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Journal articles on the topic 'Adhesive joints'
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1
Komorek, A., D. Grygiel, R. Bieńczak, and J. Godzimirski. "The Possibility of a Visual Analysis of the Failure of Butt Adhesive Joints Made with Different Glues." Advances in Materials Science 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0032.
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AbstractThe results of conducted by the authors of the article numerical analyzes, indicate the importance of normal stresses, perpendicular to the adhesive joint, during the impact destruction of block adhesive samples. This kind of stresses are responsible for the occurrence of tearing or chipping in a joint. The very significant influence of adhesion in the impact-bonded adhesive joint was the reason for testing this parameter in joints made with adhesives with different Young’s modulus. It was assumed that adhesives differing in stiffness will have different adhesive properties, which should affect the impact strength of the adhesive joints. It was also assumed that the adhesion in the joint can be assessed by analyzing the surfaces of joint damage. Cylindrical butt joints connected with various adhesives were used to carry out the tests, in which they were loaded on tear-off. The nature of tested joints damage was usually cohesive or cohesive-adhesive. The assessment of the nature of joint damage allowed to determine whether they were the result of the loss of cohesion by the adhesive (cohesive damage) or the effect of poor adhesion between the hardened joint and adherends (adhesive damage). The assessment of the nature of the destruction was carried out by three methods: visual, using an optical microscope and using an electron microscope. As a result of the carried out observations, it was found that the visual method is the least useful and not very reliable, especially in the case of transparent or low-contrast in relation to the glued material joints. The use of electron microscope allows to obtain the most reliable results, however, the possible magnification is too large and the assessment of the entire weld fracture is difficult because it does not fit in the field of observation. Observations conducted using optical microscopy at a slight magnification (5-10 times), in most cases allow to determine the nature of the destruction to a satisfactory degree, with limitations such as in the visual method.
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Anasiewicz, Kamil, and Józef Kuczmaszewski. "Heterogeneity of Adhesive Joint Properties." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237303.
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This paper presents the results of a study of adhesive joints, focused on the heterogeneity of the properties of the adhesive material in the adhesive joint. The main objective of the study was to determine potential differences in the material properties of adhesive joints made with selected structural adhesives. Due to the impact of the joined material on the adhesive during the curing of the joint as well as the impact of phenomena occurring during the curing of the adhesive, the properties of the adhesive joint may vary along the thickness of the joint. Determining the differences in material properties over the thickness of the adhesive bond is important for more accurate prediction of adhesive bond strength in FEM simulations. In order to observe changes in the material properties of bonds, nanoindentation tests have been carried out on eight adhesive joint bonds made with common structural adhesives used to join sheets of aluminium alloy or corrosion-resistant steel. Basing on the achieved test results, load/unload curves were developed for imprints at characteristic spots of the joints. Distinct differences in the achieved average force value were observed for imprints located in the wall-adjacent zone and in the centre of the adhesive joint; this can be interpreted as areas of the joint with different material structures of higher or lower density of imperfections or porosities. Differences in the load/unload curves for ‘rigid’ and ‘flexible’ adhesives were analysed. The summary includes a conclusion that an adhesive joint is characterised by heterogeneous properties along its thickness.
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Rudawska, Anna, Izabela Miturska-Barańska, and Elżbieta Doluk. "Influence of Surface Treatment on Steel Adhesive Joints Strength—Varnish Coats." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226938.
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The purpose of the paper is to determine the impact of surface treatment on the strength of adhesive joints, made from various steel sheets. Two variants of the surface treatment steel adherends were used: without the varnish coat and with the varnish coat, using three polymer-based varnishes (a simple, a hybrid, and a gel). Two types of the adhesives were used to prepare the adhesive joints: a single-component cyanoacrylate adhesive and a two-component epoxy adhesive. A strength test of the adhesive joints (EN DIN 1465 standard), a coating adhesion test (ASTM D3359-B standard), and surface topography, as well as surface roughness, parameters (PN-EN ISO 11562, PN-EN ISO 4287, and PN-EN ISO 25178 standards) were used. Based on the strength tests, it was observed that the adhesive joints, with the hybrid varnish onto the adherend’s surface, achieved markedly lower shear strength. The best results, in terms of the adhesive joint strength, made using the cyanoacrylate adhesive were achieved for the joints where the adherends were coated with a simple varnish, while in the joints made using the epoxy adhesive, the highest shear strength was achieved by the joints of sheets whose surfaces were coated with the gel varnish.
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Maćkowiak, Paweł, Dominika Płaczek, and Agnieszka Sołtysiak. "Mechanical properties of Methacrylic Plexus MA300 adhesive material determined in tensile test and butt joints of aluminum thick plates." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929001007.
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Adhesive joints are an alternative method of joining elements. New adhesives achieve cohesion and adhesion strength comparable with plastics used for structural components and coatings. Bonding is faster, simpler and cheaper. For this reason, adhesive joints are increasingly replacing other types of connections. Tests show that the material properties in the cast adhesive specimens differ from the ones determined in the joint. Adhesive producers most often describe the strength of the overlap joint tested in accordance with ASTM D1002. Strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation to break tested in accordance with ASTM D638 are reported less frequently. The article presents a method for determining the mechanical properties of the adhesive in a butt joint and differences in the determined values in relation to the cast specimens on the example of methacrylic adhesive Plexus MA300. The tests were carried out for joining aluminium rod with a square cross-section of 15 mm x 15 mm and adhesive layer thickness of approximately 1 mm. The fractures of cast specimens and butt joints were analyzed.
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Lokhande, Rupesh, Abhijeet Deshpande, and Ashok Mache. "Taguchi Analysis of Bonded Single-Lap Joint in Hemp Fiber Composite." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.5.2016.1.4.1043.
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The adhesively bonded joints in composite structures are widely used in aerospace and automobile fields. Hemp epoxy composites are better alternative due to its lower specific gravity and higher toughness. . The joining process is inevitable in the application of such composites. The mechanical behaviour of such joints depends on the strength of the composite, adhesive strength and adhesion phenomenon between substrate and adhesive. The influence of overlap length, adhesive layer thickness and cure temperature on the performance of adhesive joints investigated experimentally. The influence of these parameters on the static behaviour of the joint was studied using design of experiment approach. L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental design. It was found that cure temperature of adhesive predominantly governs joint behaviour followed by adhesive layer thickness and overlap length. To obtain joint strength in the working limits, an empirical relationship between governing parameters and response was developed. Through the analysis it was observed that optimum strength of bonded joint was obtained with overlap length of 25 mm, adhesive layer thickness of 0.5 mm and cure temperature of 500C.
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Hardi, Witono, Agus Sigit Pramono, and Yohanes. "Performance of Tri-Adhesive Joints to Improve the Shear Stress Distribution of Lap Joints." Key Engineering Materials 941 (March 17, 2023): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-7u96du.
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The adhesive lap joints are extensively used in various engineering fields. Various methods were proposed to increase the strength of the lap joint. This paper presents the lap joint's characterization by applying three grades of adhesives in different material properties along the bond line. The stiffest adhesive is employed in the middle bond line, then gradually, those with a lower modulus of elasticity are placed at the ends of the lap joint. This technique reduces the stress concentration at the joining ends, so the stress distribution becomes smoother. Finite element analysis is used to model this problem in two dimensions. One of the adherent edges is applied to the fixed support, and the other end is subjected to tension. The analysis results show that the use of tri-adhesive changes the shear stress distribution along the bond line flatter and increases the strength of tri-adhesive lap joints compared to those single type adhesive applied individually.
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Papanicolaou, George C., Lykourgos C. Kontaxis, Nikolaos Kouris, and Diana V. Portan. "Application of an Eco-Friendly Adhesive and Electrochemical Nanostructuring for Joining of Aluminum A1050 Plates." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 18, 2023): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062428.
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In adhesive joints used in several industrial applications, the adherends’ bonding is made using an adhesive, which is usually an epoxy resin. However, since these adhesives are derived from petroleum fractions, they are harmful to the environment, due to the pollutants produced both during their manufacture and subsequent use. Thus, in recent years, effective steps have been made to replace these adhesives with ecological (green) ones. The present work focuses on the study of aluminum A1050 joints bonded with a green adhesive; the study also involves the electrochemical anodization method applied to adherends for nano-functionalization. The nanostructured aluminum adherends allow the formation of an expanded surface area for adhesion, compared to the non-anodized adherends. For comparison reasons, two different adhesives (Araldite LY1564 and Green Super Sap) were used. In addition, for the same reasons, both anodized and non-anodized aluminum adherends were joined with both types of adhesives. The lap joints were subsequently tested under both shear-tension and three-point bending conditions. The major findings were that aluminum A1050 anodization in all cases resulted in shear strength enhancement of the joints, while joints with both aluminum anodized and non-anodized adherends and bonded with the eco-friendly adhesive showed a superior shear behavior as compared to the respective joints bonded with Araldite adhesive.
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Md Sayed Anwar, Md Ahatashamul Haque Khan Shuvo, Md Manirul Islam, Md Mehedi Hasan Ziad, and Md Ariful Hasan. "Effect of Adhesive Type on the Adhesively Bonded Stepped Joint: A Numerical Investigation." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.13.1.8297.
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Single-lap joints are by far the most widely used adhesive joints and have been the subject of considerable research over the years. It is used in the automobile and aerospace industry where bolted or riveted joints are impossible. The joint strength in adhesively bonded joints depends on the adhesive and adherend properties and adherend geometry. In this paper, both the adhesive property and adherend geometry are considered. Two types of adhesives, i.e., SBT9244 (flexible) and DP460 (stiff), and three types of adherend geometry, Single Lap Joint (SLJ), One Step Lap Joint (OSLJ), and Three Step Lap Joint (TSLJ) are considered, and the effect of these are investigated by using a commercially available software Abaqus. The maximum peel stress occurs in a lap joint towards the edges of the joint and is minimum around the center region. The maximum peel stress is responsible for the failure of the joints, and the objective of this research was to reduce the peel stress, i.e., provide a more uniform stress distribution. Soft adhesive maximum peel stress and shear stress occur in [Type-I] 8.6 MPa and 6.4 MPa, respectively. Similarly, stiff adhesive maximum peel stress and shear stress occur in [Type-I] 37.14 MPa and 20.44 MPa, respectively. It is found from this investigation that if a relatively soft adhesive (SBT9244) is used in the joint, then the stress distribution reduces compared to a stiff adhesive (DP460). On the other hand, if steps are introduced in the bonded region, the stress distribution becomes more uniform and increases the bond strength.
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Barca, Iga, Marek Rośkowicz, and Jan Godzimirski. "Selection of materials for repairing punctures of metal skin of semi-monocoque structures using composite patches." Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu 120, no. 2 (2023): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/tiam.2023.2.3.
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For repairing punctures of skin of semi-monocoque structures under field conditions, simple methods are sought to guarantee the reliability of the repaired structure. Therefore, adhesive joints and composite materials are being increasingly used in repairs. During repairs using adhesion, an important aspect that affects the quality of the joint is the selection of the adhesive and the quality of surface preparation of the parts to be joined. This is necessary to get the right bond strength and durability of the joint in working environments characterized by extreme temperatures and exposure to chemicals and moisture. The purpose of the study was to select an adhesive with good strength properties for bonding AW2024T3 aluminum sheets to carbon and glass composites, and to analyze the effect of metal surface preparation on the strength of adhesive joints (grinding, sandblasting and chemical surface preparation). The tests were carried out on overlap (metal-composite) specimens. For selected adhesives, strength tests were also carried out on specimens replicating the repaired damage with a diameter of 20 mm of metal skin repaired by different methods, including composite patches and adhesive joints. The specimens were loaded in tension and loss of stability. The tests made it possible to determine the requirements for composite patches used for repairing upper and lower airframe wing skins.
10
Golewski, Przemysław. "Tensile Behaviour of Double- and Triple-Adhesive Single Lap Joints Made with Spot Epoxy and Double-Sided Adhesive Tape." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 7855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217855.
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Dual adhesives are mainly used to increase the strength of single lap joints (SLJs) by reducing the stress concentration at its ends. However, they can also be used to design the characteristics of the joint so that its operation and failure occur in several stages. This paper presents the results of uniaxial tensile tests for dual-adhesive and triple-adhesive SLJs. The adherends were made of aluminum and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite. For dual-adhesive SLJs, 10 epoxies and 1.6 mm thick double-sided adhesive tape were used. The stiffest (Epidian 53 (100 g) + “PAC” hardener (80 g)) and most elastic (Scotch-Weld 2216 B/A Translucent) joints were determined, which were then used in a triple-adhesive joint with the same double-sided adhesive tape. Circular holes of different diameters from 8 mm to 20 mm were made in the double-sided adhesive tape, which were filled with liquid epoxy adhesive by injection after the adherends were joined. By using the double-sided adhesive tape, the geometry of the epoxy joints was perfect, free of spews, and had a constant thickness. The effect of the spot epoxy joint diameters and the arrangement of stiff and elastic joints in the SLJs were analyzed using digital image correlation (DIC).
11
Yanen, Cenk, and Murat Yavuz Solmaz. "Effect of different joint angles on the mechanical strength of adhesive-bonded scarf and double butt–lap joints." Materials Testing 64, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2054.
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Abstract The effect of different joint angles and joint types in adhesively bonded joints was investigated. Two joint types were chosen to examine the effect of the joint type. A total of 12 samples were produced at six different angles (30°, 45°, 52°, 60°, 75°, and 90°) to examine the effect of joint angle on the scarf and double butt–lap joint types. St 37 steel was used as the adherend material. The adhesion distance, sample thickness, and adhesion area were kept constant in the samples. There were differences in the sample widths to make the angle change by keeping the adhesive bonding length constant. 3M Scotch-Weld DP810 epoxy adhesive was used as the adhesive. The adhesive thickness was chosen as 0.1 mm. An axial tensile load was applied to the samples, and the results were recorded and evaluated. When scarf and double butt–lap joint samples are compared with each other according to their angles, it was seen that double butt–lap joints were more successful in samples with 30, 45, and 52° joint angles, and scarf lap joints were more successful in samples with 60, 75, and 90° joint angles.
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Nagayya, M. K. Venkatesh, N. Nithesh Bhaskar, and B. K. Venkatesha. "Strength analysis of carbon fiber reinforced polymer and titanium alloy for axisymmetric lap joint." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30142.
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Many industries such as oil, gas, aerospace, and automotive, use axisymmetric adhesively bonded single lap joints. Different materials are frequently mated using axisymmetric lap joints. When composite adherents delaminate, the stress circulation inside the adhesive layer significantly influenced. As a result, the importance of considering adhesive layer stresses in the presence of considerable delamination is investigated in this paper. To understand stress analysis and examine adhesive bond strength at static loading conditions, the model created using finite element analysis with cohesive zone modelling. A complete parametric study carried using simple finite element code in ABAQUS, the axisymmetric single lap joins adhesively bonded joints prepared with different material adherents. Analysis carried on the influence of numerous factors such as the distribution stress inside the adhesive joints. In this connection, mating of carbon reinforced polymer composite to titanium alloy adherends discussed thoroughly. The results show that depending on the position of the delamination, the presence of a throughout-the-thickness delamination affects the structural response of both single lap and axisymmetric adhesively bonded joints by varying overlap length. The presence of a delamination reduced adhesive peel and shear stresses significantly in both joint configurations.
13
Kałuża, Marta, Jacek Hulimka, and Arkadiusz Bula. "FEM Analysis as a Tool to Study the Behavior of Methacrylate Adhesive in a Full-Scale Steel-Steel Shear Joint." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010330.
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The use of adhesive to joint structural elements, despite many advantages of this technology, is not a method commonly used in engineering practice, especially in construction. This is mainly due to the poor recognition of the behavior, both in terms of testing and analysis, of joints made on a scale similar to the actual elements of building structures. Therefore, this paper presents the results of model tests and then numerical analyses of adhesively bonded joints made of high-strength steel elements in a full-scale (double-lap joint). In order to properly model the adhesive connection, material tests of the methacrylate adhesive were performed in the field of tensile, shear (in two versions: single lap joint test and thick adherent shear test) and bond properties. Comparison of the results of the model and numerical tests showed very good agreement in terms of the measurable values, which makes it possible to consider the results obtained in the adhesive layer as reliable (not directly measurable in model tests). In particular, the distribution of stresses inside the adhesive layer, the range of plastic zones and areas of loss of adhesion are presented and discussed. The results indicate the possibility of a reliable representation of the behavior of adhesively bonded joints of high-strength steel, thus providing a tool for the analysis of semirigid adhesive in large-size joints.
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Ozer, Halil, and Ozkan Oz. "Joint Stress Optimization by the Hybrid Adhesive Lap Joint." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.1000.
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Hybrid adhesive joint is an alternative stress reduction technique for the adhesively bonded joints. Hybrid adhesive means that it is used dual adhesives in the overlap region. Adhesive having high modulus of elasticity should be located in the middle of the bondline and the other adhesive having low modulus of elasticity at the ends. In this study, the effect of the hybrid adhesive bondline on the distributions of the peeling, shear and von Mises stress components at the single lap joint were investigated by using three-dimensional finite element model. The results show that the considered stress components can be optimized by using hybrid adhesive joint.
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Yoon, S. H., B. J. Kim, K. H. Lee, and D. G. Lee. "The Effect of Quartz Nano-Particles on the Damage Monitoring of Adhesive Joint at Cryogenic Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.562.
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Recently, a piezoelectric method using piezoelectric characteristics of epoxy adhesives has been successfully developed for the adhesive joints, which can monitor continuously the damage of adhesively bonded structures without producing any defect induced by inserting a sensor. However, due to low piezoelectric properties of epoxy adhesives, the detection of micro crack was impossible. At the cryogenic temperature, the detection of micro crack is important to estimate the fatigue life because the polymeric adhesives become very brittle. Therefore, in this work, the epoxy adhesive was modified by quartz nano-particles which have much higher piezoelectric properties than the epoxy adhesives. To investigate the effects of quartz nano-particles, the static and dynamic tests of the tubular adhesive joints were performed to compare the joint strength and sensitivity of damage monitoring performance. From the experiment result, it was found that the quartz nano-particles not only improved the joint strength but also increased the sensitivity of damage monitoring performance at cryogenic temperature.
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Kinloch, A. J. "Adhesives in engineering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 211, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 307–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410971532703.
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When considering methods for joining materials, there are many advantages that engineering adhesives can offer, compared to the more traditional methods of joining such as bolting, brazing, welding, mechanical fasteners, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of using engineering adhesives are discussed and it is shown that it is possible to identify three distinct stages in the formation of an adhesive joint. Firstly, the adhesive initially has to be in a ‘liquid’ form so that it can readily spread over and make intimate molecular contact with the substrates. Secondly, in order for the joint to bear the loads that will be applied to it during its service life, the ‘liquid’ adhesive must now harden. In the case of adhesives used in engineering applications, the adhesive is often initially in the form of a ‘liquid’ monomer which polymerizes to give a high molecular weight polymeric adhesive. Thirdly, it must be appreciated that the load-carrying ability of the joint, and how long it will actually last, are affected by: (a) the design of the joint, (b) the manner in which loads are applied to it and (c) the environment that the joint encounters during its service life. Thus, to understand the science involved and to succeed in further developing the technology, the skills and knowledge from many different disciplines are required. Indeed, the input from surface chemists, polymer chemists and physicists, materials engineers and mechanical engineers are needed. Hence, the science and technology of adhesion and adhesives is a truly multidisciplined subject. These different disciplines have been brought together by developing a fracture mechanics approach to the failure of adhesive joints. The advances that have been made in applying the concepts of fracture mechanics to adhesive joints have enabled a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of adhesion and the more rapid extension of adhesives technology into advanced engineering applications.
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Kshyvetskyy, Bogdan, Diana Kindzera, Yaroslav Sokolovskyy, Halyna Somar, and Ihor Sokolovskyi. "Prediction of the Strength of Oakwood Adhesive Joints Bonded with Thermoplastic Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.01.110.
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Among the several kinds of thermoplastic adhesives, structured and non-structured polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesives have a rather wide application and are used currently for forming adhesive joints from different wood species, especially oakwood. To ensure proper conditions of oakwood adhesive joints use, it is important to have fast and accurate methods of predicting their strength and durability. The strength changes of the oakwood adhesive joints bonded with structured and non-structured PVA adhesives have been investigated by conducting long-term experiments. Based on the generalization of experimental data and theoretical predictions regarding the mechanism of the adhesive seam formation, equations that allow calculating theoretically the strength of oakwood adhesive joints bonded with non-structured and structured PVA adhesives have been proposed. The pro-posed equations reproduce experimental data with suffi-cient accuracy of ±3.5 % within the temperature range from 251 K to 306 K and humidity range from 40 % to 100 %, and therefore, are recommended for practical use.
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Rudawska, Anna, Piotr Penkała, Bartosz Miszczuk, and Dana Stančeková. "The analysis of the effect of assembly joints technology on the strength of adhesive joints of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in advertising elements: Assembly joints technology of PMMA." Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu 120, no. 2 (2023): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/tiam.2023.2.1.
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The aim of the article was to present issues related to the influence of the assembly joints technology (the type of adhesive material and the adhesive application) on the strength of the adhesive joints of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used in the production of advertising elements. Angular adhesive joints, which are one of the types of joints made in the construction of advertising elements, were used in the study. The bonded material was poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) of 8 mm thick. Two types of adhesives were used to make the adhesive joints: one-component solvent-based adhesives and methylene chloride as a solvent. Experimental tests determined the wettability of the surface of the adherends (with and without a protective coating) and the work of adhesion based on the measurement of the contact angle, as well as the strength of adhesive joints in accordance with the ISO 4578 standard. Based on the results of strength tests, it can be seen that the use of a solvent allows for obtaining equally strong joints as with the use of solvent. The purposefulness of using coatings protecting not only against dirt or mechanical damage in the form of scratches was also confirmed, but also the possibility of increasing (security) adhesive properties, defined in this case by wettability.
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Wei, Kai, Yiwei Chen, Maojun Li, and Xujing Yang. "Strength and Failure Mechanism of Composite-Steel Adhesive Bond Single Lap Joints." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5810180.
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Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics- (CFRP-) steel single lap joints with regard to tensile loading with two levels of adhesives and four levels of overlap lengths were experimentally analyzed and numerically simulated. Both joint strength and failure mechanism were found to be highly dependent on adhesive type and overlap length. Joints with 7779 structural adhesive were more ductile and produced about 2-3 kN higher failure load than MA830 structural adhesive. Failure load with the two adhesives increased about 147 N and 176 N, respectively, with increasing 1 mm of the overlap length. Cohesion failure was observed in both types of adhesive joints. As the overlap length increased, interface failure appeared solely on the edge of the overlap in 7779 adhesive joints. Finite element analysis (FEA) results revealed that peel and shear stress distributions were nonuniform, which were less severe as overlap length increased. Severe stress concentration was observed on the overlap edge, and shear failure of the adhesive was the main reason for the adhesive failure.
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Rudawska, Anna. "Mechanical Properties of Selected Epoxy Adhesive and Adhesive Joints of Steel Sheets." Applied Mechanics 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2010007.
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The article presents the issues of the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives and the adhesive joints strength of steel sheets which were made using the epoxy adhesives. The aim of the paper is to study the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive of different epoxy resin/curing agent ratios (within and above the recommended stoichiometric ratio) and their effect on mechanical properties of adhesive joints of steel sheets. In experimental tests three types of epoxy adhesives, containing a low molecular weight epoxy resin based on bisphenol A and polyamide curing agent, were used. A single-lap adhesive joint type of stainless-steel sheets was also applied. Two types of strength test were used: the compressive strength tests (DIN EN 196-1) for epoxy adhesive samples and the shear strength tests (DIN EN 1465) for adhesive joints. Both the analysis of the strength results of the samples of epoxy adhesive and adhesive joints as well as the failure analysis was carried out. On the basis of the results of strength tests it can be stated that the greatest deformation occurred for the samples of epoxy adhesive containing the modified epoxy resin (epoxy number—0.40) and the polyamide curing agent, and the smallest for the samples of epoxy adhesive containing the basic epoxy resin (epoxy number—0.49–0.52) and the polyamide curing agent. The epoxy adhesives with a smaller amount of curing agent were characterized by higher strength. This applies to all analyzed epoxy resins. The same dependences were obtained for the strength of adhesive joints of steel sheets made of the analyzed epoxy adhesive.
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Geiss, Paul Ludwig, and Melanie Schumann. "Polymer Interphases in Adhesively Bonded Joints – Origin, Properties and Methods for Characterization." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2249.
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Chemically curing adhesives are formulations requiring reactions to convert from liquid to solid. Once cured, these adhesives carry the potential to create strong load bearing joints, resisting even severe detrimental service conditions. In adhesively bonded joints with chemically curing adhesives the term "interphase" relates to the adhesive volume adjacent to the surface of the adherent (interface), which generally will exhibit properties different from those of the adhesive bulk polymer. The properties of these interphases play an important role concerning the performance and durability of structural adhesive joints. Therefore localized strain analysis in the cross-section of shear-loaded adhesive joints was performed by combining a high-precision mechanical testing device with digital microscopy and by developing a method for preparing, marking, and digitally tracking the local deformations in micro shear specimen. Non-uniform shear profiles developing in the cross-section of the adhesive joints after exceeding the yield point serve as a sensitive indication for mechanical surface-affected interphase properties and it could be observed, that deranged crosslinking promotes strain softening of the polymer in the interphase. Infrared analysis of the cross-sectional interphase region in adhesively bonded joints was performed with a Bruker Tensor II Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer equipped with a Hyperion 3000 microscope with a 20x ATR germanium crystal objective and a MCT-Focal-Plane-Array-Detector (FPA), allowing to conduct high resolution chemical imaging and localized chemical analysis.
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Gültekin, Kürşat, and Mustafa Enes Yazici. "Mechanical properties of aluminum bonded joints reinforced with functionalized boron nitride and boron carbide nanoparticles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 236, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211056020.
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In the presented study, the effect of hexagonal boron nitride and hexagonal boron carbide nanoparticles on the strength of adhesively bonded joints was investigated experimentally. Hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles were functionalized using 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane to improve adhesion and increase the interaction between epoxy and nanoparticles. Similarly, h-B4C nanoparticles were functionalized by using 3-(glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane. New structural nano adhesives were produced by reinforcing the functionalized nanoparticles into epoxy at different proportions (0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%, 4.0 wt.%, and 5.0 wt.%). Two different epoxies with different viscosity values (MGS-LR285 and Araldite 2011) were used as adhesives, and aluminum alloy (AA2024-T3) was chosen as an adherend. Tensile test was carried out to determine the failure load of the adhesive joints, and the fracture surface morphology was examined after the test Additionally, Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis was performed to observe the distribution of boron nanoparticles in the adhesives. The experimental results showed that the reinforcement of hexagonal boron nitride and boron carbide nanoparticles to the adhesives increased the joint strength substantially depending on the reinforcement ratio and viscosity of the adhesives. The maximum increase in failure loads was achieved by adding 1 wt.% functionalized boron nitride to high viscosity Araldite 2011 adhesive and 2 wt.% to low viscosity MGS-LR285 adhesive, and the ratio of increase in failure loads is 31% and 63%, respectively. Moreover, by adding 2 wt.% functionalized boron carbide nanoparticles to the Araldite 2011 and MGS-LR285 adhesives, the strength of the joints increased by about 27% and 70%, respectively.
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Imanaka, Makato, Yusuke Fukuchi, Waichiro Kishimoto, Kozo Okita, Hideaki Nakayama, and Hiroyoshi Nagai. "Fatigue Life Estimation of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joints." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226061.
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This paper describes a method of estimating the fatigue life of adhesively bonded lap joints on the basis of the stress analysis in adhesive layer with finite element method. First, cyclic tensile fatigue tests were conducted for adhesively bonded lap joints with different lap length and adhesive layer thickness. The results were evaluated from the viewpoint of the maximum values of both tensile and shear stress obtained numerically, instead of the apparent stress. Then these standardized fatigue strength were compared with those of adhesively bonded butt joints of a thin wall tube under cyclic tensile and fully reversed torsional load conditions. The results indicate that fatigue strength of lap joints evaluated from the maximum tensile stress of the adhesive layer agrees well with the fatigue strength of adhesively bonded butt joints of thin wall tube under cyclic tensile load condition. It is confirmed that fatigue strength of lap joints can be estimated adequately based on the fatigue strength of the butt joint of thin wall tube and the numerical results for the stress state of adhesive layer.
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Akbarzadeh, P., and Khalil Farhangdoost. "Finite Element Simulation on Failure Assessment of Toughened Epoxy Adhesives." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.537.
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The prediction of the strength of adhesively bonded joints has been investigated using a variety of failure criteria such as maximum stress or strain, and fracture mechanics approaches. Fracture mechanics approaches based on the critical strain energy release rate, for crack propagation are applicable to highly cross-linked structural adhesives and have the advantage of avoiding the explicit consideration of the bi-material singularities inherent in adhesive joints. In the present work, the finite-element simulation of such adhesive joint has been performed and the R-curves of two different rubber-toughened epoxy adhesives were measured using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. The FE results are applied to be compared with the experimental results which were reported in the literature.
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Chiu, W. K., R. Jones, and M. Chao. "A Visco-Plastic Analysis of Bonded Joints under Complex Loading." Engineering Plastics 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 147823919800600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919800600103.
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Adhesively bonded joints are traditionally designed using a single stress/strain curve to describe the mechanical behaviour of the adhesive. This paper addresses the validity of this assumption, given that the properties of film adhesives commonly used in bonded joints (e.g. FM 73) have been shown to demonstrate significant time dependencies both at room and high temperatures. To this end, a series of finite element analysis were conducted where the time dependent properties of the adhesive were modelled using a unified plasticity theory. The findings of this work show that, when performing certification assessments which require statements on the integrity and the durability of adhesively bonded joints subjected to complex load spectra, it may be necessary to consider an analysis which accounts for both time and load history effects. It is also shown that, for monotonic loading under constant loading rates, the peak stress strain response of the adhesive in a double lap joint follows the Glinka hypothesis for the notch stress-strain response of metals. However, it is shown that this approximation may not be valid for complex loading spectra.
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Chiu, W. K., R. Jones, and M. Chao. "A Visco-Plastic Analysis of Bonded Joints under Complex Loading." Polymers and Polymer Composites 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119800600103.
Full textAbstract:
Adhesively bonded joints are traditionally designed using a single stress/strain curve to describe the mechanical behaviour of the adhesive. This paper addresses the validity of this assumption, given that the properties of film adhesives commonly used in bonded joints (e.g. FM 73) have been shown to demonstrate significant time dependencies both at room and high temperatures. To this end, a series of finite element analysis were conducted where the time dependent properties of the adhesive were modelled using a unified plasticity theory. The findings of this work show that, when performing certification assessments which require statements on the integrity and the durability of adhesively bonded joints subjected to complex load spectra, it may be necessary to consider an analysis which accounts for both time and load history effects. It is also shown that, for monotonic loading under constant loading rates, the peak stress strain response of the adhesive in a double lap joint follows the Glinka hypothesis for the notch stress-strain response of metals. However, it is shown that this approximation may not be valid for complex loading spectra.
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Boretzki, Jakob, Matthias Albiez, Jannis Damm, and Thomas Ummenhofer. "Fatigue behaviour of hybrid grouted joints under axial loading." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2425.
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AbstractSteel constructions made of circular hollow sections are commonly joined by welding or ring‐flange bolting. An additional, novel joining method is the so‐called hybrid grouted joint. The hybrid grouted joint is characterised by its multi‐layered composition. In contrast to state‐of‐the‐art grouted joints, hybrid grouted joints include thin adhesive layers, which are applied on the steel surfaces prior to grouting. Sand grains are embedded in the yet uncured adhesive. After the curing of the adhesive, the surface has a high degree of roughness. This allows a high‐performance interlock between fine grain grout and the adhesively bonded sand granules across the contact surfaces in the overlap area. The ability to transfer loads across a wide area with low stress concentrations makes the hybrid grouted joint a promising joint alternative especially regarding the fatigue performance. This paper summarises the main findings concerning fatigue behaviour of the hybrid grouted joint under axial loading. Wöhler diagrams were determined in numerous fatigue tests for two combinations of adhesive and grout.
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Asgari Mehrabadi, Farhad. "Experimental and Numerical Failure Analysis of Adhesive Composite Joints." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/925340.
Full textAbstract:
In the first section of this work, a suitable data reduction scheme is developed to measure the adhesive joints strain energy release rate under pure mode-I loading, and in the second section, three types of adhesive hybrid lap-joints, that is, Aluminum-GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic), GFRP-GFRP, and Steel-GFRP were employed in the determination of adhesive hybrid joints strengths and failures that occur at these assemblies under tension loading. To achieve the aims, Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) was used to evaluate the fracture state under the mode-I loading (opening mode) and also hybrid lap-joint was employed to investigate the failure load and strength of bonded joints. The finite-element study was carried out to understand the stress intensity factors in DCB test to account fracture toughness using J-integral method as a useful tool for predicting crack failures. In the case of hybrid lap-joint tests, a numerical modeling was also performed to determine the adhesive stress distribution and stress concentrations in the side of lap-joint. Results are discussed in terms of their relationship with adhesively bonded joints and thus can be used to develop appropriate approaches aimed at using adhesive bonding and extending the lives of adhesively bonded repairs for aerospace structures.
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Rudawska, Anna, Arkadiusz Gola, Jakub Pizoń, Paweł Capała, and Łukasz Wójcik. "Effectiveness of Bonding Steel Elements with Polyester-Coated Paint." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (September 6, 2023): 10059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810059.
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The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of the effectiveness of bonding steel elements with paint coating. The adhesive joints were made using two types of the adhesives: two-component epoxy resin adhesive based on Bisphenol A and polyurethane. Three types of adhesive joints were made: (i) reference samples, (ii) samples with a paint polyester coating, and (iii) samples with a zinc primer and paint polyester coating. These coatings were applied using the electrokinetic method. A shear strength test of the adhesive joints (EN DIN 1465 standard), a coating adhesion test (ASTM D3359-B standard), and surface wettability tests (based on contact angle) were used. Through analyzing the test results, it can be seen that the strength of the adhesive joints of the reference samples made with epoxy adhesive is 46% lower than that of the specimens with primer and paint coating applied. However, in the case of the adhesive joints made with the polyurethane adhesive, the aforementioned difference in the strength value of the adhesive joints of the reference samples and paint-coated samples with an applied primer is 76%. Adherends with a paint coating and a previously applied primer obtained the lowest value of the contact angle (38.72°) and are characterized by good wettability.
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Pastor-Blas, M. Mercedes, José Miguel Martín-Martínez, and F. J. Boerio. "Mechanisms of Adhesion in Surface Chlorinated Thermoplastic Rubber/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Adhesive Joints." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547686.
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Abstract Chlorination of a thermoplastic styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber (S0) with a solution of 2 wt% trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in ethyl acetate improved its adhesion to polyurethane adhesives. The analysis of the failed surfaces (obtained after T-peel test of S0/PU joints) showed that the locus of failure in the rubber/polyurethane joints progresses from adhesion (in non chlorinated-S0/PU joint) to cohesion in the chlorinated layer (for chlorinated-S0/PU joint). The composition of this chlorinated layer differed from the composition of the non bonded-chlorinated rubber, i.e. the failure of the joint was located in a chlorinated layer with a distinctive chemistry. On the other hand, the analysis of the chlorinated rubber/PU adhesive interface showed that chlorination with TCI produces a crosslinking of the rubber surface as well as strong interactions between the uppermost-chlorinated layer and the PU adhesive.
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Razavi, S. M. J., M. Peron, J. Torgersen, and F. Berto. "The Effect of Interface Geometry on the Mechanical Behavior of Adhesive Joints." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.256.
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The role of sinusoid interface shape on the load bearing capacity of the adhesively bonded single lap joints has been investigated experimentally. The experimental results showed that the interface non-flatness can considerably influence the adhesive joint strength. The main parameters that can affect the load bearing of the non-flat joints are wave heights, wave lengths and also mechanical properties of adhesives and adherends. In this paper, the effect of wave length was evaluated as the key variable parameter. According to the experimental results for the best studied case, non-flat sinusoid single lap joints had about 51% higher load bearing compared to the conventional flat single lap joints.
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de Barros, Silvio Romero, Kelly Cristiane Gomes, João Regis De Souza, Normando Perazzo Barbosa, and Sandro Marden Torres. "Geopolymeric Adhesives for Aluminium Joints." Materials Science Forum 643 (March 2010): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.643.143.
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Bonded joints have been used in substitution of more traditional techniques as screws, rivets and mainly welding. However, the applications in which the work temperatures are relatively high remain as an obstacle to the use of more common polymeric adhesives. In this sense, the study of adhesive properties of thermally stable materials as the geopolymers becomes a need. This work deals with the adhesion of aluminium sandwich beams using geopolymeric adhesives. Metakaolin-based geopolymers were used as adhesives, activated with sodium and potassium silicates. Shear mode adhesion tests were accomplished and the results indicate the possibility for use of these new adhesives.
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Cavezza, Francesca, Matthieu Boehm, Herman Terryn, and Tom Hauffman. "A Review on Adhesively Bonded Aluminium Joints in the Automotive Industry." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060730.
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The introduction of adhesive bonding in the automotive industry is one of the key enabling technologies for the production of aluminium closures and all-aluminium car body structures. One of the main concerns limiting the use of adhesive joints is the durability of these system when exposed to service conditions. The present article primarily focuses on the different research works carried out for studying the effect of water, corrosive ions and external stresses on the performances of adhesively bonded joint structures. Water or moisture can affect the system by both modifying the adhesive properties or, more importantly, by causing failure at the substrate/adhesive interface. Ionic species can lead to the initiation and propagation of filiform corrosion and applied stresses can accelerate the detrimental effect of water or corrosion. Moreover, in this review the steps which the metal undergoes before being joined are described. It is shown how the metal preparation has an important role in the durability of the system, as it modifies the chemistry of the substrate’s top layer. In fact, from the adhesion theories discussed, it is seen how physical and chemical bonding, and in particular acid-base interactions, are fundamental in assuring a good substrate/adhesive adhesion.
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Minosi, Stefania, Fabrizio Moroni, and Alessandro Pirondi. "Evaluation of XD 10 Polyamide Electrospun Nanofibers to Improve Mode I Fracture Toughness for Epoxy Adhesive Film Bonded Joints." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 4, 2023): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051395.
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The demand for ever-lighter structures raises the interest in bonding as a joining method, especially for materials that are difficult to join with traditional welding and bolting techniques. Structural adhesives, however, are susceptible to defects, but can be toughened in several ways: by changing their chemical composition or by adding fillers, even of nanometric size. Nanomaterials have a high surface area and limited structural defects, which can enhance the mechanical properties of adhesives depending on their nature, quantity, size, and interfacial adhesion. This work analyzes the Mode I fracture toughness of joints bonded with METLBOND® 1515-4M epoxy film and XantuLayr electrospun XD 10 polyamide nanofibers. Two joint configurations were studied, which differed according to the position of the nanomat within the adhesive layer: one had the nanofibers at the substrate/adhesive interfaces, and the other had the nanofibers in the center of the adhesive layer. Double cantilever beam joints were manufactured to evaluate the Mode I fracture toughness of the bonding with and without nano-reinforcement. The nanofibers applied at the substrate/adhesive interface improved the Mode-I fracture toughness by 32%, reaching the value of 0.55 N/mm. SEM images confirm the positive contribution of the nanofibers, which appear stretched and pulled out from the matrix. No fracture toughness variation was detected in the joints with the nanofibers placed in the middle of the adhesive layer.
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Akhmet, Ganiy, Ye Yu, Ping Hu, Wen-bin Hou, and Xiao Han. "Analysis of the performance of adhesively bonded corrugated core sandwich structures using cohesive zone method." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217732530.
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Stress analysis of adhesively bonded joints of sandwich structures is more complex. Only a few research works have studied this subject. The major obstacle is finding the stress distribution at the adhesive layer of sandwich structures under different loading conditions. This paper presents a study on stress distribution at the adhesive joints of the corrugated sandwich structure subjected to three-point bending using the cohesive zone model. Firstly, three cases of sandwich models with different types of glue on both longitudinal and transverse loading directions were calculated using cohesive zone model, and then the corresponding experiments were carried out and compared to prove the FEM results to validate the results through both load–displacement curves and failure deformation modes. Secondly, the cohesive zone model simulation was used to obtain the detailed stress distribution at the bonding joint with the effect of four major geometrical parameters: adhesive layer thickness, corrugated panel thickness, face panel thickness and adhesive joint width. Lastly, the results of stress analysis showed that the stress distribution is not uniform and is highly affected by the bonding joint's geometrical parameters, adhesive layer thickness and adhesive joint width.
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Her, Shiuh-Chuan, and Cheng-Feng Chan. "Interfacial Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joint." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152403.
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The use of adhesively bonded joints in place of traditional joining techniques such as bolted or rivet joints is becoming greatly popular in recent years. Interfacial stress in the adhesive is critical to the strength of adhesively bonded joints. It is necessary to predict the interfacial stresses accurately to ensure the safety of joints. In this work, an analytical model is explicitly presented to evaluate the stresses in a double lap joint. The equilibrium equations in the adhesive overlap region are derived on the basis of elasticity theory. The governing equations are presented in terms of shear and peel stresses in the adhesive. Analytical solutions are derived for the shear and peel stresses, which are considered to be the main reason for the failure of the double lap joint. To verify the analytical solutions, the finite element method is conducted using the commercial package ANSYS. Results from the analytical solution agree well with finite element results and numerical investigations available in the literature. The effect of the adhesive thickness, shear modulus, adherend Young’s modulus and bonding length on the shear and peel stresses in the adhesive of the double lap joint are studied. Numerical results demonstrate that both the maximum shear and peel stress occur at both ends of the bonding region. The maximum values of the shear and peel stresses increase as the adhesive thickness decreases and as the adhesive shear modulus increases provided that the adhesive thickness is sufficiently small. The simplicity and capability to obtain analytical expressions of the shear and peel stresses for double lap adhesive bonded joints makes the proposed analytical model applicable for the stress analysis and preliminary structural design.
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Yang, Yin Huan. "Experimental Study of Effect of Adhesives on Strength of Composites Adhesive Joints." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2608.
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Tension tests on T700/EXOPY unidirectional laminates and 3-D and six-directional braided composites single-lap adhesive joints with different adhesive types under uniaxial tensile loading are performed in the presented paper. Failure modes, strengths and load-displacement curves of two kinds of different adhesive joints are compared and analyzed. According to the experimental results, it is found that the strength of the joints of the smaller adhesive shear strength is less, in contrast, the strength of the joints of the bigger adhesive shear strength is greater, Failure shear strength average is grown 27% relatively. And the starting position of the crack is appeared at the overlap ends, and the whole joint is failed with propagation of the crack.
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Ferreira, CL, RDSG Campilho, and RDF Moreira. "Experimental and numerical analysis of dual-adhesive stepped-lap aluminum joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 5 (February 16, 2020): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920905747.
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The use of adhesive bonds has attracted considerable interest from the scientific community. Stepped-lap joints have the advantage of decreasing stress gradients along the bond length, although the outer steps still encounter stress levels above the steps in the inner zone of the joint. One possible way to reduce this stress gradient is to combine this type of joint with the use of two adhesives. This work consists of an experimental and numerical evaluation of stepped-lap dual-adhesive joints between aluminum adherends, for various overlap lengths ( LO), and comparison with stepped-lap single-adhesive joints. The adhesives Araldite® AV138, Araldite® 2015, and Sikaforce® 7752 were evaluated. Numerically, cohesive zone models with a triangular damage law were applied in the joint behavior prediction. The analysis of the results is presented in the form of failure modes, stress analysis, damage variable analysis, load–displacement ( P–δ) curves and maximum load ( Pm), and energy required to failure ( U). It was concluded that, in general, cohesive zone model presented precise predictions. In general, no significant increase in strength was achieved with dual-adhesive joint but, on the other hand, significant energy increases were obtained.
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Eskenati, Amir Reza, Amir Mahboob, Ernest Bernat-Maso, and Lluís Gil. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Adhesively and Bolted Connections of Pultruded GFRP I-Shape Profiles." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050894.
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Recent developments indicate that the application of pultruded FRP profiles has been continuously growing in the construction industry. Generating more complex structures composed of pultruded FRP profiles requires joining them. In particular, I-shape glass fiber pultruded profiles are commonly used and the possible joints to connect them should be specifically studied. The mechanical behavior of adhesively and bolted joints for pultruded Glass FRP (GFRP) profiles has been experimentally addressed and numerically modeled. A total of nine specimens with different configurations (bolted joints, adhesive joints, web joints, web and flange joints, and two different angles between profiles) were fabricated and tested, extending the available published information. The novelty of the research is in the direct comparison of joint technologies (bolted vs. adhesive), joint configuration (web vs. flange + web) and angles between profiles in a comprehensive way. Plates for flange joints were fabricated with carbon fiber FRP. Experimental results indicate that adding the bolted flange connection allowed for a slight increase of the load bearing capacity (up to 15%) but a significant increase in the stiffness (between 2 and 7 times). Hence, it is concluded that using carbon FRP bolted flange connection should be considered when increasing the joint stiffness is sought. Adhesively connections only reached 25% of the expected shear strength according to the adhesive producer if comparing the numerically calculated shear strength at the failure time with the shear strength capacity of the adhesive. Apart from assessing adhesive connections, the implemented 3D numerical model was aimed at providing a simplified effective tool to effectively design bolted joints. Although the accurate fitting between experimental and numerical results of the mechanical response, especially the stiffness of the joint, the local failure experimentally observed was not automatically represented by the model, because of the simplified definition of the materials oriented to make the model available for a wide range of practitioners.
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Grundmann, Neele, Hauke Brüning, Konstantinos Tserpes, Tim Strohbach, and Bernd Mayer. "Influence of Embedding Fiber Optical Sensors in CFRP Film Adhesive Joints on Bond Strength." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061665.
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The increasing utilization of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in the aeronautical industry calls for a structural health monitoring (SHM) system for adhesively bonded CFRP joints. Optical glass fiber with inscribed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is a promising technology for a SHM system. This paper investigates the intrusive effect of embedding optical glass fibers carrying FBGs on adhesive bond strength and adhesive layer thickness and quality. Embedding the optical glass fibers directly in the adhesive bond has the advantage of directly monitoring the targeted structure but poses the risk of significantly reducing the bond strength. Optical glass fibers with different cladding diameters (50, 80, 125 µm) and coating types (polyimide, with a thickness of 3−8 µm, and acrylate, with a thickness of ~35 µm) are embedded in structural and repair film adhesives here. Without embedded optical glass fibers, the film adhesives have an adhesive layer thickness of ~90 µm (structural) and ~100 µm (repair) after curing. The intrusive effect of the fiber embedding on the adhesive bond strength is investigated here with quasi static and fatigue single lap joint (SLJ) tensile shear tests. Also, the influence of hydrothermal aging procedures on the quasi static tensile shear strength is investigated. It is found that optical glass fibers with a total diameter (glass fiber cladding + coating) of ~145 µm significantly reduce the quasi static tensile shear strength and increase the adhesive layer thickness and number of air inclusions (or pores) in the structural film adhesive joints. In the repair adhesive joints, no significant reduction of quasi static tensile shear strength is caused by the embedding of any of the tested fiber types and diameters. However, an increase in the adhesive layer thickness is detected. In both adhesive films, no effect on the quasi-static tensile shear strength is detected when embedding optical glass fibers with total diameters <100 µm. The applied aging regime only affects the repair film adhesive joints, and the structural film adhesive joints show no significant reduction. A polyimide-coated 80 µm optical glass fiber is selected for fatigue SLJ tensile shear tests in combination with the more sensitive structural film adhesive. No significant differences between the S-N curves and tensile shear fatigue strength of the reference samples without embedded optical fibers and the samples carrying the polyimide-coated 80 µm optical glass fibers are detected. Thus, it is concluded that the influences of embedding optical glass fibers with total diameters <100 µm on the fatigue limit of the tested film adhesive joints is negligible.
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Bao, Nuo, Chun Jie Wang, Lin Zhu, and Shun Guang Song. "Effect of Filling with Adhesive on Solder Alloys Subjected to Random Vibration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (April 2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.34.
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In order to obtain a better filling way with suitable adhesive to enhance the reliability of 3D PLUS solder joints. Finite element analysis of random vibration method was carried out. By means of the method, the effect of filling way on the stress distribution in solder joints was investigated under the condition of two types adhesives 55/9 and GD414. Stress distribution and its maximum value of 3D PLUS solder joint at peak time were acquired. Comparative analysis of the maximum stress between under filled adhesive and side filled adhesive with 55/9 or GD414 respectively. The results showed that under filled adhesive 55/9 can effectively improve the solder joint stress.
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Kłonica, Mariusz. "Comparative Analysis of Shear Strength of Single-Lap Adhesive Joints after "Thermal Shock"." Applied Mechanics and Materials 791 (September 2015): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.791.224.
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The paper presents a comparative analysis of static shear strength of single-lap adhesive joints of 316L steel, before and after mechanical treatment with a coated abrasive tool. The research was of comparative nature and focused on adhesive joints subjected to variable thermal stress and adhesive joints not subjected to such shock. Adhesives based on epoxy resins were used. The results of static shear strength tests of single-lap adhesive joints for different variations of material preparing were analysed. The obtained results were analysed statistically and in compliance with relevant scientific standards. The scope of tests covered a relatively short fatigue cycle, i.e. 200 cycles in the range of temperatures between-40°C and +60°C. The main aim of the research was to determine the relation between joint strength and thermal fatigue. The paper presents conclusions resulting from the conducted research.
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Motlhakudi, I., and A. Jonker. "Fatigue Characterisation of Adhesives Used in Fibre-Reinforced Composites." R&D Journal 39 (2023): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8988/2023/v39a6.
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A review of past investigations into the fatigue behaviour of structural adhesives and bonded joints in fibre-reinforced polymer composites is given. An overview of the structural adhesives used in general bonded joint applications is first provided, followed by an experimental fatigue testing of these bonded components. The aspects that influence fatigue strength and fatigue life for adhesively bonded joints in fibre-reinforced polymer composites are then discussed in terms of the adhesive composition, geometry configuration, surface condition and preparation, and loading conditions. The aspects that relate to fatigue crack initiation and crack propagation in these bonded composite components are discussed in terms of damage modelling, monitoring, and detecting of crack initiation, crack growth rates and crack propagation modelling. The impact of environmental factors such as temperature and humidity on the fatigue performance of these bonded composite joints is also discussed. The paper then concludes by providing guidelines for characterising the fatigue behaviour of adhesively bonded joints and adhesives used in fibre-reinforced polymer composite applications
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Ogrodniczek, Jacek. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ENDURANCE OF UV-CURED ADHESIVE JOINTS." Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jteme.3056.
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The aim of the study was to compare the strength of adhesive joints bonded with two different UV-cured adhesives in different exposure times. The adhesives used in the research differed in viscosity. The first adhesive Multibond 5550 was characterised by low viscosity, the second adhesive Multibond 5544 was characterised by high viscosity. The adhesive joints were made from a 316L steel sample and a sample made from polymethyl methacrylate. The adhesive joints were cured at three time intervals: 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The strength of the adhesive bonds was compared using the MANOVA test. Statistical analysis showed that there was a statistical difference between the adhesives cured for 10 minutes. It was also found that joints where a high viscosity adhesive was used showed similar strength results for 10 and 20 minutes of adhesive exposure to UV rays. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software and the R programming language.
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Kisiel, Ryszard. "Electrically Conductive Adhesive Formulations for SMT Applications." Journal of Electronic Packaging 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1497628.
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The aim of current research presented in my paper is to establish how adhesive composition influences the performance of joints between SMDs and PCBs. For identifying the best adhesive formulation in SMT applications, the experiment design method based on Taguchi techniques for quality engineering has been used. It was decided to investigate how the following controllable factors: type of isolating resin, levels of weight content of Ag filler, presence of adhesive promoter and spread improver as well as PCB pads finishing influences the performance of adhesive joints. As the figure-of-merit, the individual joint resistance and adhesion between SMDs and PCBs were measured. It was found that the type of resin had the biggest influence on electrical and mechanical properties of adhesive joints.
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Neves, Luís F. R., Raul D. S. G. Campilho, Isidro J. Sánchez-Arce, Kouder Madani, and Chander Prakash. "Numerical Modelling and Validation of Mixed-Mode Fracture Tests to Adhesive Joints Using J-Integral Concepts." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122730.
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The interest in the design and numerical modelling of adhesively-bonded components and structures for industrial application is increasing as a research topic. Although research on joint failure under pure mode is widespread, applied bonded joints are often subjected to a mixed mode loading at the crack tip, which is more complex than the pure mode and affects joint strength. Failure of these joints under loading is the objective of predictions through mathematical and numerical models, the latter based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), using Cohesive Zone Modelling (CZM). The Single leg bending (bending) testing is among those employed to study mixed mode loading. This work aims to validate the application of FEM-CZM to SLB joints. Thus, the geometries used for experimental testing were reproduced numerically and experimentally obtained properties were employed in these models. Upon the validation of the numerical technique, a parametric study involving the cohesive laws’ parameters is performed, identifying the parameters with the most influence on the joint behaviour. As a result, it was possible to numerically model SLB tests of adhesive joints and estimate the mixed-mode behaviour of different adhesives, which enables mixed-mode modelling and design of adhesive structures.
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Jalali, Shahin, Catarina da Silva Pereira Borges, Ricardo João Camilo Carbas, Eduardo André de Sousa Marques, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Ana Sofia Oliveira Ferreira Barbosa, João Carlos Moura Bordado, and Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva. "A Novel Technique for Substrate Toughening in Wood Single Lap Joints Using a Zero-Thickness Bio-Adhesive." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 17, 2024): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020448.
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In contemporary engineering practices, the utilization of sustainable materials and eco-friendly techniques has gained significant importance. Wooden joints, particularly those created with polyurethan-based bio-adhesives, have garnered significant attention owing to their intrinsic environmental advantages and desirable mechanical properties. In comparison to conventional joining methods, adhesive joints offer distinct benefits such as an enhanced load distribution, reduced stress concentration, and improved aesthetic appeal. In this study, reference and toughened single-lap joint samples were investigated experimentally and numerically under quasi-static loading conditions. The proposed research methodology involves the infusion of a bio-adhesive into the wooden substrate, reinforcing the matrix of its surfaces. This innovative approach was developed to explore a synergetic effect of both wood and bio-adhesive. The experimentally validated results showcase a significant enhancement in joint strength, demonstrating an 85% increase when compared to joints with regular pine substrates. Moreover, the increased delamination thickness observed in toughened joints was found to increase the energy absorption of the joint.
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Hastuti, Sri, Paryanto Paryanto, Gito Sugiyanto, Xander Salahudin, Ridwan Afandi, and Fadlan Azhari. "Sikahyflex-Epoxy Mixed Adhesive’s Effect on the Aluminum-Composite Joint’s Shear Tensile Strength for the Automotive Industry." Reka Buana : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia 9, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/rekabuana.v9i1.5435.
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The automotive industry sector encounters challenges in the construction of connections between different materials. Hence, a breakthrough is needed in the automotive industry in manufacturing connections between different wall panel materials. Mixed adhesive materials for different materials are required and represent an innovation in the manufacturing process for joints of different materials due to the need for stiff and slightly ductile adhesives. This research aims to analyze the effect of using a sikahyflex-epoxy mixture adhesive in aluminum-composite joints on the shear tensile strength of the joints for the automotive industry. This research serves as an innovation in dissimilar material connection systems by developing the use of mixed adhesives and cocofiber aluminum-composite adherend materials with environmentally friendly and corrosion-resistant properties. The research material used aluminum 5083-cocofiber composite. The adherend surface was roughened employing sandpaper of #60, #80, and #150. The adhesive used the addition of sikahyflex adhesive to the epoxy adhesive with additional variations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sikahyflex. Connections between different materials with the single lap joint type refer to ASTM D1002. The roughness test results yielded the best roughness grade #150 on the surface of the aluminum adherend and coco fiber composite. The shear tensile test results by adding 40% sikahyflex adhesive, 0.4 mm adhesive thickness, and #150 sandpapering resulted in a 20% increase in shear tensile strength in the single lap joint of 2.51 N/mm2. The surface roughness enhanced the adhesive bond strength between mechanical interlocking adhesives and adherend. Meanwhile, the failure modes observed in macro observations included thin-layer cohesive failure, cohesive failure, two-stage failure, and stock-break failure modes. The SEM observation revealed that in the initial propagation of microcracking and voids, which mark the initial onset of adhesive failure, tearing took place, leading to a failure mode in the aluminum-composite coco fiber single overlap joint.
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Guzanová, Anna, Janette Brezinová, Ján Varga, Miroslav Džupon, Marek Vojtko, Erik Janoško, Ján Viňáš, Dagmar Draganovská, and Ján Hašuľ. "Experimental Study of Steel–Aluminum Joints Made by RSW with Insert Element and Adhesive Bonding." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020864.
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This work focuses on joining steel to aluminum alloy using a novel method of joining by resistance spot welding with an insert element based on anticorrosive steel in combination with adhesive bonding. The method aims to reduce the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds by using short welding times and a different chemical composition of the insert element. In the experiment, deep-drawing low-carbon steel, HSLA zinc-coated steel and precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy 6082 T6 were used. Two types of adhesives—one based on rubber and the other based on epoxy resin—were used for adhesive bonding, while the surfaces of the materials joined were treated with a unique adhesion-improving agent based on organosilanes. The surface treatment improved the chemical bonding between the substrate and adhesive. It was proved, that the use of an insert element in combination with adhesive bonding is only relevant for those adhesives that have a load capacity just below the yield strength of the substrates. For bonded joints with higher load capacities, plastic deformation of the substrates occurs, which is unacceptable, and thus, the overall contribution of the insert element to the load capacity of the joint becomes negligible. The results also show that the combination of the resistance spot welding of the insert element and adhesive bonding facilitates the joining process of galvanized and nongalvanized steels with aluminum alloys and suppresses the effect of brittle intermetallic phases by minimizing the joining area and welding time. It is possible to use the synergistic effect of insert element welding and adhesive bonding to achieve increased energy absorption of the joint under stress.
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Viana, G., M. Costa, M. D. Banea, and L. F. M. da Silva. "Cohesive Properties of Environmentally Degraded Epoxy Adhesives." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 3, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_003.002_0005.
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Adhesives are increasingly being used in the aerospace and automotive industries. They allow for light weight vehicles, fuel savings and reduced emissions. However, the environmental degradation of adhesive joints is a major setback in its wider implementation. Moisture degradation of adhesive joints includes plasticization, attacking of the interface, swelling of the adhesive and consequent creation of residual stresses. The main factors affecting the strength of adhesive joints under high and low temperatures are the degradation of the adhesive mechanical properties and the creation of residual stresses.To model the long term mechanical behaviour of adhesive joints, the temperature and moisture dependent properties of the adhesives must be known. However, few studies focus on the combined moisture and temperature degradation, which difficults the prediction of the long term mechanical behaviour of these joints. In this study the prediction of moisture and temperature dependent cohesive properties of a structural adhesive is analysed.