective well-being." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5519/.

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Since 1980, the global prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than one in ten of the world’s adult population are now obese. The prevalence of obesity is high both in the developed and developing countries, leading to suggestions of an “obesity pandemic” or “globesity”. In Scotland alone, 28% of adults are now obese, and a further 36% are overweight. Historically, the main focus of healthcare has been the avoidance of preventable mortality. As life-expectancy has increased, attention has focused on the need to improve health, as well as longevity. The WHO definition of health encompasses mental and social, as well as physical, well-being. It is widely accepted that obesity causes, or aggravates, a number of medical conditions, and is also associated with reduced life-expectancy. However, the research on adiposity and subjective well-being is still in its infancy and previous studies suggest that the relationship is complex. This thesis starts by demonstrating the importance of subjective well-being in terms of its association with adverse outcomes: all-cause death, coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer incidence, and psychiatric hospitalisations. This is followed by six complementary studies that explore the relationship between adiposity and subjective well-being. Subjective well-being is explored using various approaches including self-reported health (SRH), health-related quality of life (overall, physical and mental/psychosocial), mental health and mood disorder, and adiposity is assessed using four measures: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage (BF%) across the whole range of adiposity (from underweight to class III obese).

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Clarke-Harris, Rebecca. "Predictive epigenetic biomarkers of adiposity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/382960/.

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Dugdale, Alex. "Aspects of adiposity in ponies." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3213/.

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Obesity is a growing problem for humans and their horses and ponies, yet emaciated animals still form an important part of the work of equine welfare charities. Non-invasive yet reliable methods of assessing equine body fat are required in order to promote management procedures to improve animal welfare. The overall objective of this work was to investigate the application of a horse-specific body condition scoring system in ponies in order to either validate or revise it, or even replace it with a novel system if necessary. Seasonal differences in appetite, body mass (BM) gain, body condition score (BCS) change and direct (ultrasound) and indirect (morphometry and D2O dilution) measures of body fat were explored in two relatively homogeneous groups of mature Welsh mountain pony mares, studied over summer (June –September 2007) and winter (January-April 2008). The ponies in each group were paired so that, at study outset, two ponies were ‘thin’ (BCS, 1-3/9); two were ‘moderate’ (BCS, 4-6/9); and two were ‘obese’ (BCS, 7-9/9). The greatest appetites (peak 4.6% BM as DMI), increases in body mass (~60kg) and in BCS (~3 points) were recorded for ponies of non-obese outset condition in summer (non-ObS, n=4). For ponies of non-obese outset condition in winter (non-ObW, n=3), appetites peaked at 3.5% BM as DMI, BM increased by a mean of 50kg and BCS increased by ~2 points over the 3 month study period. Appetites for all obese (Ob, n=4) ponies remained almost constant (~2% BM as DMI; peak 2.3% BM as DMI) and minimal changes in BM (n=3) and BCS (n=4) were recorded, regardless of season. All measures of body fat increased for non-Ob ponies (non-ObS>non-ObW). An exponential relationship was determined between body fat content and BCS and for values > 6, BCS was not a useful predictor of actual body fat content. The endogenous circannual mechanisms to encourage winter weight loss were insufficient to prevent the development of obesity in ad libitum fed ponies. The effects of dietary restriction to 1% BM as DMI were studied in a group of 5 overweight or obese mature pony mares (BCS 5.6-8/9). Those measures outlined above were likewise recorded. All ponies remained healthy throughout the 12 week trial. Overall, BM reduced by 1% of outset BM per week. Approximately half the lost BM comprised fat, but fatter animals lost relatively more fat. Despite an average loss of ~30 kg BM, BCS did not change appreciably suggesting that BCS was a relatively poor indicator of early weight/fat loss in obese ponies. The relationships between BCS, direct (ultrasonic) and indirect (morphometric and D2O dilution derived) measures of body fat and actual body fat content determined by both physical dissection and chemical cadaver analysis were explored using 7 donated mature Welsh pony mares (BCS 1.25 to 7/9). Body ‘fat’ content (dissected white adipose tissue or chemically-extracted lipid fractions) was the most variable constituent of the cadavers (up to 1/3rd body mass), and was non-linearly related to BCS. From these studies, it was also possible to validate the D2O dilution technique for the measurement of total body water and fat in ponies. Contemporaneously gathered data for BCS and body fat (D2O dilution) from 48 separate observations were explored statistically. A non-linear association between body fat content and BCS was confirmed, with a cut off value of BCS 7/9, above which BCS was less useful for determining body fat content. A novel BCS system was created and is undergoing field trials.

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Lin, Shilin, and 林诗琳. "Modifiable risk factors for childhood adiposity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193513.

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Background: The epidemic of childhood obesity is of increasing public health concern, with major implications for long-term health. Prevention strategies are urgently needed. Most of the evidence concerning risk factors for childhood obesity comes from observational studies, mainly from Western populations. In the West, socio-economic position (SEP) is often associated with potential risk factors and with childhood obesity, making these observational studies open to residual confounding. Evidence from a setting with a different confounding structure can be valuable in disentangling whether associations observed in Western settings reflect potentially reversible causal effects of risk factor or are confounded by SEP. Objectives: This thesis took advantage of a large (n=8327), population-representative Chinese birth cohort from a developed non-Western setting, Hong Kong, where the confounding structure between potential risk factors and childhood obesity is different, to examine the association of four modifiable risk factors (mode of delivery, the timing of solid food introduction, type of child care and dairy product consumption) with adiposity from infancy to early puberty. Methods: Adiposity from infancy to early puberty was proxied by age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) standardized scores (z-scores) from 3 months to 13 years, relative to the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards for 0-5 years and the 2007 WHO growth reference for 5-19 years. Overweight (including obesity) was defined according to International Obesity Task Force cut-off. I compared three marginal models (maximum likelihood estimation, generalized estimating equations and quantile regression) to ascertain the optimal way of modeling the population-averaged association of early life risk factors with BMI z-score because of the complex data structure with inevitably some missing data. All three methods were used to examine the adjusted associations of mode of delivery and the timing of solid food introduction with BMI z-score from infancy to early puberty and with overweight (including obesity) from early childhood to early puberty. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to examine the adjusted associations of the type of child care at 6 months, 3 years, 5 years and 11 years with BMI z-score and overweight (including obesity) at 13 years, and the association of dairy product consumption at 11 years with BMI z-score at 13 years. Results: My analyses were robust to the choice of marginal model. Mode of delivery, the timing of solid food introduction and dairy product consumption were not associated BMI z-score or overweight (including obesity), but informal child care was associated with higher BMI z-score and overweight at early puberty. Conclusions: In this population-representative birth cohort from an understudied non- Western developed setting with little patterning of childhood adiposity by SEP, informal child care (by family members and/or in-home employed help) may be a target for intervention. Conversely, cesarean section, early introduction of solid food and lack of dairy product consumption do not appear to be contributing to the current obesity epidemic. Non-replication in a different context suggests some observed associations in the West may be indicators of residual confounding rather than of causality.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Karlas, Thomas, Arne Dietrich, Veronica Peter, Christian Wittekind, Ralf Lichtinghagen, Nikita Garnov, Nicolas Linder, et al. "Evaluation of transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI), and enhanced liver function (ELF) score for detection of fibrosis in morbidly obese patients." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189067.

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Background: Liver fibrosis induced by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease causes peri-interventional complications in morbidly obese patients. We determined the performance of transient elastography (TE), acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, and enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score for fibrosis detection in bariatric patients. Patients and Methods: 41 patients (median BMI 47 kg/m2) underwent 14-day low-energy diets to improve conditions prior to bariatric surgery (day 0). TE (M and XL probe), ARFI, and ELF score were performed on days -15 and -1 and compared with intraoperative liver biopsies (NAS staging). Results: Valid TE and ARFI results at day -15 and -1 were obtained in 49%/88%and 51%/90%of cases, respectively. High skin-to-liver-capsule distances correlated with invalid TE measurements. Fibrosis of liver biopsies was staged as F1 and F3 in n = 40 and n = 1 individuals. However, variations (median/range at d-15/-1) of TE (4.6/2.6–75 and 6.7/2.9–21.3 kPa) and ARFI (2.1/0.7–3.7 and 2.0/0.7–3.8 m/s) were high and associated with overestimation of fibrosis. The ELF score correctly classified 87.5%of patients. Conclusion: In bariatric patients, performance of TE and ARFI was poor and did not improve after weight loss. The ELF score correctly classified the majority of cases and should be further evaluated.

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Wormser, David. "Adiposity measures and risk of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244967.

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Background: Despite several decades of research, the relevance of body fat and body fat distribution to the risk of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. This thesis aims to investigate associations of body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with risk of first-onset cardiovascular disease under a range of different circumstances. Methods: This thesis used individual records from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration to calculate risk ratios, and measures of discrimination and reclassification. 118 prospective studies, involving 1,064,541 participants without known history of cardiovascular disease, had information on BMI at baseline examination. 58 of these studies, involving 221,934 participants, had additional information on waist and hip circumference at baseline examination. Serial measurements made in 42,300 participants from 12 studies with concomitant information on these adiposity measures enabled quantification of within-person variability in BMI, WC and WHR. Results: Cross-sectional analyses demonstrated that although the correlations of adiposity measures differed with one another, BMI, WC and WHR were similarly and importantly associated with mediating cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure, fasting glucose and lipids. Within-person variability was lower in BMI (regression dilution ratio: 0.96) than in WC (0.88) and WHR (0.66). The variability of adiposity measures was not materially influenced by several characteristics, although the variability of WHR varied somewhat by sex, diabetes status and baseline WHR values. 1,064,541 individuals with information on BMI recorded 161,903 deaths or non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes during 15.0 million person-years of follow-up. In analyses adjusted for age, sex and smoking status, BMI had positive and nearly loge-linear associations with coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke (except at BMI values below 20 kg/m2), which were largely explained by the intermediate risk factors noted above. The association between BMI and non-vascular mortality was curvilinear. Data on 221,934 individuals with complete information on weight, height, and waist and hip circumference (14,297 incident cardiovascular outcomes; 1.87 million person-years of follow-up) demonstrated that BMI, WC and WHR were substantially and similarly related to risk of coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke. For cardiovascular risk prediction, additional information on BMI, WC or WHR to a prediction model containing conventional risk factors did not importantly improve risk discrimination, nor classification of participants to risk categories of predicted 10-year risk. Conclusions: BMI, WC and WHR are similarly associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, with much of the risk explained by intermediate risk factors. These clinical measures of adiposity do not importantly improve cardiovascular risk prediction when additional information is available on blood pressures, history of diabetes and lipids.

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Konan, Emma Roselyne Mrs. "Epidemiology of Adiposity in Childbearing Ghanaian Women." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/138.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The prevalence of adiposity (overweight and obesity) is increasing in among Ghanaian women. The disparity between urban and rural Ghanaian women in adiposity is seldom described due to data paucity. The purpose of this study was to provide a comparative analysis between urban and rural women in regards to the socio-demographic factors associated with adiposity. METHODS: The analyses used cross-sectional data from the Ghana Demographic Health Survey involving child bearing women ages14 to 49 years old. The eligible population comprised 4848 non-pregnant women (2023 from urban and 2825 from rural areas). Residence-specific (urban versus rural) associations between selected independent variables and adiposity were quantified using odds ratios from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to describe the variables that were best predictors of adiposity. RESULTS: The overall crude prevalence of overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (≥30kg/m2) were 40% and 18% in urban and rural areas, respectively. There was a positive statistically significant difference between urban and rural women with respect to the distribution of overweight as well as obese (p<.001). Result from the univariate models showed that among rural and urban resident women, older age, higher education, higher wealth, and lack of job was each associated with increased odds of overweight. Compared to Akan women, being of other ethnic group was associated with decreased odds of overweight in women of urban and rural settings. Lack of fruits consumption and Muslim religion were each associated with increased odds of overweight in women who live in rural settings. Consumption of less than 5 fruits in a day was associated with decreased odds of overweight in urban resident women. For urban and rural resident women, wealth index and age were the best predictors for overweight. Older age, higher education, higher weight index, lack of jobs and being other than Akan ethnicity were each associated with increased odds of obesity in urban and rural settings. Compared to married women, being unmarried was associated with increased odds of obesity in urban and rural women. Wealth index was the best predictor variable of obesity in urban women. older age, education, wealth index, having a job, and fruit consumptions were the best predictors of obesity in rural women. CONCLUSION: Adiposity was more prevalent in urban living women compare to women who reside in rural areas. This finding is critical for planning effective adiposity control in Ghana. Proving education for Ghana women may enhance their wealth and knowledge about adiposity.

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Fisher, Claire. "Social perception of facial cues of adiposity." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8334/.

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Previous research suggests that facial characteristics associated with body mass index (BMI) play an important role in health and attractiveness judgments of faces. However, very little work has investigated the factors that predict individual differences in preferences for facial cues of adiposity or how these individual differences are related to social outcomes. In light of the above, the first two empirical chapters of this thesis investigated the relationships between individual differences in preferences for facial cues of adiposity and (1) the BMI of men’s and women’s actual romantic partners and (2) disgust sensitivity. Analyses suggested that people with particularly strong preferences for slim-looking faces were more likely to have partners with low BMI and that men, but not women, who scored higher on pathogen disgust showed stronger aversions to faces displaying cues associated with high BMI. The third chapter investigated how people integrate information from shape cues of adiposity and information from skin color when judging the health and attractiveness of faces. Analyses showed that preferences for cues of low BMI were particularly strong when assessing faces displaying skin color cues associated with the absence of illness. These results suggest that integrating information from shape cues of adiposity and information from skin color could allow people to distinguish between individuals with low BMI because they are healthy and those with low BMI due to illness. Most research investigating the role of facial cues of adiposity in social perception has focused on the possible role of facial adiposity as a health cue. However, it is also possible that facial cues of adiposity contain other types of information, such as information about a person’s reported sociosexual orientation (openness to short-term, uncommitted sexual relationships). To explore this issue, the fourth empirical chapter of my thesis investigated the relationship between facial correlates of BMI and women’s sociosexual orientation. Although analyses suggested that slimmer women reported greater openness to short-term, uncommitted sexual relationships, the observed relationships were weak and, thus, unlikely to play an important role in social interactions. Together these studies support the claim that responses to facial cues of adiposity are related to romantic partner choice and function to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy individuals.

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Stigall, A. Nicole stigall. "Utilizing Sonographic Measurements to Assess Abdominal Adiposity." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu15433176681854.

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Bykowski, Cathy A. "The inflammatory consequences of stress and adiposity." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002382.

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Glass, Natalie Ann. "The relationship between adiposity and bone development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5938.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationships between greater adiposity and bone development during adolescence. Bone was evaluated from age 11 to 17 years in the Iowa Bone Development Study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Body composition (fat and lean mass) was estimated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The first research aim evaluated the associations between greater overall adiposity and subsequent maturation and bone strength in 135 girls and 123 boys. Greater adiposity was defined according to age 8 Body Mass Index (BMI) to categorize participants as overweight (OW) or healthy-weight (HW). Maturation was defined as the age of peak height velocity (PHV). Bone strength was assessed at the radius and tibia (bone strength index, BSI, and strength-strain index, SSI). Differences in bone strength between OW and HW were evaluated with sex-specific multi-level regression models to account for individual growth and correlation between repeated measurements. Analyses were adjusted for centered age (measurement visit age - grand mean age of cohort), change in fat mass, and limb length in Model 1, with additional adjustment for lean mass in Model 2. Analyses were repeated using biological age (visit age - age PHV). BMI was positively associated with age of maturation in girls and boys (p< 0.05). HW versus OW girls had significantly lower BSI and SSI at the radius and tibia (p< 0.05) in Model 1. Results remained significant except for radial BSI in Model 2. HW versus OW boys had significantly lower BSI and SSI (all p< 0.05) at the tibia, but not radius, in Model 1. Significant differences were sustained in Model 2. Analyses were repeated using biological age, which yielded similar results for boys, but reduced parameter estimates were observed in girls, with only tibial SSI significant in Model 2 (p< 0.05). These findings support a stronger role for greater adiposity in the occurrence of earlier maturation and greater bone strength in girls than boys while greater lean mass appeared to play a greater role in boys. The second research aim evaluated associations between abdominal adiposity and bone in 132 girls and 122 boys. Visceral adipose tissue area (VAT, cm2) and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SAT, cm2) were estimated from DXA scans. Sex-specific analyses evaluated the fat-bone relationship with growth models using biological age as the time variable adjusted for limb length and lean mass. There were no significant associations between bone parameters and VAT or SAT in girls. In boys, greater VAT was associated with lower trabecular bone density (tBMD) and BSI (all p< 0.05) at the tibia, but not radius. Greater VAT and SAT were associated with smaller cortical bone size and thickness (all p< 0.01) at the radius, but not tibia. Analyses limited to overweight participants showed VAT was negatively associated with periosteal circumference at the radius and tibia, cortical bone thickness at the tibia and SSI (all p< 0.05) at the radius in girls. In boys, the results were relatively unchanged for VAT, while SAT was only significantly associated with lower tBMD (p< 0.05) at the tibia. These results suggest the bone-fat relationship may vary depending on adiposity and bone site. The third research aim evaluated the longitudinal association between intramuscular fat and cortical bone at the tibia from age 11 to 17 years in 153 girls and 143 boys. Muscle density (MD) was used to estimate intramuscular fat (IMF). Lower MD indicates greater IMF. The relationships between muscle density and cortical bone parameters were modeled using multi-level regression models adjusted for biological age, limb length and muscle cross-sectional area measured by pQCT. In the adjusted multi-level regression models, MD was positively associated with cortical bone parameters, but only reached statistical significance for BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), bone cross-sectional area, cortical thickness and SSI in girls, while only SSI was significant in boys (all p< 0.05). These results suggest that greater fat content within muscle may be harmful to weight-bearing cortical bone during adolescence. In conclusion, findings from the first aim suggest there are sex- and site-specific differences in the relationship between adiposity and bone during adolescence. Findings from the second and third aims indicate these differences could be explained, in part, by the existence of specific fat depots (abdominal more so than intramuscular fat) that could be harmful to bone and that may be more apparent in boys due to a sex-specific fat distribution pattern that favors accumulation of abdominal rather than peripheral fat.

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Burton, Anya J. G. "Prostate cancer biomarkers : adiposity, adipokines and lifestyle factors." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618318.

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Prostate cancer is a common cancer, particularly in Western countries. Increasing body mass index (BMI) has been associated with a modest increased risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer (12-15% per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI). Adipokines (adipose derived hormones) have been proposed as mediators of this association, but the results of several (mostly small) observational studies have been conflicting. The thesis describes investigations conducted into associations of adiposity, adipokines and lifestyle factors with prostate cancer; firstly, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the association of the adipokines adiponectin and leptin with prostate cancer incidence and progression. Secondly, a nested case-control study in men aged 50-69 with PSA-detected prostate cancer recruited during the case-finding stage of ProtecT (a population-based randomised trial of treatments for localised prostate cancer) compared BMI, WHR, adiponectin, leptin and leptin:adiponectin (L:A) ratio between 311 men with advanced (the cases) and 413 men with localised (the controls) prostate cancer. Finally, an exploration of associations of BMI, lifestyle factors and adipokines with age-related PSA change (,PSA growth') in men with localised prostate cancer undergoing active monitoring in ProtecT. The meta-analysis found adiponectin levels to be associated with a small reduced risk of total (OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.94-0.98, per 2.5~g/m1) and aggressive (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.83-0.95) prostate cancer. The ProtecT case-control study indicated an inverse association of adiponectin with risk of advanced stage prostate cancer in overweight and obese men (p for interaction by BMI - 0.006; OR 0.62, 95% Cl 0.42- 0.90 per log(~g/ ml) in men ~25kg/m2}. The meta-analysis did not find a clear association between leptin and total (OR 1.01, 95% Cl 0.98-1.03 per 2.5 ng/ml) or aggressive (OR 1.01, 95%CT 0.99-1.06) prostate cancer and the ProtecT case-control study found little evidence of an association of leptin with prostate cancer stage or grade. There was weak evidence that L:A ratio was inversely associated with stage in normal weight men (OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.45-1.04) and positively associated with stage in overweight men (OR 1.22, 95%CI 0.97-1 .54) (p for interaction = 0.009). BMI was not associated with risk of advanced stage or high grade prostate cancer, or PSA growth, in ProtecT. In men undergoing active monitoring in ProtecT, exercise was inversely, and smoking was positively, associated with PSA at age 50 and yearly PSA growth; both of these factors have been linked to risk of aggressive or fatal prostate cancer. In conclusion, adiponectin appears protective against aggressive prostate cancer, particularly in overweight and obese men. Leptin and adiponectin (or L:A ratio) alone are unlikely to be major risk factors for overall prostate cancer and therefore their measurement at diagnosis would not aid prognostication. However, modification of adipokine levels through diet, exercise and weight loss is not likely to be harmful and may reduce the risk of other obesity-related cancers and diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease). It is also unlikely that leptin is mediating the association of BMI with advanced or aggressive prostate cancer.

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Benfield, Li. "Assessment of abdominal adiposity in children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443688.

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Dube, Masimba. "Neighbourhood deprivation and adult adiposity in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29249.

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Over the past three decades there has been a significant increase in adiposity - prevalence of accumulation of excess fat around some human organs - globally. This has been characterised by an increase of body mass index (BMI) among men and women. In Sub-Sahara Africa, South Africa has one of the highest prevalence of obesity and the country currently experiences some epidemiological transitions. Excess adiposity is a major risk factor for a number of non-communicable diseases creating a burden for individuals, families, the health care system and society at large (Colditz, 1999). Therefore, there are both direct and indirect costs that can be averted by effectively controlling the obesity epidemic. Still this can only be achieved when there is a good understanding of its determinants. This study sought to investigate association between neighbourhood deprivation and adult adiposity (a combination of body mass index and waist circumference), the association of neighbourhood deprivation and body mass index and waist circumference individually and to examine individual and household level determinants impacting adult adiposity. The study utilised the South African National Income Dynamic Survey (NIDS) 2012 (wave 3) and the ward level South African Index of Multiple Deprivation 2011 (SAIMD 2011) produced by Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU) and the Southern African Social Policy Research Institute/Insights (SASPRI) respectively. Individuals with high body mass index (BMI ≥ 25kg/m²) and an expanded waist circumference (WC ≥ 102cm for men and WC ≥ 88cm for women) were considered as having high adiposity. Multilevel logistic regression was used for data analysis due to hierarchical nature of the data to allow simultaneous examination of the impact of some socio-economic factors influencing adiposity. The results showed that individuals that were living in districts that are in quintile 3 (OR= 0.659; 95% CI 0.461, 0.942) of the multiple deprivation score had significantly lower odds of having high adiposity as compared to those living in the least deprived districts. Those living in districts that are in quintiles 3 (OR= 0.652; 95% 0.449, 0.945) and 4 (OR= 0.621; 95% 0.393, 0.983) of the multiple deprivation score were at significantly lower odds of having high BMI as compared to those living in the least deprived districts. When the analysis was stratified by gender the results showed that women living in districts in that are in quintiles 3 (OR= 0.654; 95% 0.450, 0.951) and 4 (OR= 0.624; 95% 0.394, 0.986) of the multiple deprivation score were at lower odds of having high adiposity as compared to women living in the least deprived district. The results for men on the other hand showed no association between adiposity and district level deprivation. Our results show that individual level characteristics and neighbourhood level deprivation regardless of how far distal has an impact on adiposity. Neighbourhood affluence seems to be a buffer that promotes weight gain. The impact of neighbourhood deprivation on adiposity is stronger among women as compared to men. However, further studies that employ a smaller area metric of analysis (preferably ward level) are required to better inform policy prescriptions of neighbourhood deprivation and adiposity.

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Klavanian, Jeannie. "Investigating the Low Adiposity of Cystic Fibrosis Mice." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1401902536.

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Song, Mingyang. "Adiposity and Cancer Risk: A Life Course Approach." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16121141.

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Obesity is a risk factor for several cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). I and my colleagues investigated adulthood weight change and body fat distribution and its change in relation to CRC risk in the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We also identified distinct trajectories of body fatness across the lifespan using a group-based modeling approach and then compared cancer risk across these trajectories. We found that weight gain from early adulthood to baseline was associated with an increased risk of CRC, whereas weight loss was associated with a lower risk. The association was stronger in men than in women. High waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were all associated with a higher risk of CRC in men, even after adjusting for body mass index. The associations were weaker in women. Ten-year gain of waist circumference, independent of weight change, was positively associated with CRC risk in men, but not in women. We identified 5 distinct adiposity trajectories across the lifespan: lean-stable, lean-moderate increase, lean-marked increase, medium-stable, and heavy-marked increase. Compared to women in the lean-stable group, those in the lean-marked increase and heavy-marked increase groups had a higher risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and cancers of the colorectum, pancreas, kidney, and endometrium. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk was inversely associated with early-life adiposity, but was positively associated with late-life adiposity. In men, increased body fatness at any life period was associated with a higher risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer; compared to men in the lean-stable group, those in the heavy-marked increase group had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, but lower risk of advanced prostate cancer. The trajectory-cancer associations were generally stronger for non-smokers and women who did not use menopausal hormone therapy. In conclusion, weight gain from early to middle adulthood was positively, and weight loss was negatively associated with CRC risk. Abdominal adiposity was positively associated with CRC risk and this association was stronger and independent of overall obesity in men than in women. Adiposity trajectories throughout life were associated with cancer risk and the pattern of associations varied by sex and cancer site.
Nutrition

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Lucas, Angela K. "Effects of pediatric adiposity on heart rate variability /." Available online. Click here, 2009. http://services.lib.mtu.edu/etd/THESIS/2009/BiologicalSci/lucas/thesis.pdf.

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Mardinoglu, Adil, John T. Heiker, Daniel Gärtner, Elias Björnson, Michael R. Schön, Gesine Flehmig, Nora Klöting, et al. "Extensive weight loss reveals distinct gene expression changes in human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189025.

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Weight loss has been shown to significantly improve Adipose tissue (AT) function, however changes in AT gene expression profiles particularly in visceral AT (VAT) have not been systematically studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extensive weight loss in response to bariatric surgery (BS) causes AT gene expression changes, which may affect energy and lipid metabolism, inflammation and secretory function of AT. We assessed gene expression changes by whole genome expression chips in AT samples obtained from six morbidly obese individuals, who underwent a two step BS strategy with sleeve gastrectomy as initial and a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as second step surgery after 12 ± 2 months. Global gene expression differences in VAT and subcutaneous (S)AT were analyzed through the use of genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) for adipocytes. Significantly altered gene expressions were PCR-validated in 16 individuals, which also underwent a two-step surgery intervention. We found increased expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA), involved in formation of lipid droplets in both fat depots in response to significant weight loss. We observed that expression of the genes associated with metabolic reactions involved in NAD+, glutathione and branched chain amino acid metabolism are significantly increased in AT depots after surgery-induced weight loss.

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Jacota, Madalina. "Variations pondérales pré-conceptionelles et gestationnelles : étude de leurs relations avec le diabète gestationnel et le développement de l’adiposité des enfants à 5-6 ans à partir des cohortes mère-enfant françaises EDEN et ELFE." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS329.

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Contexte. La corpulence de la mère au moment de la conception et son évolution pondérale pendant la grossesse ont été mises en relation dans de nombreuses études avec le poids de naissance de l’enfant et sa croissance postnatale, ainsi qu’avec le risque ultérieur d’obésité et d’anomalies métaboliques de la mère et de l’enfant. Néanmoins, peu d’études se sont intéressées à la trajectoire pondérale de la mère avant grossesse et à son lien avec le déroulement de la grossesse et avec la croissance et l’adiposité des enfants.Objectif : Etudier les relations entre différents paramètres de l’histoire pondérale de la mère avant et pendant la grossesse et leurs liens avec le risque de diabète gestationnel et la corpulence des enfants.Populations. Nous avons utilisé les données de deux cohortes mère-enfant françaises : ELFE et EDEN. L’étude Elfe (Etude longitudinale française depuis l’enfance) a inclus 18329 nouveau-nés dans un échantillon aléatoire de 344 maternités en 2011 en France métropolitaine. La cohorte EDEN (l’Étude des Déterminants pré- et postnatals du développement et de la santé de l’Enfant) a recruté 2002 femmes enceintes dans les maternités de Nancy et Poitiers entre 2003 et 2006. Dans les deux cohortes nous avons utilisé des données du dossier obstétrical et des questionnaires remplis par les parents. Dans la cohorte EDEN nous disposions également des données des examens cliniques des femmes pendant la grossesse et en post-partum, du nouveau-né et de l’enfant à 5-6 ans, incluant l’estimation de la composition corporelle par impédancemétrie des enfants à 5-6 ans.Résultats. Dans la cohorte Elfe, un régime avant grossesse, une perte ou un gain de poids important avant grossesse étaient associés à un gain de poids pendant la grossesse plus important, indépendamment de l’IMC pré-conceptionnel et du statut socio-économique. L’association positive entre la perte pondérale avant grossesse et la prise de poids gestationnelle était plus marquée chez les femmes obèses en début de grossesse ou ayant suivi un régime avant la grossesse. Les femmes ayant pris beaucoup de poids dans l’année avant grossesse présentaient un risque plus élevé de diabète gestationnel, indépendamment de la corpulence atteinte à la conception.Dans la cohorte EDEN, l’IMC maternel pré-conceptionnel était positivement associé à l’IMC, au pourcentage de masse grasse et à une distribution plus défavorable de l’adiposité (tronculaire, viscérale) des enfants à 5-6 ans. Ces associations étaient observées indépendamment de la prise de poids pendant la grossesse et du statut socio-économique des femmes. Une analyse fine de la forme des relations a permis de souligner l’existence de liens essentiellement aux deux extrémités de la corpulence maternelle. Après ajustement sur l’IMC pré-conceptionnel, le gain pondéral gestationnel était positivement associé au Z-score d’IMC des enfants à 5-6 ans, surtout chez les femmes maigres avant grossesse. Un ajustement supplémentaire sur le poids de naissance des enfants a diminué la force des associations entre le Z-score d’IMC des enfants et l’IMC maternel ou la prise de poids pendant la grossesse, mais les deux associations restaient significatives.Conclusion. Une perte de poids avant grossesse, surtout si elle est intentionnelle, semble engendrer une augmentation compensatoire du gain de poids pendant la grossesse. La prise de poids importante avant grossesse, au-delà de la corpulence maternelle en début de grossesse, pourrait être considérée comme un facteur de risque indépendant de diabète gestationnel. A l’âge de 5-6 ans, l’effet rémanent de l’environnement nutritionnel intra-utérin sur l’adiposité des enfants n’est détecté que chez les femmes maigres ou très obèses avant grossesse. D’autres études chez l’enfant sont nécessaires pour pouvoir conclure sur des recommandations de perte de poids avant grossesse chez les femmes en surpoids et obèses
Context. Maternal BMI at conception and weight gain during pregnancy were related in numerous studies with offspring’s birth weight and postnatal growth, as well as with mothers’ and children’s obesity and metabolic risk later on. Nevertheless, few studies addressed the weight trajectory of the mother before pregnancy and its association with children’s growth and adiposity.Objective: To study the associations between different parameters of maternal weight history before and during pregnancy and their relations with the risk of gestational diabetes and with children’s BMI and adiposity.Populations. We used data from two French mother-child cohorts: ELFE and EDEN. The ELFE study (Etude longitudinale française depuis l’enfance) included 18329 newborns in a random sample of 344 maternity wards in 2011 in mainland France. The EDEN cohort (study of pre- and early postnatal determinants of child development and health) recruited 2002 pregnant women in the maternity wards of Nancy and Poitiers between 2003 and 2006. We used data from obstetric files and from questionnaires filled-in by parents in both cohorts. In addition, the EDEN cohort had data from clinical examinations (of mothers during pregnancy and after delivery and of children at birth and at 5-6 years of age), including the estimation of children’s body composition by bio-impedancemetry at 5-6 years.Results. In the ELFE study, either maternal dieting to lose weight or an important weight gain or loss in the year before pregnancy were associated with a higher weight gain during pregnancy, independently of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and socioeconomic status. The positive association between weight loss before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy was stronger in women who were obese or who had reported weight-reducing diets before pregnancy. Women who had gained an important amount of weight in the year before pregnancy had a higher risk of gestational diabetes, independently of the BMI reached at the beginning of pregnancy.Our analyses on the EDEN cohort showed that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively related with children’s BMI, fat mass percent and central adiposity at 5-6 years of age. These associations were observed independently of women’s weight gain during pregnancy and socioeconomic status. A more thorough analysis of the shape of these relations showed associations essentially at the extremities of the maternal BMI range. Gestational weight gain was positively associated with children’s BMI Z-score at 5-6 years, after adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, especially in women who were thin before pregnancy. Additional adjustment for children’s birth weight decreased the force of associations between children’s BMI Z-score and both maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain, but both associations remained statistically significant.Conclusion. Important weight loss before pregnancy, especially if intentional, seems to enhance a compensatory increase in gestational weight gain. Important weight gain before pregnancy, beyond its role in maternal BMI reached before pregnancy, might be considered as an independent risk factor of gestational diabetes. At 5-6 years, the persistent effect of the intra-uterine environment on children’s BMI and adiposity is only detected in women who were thin or severely obese before pregnancy. Additional studies on children are necessary in order to conclude on weight loss recommendations before pregnancy in overweight and obese women

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Patenaude, Julie. "Implication de la leptine et du glucose maternel dans le développement de l’adiposité chez le nouveau-né." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9481.

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Résumé: Le surpoids et l’obésité dans la population pédiatrique sont des préoccupations grandissantes à l’échelle mondiale. Actuellement, au Canada, près de 21 % des jeunes Canadiens âgés de 2 à 5 ans présentent un surpoids et malheureusement, 6 % d’entre eux souffrent d’obésité. De plus, 80 % de ces enfants risquent d’être obèses à l’âge adulte, ce qui mène à plusieurs impacts sur la santé. Afin de prévenir l’obésité infantile, il est important d’identifier des facteurs de risques, notamment ceux se produisant tôt dans la vie. Plusieurs études ont démontré l’importance de l’environnement fœtal dans l’établissement de la santé métabolique à long terme. Le poids à la naissance a souvent été utilisé comme marqueur de l’exposition prénatale. Cependant, le poids à la naissance n’est qu’un marqueur grossier. L’adiposité à la naissance a été identifiée comme un facteur de risque plus important puisqu’elle permet de prédire de l’adiposité durant l’enfance. Les deux déterminants maternels majeurs de la croissance fœtale sont le statut pondéral et la glycémie maternelle. Récemment, une adipokine a été suggérée comme un déterminant potentiel dans la programmation fœtale de l’obésité. La leptine, qui est produite par les adipocytes, joue un rôle important dans la balance énergétique, mais elle semble aussi importante dans le développement de l’obésité postnatale. Durant la grossesse, le placenta produit une large quantité de leptine et la majorité est sécrétée du côté maternel. Appuyés par le fait que la leptine maternelle circulante est le reflet de la sécrétion placentaire de leptine, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la leptine maternelle serait associée à l’adiposité du nouveau-né, et ce, indépendamment de la glycémie maternelle. Nous avons étudié la leptine durant l’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO) chez les femmes enceintes au 2e trimestre. Nous avons montré, chez les femmes en surpoids ou obèse, qu’une plus haute leptine maternelle était lié à une adiposité néonatale augmentée à la naissance. D’un autre côté, chez les femmes minces, une glycémie élevée était liée à une adiposité néonatale augmentée. Ces associations sont indépendantes de la parité, du statut tabagique, du gain de poids durant la grossesse, des triglycérides maternels, du mode d’accouchement, du sexe du nouveau-né et de l’âge gestationnel à la naissance. Ces résultats suggèrent une régulation différentielle entre ces deux marqueurs métaboliques maternels et l’adiposité néonatale, selon le statut pondéral pré-grossesse.
Abstract: Worldwide, overweight and obesity in the pediatric population is a growing concern. Almost 21% of Canadian children aged 2 to 5 years are overweight and unfortunately, 6% of them are obese. Among those children, 80% will remain obese in adulthood leading to several health impacts. To prevent childhood obesity, we need to identify risk factors especially those occurring early in life. A particular importance was given to the fetal environment in establishing long-term metabolic health. Therefore, birth weight was often used as a marker of prenatal exposure. However, birth weight is a fairl y crude marker, and neonatal adiposity was previously identified as a stronger predictor of childhood adiposity. Two of the most important maternal determinants of fetal growth are maternal weight status and glycaemia during pregnancy. Recently, an adipoki ne have been suggested as a potential contributor to prenatal programming of obesity. Leptin is produced by adipocytes and plays an important role in energy balance and maybe on programming of postnatal obesity. During pregnancy, the placenta produces large amounts of leptin and 80% is secreted to the maternal side. Support ed by the fact that circulating maternal leptin levels reflects the placenta leptin production, our hypothesis was that maternal leptin levels are associated with neonatal adiposity, inde pendently of maternal glycaemia. We investigated levels of leptin over the course of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women at 2nd trimester. We showed that higher maternal leptinemia is associated with greater adiposity in newborns of mot hers who were overweight/obese when entering pregnancy. While in lean women, higher glycaemia is associated with greater adiposity in newborns. These associations are independent of parity, maternal smoking status, maternal gestational weight gain, maternal triglyceride levels, delivery mode, neonate sex and gestational age at delivery. Those results suggest a differential regulation two important maternal metabolic marker and neonatal adiposity, according to maternal weight status.

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Reis, Jared Paul. "The influence of adiposity on morality and cardiovascular risk." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3272364.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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彭思敏 and Simin Peng. "Anthropometric assessments of adiposity and oral health among children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193429.

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Systematic reviews were conducted to investigate the relationships between anthropometric assessments of nutritional status (adiposity) and caries experience among preschool and school-age (aged 6-12 years) children. Four relevant databases were searched for publications up to December 2011. Qualitative assessments were conducted and rated according to STROBE statement. Where feasible, quantitative syntheses were conducted. From a total of 2013 studies, 39 effective studies were identified for preschool children and 53 effective studies for school-age children. The mean ‘quality of reporting’ were 20.4 (SD 3.8) for the preschool studies and 21.4 (SD 3.9) for school-age studies. Qualitative syntheses were inconclusive about their relationships. Meta-analyses identified that preschoolers with high BMI had a greater dmfs/defs than those with normal BMI: pooled mean difference 0.93, 95% CI 0.65, 1.22, P < 0.05; and that children with low BMI had a lower dmft than those with normal BMI: pooled mean difference - 0.29, 95% CI -0.42, -0.15, P < 0.05. Among school-age children meta-analyses failed to identify any significant association. Among a random sample of 5-year-old children in Hong Kong, with a response rate of 83.1% (324/390), caries experience was associated with general adiposity (as assessed by W/H) and central adiposity (as assessed by WC). Regression analyses (adjusted for oral health behaviours and socio-demographic factors) identified that W/H z-score was associated with having caries, OR 1.41, 95% CI1.04, 1.91, P = 0.03; and ‘very high’ caries OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.05, 2.50, P = 0.03. WC z-score was associated with ‘very high’ caries experience, OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.06, 2.81, P = 0.03. Oral hygiene status was not associated with adiposity. Among a random sample of 12-year-old children in Hong Kong, with a response rate of 76.9% (514/668), oral health status was associated with adiposity. Regression analyses (adjusted for oral health behaviours and socio-demographic factors) identified that WHR z-score was associated with caries experience: ‘high’ (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05, 1.70, P = 0.02), and ‘very high’ (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10, 2.11, P = 0.01). TRSKF z-score was associated with ‘very high’ caries experience (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.10, 1.96, P = 0.01). WC z-score was associated with ‘unhealthy’ periodontal status (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.76, P = 0.04). Infant growth during the first year of life was associated with oral health at 12-year-old. Accounting for birth characteristics, socio-demographics and oral health behaviours, those with slow growth trajectories (Ⅰ- smallest birth weight and slow weight gain; and Ⅱ- smallest birth weight and average weight gain) had a greater likelihood of having a ‘high’ caries experience: OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.00, 7.16, P < 0.05 and OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.22, 7.51, P < 0.05, respectively, compared to average growth trajectory subjects. In addition, those with the fastest growth trajectory (heaviest birth weight and accelerated weight gain) had a greater likelihood of having a ‘high’ caries experience, OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.01, 6.91, P <0.05. Growth trajectories were not associated with periodontal health status at 12-year-old (P > 0.05).
published_or_final_version
Dentistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Ahire, Shwetal. "Maternal adiposity and plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1250701408.

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Knigge, Anja, Nora Klöting, Michael R. Schön, Arne Dietrich, Mathias Fasshauer, Daniel Gärtner, Tobias Lohmann, et al. "ADCY5 gene expression in adipose tissue is related to obesity in men and mice." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-169954.

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Genome wide association studies revealed an association of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs11708067 within the ADCY5 gene—encoding adenylate cyclase 5—with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and higher fasting glucose. However, it remains unclear whether the association between ADCY5 variants and glycemic traits may involve adipose tissue (AT) related mechanisms. We therefore tested the hypothesis that ADCY5 mRNA expression in human and mouse AT is related to obesity, fat distribution, T2D in humans and high fat diet (HFD) in mice. We measured ADCY5 mRNA expression in paired samples of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 244 individuals with a wide range of body weight and parameters of hyperglycemia, which have been genotyped for rs11708067. In addition, AT ADCY5 mRNA was assessed in C57BL/6NTac which underwent a 10 weeks standard chow (n = 6) or high fat diet (HFD, n = 6). In humans, visceral ADCY5 expression is significantly higher in obese compared to lean individuals. ADCY5 expression correlates with BMI, body fat mass, circulating leptin, fat distribution, waist and hip circumference, but not with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Adcy5 expression in mouse AT is significantly higher after a HFD compared to chow (p<0.05). Importantly, rs11708067 is not associated with ADCY5 mRNA expression levels in either fat depot in any of the genetic models tested. Our results suggest that changes in AT ADCY5 expression are related to obesity and fat distribution, but not with impaired glucose metabolism and T2D. However, altered ADCY5 expression in AT does not seem to be the mechanism underlying the association between rs11708067 and increased T2D risk.

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Chung, Ki Yong. "Metabolic regulation of cattle adiposity in different breed types using two disparate diets." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1092.

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Fifteen steers were used to evaluate the difference of diets (corn-based for 8 mo or hay-based for 12 mo) and breeds (Angus; n = 7 or Wagyu; n = 8) in a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to test the hypothesis that there are differences in fatty acid metabolism and cellularity in subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue between these breeds types. Fat thickness, carcass weight, overall maturity, and yield grade of Angus steers were higher than those of Wagyu steers fed either corn (34%, 22%, 3%, and 8% higher, respectively) or hay diets (20%, 8%, 10%, and 8% higher, respectively) (P < 0.03). Moreover, marbling scores tended (P = 0.70) to be greater in Angus steers than in Wagyu steers fed either diet. Lipogenesis from acetate in both s.c and i.m. adipose tissue was higher in Wagyu steers (212.82 and 86.23 nmol/(105 cells per 2 h)) than in the Angus steers (86.23 and 29.66 nmol/(105 cells per 2 h)). Also, acetate incorporation into fatty acids was greater in s.c. adipose tissue than in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Subcutaneous adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity was significantly greater in corn-fed steers and than in hay-fed steers (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in SCD activity between Angus and Wagyu steers (P > 0.05). Adipocyte cellularity data demonstrated that both breeds have more cells per gram adipose tissue and smaller cell volumes in i.m. adipose tissue than in s.c. adipose tissue. In s.c. adipose tissue, saturated fatty acids tended to be lower in corn-fed Angus and Wagyu steers than in hay-fed steers (P < 0.06). Similarly, monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in corn-fed Wagyu and Angus steers than in hay-fed Wagyu and Angus steers (P < 0.01). Slip point was positively correlated with percentage stearic acid in corn-fed and hay-fed steers, and there was a negative correlation between slip point and the SCD index. These data demonstrated that corn-based diets provide not only increased contents of monounsaturated fatty acid in Angus and Wagyu adipose tissue but also increased lipogenic activity.

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Vidimce, Josif. "Impact of Hyperbilirubinaemia on Cholesterol Metabolism and Bioenergetics." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/394687.

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Bilirubin is a haem catabolite that is excreted through the hepatobiliary pathway and is therefore, commonly used as a biomarker of hepatic dysfunction and haemolysis in the clinical setting [1]. Although, bilirubin has been considered toxic [2], recent evidence suggests that mildly elevated circulating bilirubin concentrations may be protective against obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and all-cause mortality [3–5]. Generally, the protective effects of bilirubin are attributed to its antioxidant potential [6–8], however, recent studies demonstrate that bilirubin modulates lipid metabolism and reduces adiposity, which could partly contribute to CVD protection [5,9–12]. However, a shortage of studies have examined the precise mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and adiposity that could be affected by bilirubin. The main aims of this thesis were to: 1) determine whether hyperbilirubinaemia affects cholesterol synthesis, transport, and excretion; 2) explore bilirubin’s impact on body composition and bioenergetics including mitochondrial function in liver/skeletal muscle and changes in mitochondrial density and quality; 3) determine the effectiveness of oral Legalon® ingestion on circulating bilirubin concentrations, to investigate whether inducing mild hyperbilirubinaemia could impact circulating lipid concentrations in human participants. The first study measured the effect of hyperbilirubinaemia in mutant Gunn rats on circulating lipid concentrations, cholesterol synthesis, lipid excretion, and expression of hepatic genes/proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. Female hyperbilirubinaemic (Gunn) rats had reduced serum cholesterol concentrations (0.60 ± 0.12 vs 1.56 ± 0.34 mM, P<0.001), elevated cholesterol synthesis (33.8 ± 3.77 vs 28.4 ± 5.73 % [13C]-cholesterol, P<0.05), enhanced LDL receptor (LDLr; P<0.01) expression, and increased biliary cholesterol excretion (232 ± 32.7 vs 141 ± 42.1 nmol hr-1 100g-1 bodyweight, P<0.001) compared to female normobilirubinaemic littermate (control) rats. These results indicate that female hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats have reduced circulating cholesterol in association with elevated LDLr expression. Increased LDLr expression and cholesterol synthesis is typical when hepatic cholesterol concentrations are decreased [13,14]. Therefore, increased cholesterol synthesis and LDLr expression observed in female Gunn rats may represent a counter-regulatory mechanism to maintain hepatic cholesterol content in the presence of elevated biliary cholesterol excretion [13,14]. The underlying mechanism explaining increased biliary lipid excretion in female Gunn rats remains unknown. However, this observation could be partly explained by greater relative biliary lipid (cholesterol+phospholipid) to bile acid excretion (0.33 ± 0.06 vs 0.24 ± 0.03 mol:mol, lipid:bile acids, P<0.01) in female Gunn rats. Previous studies have established that organic anions including bilirubin glucuronides disrupt the capacity of bile acid micelles to excrete lipids in the bile [15]. Biliary excretion of bilirubin conjugates was decreased in female (13.1 ± 2.92 vs 33.5 ± 5.09 nmol hr-1 100g-1 bodyweight, P<0.001) and male (11.0 ± 2.43 vs 43.2 ± 12.8 nmol hr-1 100g-1 bodyweight, P<0.001) Gunn rats compared to controls, due to UGT1A1 dysfunction and the inability to conjugate bilirubin. Therefore, decreased biliary excretion of bilirubin conjugates, as observed in Gunn rats, may potentially facilitate the greater coupled excretion of biliary lipids to bile acids as demonstrated in this study. It should be noted that this conclusion does not completely explain the results reported here because Gunn rats demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism in cholesterol metabolism. Male Gunn rats exhibited a non-significant reduction in circulating cholesterol concentrations (1.41 ± 0.15 vs 1.56 ± 0.23, P=0.14) and increased biliary lipid:bile acid excretion (0.31 ± 0.07 vs 0.25 ± 0.04 mol:mol, lipid:bile acid, P=0.08) compared to male normobilirubinaemic littermate (control) rats, indicating that additional mechanisms, beyond bilirubin excretion, are involved. For example, UGT1A1, which conjugates bilirubin also conjugates and facilitates the excretion of sex hormones including oestrogen. Therefore, oestrogen concentrations may be elevated in female hyperbilirubinaemic rats and synergistically impact lipid metabolism [16,17]. The second study examined the effect of hyperbilirubinaemia in vitro and in vivo on mitochondrial function and body composition. Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis revealed that female Gunn rats had significantly reduced fat mass (9.94 ± 5.35 vs 16.1 ± 6.65 g, P<0.05) and lean mass (140 ± 12.1 vs 160 ± 16.0 g, P<0.05) compared to littermate controls. Female Gunn rats consumed fewer calories per day (54.1 ± 6.38 vs 63.3 ± 6.95 kcal day-1, P<0.01). However, weight gain relative to calories consumed was reduced (8.09 ± 5.75 vs 14.9 ± 5.10 mg kcal-1, P<0.05) in female Gunn rats indicating that they are less energetically efficient. This led to the analysis of mitochondrial function in liver and skeletal muscle using high-resolution respirometry to ascertain the cause of reduced energetic efficiency. This analysis revealed that female Gunn rats exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) relative to maximal noncoupled mitochondrial respiration (ETS) in hepatic mitochondria (0.78 ± 0.16 vs 0.62 ± 0.09 OXPHOS:ETS, P<0.05). The above findings were consistent with the effect of exogenous addition of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) to control hepatic mitochondria, with 31.3 and 62.5 μM UCB increasing the OXPHOS: ETS ratio. However, exogenous UCB addition produced this effect by inhibiting ETS without affecting OXPHOS, indicating that UCB induces mitochondrial dysfunction at high concentrations. Conversely, no change in ETS (1130 ± 217 vs 1290 ± 373 pmol s-1 ng-1 citrate synthase (CS), P=0.16) or OXPHOS (901 ± 222 vs 796 ± 259 pmol s-1 ng-1 CS, P=0.36) was observed between female Gunn rats and controls. These data indicate that the greater OXPHOS:ETS ratios are a combination of increased OXPHOS and decreased ETS in female Gunn rats. Analysis of mitochondrial respiratory complexes revealed greater hepatic mitochondrial complex IV (CIV; P<0.01) expression in female Gunn rats. These findings support a conclusion that hepatic mitochondria have increased quality in female Gunn rats [18,19]. At present it remains unknown how this change in mitochondrial quality relates to reduced fat mass and energetic efficiency, however, the changes observed in female Gunn rats could represent an adaptation to bilirubin mediated inhibition of CIV as reported in vitro [20,21]. Otherwise, alterations in reproductive hormone metabolism in Gunn rats could also partially explain altered energetic states, as speculated in study one. Considering that hyperbilirubinaemia induced perturbed lipid metabolism and body composition in chapters one and two, study three sought to determine whether increasing bilirubin could alter circulating lipid profile in humans. The effect of Legalon®, containing the active ingredient silymarin, supplementation on circulating bilirubin concentrations and lipid status was investigated in a placebo controlled, single blind crossover clinical trial in healthy individuals (ACTRN12619001296123). Legalon® capsules containing 140 mg of silymarin were supplemented thrice daily (total dose of 420 mg silymarin) in a cohort of healthy males for two weeks. Two weeks of Legalon® supplementation did not change UCB concentrations compared to baseline (Legalon®: 12.5 ± 7.63 vs Baseline: 11.4 ± 4.14 μM, P=0.79). Secondary outcomes including lipid concentrations, inflammation, and total antioxidant status were also reported. Two weeks of Legalon® supplementation did not change serum cholesterol (4.80 ± 1.00 vs 4.88 ± 1.00 mM, P=0.19), triglyceride (1.07 ± 0.63 vs 1.04 ± 0.54 mM, P=0.79), C-reactive protein concentrations (1.74 ± 1.88 vs 0.92 ± 0.87 mg L-1, P=0.23) or serum antioxidant capacity (1194 ± 182 vs 1183 ± 201 mmol Fe2+ L-1, P=0.19) compared to baseline. Several clinical trials evaluating the impact of silymarin have reported changes to bilirubin concentrations following treatment [22–24]. However, these studies were conducted in patients with hepatic disease, which confounded bilirubin results, and with greater doses or different formulations of silymarin to that reported in this thesis. Although the results of this study demonstrated a negative finding, they are important because they represent the first attempt to use an orally administered, commercially approved, nutraceutical compound to increase bilirubin. These results provide important guidance to future studies that could utilise different doses or commercial preparations to induce a transient unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and test the impact on circulating cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, this thesis contains three novel investigations that aimed to determine the impact of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia on cholesterol metabolism, synthesis and hepatic excretion; in addition to its effect on mitochondrial metabolism and body composition in Gunn rats. To determine whether these effects could be induced in humans, a nutraceutical with documented effects on circulating bilirubin was administered in a clinical trial, utilising a randomised, single-blind, crossover design. The results of this thesis suggest that bilirubin has the potential to modulate lipid and whole-body metabolism, particularly in female animals and provides the groundwork for additional studies that seek to reveal the mechanisms responsible for bilirubin’s effects. In addition, this thesis will support the discovery of more effective orally administered compounds that can modulate circulating bilirubin and lipid profile for protection against CVD.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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Hay, Jacqueline. "Physical activity intensity and visceral adiposity: a randomized controlled trial." American Medical Association, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/16315.

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Background: Physical activity (PA) reduces visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in adults; however, the dose to reduce VAT in youth is unclear. Objective: To examine whether high intensity PA preferentially reduces waist circumference (WC) and VAT compared to lower intensity PA. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Participants: Youth were 13-18yrs, overweight, with one additional risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Intervention: 6-months, exercising 3 times/week at a high intensity (70-85% of Heart Rate Reserve HRR), or low intensity (40-55% HRR). Primary outcome: VAT (cm2) measured by MRI at L4-L5, and WC at the height of the iliac crest (cm). Results: 94 Youth were randomized to either high intensity (n=30); low intensity (n=32) or control (n=32). Changes in WC and VAT were not significant across groups. A trend towards a reduction in VAT in the training groups, compared to controls was demonstrated in sub-analysis (-14.3 ± 9.6 % vs. +0.01 ± 0.4 %, p= 0.059). Peak fitness increased significantly in both the high and low intensity arms (1.3 ± 0.6 and 1.4 ± 0.6 ml/kg/min, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Training at 55-65% HRR improves fitness by ~10%, and ~2 days/week elicits modest non-significant reductions in VAT in overweight youth.

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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Effects of resistance training on total, central and abdominal adiposity." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001733.

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Abstract Despite the clear benefits that resistance training might have in weight management the effects of resistance training on adiposity in sedentary individuals are unsubstantiated. As such, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of resistance training on anthropometric measures of total, central and abdominal adiposity. Twenty-five healthy, sedentary males not on an energy-restricted diet were assigned to a non-exercising control group (CON) (n = 12) or a resistance training group (RES) (n = 13) to determine the effect of 16 weeks of resistance training on anthropometric measures of total, centrally located and abdominal adiposity. Resistance training was prescribed three times weekly using eight exercises for three sets of 15 repetitions at 60% of one-repetition maximum. Resistance training decreased three of the six anthropometric measures of total adiposity and increased body mass and body mass index (BMI). Resistance training had no impact on the measures of centrally located and abdominal adiposity. Body mass and BMI should be used with caution in risk calculations and measures of total adiposity in individuals engaging in resistance training due to this mode of training increasing lean mass (and thus body mass and BMI). Resistance training reduced total adiposity but did not provide an effective stimulus to lower centrally located and abdominal adiposity.

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30

Endrighi, R. "Physical activity, adiposity, stress-induced inflammation, and cardiovascular disease risk." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348212/.

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Physical inactivity and adiposity are independent risk factors for several chronic conditions including coronary heart disease. Activity and adiposity also modulate psychophysiological responses to psychosocial stress. Since heightened cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to mental stress predict cardiovascular risk, these two factors may influence cardiovascular risk through modulation of autonomic reactivity to stress. However, experimental evidence to support this hypothesis is scarce. The aim of this project is to investigate the associations between physical activity, adiposity, mental stress and mood and physiological reactivity using naturalistic and controlled laboratory methods. Study one examined the association between self-reported physical activity participation, diurnal cortisol rhythm and mood symptoms in everyday life. Study two used an experimental design to examine the effect of physical activity on mood symptoms and on cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute mental stress. Exercise withdrawal was used as a model of physical inactivity to induce mood disturbances in healthy, active participants. Several stress-induced markers relevant in cardiovascular disease were examined including pro-inflammatory factors and cortisol. Study three examined the effect of adiposity on physiological responses to acute mental stress and mood. Weight loss was experimentally induced through caloric restriction in overweight or obese women. Responses to acute stress were compared before and after weight loss. Cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress were evaluated to establish whether adiposity is associated with a heightened or blunted response. The combination of studies presented in this thesis provides insight into the complex relationships that links behavioural factors such as physical activity with mood and stress. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the association between adiposity, physical activity and cardiovascular risk is invaluable in informing preventive strategies and health related programmes.

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JOUFLAS, ALEX CHRISTOPHER. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET QUALITY AND ADIPOSITY IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613102.

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This study examines the relationship between diet quality and total body and regional body fat. Adolescent obesity is becoming a major public challenge in the United States. Obesity is a multifactorial disease that, if developed in early years of life, can track into later years. Persistent obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. Diet quality and patterns seen in adolescence are important to understand since they can promote fat gain and development of obesity. Anthropometric measures were obtained using standard protocols and body composition measures were obtained using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The validated Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) was used to assess diet quality via 14 different components. Multiple linear regressions suggested that the components of the YHEI of fried foods, margarine and butter use, snack foods and dairy were all significantly and directly related to the body composition measures of total percent body fat, android percent fat and BMI. Total YHEI score was significantly and inversely related to the body composition measures. In conclusion, this study suggests that diet quality is a good predictor of body composition, including regional and total adiposity.

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Meechan, Daniel William. "Complementary genetic and functional analyses of genes involved in adiposity." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2003. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20051/.

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Leptin is a 16-kDa protein that is primarily secreted by adipose tissue. It affects body mass regulation by constituting part of the adipostat, that acts to alert the brain of the body's stored energy levels. Additional roles in immune function, reproduction and inflammation are known. Genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that exist in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor gene, were undertaken in a population of European Caucasian postmenopausal women to investigate associations with indicators of adiposity. Homozygosity of the G allele of the LYS109ARG SNP was associated with lower mean fat mass levels and BMI. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium was detected between this SNP and GLN223ARG, which in previous studies was also associated with indicators of adiposity. No associations were found between the LYS656ASN SNP and the tested phenotypes. To complement genetic studies of the leptin receptor, cDNA constructs representing different combinations of the alleles for SNPs in the leptin receptor were generated and subsequent expression of protein variants was conducted in COS-7 cells. Using a radioactive ligand-binding assay, labelled leptin was shown to specifically bind to the LYS109ARG223 and GLN223ARG protein variants, thereby testing the effect of the GLN223ARG mutation on LBA Preliminary data, suggest that the ARG allele appeared to bind less leptin than the GLN.Genetic studies were carried out on polymorphisms in related candidate genes. A promoter polymorphism (G-2548 A) in the leptin gene was associated with lower mean BMI and leptin levels in a cohort of European Caucasian postmenopausal womenIndividuals who lacked the 2 repeat allele of the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism present in intron two of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene had an association with lower leptin levels but not BMI or fat mass. This suggests a potential feedback and/or cross-talk mechanism between leptin and members of the IL-1 family of cytokines in processes other than adiposity. Immunity and inflammation are processes where the interleukin one receptor antagonist protein has a prominent role and in which the function of leptin is increasingly being investigated, therefore an interaction between the two cytokines may be specific for these conditions. The TNF alpha (G-308 A) SNP was also investigated but no associations were observed between this SNP and the phenotypes in the postmenopausal cohort. To investigate the influence of the leptin receptor gene in conditions at the opposite end of the body weight spectrum to obesity, a case-control association study was undertaken to compare allele frequencies of the LYS109 ARG, GLN223ARG and LYS656ASN leptin receptor SNPs between anorexic women and controls. No significant differences were observed in allele or haplotype frequencies.

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Bowman, Kirsty Holly. "Epidemiological studies of adiposity and health outcomes in later life." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31223.

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Globally, there has been a substantial rise in the prevalence of obesity amongst older persons (≥65 years) since the 1980s. Conflicting evidence exists on the impact of this trend for health outcomes. A 2013 meta-analysis documented no statistical difference for mortality between those within the body mass index (BMI) defined Obese-1 (30.0-34.9 kg/m2) range and those within the conventional BMI Normal (18.5-24.9) range, sparking vigorous debate. The reduced or similar mortality risks for those within the BMI Obese-1 range relative to those within the BMI Normal range has been termed the “obesity paradox”. Clarifying associations of obesity with health outcomes could have implications for intervention in later life. I aimed to examine this paradox by assessing the length of follow-up, the BMI referent group, the inclusion of smokers plus those with conditions associated with weight loss, and alternative measures of adiposity. I analysed >955,000 electronic health records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink for patients aged ≥60 years. I showed reduced mortality risks for those within the BMI Obese-1 range relative to those within the BMI Normal range across each age group. Mortality risks were reversed after restricting the analysis to ‘healthier agers’, demonstrating that the paradox is partly explained by the inclusion of smokers, adults with conditions associated with weight loss, and the chosen BMI referent group. Similarly, I document no support for reduced dementia risks for those within the BMI Obese-1 range. Additionally, there was an increased risk for incident of coronary heart disease and diabetes for those within the BMI Obese-1 range. BMI does not capture body composition changes with ageing. I found additional adiposity measures improved the mortality prediction compared to BMI only using the UK Biobank comprising > 200,000 older volunteers. Mortality risks were increased for those who were centrally obese across the BMI Normal to Obese-1 range. In conclusion, I have shown the heterogeneity of older adults can result in disparate risk estimates for the association between BMI and health outcomes. I provide additional evidence that reliance on BMI measures only may miss those at increased risk for health outcomes due to central adiposity. My results provide no support, in relatively healthy older adults, for the hypothesised obesity paradox in later life.

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Odoki, Katherine Helen. "Adiposity in British secondary school children : a population based study." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67595/.

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Summary: Adiposity is defined as the property of containing fat. Excessive adiposity is a cause of both morbidity and mortality in adults. Important consequences include increased risks of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke, (particularly through the increased risks of high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance associated with adiposity), osteoarthritis, gall bladder disease and some cancers (particularly endometrial, breast, and colon). There is concern, both in the UK and in other settings, that levels of adiposity have risen during the past 20-30 years or so, both in adults and in children and adolescents, in whom relative increases in risk have been particularly large. Key adiposity indicators include markers of general adiposity, of which body mass index weight (kg)/height2 (m2) is the most commonly used and markers of central adiposity, of which waist circumference is the most commonly used; central adiposity is particularly related to increased risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. High levels of body mass index, and, increasingly waist circumference, have been used to define overweight and obesity, although the definition of cut-offs for abnormality is difficult, especially in children and adolescents. In British adults, there are marked geographic, social and ethnic variations in the occurrence of adiposity. Higher levels of adiposity have been reported in Northern England and Wales when compared to Southern England, in lower social class groups compared to higher ones and among South Asians compared to White Europeans. However, there is limited information on the extent of geographic, social and ethnic variation in adiposity in children. Although raised adiposity in an individual fundamentally reflects an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, many potential determinants of adiposity have been identified. These include not only recent and previous dietary factors and physical activity, but also early life exposures and parental influences. In a population-based study of British 13-16 year-olds, this Thesis sets out to address four overall aims;- (i) to examine patterns of adiposity, including the interrelationships of different adiposity markers; (ii) to explore geographic, social and ethnic differences in adiposity and relate them to patterns observed in adults; (iii) to examine the association of three individual factors – current physical activity pattern, infant feeding and parental BMI – with adiposity; (iv) to examine the associations between adiposity markers, blood pressure and insulin resistance, particularly to determine which adiposity measures are most strongly related to these factors in adolescence.

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Hartzel, Christopher A. "The association between dietary energy density and adiposity in adolescents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406810269.

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McCarthy, John P. J. "Phenotyping the dysregulation between BMI and adiposity in adult subjects." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12256.

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AIMS The purpose of this thesis was to fully quantify the dysregulation between body mass index (BMI) and body adiposity in 3 phenotypically different groups of adults for whom BMI may be particularly unreliable. The 3 groups were: 1. The ‘Thin Fat’ , 2. The ‘Fat Fit’ 3. South Asians. A secondary purpose of the thesis was to evaluate the accuracy of 2-C body composition devices and proxy measurements to accurately assess regional and whole body adiposity. METHODS In order to establish a cohort baseline, whole body and regional adiposity were quantified using MRI and MRS. Cohort = 500 healthy adults. Participant’s adiposity data obtained were: TAT, SAT, ASAT, NASAT, IAAT, IHCL, S-IMCL, S-IMCL. Anthropometric data included: height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference (and skinfolds in some sub-groups). Study 1: (A). In 21 healthy non-obese, males; 4 different 2-C body composition techniques (UWW, BIA, SKF, ADP) were compared to MRI adiposity data. Study 1: (B). In 74 adult Caucasian (40 females and 34 males) abdominal adiposity was measured using an abdominal BIA device (Viscan) and compared to MRI adiposity. Study 2: In 477 participants (343 male & 234 female) an in-depth comparison of BMI was conducted to identify TOFI individuals by developing a clinical index from the abdominal internal fat: subcutaneous abdominal fat (IAAT/ASAT) ratio for a normal range. Study 3: 50 males, fitness tested using VO2 max and then categorized by their fitness (fit vs unfit), and fatness (fat vs slim) according to MRI adiposity data. Study 4: 260 participants (68 Asian & 192 Caucasian) – age and BMI matched. Proxy measures WHR, WC etc compared. Apply study 3, TOFI cut-off to Asians adiposity data. RESULTS From the baseline adiposity data I confirmed that there is a wide range of regional body fat distributions (internal abdominal adipose tissue, IAAT; and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, ASAT) by BMI, and that individuals with similar BMI values can show great variation in IAAT and ASAT. Study 1. (A). When whole cohort data were compared to MRI adiposity data there was no significant difference between the measures derived. However when the cohort was divided by ethnicity (Asian vs Caucasian) differences were more apparent. Caucasian adiposity was overestimated by up to 3% and Asian adiposity was underestimated by up to 11%. BodPod would be best suited to measuring Asian adiposity and BIA devices would be best suited to measuring Caucasian adiposity. Study 1. (B). The abdominal adiposity device (Viscan) using BIA method was not able to accurately measure IAAT in obese males and females. It appeared better at measuring subcutaneous adiposity (ASAT). It also appeared to be influenced by organ volumes in some cases – particularly the liver. Study 2. The ‘Thin on the Outside – Fat on the Inside’ (TOFI) phenotype can be defined using the ratio of IAAT and ASAT (IAAT/ASAT). The resulting TOFI index provides a quantitative means of comparing intra-abdominal fat deposition and thereby identifying “at risk” individuals. In Caucasians, cut-off values of >1.0 in males and >0.45 in females are proposed for TOFI definition. Additionally, anthropometric measurements such as waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) are not appropriate for classifying the TOFI phenotype. This is because these surrogates generally correlated more with total and subcutaneous adipose tissue stores than internal or ectopic depots. Study 3. IAAT and liver fat are lower in men who are fat, fit and active than in men who are fat, unfit and inactive. These ‘metabolically healthy’ individuals have the capacity to store excess fat in insulin-sensitive abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) and this may help explain why the risk of chronic disease is lower in the ‘fat-fit’ than the ‘fat-unfit’. As a consequence, aerobic activity and the pursuit of physical fitness may be more appropriate goals in the battle against chronic disease than weight loss. Study 4. Asian Indian males were found to be significantly ‘fatter’ with significantly higher subcutaneous fat depots compared to similar Caucasian males. Given the increased metabolic risks seen in the Asian population increased IAAT measures were not found to be significantly higher. Additionally, the TOFI classification was not useful in identifying ‘at risk’ individuals in the Asian group. Also, waist circumference measurements did not identify Asian males that had significantly elevated ASAT. However, elevated liver fat stores were seen in Asian males and females compared to Caucasians. Liver fat may therefore be a potential ‘at risk’ identifier in this ethnic group. CONCLUSION The results of this thesis confirm BMI may be an inexpensive, non-invasive measure of obesity for predicting the risk of related complications, but its accuracy is limited by its dysregulation with adiposity. While obesity means excess body fat, the current definition of obesity using BMI is based on body weight regardless of its composition. The studies in this thesis have highlighted that fact that there are several different sub-populations of individuals for whom BMI does not tell the whole story. The Fat-Fit, the TOFI and the Asian Indian are specific phenotypic examples of these sub-populations. This is evidence of the fact that BMI should not be considered as the only measure of obesity. The results of this thesis also confirm that some techniques to measure adiposity are suboptimal for measuring percent body fat. For this reason MRI and other high quality (and high cost) imaging methods are still the best method for health risk based research.

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Kornides, Melanie. "Longitudinal, Time-Varying Behavioral Exposures and Changes in Childhood Adiposity." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201736.

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Problem: Our objective was to exam associations between time-varying behaviors in childhood and changes in adiposity. Our aim in Paper 1 was to assess patterns and regional trends in seasonal variation of moderate-vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous (VPA) physical activity in adolescence. In Paper 2, our aim was to determine how seasonal variations in meeting activity guidelines relate to adolescent weight change. In Paper 3, our aim was to assess the time-varying effects of television time starting in early childhood on adiposity, and the extent to which sleep and diet quality mediated its effects. Methods and Procedures: For Paper 1, we used data from the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) 2 to prospectively identify the prevalence of not meeting MVPA and VPA guidelines by season, climate region and other characteristics. For Paper 2, we used data from GUTS 1 and 2 to examine the relation between the number of seasons per year that adolescents met guidelines and incident overweight. In paper 3, we used data from Project Viva to categorize hours per week of television viewing, using American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) age-based recommendations on screen time. The main outcome was incident overweight from age 3 years to 7 years. We fit generalized linear models for longitudinal binary data using generalized estimating equations to model the outcomes in aims 1, 2, and 3. Main results: In Paper 1, we found that over three-quarters of youth did not meet MVPA or VPA recommendations for at least one season during adolescence. Regardless of U.S. climate region, gender, race/ethnicity, or age group, adolescents were less likely to meet activity recommendations in the winter than the summer. In Paper 2, the risk of becoming overweight or obese was 17% (5%, 30%) higher for girls meeting the recommendations for MVPA on less than 3 seasons when compared to girls meeting these recommendations on 3 or 4 seasons. In Paper 3, children who watched more than the AAP recommended amount of television (2 hrs/day) had an adjusted 1.36 times the odds of becoming overweight each year (OR 1.36, 95%CI 0.89, 2.08).

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Byerly, Mardi S. "Identification of novel mechanisms in the hypothalamus linked to adiposity." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7690.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Ahire, Shwetal V. "Maternal adiposity and the plasma concentration of leptin and adiponectin." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1250701408.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Debra Krummel. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 20, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: pregnancy; skinfold; leptin; adiponectin; obesity. Includes bibliographical references.

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Glastonbury, Craig Anthony. "The genetics of gene expression and its relationship with adiposity." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-genetics-of-gene-expression-and-its-relationship-with-adiposity(8803da2d-9684-4fa5-8e46-40e94088538b).html.

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The major focus of this thesis will concern the consequences and downstream impacts of obesity and adiposity-related traits on the human body by utilising RNA-sequencing measurements from three primary tissues (Subcutaneous adipose tissue, Whole blood & Skin) and one cell line, LCLs (Lymphoblastoid cell lines). I will discuss how we can use gene expression and population genetic variation to understand the heterogeneous nature of obesity outcome in the population and to uncover the complex relationship between the eects of obesity on peripheral tissue biology, the environment and the consequences of obesity on gene regulation. First, I will examine the extent of gene expression association measured in peripheral tissues to multiple cardio-metabolic, hormonal and adiposity related measurements. I will characterise the heritability of gene expression in these four sources and discuss the tissue specicity of both trait associations and genetic eects on gene expression. Second, I will describe how BMI can act as a potent modier of gene expression in adipose tissue by modelling BMI as an exposure/environment to detect and for the rst time replicate BMIdependent eQTLs (G BMI) that are specic to adipose tissue. Lastly, I will explore the cell type heterogeneity of adipose tissue, a pertinent problem for many investigators performing gene expression based studies in bulk complex tissues. I will show how many BMI gene expression associations are driven by macrophage heterogeniety amongst samples, that cell type variability is heritable and describe examples of cis-eQTLs driven by macrophage proportion in adipose tissue.

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Méndez, Lara Karen Alejandra. "Nicotinamide effects on adiposity, energy metabolism, inflammation and atherosclerosis in mice." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669348.

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Antecedentes e hipótesis La disfunción del tejido adiposo se encuentra frecuentemente asociada con alteraciones en la homeostasis metabólica, cardiovascular e inflamatoria crónica leve de la obesidad. El tejido adiposo es considerado como diana terapéutica para prevenir la obesidad. Precursores de la nicotinamida adenina dinucleotido (NAD)+, tales como el ribósido de nicotinamida y mononucleótido de nicotinamida promueven el metabolismo energético y previenen la ganancia de peso corporal en modelos animales. Sin embargo, en estos trabajos no se abordó directamente su posible efecto sobre las alteraciones fisiológicas y plásticas del tejido adiposo blanco (TAB). Su posible potencial contra la inflamación crónica, cuyo desarrollo se encuentra frecuentemente ligado al de obesidad, tampoco ha sido evaluado. La nicotinamida (NAM) es otro precursor fisiológico de NAD+. No obstante, su posible contribución sobre este fenotipo está aun pendiente. Por otro lado, aunque su acción anti-oxidante y anti-inflamatoria ya ha sido descrita, su posible contribución en la prevención de arteriosclerosis tampoco ha sido demostrada. Objetivos El objetivo principal de este estudio fue doble: investigar el efecto de la administración de una dosis bien tolerada de NAM sobre [1] la prevención de la ganancia de peso corporal y adiposidad, y [2] la mejora de inflamación crónica en modelos murinos de obesidad inducida por una dieta rica en grasas (DIO, del inglés ‘diet-induced obesity’) y arteriosclerosis (i.e., ratones deficientes en ApoE). Resultados La administración de NAM a animales se realizó a través del agua de bebida ad libitum. El agua suplementada con NAM fue bien tolerada y segura a una dosis inferior a 1%. La suplementación con NAM, a la dosis más alta empleada (1%), previno la ganancia de peso corporal, siendo esto último principalmente atribuido a una disminución en la acumulación de grasa y esteatosis hepática. Ello fue principalmente debido a un [i] aumento en el gasto energético global, [ii] desarrollo de ‘browning’ en TAB subcutáneo (TABsc) a juzgar por un aumento en los niveles tisulares de proteína desacopladora Ucp1, e [iii] inducción de la síntesis de novo de NAD+ y aumento de la relación NAD+/NADH en TABsc. El contenido de AMP en TABsc se encontró significativamente elevado en ratones obesos tratados. Además, la relación NAD+/NADH se encontró directamente relacionada con la relación AMP/ATP, posiblemente sugiriendo una situación de demanda energética aumentada en dicho tejido. Consistentemente, se observó un aumento en la abundancia relativa de la forma activa (fosforilada) de la quinasa activada por AMP (AMPK) en dicho tejido. La suplementación con NAM también mejoró el estado inflamatorio global y previno contra el desarrollo de arteriosclerosis en ratones. Ello se acompañó por elevaciones [i] en las concentraciones circulantes de interleuquina (IL-)10 y [ii] niveles relativos de mRNA de Il10 en tejido adiposo epididimal (TABe) y aórtico, sugiriendo un cambio favorable del fenotipo de macrófagos a uno anti-inflamatorio (macrófagos M2). Esto último se observó asociado con una disminución en el desarrollo de arteriosclerosis en ratones deficientes en ApoE. También se investigó su posible efecto anti-oxidante sistémico y en tejidos diana. Las lipoproteínas circulantes no-HDL de ratones deficientes de ApoE tratados con NAM presentaron menor susceptibilidad a la oxidación que las de los no tratados, siendo este efecto debido al menos en parte a la acción antioxidante intrínseca por parte de NAM. Conclusiones La suplementación dietética de NAM previno la ganancia de peso corporal y adiposidad a través de la estimulación del gasto energético en ratones. Ello se acompañó de una inducción de ‘browning’ y aumento de demanda energética en TAB. NAM también promovió acciones anti-inflamatoria y anti-oxidante. Su administración aumentó la expression génica de Il10 en tejidos diana, incluyendo la aorta, y protegió contra el desarrollo de arteriosclerosis.
Background and hypothesis Adipose tissue dysfunction is a hallmark of obesity and is frequently associated with distorted metabolic homeostasis, cardiovascular and chronic, low-grade inflammatory diseases. Several recent studies point to pharmacological and/or nutritional health initiatives targeting adipose tissue being a promising approach to obesity prevention. In this regard, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside and mononucleotide nicotinamide has been proven beneficial in increasing energy metabolism and preventing body weight gain in vivo. However, neither their favorable anti-obesity impact on disturbed white adipose tissue (WAT) physiology and plasticity nor in alleviating chronic inflammation, which frequently accompanies obesity, was not eventually pursued in any of these studies. In addition to the above-mentioned NAD precursors, nicotinamide (NAM) is also a physiological precursor of NAD+. However, its contribution in boosting energy metabolism and body weight gain still remains elusive. Although a growing body of evidences also supports a role for NAM as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent both in vitro and in vivo, its potential contribution in preventing atherosclerosis, which is one of the main mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease in vivo, has not previously been proven yet. Aims The aim of this study was twofold: to investigate the effect of NAM supplementation in (1) preventing weight gain and adiposity; (2) improving features of chronic inflammation in appropriate mouse models of obesity (diet-induced obesity -DIO- mice) and atherosclerosis (i.e., ApoE-deficient mice). Results NAM administration to mice was provided orally via tap water at libitum. Its administration was shown palatable, safe and well tolerated at doses below 1%. NAM supplementation, at the highest dose used (1%) (NAM HD-treated mice), prevented body weight gain, with the latter being mainly and repeatedly accompanied by reduction in fat accumulation in different regional depots, and hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, such anti-adiposity effect by NAM was mainly accompanied by an [i] increased global energy expenditure, [ii] enhanced promotion of browning in subcutaneous (sc)WAT, as revealed by elevations in the relative mRNA and protein abundance of the uncoupling protein (Ucp)-1, and [iii] elevation of the de novo synthesis of NAD+ and NAD/NADH ratio in scWAT of NAM HD-treated, DIO mice. Notably, the AMP content was significantly elevated in scWAT of NAM HD-treated, DIO mice. Also, the NAD+/NADH ratio was directly related to the AMP/ATP ratio. Overall these data suggested a situation of energy demand in scWAT from NAM HD-treated mice. Concomitantly, the protein abundance of the active (phosphorylated) form of AMP-activated kinase was also elevated in this tissue of NAM HD-treated mice. NAM supplementation also improved the global inflammatory condition and prevented atherosclerosis development in mice. This was revealed by [i] elevations in the circulating concentrations of interleukin (IL-)10 and [ii] up-regulation of relative mRNA of Il10 in both adipose and aortic tissues, which potentially suggested a switch to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This phenotype was accompanied by a commensurate reduction in atherosclerosis development in NAM-treated, ApoE-deficient mice. In addition to improved inflammation, non-HDL of NAM-treated, ApoE-deficient mice were less prone to oxidation than those from untreated mice, being this effect at least partly provided by the intrinsic anti-oxidant action of NAM. Conclusions Dietary supplementation with NAM to mice prevented body weight gain and adiposity by boosting energy expenditure, with this being mainly attributed to induction of browning and energy demand in scWAT. NAM also promoted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions. Its administration increased gene expression Il10 in target tissues, including aorta, and protected against development of atherosclerosis.

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Ip, P. M., and 葉沛汶. "Perinatal nutrition affects adiposity and skeletal muscle fat metabolism in rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30253111.

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Li, Wenyuan. "Ambient Air Pollution, Adiposity, and Hepatic Steatosis: The Framingham Heart Study." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201747.

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Air pollution-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are among potential underlying mechanisms that mediate the associations between air pollution and metabolic risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance. Furthermore, both obesity and insulin resistance are two important risk factors for non-alcoholic liver disease, one of the most common liver diseases in the United States. Although in controlled animal studies, exposure to elevated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with increased abdominal adiposity and liver fat accumulation, few epidemiologic studies examined these associations among adults. In this work, we first examined the associations of short-term exposure to air pollution, measured at the central and local air pollution monitors, with biomarkers of oxidative stress, including myeloperoxidase and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α) among participants from the community-based Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort. We used linear regression models and linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts, and adjusted for demographic variables, individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic position, clinical and lifestyle factors, weather, and temporal trend. We found positive associations of black carbon, a correlate of local traffic pollution, with myeloperoxidase, and of PM2.5 and sulfate with 8-epi-PGF2α across multiple moving averages. Participants with diabetes appeared to be more susceptible. In the next project, we examined the associations of residential proximity to the nearest major roadway and annual average PM2.5 with body mass index (BMI) and abdominal adiposity among participants from the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) study, a substudy that recruited participants from the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts. We estimated residential-based annual average PM2.5 concentrations using a spatial-temporal model, and estimated subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes by the MDCT scan. In this study, we found that living closer to a major roadway was associated with higher overall and abdominal adiposity. Finally, we examined the associations of residential proximity to the nearest major roadway and annual average PM2.5 with liver fat attenuation among participants from the MDCT study. In this study, liver CT attenuation in Hounsfield units was measured by abdominal MDCT scan and we defined hepatic steatosis as having a liver-to-phantom ratio ≤ 0.33. We found more liver fat (lower liver-to-phantom ratio) and higher odds of hepatic steatosis among participants who lived closer to a major roadway than those who lived further away. However, residential-based PM2.5 estimations were not associated with liver fat. Overall, we showed positive associations between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and biomarkers of oxidative stress. We also showed that participants who lived closer to a major roadway had higher BMI, higher abdominal adiposity, and more liver fat than those who lived further away. Our observations were consistent with previous findings in animal studies and we extended these associations to adults from large community-based cohorts. Future studies are necessary to identify traffic-related factors that are associated with adipose tissue deposition other than particulate matter and to extend these findings by examining changes in abdominal adiposity or liver fat accumulation in relation to traffic-related components.

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Smith, Andrea Dominica. "The aetiology of food and drink preferences, and relationships with adiposity." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10050776/.

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Food preferences are important drivers of actual food choice, determining micro- and macronutrient intake; and poor dietary quality increases the risk for nutrition-related disease. Greater liking for sweets, fats and snacks has sometimes been related to higher body fat in childhood, yet the relationship in adults remains unclear. Twin studies are a powerful design to understand the importance of nature and nurture in these behaviours. So far, twin research on food preferences has only used young paediatric or adult populations but the relative importance of genes and the environment in shaping these preferences in early adulthood, a period of increasing independence and autonomous food selection, remains unknown. In addition, drink preferences have received little attention, and there is a need to find out if ‘unhealthy’ preferences are modifiable. This thesis uses data from TEDS, a large population-based cohort of 18-19 year old British twins, to assess the aetiology of food and drink preferences, and to investigate the association of food and drink preferences and adiposity, in late adolescence/early adulthood. Study 1 describes the development of a self-reported food and drink preference questionnaire, confirming that food preferences cluster in six traditional categories: vegetables, fruits, meat/fish, dairy, snacks and starches. Study 2 used the twin design to identify substantial genetic influences on preferences for six identified food categories and seven non-alcoholic drink types. In general, genetic effects were slightly higher for food than drink preferences, but the remaining inter-individual variation for all dietary preferences were influenced by non-shared environmental factors (any influences in the wider environment that make twins less similar despite their shared genes and home environment). Study 3a established that cross-sectional associations between dietary preferences and BMI are limited in this age group; only higher liking for dairy foods and non-nutritive sweetened beverages was positively associated with higher adiposity in older adolescents. Study 3b used a BMI-discordant MZ twin design to show that when genetic and shared-environmental confounding is eliminated, food and drink preferences do not explain adiposity differences in genetically-matched individuals. This design allowed to rule-out genetic or shared environmental factors as contributors to BMI-discordance. Lastly, Study 4 developed and piloted a short three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing two sugar reduction strategies (gradual vs. immediate cessation) to assess the feasibility of sweetness preference modification in relation to hot beverages, i.e. hot tea. Intake of sugar in tea decreased substantially in both sugar reduction conditions, without a loss in overall liking of tea. A better understanding of the aetiology of food and preferences, particularly identifying the importance of the wider environment as a salient shaper of both food and drink preferences, and their relationships with adiposity, has important implications for researchers, policy makers and clinicians. Establishing the feasibility of sweetness preference modification in beverages without loss of liking for the beverage is also important for public health initiatives, suggesting that such preference change is possible and likely sustainable over the long-term.

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Mahaffey, Ryan. "Biomechanics of the paediatric foot and lower limb : associations with adiposity." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3507/.

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Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the UK and primary schoolchildren are particularly at risk. With this growing concern the associated co-morbidities of obesity are increasingly evident. There has been limited research undertaken to quantify the impact of excessive body fat mass (adiposity) on the function of the child’s lower limb and feet. The primary aim of this research was to explore the relationships between adiposity with lower limb and foot biomechanics in boys age 7 to 11 years old. Fifty five children were recruited to participate in protocols for body composition and three-dimensional gait analysis established in the initial phases of the study. Kinematic and kinetic variables from four lower limb joints (pelvis, hip, knee and ankle) and four foot joints (hindfoot-shank, midfoot-hindfoot, forefoot-midfoot and hallux-first metatarsal) were analysed over the gait cycle. Statistical analysis by principal component analysis was undertaken and allowed the determination of components, constructed of lower limb and foot variables, to be analysed in multiple regression. Multiple regression was also undertaken to assess the relationships between the lower limb and foot variables and body composition whilst accounting for confounding factors including age, anthropometric and spatiotemporal variables. The key findings demonstrated that higher adiposity was associated with greater hip flexion, knee adduction moments and a pronated foot type. These findings indicate that boys with higher fat mass are at risk of future musculoskeletal co-morbidities including concerns of developing flat feet. This work presents a novel protocol for advanced understanding of lower limb and foot biomechanics and comprehensive data of paediatric lower limb and foot function during gait in normal weight and obese children. The research details, for the first time, that obesity affects the dynamic function of the paediatric foot. This work underpins the need for further longitudinal research looking at the prevention and management of musculoskeletal complications associated with childhood obesity.

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White, Kristi E. "Adiposity, Stress, and Stigmatization: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Cardiovascular Disease Prediction." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/81.

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The purpose of the present study was to use a biopsychosocial approach to investigate the role of body image concerns and appearance-related evaluation stress in the relationship between adiposity and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. Participants included 106 Caucasian female undergraduates at the University of South Florida. The laboratory procedure consisted of resting baseline, speech preparation and delivery, and recovery phases. Participants also completed a variety of body image questionnaires. To manipulate appearance-related evaluation stress, participants were randomly assigned to present their speech to a video camera or an audio recorder. Overall adiposity was measured as body mass index (BMI) and central adiposity was measured as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Greater adiposity was associated with more weight-related anxiety during the speech task, regardless of speech condition (BMI: r = .54, p < .001; WHR: r = .44, p < .001). Additionally, those in the video condition reported more weight-related anxiety (M = 9.28, SD = 7.74) during the speech task than those in the audio condition (M = 3.31, SD < 5.61; F(1,99) = 19.73, p < .001). Significant relationships between adiposity and CVR and recovery emerged for several outcome measures with central and overall adiposity predicting different CVR patterns (all ps < .05). There was no main effect of speech condition on CVR or recovery (all ps > .05). Significant interactions between adiposity and speech condition emerged for some of the outcome variables as well (all ps < .05). Additionally, body image concerns mediated the relationship between adiposity, speech condition, and CVR for SV and CO reactivity. The results suggest that adiposity may have a robust effect on physiological reactivity and recovery independent of psychological processes that co-occur. The results also suggest that those with high adiposity experience more weight-related anxiety during evaluation, even when the evaluation is not intended to induce body image concerns. Finally, the results suggest that body image concerns may act to suppress reactivity among those with high levels of weight-related anxiety. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.

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Batres, Julia Carlota. "At face value : how internet access, pubertal timing, environmental harshness, and population familiarity influence facial preferences." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12849.

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Chapter One introduces the field of evolutionary psychology as well as provides a review of factors influencing facial attractiveness. Chapter Two presents empirical evidence that online studies may provide a distorted perspective on cross-cultural face preferences since online samples are not representative of the populations in developing countries. In El Salvador, participants without internet access preferred more feminine men as well as heavier and more masculine women when compared to participants with internet access. One possible explanation for such findings is that the level of harshness in the environment may be influencing preferences. One individual difference that is influenced by environmental harshness is age of menarche. Chapter Three thus provides exploratory evidence that age of menarche also influences masculinity preferences. Chapter Four further examines this environmental harshness hypothesis by repeatedly testing students undergoing intensive training at an army camp. Increases in the harshness of the environment led to an increased male attraction to cues of higher weight in female faces. Such changes in preferences may be adaptive because they allow for more opportunities to form partnerships with individuals who are better equipped to survive. An alternative explanation for the empirical findings in Chapters Two and Four is that familiarity may also influence preferences. Chapter Five tests this familiarity hypothesis by examining the faces of participants in different areas of El Salvador and Malaysia. Rural participants preferred heavier female faces than urban participants. Additionally, the faces of female participants from rural areas were rated as looking heavier. This finding suggests that familiarity may indeed influence attractiveness perceptions. Lastly, Chapter Six draws conclusions from the empirical findings reported in Chapters Two-Five and lists proposals of future research that could further enhance our understanding of what we find attractive.

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Приступа, Людмила Никодимівна, Людмила Никодимовна Приступа, Liudmyla Nykodymivna Prystupa, Олександр Іванович Опімах, Александр Иванович Опимах, Oleksandr Ivanovych Opimakh, and І. П. Гученко. "Клінічна ефективність комбінованого застосування хондропротекторів у хворих на остеоартроз із ожирінням." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27049.

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Лішневська, А. Г. "Залежність ступеня фіброзу від особливостей метаболізму у хворих на хронічний вірусний гепатит С." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61010.

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На даний час встановленим є той факт, що ожиріння є незалежним предиктором негативної відповіді на лікування хронічного вірусного гепатиту С (ХВГ С) і одним із достовірних чинників прогресування недуги. Пацієнти з ожирінням, незалежно від генотипу вірусу та/чи наявності цирозу печінки, мають приблизно у 80 % менший шанс досягнення стійкої вірусологічної відповіді на терапію, порівняно з особами, що мають нормальну вагу.

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Приступа, Людмила Никодимівна, Людмила Никодимовна Приступа, Liudmyla Nykodymivna Prystupa, Олександр Іванович Опімах, Александр Иванович Опимах, Oleksandr Ivanovych Opimakh, and Т. С. Єрмоленко. "Протизапальна ефективність комбінованої терапії хондропротекторами у хворих на остеоартроз із ожирінням." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/27056.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adiposity'

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