Journal articles: 'ADHD'

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Hollocher, Hope, and Allen R. Place. "Partial Correction of Structural Defects in Alcohol Dehydrogenase Through Interallelic Complementation in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.2.265.

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ABSTRACT Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) from the F1 progeny of all pairwise crosses between 12 null-activity mutants and crosses between these mutants and four active variants, ADHn5 ADHF, ADHD and ADHS, were analyzed for the presence of active or inactive heterodimers. Gels were stained for ADH enzyme activity, and protein blots of duplicate gels were probed with ADH-specific antibody to detect cross-reacting material. Crosses between the three major electrophoretic variants. ADHF, ADHS and ADHD, all produced active heterodimers. Four mutant proteins (ADHn2, ADHn4, ADHn10 and ADHn13) did not form heterodimers with any other ADH subunit tested. Of the 28 crosses involving the remaining null activity mutants, 22 produce heterodimers. Twelve of these exhibit partial restoration of enzyme activity. In five cases of active heterodimers from null-activity crosses, Adhn11 supplied one of the subunits. In two crosses involving the active variant ADHD, the null activity mutant subunits (ADHn8 and ADHn3) destabilized the heterodimer sufficiently to cause inactivation of the ADHD subunit. In the cross between AdhF and Adhn3, the activity of the ADHF subunit was also greatly reduced in association with the ADHn3 subunit. Two crosses (Adhn1 × Adhn11 and Adhn5 × Adhn12) result in partial restoration of one of the homodimeric proteins (ADHn1 and ADHn12, respectively), as well as forming active heterodimers.

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Ahmadi, Maliheh, Kamran Kazemi, Katarzyna Kuc, Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz, Mohammad Sadegh Helfroush, and Ardalan Aarabi. "Disrupted Functional Rich-Club Organization of the Brain Networks in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a Resting-State EEG Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070938.

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Growing evidence indicates that disruptions in the brain’s functional connectivity play an important role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. The present study investigates alterations in resting-state EEG source connectivity and rich-club organization in children with inattentive (ADHDI) and combined (ADHDC) ADHD compared with typically developing children (TD) under the eyes-closed condition. EEG source analysis was performed by eLORETA in different frequency bands. The lagged phase synchronization (LPS) and graph theoretical metrics were then used to examine group differences in the topological properties and rich-club organization of functional networks. Compared with the TD children, the ADHDI children were characterized by a widespread significant decrease in delta and beta LPS, as well as increased theta and alpha LPS in the left frontal and right occipital regions. The ADHDC children displayed significant increases in LPS in the central, temporal and posterior areas. Both ADHD groups showed small-worldness properties with significant increases and decreases in the network degree in the θ and β bands, respectively. Both subtypes also displayed reduced levels of network segregation. Group differences in rich-club distribution were found in the central and posterior areas. Our findings suggest that resting-state EEG source connectivity analysis can better characterize alterations in the rich-club organization of functional brain networks in ADHD patients.

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Lin, Guang-Huey, Ming-Chuan Hsieh, and Hung-Yu Shu. "Role of Iron-Containing Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 Stress Resistance and Virulence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 9921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189921.

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Most bacteria possess alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes (Adh genes) to mitigate alcohol toxicity, but these genes have functions beyond alcohol degradation. Previous research has shown that ADH can modulate quorum sensing in Acinetobacter baumannii, a rising opportunistic pathogen. However, the number and nature of Adh genes in A. baumannii have not yet been fully characterized. We identified seven alcohol dehydrogenases (NAD+-ADHs) from A. baumannii ATCC 19606, and examined the roles of three iron-containing ADHs, ADH3, ADH4, and ADH6. Marker-less mutation was used to generate Adh3, Adh4, and Adh6 single, double, and triple mutants. Disrupted Adh4 mutants failed to grow in ethanol-, 1-butanol-, or 1-propanol-containing mediums, and recombinant ADH4 exhibited strongest activity against ethanol. Stress resistance assays with inorganic and organic hydroperoxides showed that Adh3 and Adh6 were key to oxidative stress resistance. Virulence assays performed on the Galleria mellonella model organism revealed that Adh4 mutants had comparable virulence to wild-type, while Adh3 and Adh6 mutants had reduced virulence. The results suggest that ADH4 is primarily involved in alcohol metabolism, while ADH3 and ADH6 are key to stress resistance and virulence. Further investigation into the roles of other ADHs in A. baumannii is warranted.

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Moyles, Sinéad, Victoria Dionisos, Gina Mason, Taylor Christiansen, David Barker, Daniel Dickstein, Mary Carskadon, and Jared Saletin. "0175 5-nights of Sleep Restriction and Impulsivity-related fMRI Brain Activity in Adolescents with ADHD Traits." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A75—A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0175.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep loss can adversely affect brain mechanisms underlying attention and inhibitory control, potentially leading to increased impulsive behavior. We propose that youth with more severe attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like traits may be particularly vulnerable to sleep loss on impulsivity tasks. We examined this possibility using an fMRI Go/No-Go task in a within-subject at-home sleep restriction experiment in children with high or low ADHD-like traits. Methods Thirty adolescents (13M; 12.14±0.99yrs) were grouped by the Conners-3-Parent ADHD-Probability Index [>=/< 50%tile] as high (ADHDy; n=13) or low (ADHDn; n=17). All children completed two counterbalanced conditions: 5-nights of sleep optimization (SO; 10h TIB set to habitual risetime) and 5-nights of sleep restriction (SR; 7.5h TIB; delaying bedtime and advancing risetime equally). At least 2 nights of stabilization preceded both conditions. Following both SO and SR, participants completed fMRI scanning consisting of two 7-minute runs of an event-related Go/No-Go task. We investigated activation associated with impulsive errors (commissions>hits). Voxel-wise 2x2 linear mixed effects models (3dLME) examined condition [SR vs. SO], group [ADHDy vs. ADHDn], and interaction effects with significance set to p<.005, k=30 voxels. Results Wrist actigraphy indicated that SR was successful in reducing sleep period time by 20% (SR= 7.32±0.48 vs. SO= 9.14±0.46h; [t(29)=21.23, p<.001; d=3.88]) and total sleep time by 17% (SR= 6.72±0.55 vs. SO= 8.13±0.65h; [t(29)=15.08, p<.001; d=.2.75]). At SO, commission errors (vs. hits) were associated with higher activation in the bilateral putamen, bilateral precentral gyri, left inferior frontal gyrus, and the bilateral insula. We identified a significant condition-x-group interaction in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (MNIx,y,z: [29, 35,47, k=65), whereby sleep restriction decreased error signaling for the ADHDn group, but not for the ADHDy group. Conclusion These initial findings indicate that ADHD traits may moderate the impact of sleep loss on impulsive error signaling during the Go/No-Go task. Those in the ADHDy group appear particularly sensitive to commission error processing in the prefrontal cortex. As data collection continues, our analyses will pivot to computational modeling of inter-individual variability in this effect. Support (if any) R01HD103655; P20GM139743

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Pham, Cindy, Regan Vryer, Martin O’Hely, Toby Mansell, David Burgner, Fiona Collier, Christos Symeonides, et al. "Shortened Infant Telomere Length Is Associated with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children at Age Two Years: A Birth Cohort Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 4601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094601.

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Environmental factors can accelerate telomere length (TL) attrition. Shortened TL is linked to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in school-aged children. The onset of ADHD occurs as early as preschool-age, but the TL-ADHD association in younger children is unknown. We investigated associations between infant TL and ADHD symptoms in children and assessed environmental factors as potential confounders and/or mediators of this association. Relative TL was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cord and 12-month blood in the birth cohort study, the Barwon Infant Study. Early life environmental factors collected antenatally to two years were used to measure confounding. ADHD symptoms at age two years were evaluated by the Child Behavior Checklist Attention Problems (AP) and the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems (ADHP). Associations between early life environmental factors on TL or ADHD symptoms were assessed using multivariable regression models adjusted for relevant factors. Telomere length at 12 months (TL12), but not at birth, was inversely associated with AP (β = −0.56; 95% CI (−1.13, 0.006); p = 0.05) and ADHP (β = −0.66; 95% CI (−1.11, −0.21); p = 0.004). Infant secondhand smoke exposure at one month was independently associated with shorter TL12 and also higher ADHD symptoms. Further work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms that influence TL attrition and early neurodevelopment.

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Dionisos, Victoria, Sinéad Moyles, Gina Mason, Taylor Christiansen, David Barker, Daniel Dickstein, Mary Carskadon, and Jared Saletin. "0176 fMRI Neural Activation During Working Memory After 5-Nights of Sleep Restriction in Adolescents with ADHD Traits." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0176.

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Abstract Introduction Persistent sleep loss is common among adolescents. Its impact on cognitive functioning is well documented, particularly in working memory. We hypothesize that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) may be particularly vulnerable to such effects. Here we examine the impact of 5-nights of at-home sleep restriction on the neural correlates of working memory in young adolescents with and without ADHD traits. Methods Twenty-five peripubertal adolescents (12.36±0.88 years, 14F) were characterized by Conners-3-Parent ADHD-Index [>=/< 50% tile] as either high (ADHDy; n=11) or low (ADHDn; n=14). All participants completed an fMRI-monitored working memory task after two counterbalanced conditions: 5-nights of sleep optimization (SO; 10h TIB set to habitual risetime) and 5-nights of sleep restriction (SR; 7.5h TIB, equally delaying bedtime and advancing risetime). At least two nights of stabilization preceded both conditions. fMRI sessions consisted of two 7-minute runs of alternating 2-back and 0-back working memory blocks. Voxel-wise 2x2 linear mixed effects models (3dLME) investigated condition [SR vs. SO], group [ADHDy vs. ADHDn], and interaction effects on working memory activation (2-back>0-back). Significance was set to p<.005, k=30 voxels. Results Our actigraphy monitored protocol significantly reduced sleep period time by 20% (SR= 7.39±0.43h vs. SO= 9.19±0.39h; [t(24)=17.66, p<.001; d=3.53]) and total sleep time by 17% (SR= 6.79±0.51h vs. SO= 8.20±0.60h; [t(24)=12.9, p<.001; d=2.58]). At SO, fMRI 2-back blocks were associated with increased activation in task-on areas, such as the bilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and superior parietal cortices, and decreased activation in default-mode task-off areas, including the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex. Of these regions, significant condition-by-group effects indicated that sleep loss increased activation in the bilateral superior parietal cortex (MNIx,y,z: [40, -48, 68], k=172) and bilateral cuneus/precuneus (MNIx,y,z: [16, -84, 48], k=1446), only in the ADHDy group. Conclusion These data are the first to indicate that ADHD status may influence how sleep loss affects working memory in the adolescent brain. Sleep loss increased activation of both task-on (e.g., superior parietal) and task-off (e.g., precuneus) regions in the ADHDy group. We speculate this pattern may reflect less efficient neural processing after sleep loss. Ongoing data collection will probe sources of inter-individual variability. Support (if any) R01HD103655; P20GM139743

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Sung, Na-Gyeom, and Seong-Ok Park. "ADHD tendency of parents with ADHD children Psychological characteristics of parents and children." Korean Journal for Infant Mental Health 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47801/kjimh.14.1.2.

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Atmetlla, Gabriela, Verónica Burgos, Angela Carrillo, and Roberto Chaskel. "Behavior and orofacial characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during a dental visit." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 3 (April 1, 2006): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.3.g66h2750h11242p6.

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ADHD is a neuropsychological disorder, affecting attention, impulsiveness and activeness. The study included 36 children with ADHD, 47 without, and two silent observers.A dental form, SNAP-IV and ADHDT symptom checklists were used. Statistically significant differences were observed in hospitalization histories, oral habits, tongue characteristics, and facial biotype. Differences in orofacial characteristics and behavior between the groups were confirmed.

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Lukovac, Tanja, Olivera Aleksić Hil, Milka Popović, Vitomir Jovanović, Tatjana Savić, Aleksandra M. Pavlović, and Dragan Pavlović. "Serum Biomarker Analysis in Pediatric ADHD: Implications of Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Ferritin, and Iron Levels." Children 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2024): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11040497.

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The current diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on history, clinical observation, and behavioral tests. There is a high demand to find biomarkers for the diagnosis of ADHD. The aim of this study is to analyze the serum profiles of several biomarkers, including homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12, vitamin D, ferritin, and iron, in a cohort of 133 male subjects (6.5–12.5 years), including 67 individuals with an ADHD diagnosis based on DSM-V criteria and 66 age-matched healthy boys (healthy controls, HC). Assessments for ADHD included the Iowa Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale (CPRS) and the ADHDT test, as well as cognitive assessments using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the TROG-2 language comprehension test. Hcy and iron were quantified using spectrophotometry, while vitamin B12 and total 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and ferritin was measured using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. The results showed significantly increased Hcy levels and decreased vitamin B12 levels in ADHD patients compared to HCs. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that Hcy is a potential prognostic indicator for ADHD. These results suggest that elevated homocysteine and decreased vitamin B12 may serve as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ADHD.

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Leung, Patrick W. L., S. L. Luk, T. P. Ho, Eric Taylor, Felice Lieh Mak, and John Bacon-Shone. "The Diagnosis and Prevalence of Hyperactivity in Chinese Schoolboys." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 4 (April 1996): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.4.486.

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BackgroundThis study was undertaken to examine the validity of different diagnostic definitions of hyperactivity in a Chinese population. Estimates of the prevalence of hyperactivity were made according to these different diagnostic definitions.MethodIn a two-stage epidemiological study of hyperactivity in Hong Kong, 3069 Chinese schoolboys were screened by questionnaires; and a stratified sample of 611 of them entered a second stage for more detailed diagnostic assessment.ResultsChildren with hyperkinetic disorder (ICD–10) or ADDH (DSM–III) both displayed significant hyperactive symptoms, but with somewhat different external correlates; hyperkinetic disorder tended to show more neurodevelopmental impairments, ADDH more cognitive and educational difficulties. These findings raise the possibility of heterogeneity in the disorders present with hyperactivity. The DSM–III–R category of ADHD was more common, and those extra cases, that did not overlap with ADDH or hyperkinetic disorder, included children with no obvious behavioural, cognitive or neurodevelopmental impairments. Hence ADHD may be an over-inclusive category. Prevalence rates for hyperkinetic disorder, ADDH and ADHD were respectively 0.78%, 6.1% and 8.9%.ConclusionsA disorder of hyperactivity does exist in the Chinese culture, displaying the same kinds of symptomatology and external correlates as in the West. The prevalence rates of hyperkinetic disorder and ADDH in Chinese schoolboys are on the low side when compared to those reported in Western studies.

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Jaspers, Jan. "Eens ADHD, altijd ADHD?" gedrag en gezondheid 34, no. 5 (May 2006): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03071150.

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Kim, Eun-Hyang, Dong-Il Kim, and Eun-Young Koh. "Writing Performance and Error Type in At-risk Children with ADHD : Comorbidity of ADHD and Learning Disabilities in Written Expression." Korean Journal of Child Studies 34, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2013.34.1.71.

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Schramm, Satyam Antonio, Timo Hennig, and Friedrich Linderkamp. "Training Problem Solving and Organizational Skills in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 15, no. 3 (2016): 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.15.3.391.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder in adolescence and results severe impairment. Few psychosocial interventions aim at ADHD in adolescence and are rarely evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, an intervention combining adolescent-directed problem-solving and organizational skills training with behavioral parent and teacher training has been developed. Its efficacy in comparison to waiting list and active controls is reported.One hundred thirteen adolescents (mean age = 13.99 years) with ADHD were randomly assigned to the training, a waiting list or an active control condition (progressive muscle relaxation [PMR]). Parents and teachers rated ADHD symptoms, academic enablers, and comorbid problems before and after. Results: The training significantly reduced ADHS symptoms and parent- and teacher-rated internalizing problems and increased teacher rated academic enablers compared to waiting list controls. Compared to active controls, results were in the range of small nonsignificant effects. A skills training is an efficacious treatment for adolescent ADHD, however, not significantly superior to PMR. Contrasts between both interventions need to be further investigated.

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Grimmsmann, Thomas, and Wolfgang Himmel. "The 10-year trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Germany." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 77, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02948-3.

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Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to analyse whether the global trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), as observed during the last years and often criticized as medicalization, have remained stable or shifted. Methods This observational study was based on a secondary analysis of data from a large German database including patients with an ADHD diagnosis between 2008 and 2018. Prescription data comprised all important ADHD drugs. Results A total of 620 practices delivered data from a total of 77,504 patients (31% of them females) with a diagnosis of AHDH. Nearly 38% (29,396/77,504) of all patients received, at least, one prescription for an ADHS medicine between 2008 and 2018. The number of patients receiving a drug steadily increased annually until 2012 and then slowly fell, but unevenly distributed across the age groups. While the number of younger patients ( ≤ 16 years) receiving a prescription fell by 24% and the defined daily doses (DDDs) remained stable, the number of patients between 17 and 24 years receiving a prescription increased by 113% and the DDDs by 150%. Respectively, the number of older adults (≥ 25 years) with a prescription increased by 355% and the DDDs by 515%. Nearly one-third of older adults received an ADHD medicine only once. Conclusion The ever-increasing prescription of ADHD medicines stopped some years ago for children. ADHS and its pharmacological management are increasingly observed among older adolescents and adults, with a different pattern of drug persistence compared with children.

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Sevilla Vicente, J., I. Basurte Villamor, A. Sedano Capdevila, M. Migoya Borja, R. Navarro Jímenez, and L. Serrano Marugan. "Adult ADHD diagnosis and binge eating disorder." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.578.

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The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders has not been yet clarified. The presence of ADHD was significantly correlated with more severe binge eating, bulimic behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. The aim of this work is to study the relationship between ADHD subtypes in adults and the risk of food addiction (binge eating disorder).The sample was collected on a specific program for adults with ADHD diagnosis in Madrid (Spain). In total, the sample was 110 patients, and we collected information about socio-demographic factors. All patients met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD in different subtypes. We used the conner's Adult ADHD rating scales and the Barrat impulsiveness scale. Also we used the Shorter Promise Questionnaire. This is a 16 scale self-report instrument to measure an individual's level of addictive tendency.The 36.4% were at high risk of developing a food addiction. For binge eating disorder (BE), no statistically significant differences were found by gender within patients with ADHD.Binge eating was significantly related to the impulsivity and emotional liability subscale of the CAARS (P < 0.05). The risk of develop BE in ADHD was 4.7 (CI 95% 1.8–12.07). Binge eating was significantly related to the total score on the Barrat scale (P < 0.05) Risk of 3,5 (CI 95% 1.5–7.9) and within the subtypes of impulsivity, motor impulsiveness was the one that was significantly related to BE (P < 0.001)There is a clear relationship between impulsiveness symptoms and BE in patients with ADHD. It's important to note that there are no gender differences within ADHA patients to develop a BE disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Schulz-Zhecheva, Yoanna, Manuel Voelkle, André Beauducel, Nadja Buch, Christian Fleischhaker, Stephan Bender, Christopher W. N. Saville, Monica Biscaldi, and Christoph Klein. "ADHD Traits in German School-Aged Children: Validation of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHS Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN-DE) Scale." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 6 (January 2, 2017): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716676365.

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Objective: The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHS–Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) Scale has been developed to support the dimensional assessment of ADHD symptoms by capturing variance on both poles of the ADHD continuum. The present study provides the first validation of the German version of SWAN (SWAN-DE). Method: Based on a sample of N1 = 343 children from the general population and N2 = 62 children with ADHD, both aged between 8 and 18 years, normality, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and different validity indices were examined. Results: SWAN was characterized by normally distributed scores, good to excellent reliability, and factorial validity. It showed high diagnostic utility in discriminating between patients with ADHD and healthy controls and significant correlations to related clinical scales and neuropsychological constructs, such as intra-subject variability. Conclusion: The present study reveals the excellent psychometric properties of SWAN-DE, which can now be usefully applied in the German-speaking countries as well as in cross-national studies.

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Hadar, Yaffa, Shraga Hocherman, Oren Lamm, and Emanuel Tirosh. "Auditory and Visual Executive Functions in Children and Response to Methylphenidate: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054717700978.

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Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess auditory and visually based executive functions (EFs) and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with ADHD. Methods: Thirty-six boys between the ages of 8.3 and 9.7 years with ADHD and 36 matched controls were included. The study group was randomized into MPH and placebo for 7 days each in a crossover design. A Cued Choice Reaction Time (CCRT) test that included incongruent cuing was administered at baseline and following 1 and 2 weeks. Results: The difference between the study and control groups was more evident with visual cues and incongruent cuing. Increased gains by children with predominantly hyperactive–impulsive\combined (HI\C) type of ADHD were observed under MPH. Conclusions: The differences between children with ADHD and typical children are more pronounce under incongruent auditory cuing . The gains attributable to MPH are more specific to tasks involving auditory and visual EFs and in children with HI\C type ADHDs.

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Nobel, Ellen, Agnes Brunnekreef, Barbara van den Hoofdakker, and Pieter Hoekstra. "ADHD@HOME: thuisbehandeling van adhd." Kind & Adolescent Praktijk 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12454-013-0050-0.

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de la Cruz, J. P. Sánchez, A. López López, C. A. Tovilla Zárate, R. Molina Sólis, A. Valencia Hernández, L. Gómez Valencia, M. M. Rivera Angles, M. L. López Narváez, and D. Y. Bermúdez Ocaña. "Family-based association study between the brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) gene and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Mexican population." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S596—S597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.922.

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The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disease in infancy and adolescence, its world prevalence in the general population is high 3.4%. There is genetic evidence that consistently supports the polygenic nature of ADHD with a heritability estimated between 75% and 91%; literature proposes that the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a candidate gene that participates in the ADHA pathogenesis. One of the most studied polymorphisms is the Val66Met. The aim of this study was to determine a family-based an association between the rs6265, rs122,733,63 and rs110,301,19 polymorphisms of the BDNF gene and the ADHD in a Mexican population. The ADHD diagnose was performed by a pedopsychiatrist utilizing the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) who selected 35 patients; along with the biological parents, a total of 105 individuals grouped in family-trios (mother, father and ADHD patient) were studied. Of the 35 probands, 32 were men and 3 were women (average age 7.7 years; age range 4–14 years). Subsequently, no statistically significant association was observed between the BDNF gene polymorphisms and the ADHD etiology in Mexican families: rs6265 (χ2 = 1.33; P = 0.24); rs122,733,63 (χ2 = 1.33; P = 0.24); rs110,301;19 (χ2 = 0.66; P = 0.41). Furthermore, no preference of transmission was observed for any of the haplotypes. In conclusion, it was not possible to prove any association between the BDNF gene polymorphic variants and ADHD in a Mexican population. Future studies comprising larger samples are necessary to determine the potential role of the BDNF gene in ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Stein, Martin T. "ADHD." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 25, Supplement (October 2004): S54—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200410001-00011.

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L??PEZ, FRANK A. "ADHD." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 27, no. 5 (October 2006): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200610000-00008.

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Beck, Dennis C. "Adhd." Theatre Journal 72, no. 1 (2020): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2020.0012.

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McLendon, Pamela. "ADHD." Neurology Now 7, no. 5 (October 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nnn.0000406976.31769.01.

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Fabio, Rosa Angela, Claudia Castriciano, and Alessia Rondanini. "ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 19, no. 9 (November 8, 2012): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054712459562.

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Reeve, Ronald E. "ADHD." Intervention in School and Clinic 26, no. 2 (November 1990): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105345129002600202.

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Graham, J., S. Seth, and D. Coghill. "ADHD." Medicine 35, no. 3 (March 2007): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.01.002.

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Fitzgerald, Michael. "ADHD." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700009010.

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van de Loo-Neus, Gigi, and Odette L. J. Peerbooms. "ADHD." Bijblijven 33, no. 10 (December 2017): 656–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12414-017-0271-5.

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Wesemann, Daniel, and Susan N. Van Cleve. "ADHD." Nurse Practitioner 43, no. 3 (March 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000530307.76316.cf.

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McAuley, Laura. "ADHD." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 24, no. 5 (September 1999): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-199909000-00020.

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van de Loo-Neus, G. H. H. "ADHD." Bijblijven 22, no. 5 (May 2006): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03059937.

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NEWCORN, H., JEFFREY M. HALPERIN, JANE M. HEALEY, JOHN D. O'BRIEN, DAISY M. PASCUALVACA, LORRAINE E. WOLF, ALLEN MORGANSTEIN, VANSHDEEP SHARMA, and J. GERALD YOUNG. "Are ADDH and ADHD the Same or Different?" Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 5 (September 1989): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198909000-00015.

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Knopik, Valerie S., Theodore Jacob, Jon Randolph Haber, Lance P. Swenson, and Donelle N. Howell. "Paternal Alcoholism and Offspring ADHD Problems: A Children of Twins Design." Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.1.53.

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AbstractObjective:A recent Children-of-Female-Twin design suggests that the association between maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal nicotine exposure. We present here a complementary analysis using a Children-of-Male-Twin design examining the association betweenpaternalalcoholism and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity problems (ADHP).Methods:Children-of-twins design: offspring were classified into 4 groups of varying genetic and environmental risk based on father and co-twin's alcohol dependence status.Results:Univariate results are suggestive of a genetic association between paternal alcohol dependence and broadly defined offspring ADHP. Specifically, offspring of male twins with a history of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, as well as offspring of non-alcohol dependent monozygotic twins whose co-twin was alcohol dependent, were significantly more likely to exhibit ADHP than control offspring. However, multivariate models show maternal variables independently predicting increased risk for offspring ADHP and significantly decreased support for a genetic mechanism of parent-to-child transmission.Conclusions:In support of earlier work, maternal variables (i.e., maternal ADHD and prenatal exposure) were strongly associated with child ADHP; however, the role of paternal alcohol dependence influences was not definitive. While genetic transmission may be important, the association between paternal alcohol dependence and child ADHP is more likely to be indirect and a result of several pathways.

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Bjarnadóttir, Sólveig, Halldóra Ólafsdóttir, Árni Johnsen, Magnús Haraldsson, Engilbert Sigurðsson, and Sigurlín Hrund Kjartansdóttir. "Árangur ADHD-lyfjameðferðar fullorðinna í ADHD-teymi Landspítala 2015-2017." Læknablaðið 2020, no. 03 (March 5, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2020.03.472.

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Liu, Xueqian, Yanpeng Dong, Jing Zhang, Aixiang Zhang, Lei Wang, and Lu Feng. "Two novel metal-independent long-chain alkyl alcohol dehydrogenases from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2." Microbiology 155, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 2078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.027201-0.

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Two alkyl alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes from the long-chain alkane-degrading strain Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2 were characterized in vitro. ADH1 and ADH2 were prepared heterologously in Escherichia coli as a homooctameric and a homodimeric protein, respectively. Both ADHs can oxidize a broad range of alkyl alcohols up to at least C30, as well as 1,3-propanediol and acetaldehyde. ADH1 also oxidizes glycerol, and ADH2 oxidizes isopropyl alcohol, isoamylol, acetone, octanal and decanal. The best substrate is ethanol for ADH1 and 1-octanol for ADH2. For both ADHs, the optimum assay condition is at 60 °C and pH 8.0, and both NAD and NADP can be used as the cofactor. Sequence analysis reveals that ADH1 and ADH2 belong to the Fe-containing/activated long-chain ADHs. However, the two enzymes contain neither Fe nor other metals, and Fe is not required for the activity, suggesting a new type of ADH. The ADHs characterized here are potentially useful in crude oil bioremediation and other bioconversion processes.

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Trebatická, Jana, and Igor Škodáček. "ADHD - ADHD and the possibility of alternative therapies." Psychiatrie pro praxi 17, E-verze 2/16 (September 1, 2016): e11-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/psy.2016.036.

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Ponte, A., H. Prata Ribeiro, L. Carvalhão Gil, and D. Pereira. "A crossroad in ADHD – adult-onset ADHD." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.281.

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IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder characterized by inattention or hyperactivity–impulsivity, or both. For a long time, ADHD was thought of as a disorder of children which would sometimes persist into adulthood. DSM 5 uses as a criterion that several symptoms have to be present prior to age 12 years.ObjectivesTo discuss the findings of 3 recent cohorts that show the onset of ADHD in adulthood.MethodsA review of selected articles of interest using PubMed database.Results3 large, longitudinal, population studies from Brazil, New Zealand (NZ) and the United Kingdom (UK) show that we are at a crossroads in our understanding of ADHD. In each study, the prevalence of adult-onset ADHD (Brazil, 10.3%; UK, 5.5%; and NZ, 2.7%) was much larger than the prevalence of childhood-onset adult ADHD (UK, 2.6%; Brazil, 1.5%; and NZ, 0.3%). They all propose different conclusions that would result in a paradigmatic shift in ADHD: in Brazil, that child and adult ADHD are “distinct syndromes”; in the UK, “that adult ADHD is more complex than a straightforward continuation of the childhood disorder” and in NZ, that adult ADHD is “not a neurodevelopmental disorder”. Faraone et al., in an editorial in JAMA Psychiatry, propose that these findings might correlate to subthreshold child ADHD before it emerges as adolescent- or adult-onset ADHD.ConclusionsIt's an exciting time in ADHD research. These new data work as an incentive to study adult-onset ADHD and how it emerges. Future research will shape our understanding of adult ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Donfrancesco, Renato, Michela Di Trani, Elda Andriola, Daniela Leone, Maria G. Torrioli, Francesca Passarelli, and Melissa P. DelBello. "Bipolar Disorder in Children With ADHD: A Clinical Sample Study." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 9 (July 11, 2014): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714539999.

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Objective: To explore the impact of early-onset bipolar disorder (pediatric bipolar disorder [PBD]) on ADHD. Method: We compared ADHD symptom severity, ADHD subtype distribution, and rates of comorbid and familial psychiatric disorders between 49 ADHD children with comorbid PBD and 320 ADHD children without PBD. Results: Children with ADHD and PBD showed higher scores in the Hyperactive and Inattentive subscales of the ADHD Rating Scale, than children with ADHD alone. The frequency of combined subtype was significantly higher in ADHD children with PBD, than in those with ADHD alone. ADHD children with PBD showed a higher rate of familial psychiatric disorders than ADHD children without PBD. The rate of conduct disorder was significantly greater in children with PBD and ADHD compared with children with ADHD alone. Conclusion: ADHD along with PBD presents with several characteristics that distinguish it from ADHD alone, suggesting that these may be distinct disorders.

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Courtenay, K., and B. Perera. "ADHD and Intellectual Disability: using ADHD medication." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S83—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.252.

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Introduction Mental disorders and ADHD in people with ID are higher than in the general population.Clinicians may be reluctant to diagnose ADHD in people with ID. They could be denied effective treatment. Objectives The purpose of the study was to ascertain antipsychotic use in people with ID before and after the a diagnosis of ADHD. Methods A casenote review in an ID service for aduls with ADHD. Data collected on psychotropic use before and after the diagnosis. Results Forty-eight aduls with ADHD-ID were identified. 38(79%) were male and 10(21%) were female. 19 to 58 years of age. Four (8%) had mild ID; 44 (92%) had moderate to severe ID. 27(56%) had anxiety, mood disorders or psychosis. 21(44%) had ADHD only. Challenging behaviour was reported in 24 (50%) of cases. Thirty-three (68%) used psychotropic medication prior to the diagnosis of ADHD and after the diagnosis. Post-diagnosis, 20(60%) continued to use antipsychotic medication indicating the elimiation of antipsychotic use in 13(40%) of people. The level of medication use remained the same in spite of the reduction of antipsychotic medication. The diagnoses of challenging behaviour was not affected by the reduction in antipsychotic medication and the increase in ADHD medication use. Conclusions The use of antipsychotic medication in people with intellectual disaibilities and ADHD is high. ADHD should be considered when people present wtih challenging behaviour. ADHD medication can be effective in treating ADHD-ID and can lead to a significant reduction in the use of antipsychotic medication. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Ragadran, Jananheendaran, Norazlin Kamal Nor, Juriza Ismail, Jun Jean Ong, and Charlotte Sundaraj. "Estimating the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Parents of Children with ADHD and the Association with Their Children’s Disease Severity and Adherence to Medication." Children 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10091440.

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Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Up to half of the affected children have a parent with ADHD. In this study, the risk of ADHD among parents of ADHD children was estimated. The associations between parental ADHD and child ADHD severity and medication adherence were determined. Methodology: Parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD attending the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) were recruited between June to August 2022 and the administered Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) self-report short form, Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (performance section), and Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS). Results: Forty-five children with ADHD were recruited and 15 out of 45 (33%) parents were detected to have ADHD. ADHD severity was worse in children with ADHD parents for total severity (mean of 34.67 vs. 29.13, p = 0.047) and difficult behaviours at home (mean of 7.87 vs. 6.27, p = 0.036). The children’s academic performance and behavioural challenges at home and school were positively correlated with the parental ADHD scores for ‘inattention’ and ‘problems with self-care’ subscales. Conclusions: A total of 33% of ADHD children had parents with ADHD. ADHD children with ADHD parents were more likely to have behavioural problems at home and more severe ADHD. However, no statistical significance was noted with medication adherence.

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Barnett, Rebecca, Paul Maruff, and Alasdair Vance. "Neurocognitive Function in Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder with and Without Comorbid Disruptive Behaviour Disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 8 (January 1, 2009): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903001927.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) on (i) symptom levels in attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and (ii) the relationship between neurocognitive impairment and ADHD symptom severity. Method: A total of 200 6–12-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD, combined type (ADHD-CT) were identified in a specialist ADHD clinic in metropolitan Melbourne. From this initial group, 23 were identified with ADHD without ODD/CD (ADHD alone), 22 had ADHD and ODD and 20 had ADHD and CD. All the children were medication naïve. Twenty-five healthy control children were also recruited from local primary schools. The four groups did not differ in age, gender or full-scale IQ. A cross-sectional study of parent- and teacher-reported ADHD and externalizing symptoms, spatial span, spatial working memory, visuospatial memory, spatial recognition, spatial planning and behavioural inhibition was completed. Results: Parent-reported externalizing symptoms were higher in the ADHD + CD and ADHD + ODD groups compared to the ADHD alone group. There were no differences in neurocognitive function between children with ADHD-CT with and without ODD or CD. All the ADHD groups, however, performed worse than the healthy control group. Further, worse spatial span, spatial working memory and delayed matching to sample performance were associated with increased teacher-reported ADHD symptoms in the ADHD alone group. Also, worse spatial working memory performance was associated with increased teacher-reported ADHD symptoms in the ADHD + CD group. Conclusions: ADHD symptom severity is associated with the magnitude of impairment in executive functions in children with ADHD alone, but these relationships can be obscured by the presence of comorbid disruptive disorders. Children with ADHD + CD may demonstrate similar associations to children with ADHD alone, suggesting a similar underlying dysfunction. ADHD + ODD, however, may be better understood as a maladaptive response to the abnormal behaviours and neurocognitive functions in ADHD.

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Maftei, Alexandra, Ștefania Nițu, and Andra Imbrea. "Understanding ADHD stigma: The predictive roles of beliefs about the causes of ADHD and self-reported ADHD symptoms." Psihologija, no. 00 (2024): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi230606010m.

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The present cross-sectional study explored the link between beliefs about the causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), self-reported ADHD symptoms, and the perceived related stigma. The sample was convenient and comprised 231 adults aged 18 to 64 years (M = 27.50, SD = 9.77, XX (88.3%) females) without an ADHD diagnosis. Participants completed self-reported scales measuring ADHD symptoms, stigma, and an adapted Literacy Scale measuring the beliefs about the causes of ADHD (i.e., beliefs that ADHD is caused by adversity, by biomedical factors, fate, or the environment). The results suggested that self-reported ADHD symptoms and beliefs that the causes of ADHD are biomedical were positively linked to ADHD-related perceived stigma. The multiple hierarchical regression analysis exploring the predictive power of age, self-reported ADHD symptoms, and beliefs about its causes on the perceived ADHD stigma suggested that these variables explained 11.7% of the variance in ADHD-related stigma. The strongest predictor of ADHD stigma was self-reported ADHD symptoms, followed by beliefs that ADHD is caused by biomedical factors.

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Rigoni, Megan, Lynn Zanardi Blevins, David C. Rettew, and Laurin Kasehagen. "Symptom Level Associations Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and School Performance." Clinical Pediatrics 59, no. 9-10 (May 22, 2020): 874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922820924692.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with reduced school performance. To determine which ADHD symptoms and subtypes have the strongest association, we used type and frequency of symptoms on the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome (NS-DATA) to create symptom scores for inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and define subtypes (ADHD-Inattentive [ADHD-I], ADHD-Hyperactive-Impulsive, ADHD-Combined [ADHD-C]). Regression methods were used to examine associations between symptoms and subtype and a composite measure of school performance. Children with ADHD-C and ADHD-I had higher adjusted odds of having reduced overall school performance (ADHD-C = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1-10.9; ADHD-I = 5.5, 95% CI = 3.1-10.1) compared with children without ADHD. All inattentive symptoms were significantly related to reduced school performance in reading, writing, and handwriting, while 6 of 9 symptoms were significantly associated in mathematics. Children with ADHD-I were significantly more likely than children with other ADHD subtypes to receive a school-based Individualized Education Program or 504 Plan. ADHD-I symptoms may be broadly linked to reduced school performance.

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Pehlivanidis, Artemios, Katerina Papanikolaou, Kalliopi Korobili, Eva Kalantzi, Vasileios Mantas, Dimitra Pappa, and Charalambos Papageorgiou. "Trait-Based Dimensions Discriminating Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and, Co-occurring ADHD/ASD." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010018.

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This study assessed the co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in newly diagnosed adults of normal intelligence and the contribution of trait-based dimensions deriving from the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the Empathy Quotient (EQ) to the differentiation of patients with ADHD, ASD, and ADHD/ASD. A total of 16.1% of patients with ADHD received a co-occurring ASD diagnosis, while 33.3% of patients with ASD received an ADHD diagnosis. Subjects with ADHD or ADHD/ASD had higher scores in all ADHD traits compared to ASD subjects. Compared to the ADHD group, the ASD group had AQ scores that were significantly greater, except for attention to detail. ADHD/ASD co-occurrence significantly increased the score of attention to detail. The total EQ score was greater in the ADHD group. In the stepwise logistic regression analyses, past hyperactivity, current inattention and impulsivity, attention switching, communication, imagination, and total EQ score discriminated ADHD patients from ASD patients. Attention to detail, imagination, and total EQ score discriminated ADHD cases from ADHD/ASD cases, while past hyperactivity and current impulsivity discriminated ASD subjects from ADHD/ASD subjects. Our findings highlight the importance of particular trait-based dimensions when discriminating adults with ADHD, ASD, and co-occurring ADHD/ASD.

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ABLE, STEPHEN L., JOSEPH A. JOHNSTON, LENARD A. ADLER, and RALPH W. SWINDLE. "Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 1 (September 29, 2006): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008713.

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Background. Identify a group of adults with ‘undiagnosed’ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compare their personal and family medical histories, psychosocial profiles, functional impairment and quality of life with non-ADHD controls. Additionally, compare adults with undiagnosed and diagnosed ADHD to investigate possible reasons why the undiagnosed avoid clinical detection.Method. ICD-9 codes for ADHD in administrative claims records and responses to a telephone-administered adult ADHD screener [the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)] were used to classify approximately 21000 members of two large managed health-care plans as ‘undiagnosed’ (no coded diagnosis; ASRS positive) or ‘non-ADHD’ controls (no coded diagnosis; ASRS negative). Patients identified as ‘undiagnosed’ ADHD were compared with samples of non-ADHD controls and ‘diagnosed’ ADHD patients (ICD-9 coded ADHD diagnoses) on the basis of demographics, socio-economic status, past and present mental health conditions, and self-reported functional and psychosocial impairment and quality of life.Results. A total of 752 ‘undiagnosed’ ADHD subjects, 199 ‘non-ADHD’ controls and 198 ‘diagnosed’ ADHD subjects completed a telephone interview. Overall, the ‘undiagnosed’ ADHD cohort demonstrated higher rates of co-morbid illness and greater functional impairment than ‘non-ADHD’ controls, including significantly higher rates of current depression, and problem drinking, lower educational attainment, and greater emotional and interpersonal difficulties. ‘Undiagnosed’ ADHD subjects reported a different racial composition and lower educational attainment than ‘diagnosed’ ADHD subjects.Conclusion. Individuals with ‘undiagnosed’ ADHD manifest significantly greater functional and psychosocial impairment than those screening negative for the disorder, suggesting that ADHD poses a serious burden to adults even when clinically unrecognized.

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Abd El Naby, Sameh A., and Yahya M. Naguib. "Sociodemographic, Electrophysiological, and Biochemical Profiles in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Epilepsy." Behavioural Neurology 2018 (November 29, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8932817.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent neurobehavioral disorders affecting children worldwide. The prevalence of ADHD is higher in children with epilepsy. Despite the plethora of conducted work, the precise cause of ADHD is not identified yet. We studied here the sociodemographic, clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical profiles of children with ADHD, epilepsy, and ADHD with epilepsy. Subjects were divided into 4 groups (25 child/group): I—control, II—ADHD, III—epilepsy, and IV—ADHD with epilepsy. Male to female ratio was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the ADHD (3.1) and ADHD with epilepsy (2.1) groups when compared to the control (1.08) or epilepsy (1.08) groups. Positive family history was significantly evident in patients with epilepsy and ADHD with epilepsy, but not in the control or ADHD groups. Speech development was significantly delayed in the ADHD and ADHD with epilepsy groups. EEG abnormalities were detected in patients with ADHD (12%) and ADHD with epilepsy (68%). Focal frontal activities were significantly detectable in the ADHD (100%) and ADHD with epilepsy (77.8%) groups, whereas focal temporal activity was significantly present in the epilepsy (83.3%) group. Serum ferritin was significantly lower in the ADHD group (110.27 ± 6.64 ηg/ml) when compared to the control (134.23 ± 14.82 ηg/ml), epilepsy (159.66 ± 33.17 ηg/ml), and ADHD with epilepsy (203.04 ± 50.64 ηg/ml) groups. Serum zinc was significantly higher in the ADHD, epilepsy, and ADHD with epilepsy groups (236.63 ± 20.89, 286.74 ± 43.84, and 229.95 ± 67.34 μg/dl, respectively), when compared to the control group (144.21 ± 17.40 μg/dl). Serum adenosine deaminase was insignificantly different among the groups. Our results indicate that gender and family history are significant moderators in the aetiology of ADHD and epilepsy or their comorbidity. We also demonstrated that EEG could be central in the assessment of ADHD with epilepsy cases. Serum ferritin and zinc alteration may contribute significantly in ADHD and epilepsy pathophysiology.

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Efron, Daryl, Kirsten Furley, Alisha Gulenc, and Emma Sciberras. "Maternal ADHD symptoms, child ADHD symptoms and broader child outcomes." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 9 (January 9, 2018): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313936.

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ObjectiveThis study investigated the associations between maternal symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and child functional outcomes in a community-based sample of children with and without ADHD.Design and settingIn this cohort study, children with ADHD and healthy controls were recruited through schools in Melbourne, Australia, using a combined screening (Conners 3 ADHD Index) and case confirmation (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV) procedure.Patients117 children with ADHD and 149 control children were included in the analyses.Main outcome measuresMaternal ADHD symptoms (Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale) and child outcomes (ADHD severity, quality of life (QoL), academic competence, social-emotional functioning) were measured at a mean child age of 8.9 years.ResultsMothers of children with ADHD had clinically elevated ADHD symptoms compared with mothers of control children (adjusted analysis: 18.0% vs 2.0%, P<0.001). Elevated maternal ADHD symptoms were associated with greater child ADHD symptom severity and lower QoL by maternal report for children with (severity P=0.01; QoL P=0.003) and without (severity P=0.003; QoL P=0.003) ADHD. Elevated maternal ADHD symptoms were additionally associated with increased parent-rated emotional problems, peer problems and total impairment scores in children without ADHD (all P<0.01).ConclusionsMaternal ADHD symptoms are associated with increased ADHD symptom severity and reduced QoL by maternal report in offspring with or without ADHD, and have broader negative associations with emotional and social functioning in children without ADHD. In the evaluation of the referred children, maternal ADHD symptoms should be considered and referral made to adult services where indicated.

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Rodriguez, P. Dennis, and Gordon C. Baylis. "Activation of Brain Attention Systems in Individuals with Symptoms of ADHD." Behavioural Neurology 18, no. 2 (2007): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/865717.

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Previous research investigating attention and impulse control in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has largely ignored the symptomatic differences among the three subtypes of ADHD: ADHD-Inattentive Type, ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive Type, and ADHD-Combined Type. The present study examined attention and impulse control by focusing on these subtypes. Based on their self-reported symptoms of ADHD, participants belonged to one of four groups: ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive, ADHD-Combined, and control. Cortical activity was recorded from participants during performance of a Go/NoGo task. The event-related potentials (ERP) measured at frontal and posterior sites discriminated between the control group and participants with symptoms of ADHD. The control group consistently exhibited a higher P3 amplitude than all the ADHD groups. The main difference occurred at the frontal site, indicating that individuals with ADHD symptoms have deficits in the anterior attentional system, which mediates signal detection. Behavioral measures of signal sensitivity revealed that the ADHD-Inattentive and the ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive groups had more difficulty with the attention-demanding Go/NoGo respond-to-target task, while behavioral measures of response bias indicated that the ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive and the ADHD-Combined groups responded more liberally in the inhibition-demanding Go/NoGo suppress-to-target task.

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Soliman, Abdrabo Moghazy, and Rania Mohamed Elfar. "False Memory in Adults With ADHD: A Comparison Between Subtypes and Normal Controls." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 12 (November 21, 2014): 986–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714556814.

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Objectives: To examine the performance on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott task of adults divided into ADHD subtypes and compares their performance to that of healthy controls to examine whether adults with ADHD are more susceptible to the production of false memories under experimental conditions. Method: A total of 128 adults with ADHD (50% females), classified into three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV-TR) subtypes, were compared with 48 controls. Results: The results indicated that the ADHD participants recalled and recognized fewer studied words than the controls, the ADHD groups produced more false memories than the control group, no differences in either the false positives or the false negatives. The ADHD–combined (ADHD-CT) group recognized significantly more critical words than the control, ADHD–predominantly inattentive (ADHD-IA), and ADHD–predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI) groups. The ADHD groups recalled and recognized more false positives, were more confident in their false responses, and displayed more knowledge corruption than the controls. The ADHD-CT group recalled and recognized more false positives than the other ADHD groups. Conclusion: The adults with ADHD have more false memories than the controls and that false memory formation varied with the ADHD subtypes.

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Nogueira, M., R. Bosch, G. Palomar, M. Corrales, N. Gómez, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, and M. Casas. "Childhood risk factors for substance use disorders in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subjects." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71800-4.

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IntroductionCo-morbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) is considered to be about 25–50% in adults. Several studies show vulnerability factors to later SUD to be associated with childhood ADHD features, such as conduct problems, untreated ADHD and maltreatment.ObjectivesTo define childhood ADHD associated factors that predispose to SUD.Specifically, comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), temperamental traits, academic failure, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment and subtype, severity and age of treatment of ADHD symptoms.MethodsA comparative study was carried out in a sample of ADHD adults from the Department of Psychiatry H.U. Vall d’Hebron. Both groups, ADHD and ADHD+SUD subjects underwent the following assessment protocol: Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID-I & II), Wender Utath Rating Scale (WURS), SCID-I, SCID-II and K-SDAS.ResultsThe total sample (n = 305) consisted of 201 men (66%) with age between 18–61 years. Two groups were compared: 162 ADHD subjects and 143 ADHD+SUD subjects. The ADHD+SUD group had significantly higher rates of comorbidity with ODD and CD, temperamental traits (obstinacy, bad temper, impulsive behavior), maladaptive behaviors at school, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment, and major severity of the childhood ADHD symptoms. Neither ADHD subtype nor the non-treatment of ADHD during childhood were associated with later SUD.ConclusionsAn important percentage of ADHD children develop a SUD during their lifespan. This study shows that there are childhood factors that are strongly associated with SUD in ADHD subjects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ADHD'

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