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1
IRUM SAJJAD, IRUM SAJJAD, and DR. MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN. "Investigating the Impact of External Debt on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan." Journal of Business & Tourism 4, no. 2 (November 7, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jbt.v4i2.160.
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This article is an attempt to evaluate the effect of external debt on economic growth for during the period of 1980–2016. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test is used for determining stationarity, whereas the ADF test results exhibit that the variables used found are . The empirical results indicate that external debt and total debt service have deleterious and statistically significant impacts on GDP growth rate. The other explanatory variables namely human capital by life expectancy, exports, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)reveals significantly positive significant influence on GDP growth rate. Appropriate policy should be adopted by the policy makers to reduce external debt, increase volume of exports and enhance more foreign investment, it will boost economic growth in the country.
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Huang, Jun, Wei Sun, Jiaxin Ren, Ruichun Yang, Jingsheng Fan, Yunfeng Li, Xin Wang, Shija Joseph, Wenbin Deng, and Lihong Zhai. "Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Actin-Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) Family Genes and Expression Analysis of Responses to Various Stresses in Zea Mays L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051751.
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Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) is a small class of actin-binding proteins that regulates the dynamics of actin in cells. Moreover, it is well known that the plant ADF family plays key roles in growth, development and defense-related functions. Results: Thirteen maize (Zea mays L., ZmADFs) ADF genes were identified using Hidden Markov Model. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 36 identified ADF genes in Physcomitrella patens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa japonica, and Zea mays were clustered into five groups. Four pairs of segmental genes were found in the maize ADF gene family. The tissue-specific expression of ZmADFs and OsADFs was analyzed using microarray data obtained from the Maize and Rice eFP Browsers. Five ZmADFs (ZmADF1/2/7/12/13) from group V exhibited specifically high expression in tassel, pollen, and anther. The expression patterns of 13 ZmADFs in seedlings under five abiotic stresses were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the ADFs mainly responded to heat, salt, drought, and ABA. Conclusions: In our study, we identified ADF genes in maize and analyzed the gene structure and phylogenetic relationships. The results of expression analysis demonstrated that the expression level of ADF genes was diverse in various tissues and different stimuli, including abiotic and phytohormone stresses, indicating their different roles in plant growth, development, and response to external stimulus. This report extends our knowledge to understand the function of ADF genes in maize.
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Obregón-Cano, Sara, Rafael Moreno-Rojas, Ana María Jurado-Millán, María Elena Cartea-González, and Antonio De Haro-Bailón. "Analysis of the Acid Detergent Fibre Content in Turnip Greens and Turnip Tops (Brassica rapa L. Subsp. rapa) by Means of Near-Infrared Reflectance." Foods 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090364.
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Standard wet chemistry analytical techniques currently used to determine plant fibre constituents are costly, time-consuming and destructive. In this paper the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyse the contents of acid detergent fibre (ADF) in turnip greens and turnip tops has been assessed. Three calibration equations were developed: in the equation without mathematical treatment the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.91, in the first-derivative treatment equation R2 = 0.95 and in the second-derivative treatment R2 = 0.96. The estimation accuracy was based on RPD (the ratio between the standard deviation and the standard error of validation) and RER (the ratio between the range of ADF of the validation as a whole and the standard error of prediction) of the external validation. RPD and RER values were of 2.75 and 9.00 for the treatment without derivative, 3.41 and 11.79 with first-derivative, and 3.10 and 11.03 with second-derivative. With the acid detergent residue spectrum the wavelengths were identified and associated with the ADF contained in the sample. The results showed a great potential of NIRS for predicting ADF content in turnip greens and turnip tops.
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Bezmen, P. "A CONTROL SYSTEM ON A CONTROLLED OBJECT STATE WITH AN OBSERVER AND A STATE REGULATOR." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-8-1-102-120.
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The paper proposes the model of a control system based on the controlled object state. The model includes a state observer and a state controller. The reference signal for this control system is the required values of the controlled object state variables. As a state observer of a controlled object in the control system model, the system "extended Kalman filter - adaptive digital filter" (the EKF-ADF system) is used. The structure and operation principle of the control system state controller are described. The adaptive algorithm of the control system state controller is presented.
The control system state controller with the adaptive algorithm uses the output data of the EKF-ADF system to form the controller output (error) vector. The output data consist of the state estimation vector performed by the EKF of the EKF-ADF system and the vector of the corrected state estimation performed by the ADF of the EKF-ADF system. The adaptive algorithm of the control system state controller takes into account the output data of the EKF-ADF system in such a way as to form the most reliable state controller output vector.
To confirm the effectiveness of the considered control system, the control process numerical simulation results of a mobile robot with a caterpillar mover are presented: the proposed control system simulation results are compared with the simulation results of the control system that uses the EKF as a state observer.
The combination of the state observer and the state regulator as part of the proposed control system makes it possible to control dynamic objects with state variables which are inaccessible to direct measurement and have non-periodic external disturbances.
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Goi, Arianna, Carmen L. Manuelian, Federico Righi, and Massimo De Marchi. "At-line Prediction of Gelatinized Starch and Fiber Fractions in Extruded Dry Dog Food Using Different Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technologies." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050862.
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This study aimed to assess the feasibility of visible/near-infrared reflectance (Vis-NIR) and near-infrared transmittance (NIT) spectroscopy to predict total and gelatinized starch and fiber fractions in extruded dry dog food. Reference laboratory analyses were performed on 81 samples, and the spectrum of each ground sample was obtained through Vis-NIR and NIT spectrometers. Prediction equations for each instrument were developed by modified partial least squares regressions and validated by cross- (CrV) and external validation (ExV) procedures. All studied traits were better predicted by Vis-NIR than NIT spectroscopy. With Vis-NIR, excellent prediction models were obtained for total starch (residual predictive deviation; RPDCrV = 6.33; RPDExV = 4.43), gelatinized starch (RPDCrV = 4.62; RPDExV = 4.36), neutral detergent fiber (NDF; RPDCrV = 3.93; RPDExV = 4.31), and acid detergent fiber (ADF; RPDCrV = 5.80; RPDExV = 5.67). With NIT, RPDCrV ranged from 1.75 (ADF) to 2.61 (acid detergent lignin, ADL) and RPDExV from 1.71 (ADL) to 2.16 (total starch). In conclusion, results of the present study demonstrated the feasibility of at-line Vis-NIR spectroscopy in predicting total and gelatinized starch, NDF, and ADF, with lower accuracy for ADL, whereas results do not support the applicability of NIT spectroscopy to predict those traits.
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KABABYA, D., A. PEREVOLOTSKY, I. BRUCKENTAL, and S. LANDAU. "Selection of diets by dual-purpose Mamber goats in Mediterranean woodland." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 2 (September 1998): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005577.
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The feeding behaviour of Mamber dairy goats grazing on Mediterranean woodland in the Upper Galilee mountains of Israel was studied throughout a year (1991/92). The percentages of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and condensed tannins (CT) were determined in samples collected by hand to simulate the plant parts selected by the goats. Total feed intake was evaluated by using Cr-sesquioxide as an external marker to determine the amount of faeces excreted, and 48 h in sacco degradability to assess the digestibility of samples. Overall, more time was spent by goats in feeding on ligneous material (tree and shrub foliage) than herbaceous vegetation (60 and 40% of total feeding time, respectively, P<0·05). The main ligneous species consumed by the goats were Quercus calliprinos, Sarcopoterium spinosum and Calicotome villosa (20, 13 and 7% of total grazing time, respectively). There was considerable variability in the 48 h dry matter (DM) in sacco degradability, and in the concentration of CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT, within and between seasons and plant species. Although requirements for nutrients varied according to the physiological stage of the goats, 48 h in sacco DM degradability and the concentration of non-ADF linked (available) CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT in the diet did not vary greatly: respective ranges were 45·0–49·4; 9–12·5; 44–53; 33–39; 12–17 and 3·5–4·7%. It is concluded that Mamber goats (i) may not select the best quality diet available, but may avoid wide variations in nutrient content of their diets throughout the year; and (ii) may not select a diet consistent with maximization of milk yield, but rather with optimization of body condition at the onset of the mating season.
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Cigdem, Gülgün. "Sustainability of Current Account Deficit in Turkey and an Ampirical Analysys for Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 12 (November 19, 2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p253.
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In this study, Turkey’s current account deficit problem between the years 1980-2016 is tested whether it is sustainable or not. For this purpose, the ADF and the PP Unit Root test were applied firstly to the annual current account deficit (CAD)/GDP data from the IMF. Then, Lee Strazicich (2003, 2004) Unit Root Tests with two structural breaks was applied. Allowing Lee Strazicich with two structural breaks differs from the Zivot-Andrews (ZA)(1992) and Lumsdaine-Papell (LP) (1997) unit root tests in establishing the basic hypothesis. The ZA and LP unit root tests are based on the basic hypothesis of unit root existence without structural fracture. Based on the Lagrange multiplier proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992), LM unit root test with two structural breaks developed by Lee-Strazicich adopted the structural fractured unit root basic hypothesis.According to the ADF and PP test results, the CAD/GDP series is stationary at the level for both models. According to the LM test results, the unit root null hypothesis could be rejected. It is a stationary process in Turkey. This result is consistent with the ADF and PP test results. Empirical findings obtained from LM unit root test with two structural breaks show that current account deficits in Turkey are sustainable. The fact that the current account deficit is sustainable means the sustainability of external debts. The sustainability of deficit is one of the most emphasized issues especially from the perspective of countries which are dependent on foreign capital to finance their development and also crucial for the global system.
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Atiq, Faaeza, Mudassir Uddin, and Irfan Hussain Khan. "The Impact of Key Macroeconomic Determinants on Pakistan’s Economy." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-ii).25.
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This paper intended to analyze key Macroeconomic factor’s effect on Pakistan’s economic development. The annual time-series data has been taken from 1980 to 2018 on External Debts, Foreign Direct investment. Consumer Price Index and Term of Trade. Variables stationarity is analyzed by ADF and Ng-Perron tests; afterwards, JJ test and Granger Causality test are used for Long-run (LR) & Short-run(SR) associations between variables, respectively. Also, Residuals Diagnostic Test used for checking residuals assumptions and CUSUM and CUSUMSQ are used for checking parameter constancy. The result shows significantly negative and positive long-run effects of External Debts and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) respectively on the economic growth of Pakistan. Albeit, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Term of Trade (TOT) and, FDI significantly Granger cause economic growth in the short-run. Research suggests that economic policies devised in such a way that deteriorates External Debts and attract foreign investments and strengthen the economic growth of Pakistan in the long-term.
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Ogbonna, Ogbonna, Ihemeje Ihemeje, Obioma Obioma, Hanson Hanson, and Amadi Amadi. "Impact of External Debt Management on Economic Growth of Nigeria." Journal La Bisecoman 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v2i2.359.
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This study examined the impact of External debt management on economic growth of Nigeria. Using annual time series data collected over the period of 33 years (1986 – 2018). The data for the study were collected from the CBN statistical bulletin annual report. The variables on which data are collected include: Real Gross Domestic Product, External Debt, External Debt service, Balance of Payment and Exchange Rate. Data were analyzed using the Ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis. It proceeded with Descriptive statistics; Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Co-integration test and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The study revealed that impact of external debt management on economic growth of Nigeria over the period under review was statistically significant with external debt, external debt service payment and balance of payment but statistically insignificant with exchange rate. The study recommended that governments should establish and adopt an optimal balance between external debt acquisition and application /allocation of the acquired funds to productive projects for the purpose of making a high output and a steady economic growth. The management should live up to expectation by encouraging efficient commitment of borrowed funds to productive projects so as to comply with debt serving agreement and outright payments, measures such as improving exports should be implemented to ensure that local currencies are stable.
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Kayadi, Biradawa, Confidence Chinwe Opara, Christy Twaliwi Zwingina, and Udeme Okon Efanga. "Co-Integration Approach to Analysing The Impact of External Debt Management on Economic Growth of Nigeria." International Journal of Finance Research 2, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijfr.v2i2.336.
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This study examined the impact of External debt management on economic growth of Nigeria. Using annual time series data collected over the period of 33 years (1986 – 2018). The data for the study were collected from the CBN statistical bulletin annual report. The variables on which data are collected include: Real Gross Domestic Product, External Debt, External Debt service, Balance of Payment and Exchange Rate. Data were analyzed using the Ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis. It proceeded with Descriptive statistics; Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Co-integration test and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The study revealed that impact of external debt management on economic growth of Nigeria over the period under review was statistically significant with external debt, external debt service payment and balance of payment but statistically insignificant with exchange rate. The study recommended that governments should establish and adopt an optimal balance between external debt acquisition and application /allocation of the acquired funds to productive projects for the purpose of making a high output and a steady economic growth. The management should live up to expectation by encouraging efficient commitment of borrowed funds to productive projects so as to comply with debt serving agreement and outright payments, measures such as improving exports should be implemented to ensure that local currencies are stable.
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Rahman, Mujib Ur, Amtul Hafeez, and Wisal Ahmad. "Determinants of Industrial Sector Growth in Pakistan." III IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).06.
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A strong industrial sector shows greater economic growth. To find industrial growth, this study hereby made an attempt. Time series data is used. Data is obtained from the years 1984 to 2018. The stationarity of the series is checked through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF). Moreover, the ARDL approach is used to check short and long-run estimation of the model, estimating the determinants of the industrial sector growth in Pakistan. A long-run positive and significant associations between External debt (% of GDP), GDP (Annual Growth), FDI, Remittances (% of GDP) is identified, while trade has a negative effect on industrial growth. The factor remittances have an insignificant but positive influence on the industrial sector growth.
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Obayori, Joseph Bidemi, and George-Anokwuru Chioma Chidinma B. "Global Financial Crisis and the Nigerian Capital Market." Finance & Economics Review 2, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/finance-economics-review.v2i2.133.
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Purpose: This paper examined the impact of the global financial crisis on the capital market in Nigeria from 1980-2018. It specifically aimed to determine the impact of the currency crisis and liquidity crisis on the capital market in Nigeria.
Methods: The study was time series data based. Data were generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The variables were subjected to descriptive statistics and the 'Augmented Dickey-Fuller' (ADF) unit root test prior to the 'Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag' (ARDL) model.
Results: The outcome of descriptive statistics demonstrated that the parameters were not normally distributed. Also, the ADF unit root test demonstrated that one of the parameters was stationary at I(0) while the remaining two were stationary at I(1). Based on the ARDL results, it was observed that in the short run, the financial crisis has an indirect influence on the performance of Nigerian capital markets. Liquidity crisis, a proxy for the depletion of external reserves has a strong influence on the capital market. The long-run result showed that there is a long-run association amongst the variables.
Implications: In view of these findings, the paper recommends that the government should fine-tune its policy mix to ensure that the capital market and the economy do not suffer from the global economic crisis as it takes place.
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J., Temuhale, and Odom D.U. "Public Debt and the Nigerian Economic Development (1990 – 2019)." African Journal of Accounting and Financial Research 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafr-eb6urvke.
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The huge infrastructure deficit in Nigeria underscores the need for capital mobilization required to finance activities and ensure sustainable growth and development. This study examined the effect of public debt on the economic development of Nigeria covering the period 1990-2019. Domestic public debt, External public debt, Total public debt, and public debt servicing represented independent variables. Per capita income was the dependent variable. Ex post facto research design was adopted for the study. Data was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and Globaleconomy.com. The study used Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test to test for the stationarity of the variables while the Johansen cointegration test was used to establish that a long-run relationship exists among the variables. Ordinary Least squares (OLS) and Error Correction Model (ECM)) were the tools used for analysis. Results showed that domestic debt and external debts each has a negative and statistically significant effect on per capita income while total public debt and public debt servicing showed a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita income respectively. Based on the findings, the study concluded that neither external debt nor domestic debt has been able to singly spur economic development while total public debt which is the combination of domestic and external public debt positively drive economic growth, thereby, improving the per capita income of the citizens in Nigeria.
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OSUJI, C.C.(Ph.D), EHRIJAKPOR, A.E.O. (FCA, Ph.D), and MGBEZE, J. C. (Ph.D Candidacy). "EXTERNAL DEBT AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA." Finance & Accounting Research Journal 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/farj.v5i1.436.
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The motivation for this paper stems from the rising debt profile of Nigeria, especially the foreign component, and its implication on growth prospects. In that regards, the study sought to establish the linkages between external debt and growth in productivity, specifically focusing on the agricultural sector. The study thus analyzed the relationship between external debt and Nigeria's agricultural production from 2006 to 2021 using secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the World Development Indicators (WDI). ADF unit root test and the (ARDL) bound testing approach to cointegration were utilized, to achieve the objectives of the study. The parameters displayed a long-term association in both the short and long - run, according to empirical results, which demonstrated that the variables were cointegrated. External debt stock (EDS) and agricultural production, as assessed by agriculture gross domestic product (AGDP), had a substantial positive association, indicating that EDS positively impacted agricultural growth and that higher EDS accelerated agricultural growth over time. To be precise, a rise in EDS of 1% produced an increase in AGDP of 0.14%. Euro bond stock and bilateral loans also revealed positive relationships while External Debt Service Payment and Multilateral loans revealed negative relationships with AGDP. According to this research, the government must consider the strategy of diversifying its economy via agricultural output seriously. To lessen the cost and unfavorable effects of an excessive reliance on foreign exchange from oil and its price volatility, it is necessary to diversify the sources of external debt servicing, particularly in the non-oil sector including agriculture, mining, industry, and industrial production.
Keywords: Debt, Agriculture, Loans, Output, Nigeria.
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Cejudo, Antonio, Víctor Jesús Moreno-Alcaraz, Riccardo Izzo, Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón, Pilar Sainz de Baranda, and Fernando Santonja-Medina. "Flexibility in Spanish Elite Inline Hockey Players: Profile, Sex, Tightness and Asymmetry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093295.
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Limited ranges of motion (ROM) have been considered as a relevant risk factor for team sports injuries. The main purposes of the current study were to describe the lower extremity ROM profile, muscular tightness and asymmetries in elite inline hockey players and to examine sex-related differences. Twenty professional inline hockey players from 2 Spanish National Teams (male and female) were measured of passive hip extension [HE], hip adduction with hip flexed 90° [HAD-HF], hip flexion with the knee flexed [HF-KF] and extended [HF-KE], hip abduction with the hip neutral [HAB] and hip flexed 90° [HAB-HF], hip external [HER] and internal [HIR] rotation, knee flexion [KF], ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed [ADF-KF] and extended [ADF-KE] ROMs of the dominant and non-dominant leg ROMs were taken. A paired t-test was carried out to assess asymmetries. ROM values were classified as “normal versus tightness”, and “normal versus asymmetry” according to the proposed reference values. The effect size for each variable was analyzed. Male team exhibited asymmetry in HF-KF (133.2° dominant vs. 129.8° non-dominant; p = 0.042; d = 0.7243 [moderate effect sizes]) and female team in ADF-KF (38.8° dominant vs. 41.0 non-dominant; p = 0.001; d = 0.6 [moderate effect sizes]) and HAB ROM (41.2° dominant vs. 38.8 non-dominant; p = 0.005; d = 1.1767 [moderate effect sizes]). Male players reported asymmetry in HAD-HF (n = 5), HER (n = 4) and HE (n = 3), whereas female players presented asymmetries in HER (n = 4), HE (n = 3) and KF (n = 2). Overall, 20–100% of all participants showed limited KF, HF_KE, HIR, HE, ADF_KF, HAD-HF, HF-KF, ADF_KE, HTR and HER ROM. The results of this study reinforce the requirement of prescribing exercises aimed at improving hip, knee and ankle ROM within everyday inline hockey practices. In addition, as some asymmetries were found, unilateral flexibility training should be considered where appropriate.
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Obinne, Ugwuanyi Geogina, Onoh, Uloma Adonye, and Agbaeze, Clifford Chilasa. "Implication of Deficit Financing on Economic Recovery in Nigeria." Middle East Research Journal of Economics and Management 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjem.2021.v01i01.002.
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The study examined the implication of deficit financing on Economic recovery in Nigeria. The study used secondary data from CBN statistical bulletin on various issues as relevant for the period under study (1981-2019). Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johanson Co-integration test and normality test were employed for the analysis. The research findings revealed that deficit financing through External debt borrowing has a significant positive effect on economic recovery in Nigeria. Also Domestic debt has a positive significant effect on economic recovery in Nigeria. The study therefore, recommends that Government should set up monitoring teams that will make sure that the budget is well and carefully implemented and as well as loan borrowed in other to reduce corruption, linkages and wastages, the team will do this by holding everyone accountable for every government money spent. We recommended that government should strive to diversify its revenue base and also demonstrate a high level of transparency in both its monetary and fiscal operations among others. Government should maintain optimum level of external debt as it is one of the mechanisms for economic growth but to an optimum level and that all external debts hould be effectively utilized for the purpose for which it was obtained so as to promote economic growth.
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Cejudo, Antonio, Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón, Francisco Ayala, Mark De Ste Croix, Enrique Ortega-Toro, Fernando Santonja-Medina, and Pilar Sainz de Baranda. "Age-related differences in flexibility in soccer players 8–19 years old." PeerJ 7 (January 29, 2019): e6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6236.
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Background Muscle flexibility is a main component of health-related fitness and one of the basic components of fitness for the performance in some sports. Sport and health professionals require the flexibility profile of soccer to define quantitative aims in the training of flexibility. The aim of this study was to identify age-related differences in lower extremity flexibility in youth soccer players. Methods Seventy-two young male soccer players (age: 13.0 ± 3.1 y; body mass: 50.5 ± 15.3 kg; stature 158.2 ± 16.8 cm; BMI: 19.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) completed this study. Measures of eleven passive hip (hip extension (HE), hip adduction with hip flexed 90°(HAD-HF90°), hip flexion with knee flexed (HF-KF) and extended (HF-KE), hip abduction with hip neutral (HAB) and hip flexed 90°(HAB-HF90°), hip external (HER) and internal (HIR) rotation), knee (knee flexion (KF)) and ankle dorsiflexion (ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ADF-KF) and extended (ADF-KE)) ranges of motion (ROM) were taken. Descriptive statistics were calculated for hip, knee and ankle ROM measured separately by leg (dominant and non-dominant) and age-group (U10, U12, U14, U16 and U19). The data was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the interaction of 11 ROM in the different players’ age-group. Results Generally, U10 and/or U12 soccer players obtain the highest mean value in almost all ROM evaluated (U10: HAD-HF [39.6° ± 4.3°], ADF-KE [32.3° ± 4.1°], HER [63.5° ± 5.6°] and HAB-HF90°[64.1° ± 7.5°]; U12: HE [17.7° ± 6.2°], HAB [35.6° ± 3.0], HIR [60.8° ± 4.7°] and KF [133.8° ± 7.1°]). Nonetheless, significant differences between the players’ age-groups are just found in HAD-HF90°(p = .042; ES = .136), HAB (p = .001; ES = .252), HIR (p = .001; ES = .251), HER (p < .001; ES = .321) and HAB-HF90°(p < .001; ES = .376) ROM, showing a progressive and irregular decrease in these ROM until the U19 team. Conclusion The findings of this study reinforce the necessity of prescribing exercises aimed at improving HAD-HF90° ROM in U16, HAB ROM in U14, HIR ROM in U16 and U19, HER ROM in U12 and U19, and HAB-HF90° ROM in U16 and U19 players within everyday soccer training routines.
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Zhang, Xing, Chongchong Zhang, and Zhuoqun Wei. "Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Multi-Resolution Singular Value Decomposition and Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by the Moth–Flame Optimization Algorithm Considering Energy and Economic Factors." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224283.
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Carbon price forecasting is significant to both policy makers and market participants. However, since the complex characteristics of carbon prices are affected by many factors, it may be hard for a single prediction model to obtain high-precision results. As a consequence, a new hybrid model based on multi-resolution singular value decomposition (MRSVD) and the extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by moth–flame optimization (MFO) is proposed for carbon price prediction. First, through the augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF), cointegration test and Granger causality test, the external factors of the carbon price, which includes energy and economic factors, are selected in turn. To select the internal factors of the carbon price, the carbon price series are decomposed by MRSVD, and the lags are determined by partial autocorrelation function (PACF). MFO is then used for the optimization of ELM parameters, and external and internal factors are input to the MFO-ELM. Finally, to test the capability and effectiveness of the proposed model, MRSVD-MFO-ELM and its comparison models are used for carbon price forecast in the European Union (EU) and China, respectively. The results show that the performance of the model is significantly better than other models.
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Chris-Ejiogu, Uzoamaka Gloria, Njoku Charles Odinakachi, and Awa Stanley Kalu. "THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL DEBT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA 2000-2018." EPH - International Journal of Business & Management Science 5, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijbms.v5i4.90.
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This study examined the effect of external debt on the economic growth of Nigeria. Secondary data was used for the study and it was obtained from the financial statement of the Central Bank of Nigeria for the period 2000-2018. The unit root property of the data was analyzed using the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) and the variables were all stationary at level. In absence o cointegration Ordinary Least Square regression analysis was used to examine the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables of the model. The statistical significance of the estimated parameters is checked by an F-test of the overall fit. The result of the regression analysis revealed that External Debt Stock (EDS) has a positive and statistically significant (p<0.05) effect on Economic Growth in Nigeria. This is against a priori expectation. Debt Service Payment (DSP) was found to have a negative effect on Economic Growth and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) but not in line with a priori expectation. Government Expenditure (GEX) was found to have a positive effect on Economic Growth and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. The value of the R-squared (0.854830) indicates that about 85.48% of the total variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. Also given that the probability value of the Fstatistic (0.000002) indicates that the independent variables of the study statistically predicts the dependent variable of the study. It was concluded that external debt has not been well utilized in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that external debts should be contracted solely for economic reasons and not for social or political reasons. This is to avoid accumulation of external debt stock overtime and prevent an obscuring of the motive behind external debt.
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Minhajuddin, Brekhana Gul, and Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan. "The Analysis of Debt-Threshold: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-i).54.
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This paper intends to analyze the debt threshold for Pakistan over a period of 1976-2020 within the framework of the ARDL bounds testing approach. ADF and PP tests of stationarity confirmed that the extracted data set was stationarity either at level or at first difference. The F-bound test validated the presence of long-run co integration. This paper finds that the curve for the bi variate quadratic function is strictly concave and that the debt in flexion point is 48.42 percent of the gross domestic product. It implies that the marginal effect of debt turns negative beyond this level of debt. Findings suggest that government should ensure to acquire external debt up to the debt-in flexion point that would enhance the economic growth. Government should also work on fiscal consolidation and substituting the required burden of debt with alternate sources of revenue like FDI, grants, and international trade.
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Menza, Solomon Kebede, Zerihun Getachew, Berhanu Kuma, and Tora Abebe. "The Dynamics of Foreign Public Debt and Foreign Exchange Reserve of Ethiopia: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Approach." International Journal of Management and Humanities 6, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.l1371.0851221.
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External public debt and foreign exchange reserve (FER) are performing a crucial role in the growth and development of countries. To examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among external public debt (EPD) and FER in Ethiopia, the study used 39 years data (1981 to 2019) from National bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and World Bank data sets. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with error correction model (ECM) was employed after checking the possible assumptions of economic series. The results of ADF test statistics confirms our economic series are stationary with a mixture of level form and first difference form. Bounds co-integration test suggests the existence of co-integration among the variables. According to the descriptive method of data analysis, on average, in Ethiopia the trend for service sector indicated that an ever improvement of the sector throughout the periods and supplementing the notion of change from agriculture base to service sector. On the other hand, according to ARDL model in the short -run on average trade tariff rate, share of manufacturing sector from the GDP, and lagged value of EPD itself predicts the EPD significantly at least at less than 10% level of significance . Moreover, the ECM revealed that in the long-run, financial development indicator, debt service payment, and average trade tariff rate were predicting the stock of FER for Ethiopian economy. Finally, the concerned body, the government of Ethiopia, should limit or reduce the amount of external debt (ED) inflows, and recheck the budget sources for financing different projects especially manufacturing industries rather than highly basing on external sources in the form of EPD, among others.
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Emenike, Kalu Onwukwe, Ugwueze Christian Amu, and Ezeji Emmanuel Chigbu. "Sensitivity of Capital Market Development to Public Debt in Nigeria." Binus Business Review 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v7i3.1491.
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This article investigated the sensitivity of capital market development to public debt in Nigeria using descriptive statistic, regression analysis, and the Engle-Granger co integration techniques for the period ranging from 1981 to 2014. The estimates from the descriptive analysis showed that both the market capitalization and public debt series were not normally distributed at 5% significance level. The ADF unit root test showed that the market capitalization and public debt series were integrated of order one (i.e., I (1)). The results from the regression model provide evidence to show that capital market development is not sensitive to domestic debt at any conventional level, but it is sensitive to external debt at 10% significance level. The estimates of the Engle-Granger co integration tests show that capital market development is not co integrated with public debt. It is recommended that capital market and debt management authorities should formulate policies will enhance linkage between the markets.
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Moore-Colyer, M. J. S., H. J. Morrow, and A. C. Longland. "Mathematical modelling of digesta passage rate, mean retention time and in vivo apparent digestibility of two different lengths of hay and big-bale grass silage in ponies." British Journal of Nutrition 90, no. 1 (July 2003): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003869.
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Welsh-cross pony geldings (about 300kg live weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square experiment to determine the rate of passage and apparent digestibility of unchopped big-bale grass silage (BBL), chopped big-bale grass silage (BBS), unchopped grass hay (HL) and chopped grass hay (HS) offered at approximately 15g/kg live weight per d. On day 1 of collection weeks, ponies were fed 85g ytterbium chloride hexahydrate-marked feed 1·5h after the morning meal. Total faecal collections commenced 8h later and continued for 168h. Apparent digestibilities of feed DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP, N×6·25), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were also determined. Faecal excretion data were subjected to the models of Pond et al. (1988) and digesta mean retention time (MRT) calculated from these models and using the algebraic method of Thielmans et al. (1978). Silage had significantly (P<0·05) higher digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF than hay; however, chop length had no effect. All the models of Pond et al. (1988) accurately described (R2>0·8) the pattern of faecal marker excretion. MRT of BBL (29·0h)>BBS(27h)>HS and HL (26h). Compartmental analysis using the G3 model of Pond et al. (1988) showed BBL and HS diets had longer MRT in the time-dependent compartment, whereas BBS and HL had longer MRT in the time-independent compartment. Results from this experiment indicate that BBL and BBS are readily accepted and digested by ponies. While Yb is a successful external marker for determining total tract MRT and for modelling faecal excretion curves in horses, the results did not allow any definite conclusions to be drawn on digesta MRT within the different compartments of the equid gut.
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Onwuka, Chinonye Emmanuel. "External Debt Burden and Infrastructural Development Nexus in Nigeria: An ARDL Approach (1981-2020)." IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.v8.no3.2022.pg51.66.
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This study focused on external debt burden and infrastructural development nexus in Nigeria using data spanning between the periods 1981 to 2020 by employing the use of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and granger causality test as the major statistical techniques of analysis. From the findings, the coefficient of error correction term shows that about 70 percent of the discrepancy between the actual and the long run or equilibrium value of infrastructural development is corrected or eliminated each year. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.680 which shows that about 68 percent variations in the infrastructural development were explained by the independent variables. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test shows that all variables were stationary at first difference. The results for the Bounds test reveal that there is a long run relationship among the variables. This is because the F-statistics value (5.194) is greater than upper Bounds critical values at 5% level of significant. The ARDL results show that external debt, domestic debt and inflation rate have a negative impact on infrastructural development in the long run while exchange rate and interest rate has a positive effect on infrastructural development in the long run. Also, domestic debt and exchange rate were found to have a significant impact on infrastructural development while external debt, inflation rate and interest rate were found to be insignificant in the long run. Furthermore, the granger causality test results indicate while there is no causality between external debt and infrastructural development, there seems to be a unidirectional causality between domestic debt and infrastructural growth in Nigeria. The study concludes that federal government of the country should cut down excessive borrowings and that the existing ones are invested in projects that would eventually generate enough returns to defray such debts accordingly. Also, an adoption of policy framework that will ensure macroeconomic stability such as price stability, job creation, increased output, political stability, etc. becomes fundamental in getting rid of heavy reliance on external debt in the country
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Kenneth Chikezie, Anyalechi, Onwumere Josaphat Uchechukwu Joe, and Boloupremo Tarila. "Fiscal Policy and the Nigerian Economy: An Econometric Review." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n4p186.
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The paper examines fiscal policy regulations as a tool for enhancing economic growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria using data covering the period 1981-2014 obtained from Central bank of Nigeria and World Development Indicators. The study employed econometric methods of Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Unit Root test, Johansen Co-integration test and Vector auto-regression (VAR) to analyze data empirically. Results from data analyzed suggest that tax revenue, external borrowings, government domestic debt and government capital expenditure have not contributed significantly to economic growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. However, government recurrent expenditure was found to be statistically significant and impacted on the gross domestic product per capita during the study period. This may be attributed to the reason that recurrent expenditure has a deep rooted and faster influence on growth than capital expenditure. Capital expenditure, which is a long-term expenditure, is more prone to misappropriation and theft, and also could be less growth enhancing. The empirical result is consistent with and strongly upheld the Keynesian’s view that government expenditure causes economic growth.
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Goi, Arianna, Marica Simoni, Federico Righi, Giulio Visentin, and Massimo De Marchi. "Application of a Handheld Near-Infrared Spectrometer to Predict Gelatinized Starch, Fiber Fractions, and Mineral Content of Ground and Intact Extruded Dry Dog Food." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091660.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of a handheld near-infrared spectrometer to predict total and gelatinized starch, insoluble fibrous fractions, and mineral content in extruded dry dog food. Intact and ground samples were compared to determine if the homogenization could improve the prediction performance of the instrument. Reference analyses were performed on 81 samples for starch and 99 for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and minerals, and reflectance infrared spectra (740 to 1070 nm) were recorded with a SCiO™ near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. Prediction models were developed using modified partial least squares regression and both internal (leave-one-out cross-validation) and external validation. The best prediction models in cross-validation using ground samples were obtained for gelatinized starch (residual predictive deviation, RPD = 2.54) and total starch (RPD = 2.33), and S (RPD = 1.92), while the best using intact samples were obtained for gelatinized starch (RPD = 2.45), total starch (RPD = 2.08), and K (RPD = 1.98). Through external validation, the best statistics were obtained for gelatinized starch, with an RPD of 2.55 and 2.03 in ground and intact samples, respectively. Overall, there was no difference in prediction models accuracy using ground or intact samples. In conclusion, the miniaturized NIR instrument offers the potential for screening purposes only for total and gelatinized starch, S, and K, whereas the results do not support its applicability for the other traits.
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Thompson, Serena, Sandra L. Dillard, Alana Jacobson, Jenny Koebernick, Grey Parks, and Mary K. Mullenix. "191 Yield and nutritive quality of summer annual forage mixtures." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.058.
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Abstract Summer annual forage mixtures are both high yielding and contain a high nutritive quality. They provide a summer forage option for maintaining stockers, forage-finished beef, and replacement heifers on with little to no external inputs needed. Recently, sugarcane aphid infestations have limited production of sorghum × sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor var. bicolor*bicolor var. sudanese; S). This study investigated mono-, bi-, and tri- cultures of S, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata; C), and crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris; R). Forage yield, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, and sugarcane aphid counts were determined for each treatment. Sugarcane aphid counts were conducted on a weekly basis during the study and forage samples were harvested twice during each season. A forage subsample was taken for determination of CP, NDF, ADF, and ADL using wet chemistry. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS 9.4 (SAS inst., Cary, NC). During Year 1, the only difference in yield among treatments was observed in R, which was lower than other plots (949 and 1,259 kg/ha, respectively; P < 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber was greatest (P < 0.0001) in treatments containing S, whereas C and C+R had the least NDF (64.6%, 55.1%, and 56.6%, respectively; P < 0.02). Sugarcane aphids were greater (P < 0.0001) in S+C compared to S+R and SI on July 12 (33.5, 21.1, and 22.4 aphid days/ two leaf sample, respectively). During Year 2, there were no differences in yield among plots (996 kg/ ha, P > 0.9); NDF was greatest in S and lowest in plots containing C and C+R (63%, 46%, and 45.6%, P < 0.0001). While there appeared to be no reduction in sugarcane aphid pressure in the mono- and mixed- cultures of S, C+R showed promise as a summer annual mixture with similar yield and higher quality to that of S and S mixtures.
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Ogbonna, Chukwudi Justin, C. Jeol Nweke, Eleazer C. Nwogu, and Iheanyi Sylvester Iwueze. "Wavelet Transform as an Alternative to Power Transformation in Time Series Analysis." Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences and Applications 17 (November 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/bmsa.17.57.
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This study examines the discrete wavelet transform as a transformation technique in the analysis of non-stationary time series while comparing it with power transformation. A test for constant variance and choice of appropriate transformation is made using Bartlett’s test for constant variance while the Daubechies 4 (D4) Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used for wavelet transform. The stationarity of the transformed (power and wavelet) series is examined with Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test (ADF). The stationary series is modeled with Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) Model technique. The model precision in terms of goodness of fit is ascertained using information criteria (AIC, BIC and SBC) while the forecast performance is evaluated with RMSE, MAD, and MAPE. The study data are the Nigeria Exchange Rate (2004-2014) and the Nigeria External Reserve (1995-2010). The results of the analysis show that the power transformed series of the exchange rate data admits a random walk (ARIMA (0, 1, 0)) model while its wavelet equivalent is adequately fitted to ARIMA (1,1,0). Similarly, the power transformed version of the External Reserve is adequately fitted to ARIMA (3, 1, 0) while its wavelet transform equivalent is adequately fitted to ARIMA (0, 1, 3). In terms of model precision (goodness - of - fit), the model for the power transformed series is found to have better fit for exchange rate data while model for wavelet transformed series is found to have better fit for external reserve data. In forecast performance, the model for wavelet transformed series outperformed the model for power transformed series. Therefore, we recommend that wavelet transform be used when time series data is non-stationary in variance and our interest is majorly on forecast.
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Menza, Solomon Kebede, Zerihun Getachew, Berhanu Kuma, and Tora Abebe. "The Dynamics between External Public Debt and Foreign Exchange Reserve of Ethiopia Economy: 1981 to 2019." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 791–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/11970.
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This paper empirically examined the short-run and long-run dynamics among external public debt and foreign exchange reserve of Ethiopia. The two variables are playing a pivotal role in the growth and development of nations economy. To achieve the objective the study took 39 years data from the year 1981 to 2019 from National bank of Ethiopia and World Bank data sets. The study used descriptive analysis and empirical methods of analysis. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model with error correction models were employed after checking the possible assumptions of our economic series. The results of ADF test statistics confirms our economic series are stationary at level and first difference forms. Bounds co-integration test suggests one co-integrating relationship between the variables taking foreign exchange reserve as the outcome variable. According to the descriptive method of analysis, on average, in Ethiopia the trend for service sector indicated that an ever improvement of the sector throughout the periods and supplementing the notion of change from agriculture base to service sector. In addition, the trade tariff rate of Ethiopian economy is indicating a downward movement and this in turn justifies the relative openness of the economy to the globe. In the same manner the financial development indicator of the nation is rising, which assures relative improvement in the financial sector. On the other hand, according to the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model in the short -run average trade tariff rate, share of manufacturing sector from the GDP, and lagged value of EPD itself predicts the external public debt significant at least at less than 10 percent level of significance. Moreover, the error correction model revealed that in the long-run, financial development indicator, debt service payment, and average trade tariff rate were predicting the stock of foreign exchange reserve for Ethiopian economy. The result also indicates that in the short-run, only the share of agriculture and service sectors are significantly predicting the variations of the stock of foreign exchange reserve, ceteris paribus. Finally, the concerned body specially the government of Ethiopia should limit or reduce the amount of external debt inflows that has an adverse effect on debt service payment, and recheck the budget sources for financing different projects especially manufacturing industries rather than highly basing on external sources in the form of external public debt . More importantly, the government should enhance the value of export potential, among others.
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Ajmair, Muhammad, Abdul Ghafar Khan, and Uzma Bashir. "FISCAL POLICY AND SECTORAL GROWTH IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.469.
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Main objective to write this paper was to find out impact of fiscal policy on sectoral growth in Pakistan. Annual data for period 1980-2021 was used from world development indicators of World Bank (2021). ADF and PP unit root test were employed to check the stationarity of all variables. ADRL bound testing was considered as estimation technique because some variables were stationary at level and some were at first difference while no variable was stationary at second difference. Three models were estimated where dependent variables were agriculture, industry and services while independent variables were GDP per capita, total debt services, external balance on goods and services, and gross national expenditures. These most repeated variables are selected from existing empirical literature on impact of fiscal policy over economic growth. All variables related to fiscal policy affected agricultural sector positively and insignificantly except total debt services that has positive and significant impact on agricultural sector. GDP per capita, inflation and total debt services have positive and significant effect on industrial sector while this sector was affected negatively and significantly by external balance of goods and services and gross national expenditures. All explanatory variables showed negative and significant association with services sector except total debt services that has positive and significant relationship with services sector. The error correction terms for agricultural, industrial and services sectors respectively are negative (-3.185, -1.674 and -2.110 respectively) indicated that the system was stable and converged to the equilibrium track following a disturbance. All diagnostic and stability tests satisfied the basic requirements of model suitability. Keywords: Fiscal Policy, GDP, Agriculture, Industry, Services, Inflation
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Umaru, Shehu, and Sunday Gandu. "IMPACT OF CAPITAL FLIGHT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Operational Research in Management, Social Sciences, and Education 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijormsse.v8.i1.02.
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Capital flight has continued to generate debate across the world. Most developing countries Nigeria in particular are having their own share of the problem. This are burning issues regarding its actual measurement and direction of flow. This study is set to examine the effect of capital flight on economic development in Nigeria from 1980 to 2020. Due to the stochastic nature of time series data, diagnostic tests were conducted to ascertain the behavior of the series. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philips Perron (PP) test results are reported. Based on these tests, the all the variables in the model became stationary after first differencing, that is, they are integrated of order one I(1). Because of this order of integration, the Johansen co-integration test was conducted to check for possible long run relationship. Due to the absence of long-run relationship, unrestricted Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was specified and used for the estimation. Results from the VAR estimation reveal that Poverty is an increasing function of poverty. There is a negative impact of capital flight on economic development in Nigeria over the period of study. External debt is detrimental to economic development if mismanaged. Floating exchange rate where multiple rates are charged in different markets is detrimental to economic development in Nigeria over the period of study. This paper recommended that training in skill acquisition should be encouraged in Nigeria in order to alleviate poverty. Capital flight should be checked with serious penalties on the perpetrators. In addition, external debt should be channel to economic uses. And finally floating exchange rates where different rates are charged in different markets is should be abolished in Nigeria.
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Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Determinants of Unemployment in Selected Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis." Journal of Economic Impact 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei3012103.
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This research gives a new glimpse on determinants of unemployment in developing countries. Unemployment is not only a burning issue in developing countries but also in developed countries, but in this study, the case is related to developing countries. For this purpose data of ten selected developing countries has been taken for the period of 2000 to 2019 from the World Bank. Stationarity has been checked through the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the result showed that all variables were stationary at 1st difference except the variable of inflation. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model has been applied and results show that all variables are statistically significant. GDP, inflation, remittances, exchange rate, and expenditure on education has a negative impact on unemployment while population and external debt has a positive impact on unemployment. Policy recommendations are that if developing economies want to reduce unemployment they have to control population, remove deficit in the balance of payment, control the inflation rate, raise their GDP, earn the exchange rate due to increase in exports, and gain the foreign remittance and have to allocate the more budget on expenditure on education. In light of these recommendations, all economies can achieve economic efficiency and economic development.
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Ignatyuk, Anzhela, Valerii Osetskyi, Mykhaylo Makarenko, and Alina Artemenko. "Ukrainian hryvnia under the floating exchange rate regime: diagnostics of the USD/UAH exchange rate dynamics." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(3).2020.12.
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The study identifies the features of the USD/UAH exchange rate dynamics for the period from January 2014 to May 2020. The main purpose of the empirical analysis is to determine the current trend of the USD/UAH exchange rate (is it random or permanent), indicate the presence of seasonality in foreign exchange rate dynamics and evaluate its sensitivity to external shocks. Three hypotheses are tested using several methods of time series analysis (autocorrelation analysis, ADF, Phillips-Perron and Granger tests), including a trend-season model using a time series of one variable (ARMA), a multifactor VAR-model, impulse functions. The results show that, the movement of the hryvnia exchange rate against the US dollar is a stochastic process. Its trend has a random component and tends to change sharply over time. Moreover, exchange rate fluctuations are seasonal. It depreciates in the first and second quarters, and strengthens in the third and fourth. Some macroeconomic indicators cause a positive or negative reaction of the USD/UAH exchange rate. This indicates that today the Ukrainian foreign exchange market is relatively efficient, but stable, since its reaction to external shocks is short-term, insignificant and tends to fade out. Although the findings are controversial, they support the generally accepted view that the exchange rate formation is a multifactorial process that depends on several macroeconomic factors. However, high volatility and random walk specification indicate that it is almost impossible to predict its future value at this time. AcknowledgmentThe material was prepared within the framework of the scientific research Modeling and Forecasting the Behavior of Financial Markets as an Information Base for Ensuring Financial Stability and Security of the State, No. 0117U003936 (supervisor Alex Plastun).
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Ali, Hina, Fatima Farooq, Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh, and Ashfa Perveeen. "Education, Human Capital, and Endogenous Growth Nexus: Time Series Evidence from Pakistan." Review of Education, Administration & Law 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i2.223.
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The concept of endogenous growth states that economic growth is caused by variables within the economy rather than external ones. This study's major goal is to demonstrate the link between education, human capital, and endogenous growth in Pakistan. For the period 1990–2021, time series data is used. The stationary is confirmed using the augmented dickey fuller (ADF) method. In this research, the non linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) technique is employed for the empirical analysis. Gross domestic product (GDP), education enrolment, human capital, inflation, trade, and gross fixed capital formation are the factors examined in this study. In the current research, gross domestic product, education enrollment, and human capital are dependent variables, while inflation, trade, gross fixed capital formation and education enrollment are independent variables. Inflation shows an inverse relationship with the gross domestic product, while trade and education enrollment show a positive relationship with the gross domestic product. Gross fixed capital formation shows an inverse relationship with human capital, while education enrollment and inflation also show a negative relationship with human capital. Gross fixed capital formation and trade show a positive impact on education enrollment, while inflation shows a negative impact on education enrollment. It is recommended that the government should decrease inflation to increase gross domestic product (GDP). This study suggests that education enrollment (EDUENROLL), trade (TRADE), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) also increase.
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Santiago López, Ulises, César A. Rosales Nieto, Elizabeth Santiago López, Norma Santiago López, Pablo Preciado Rangel, Arturo Palmo Gil, and Daniel Real. "Yield of forage, grain and biomass in eight hybrids of maize with different sowing dates and environmental conditions." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 9, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v9i1.4403.
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The aim was to evaluate yield of forage, grain and biomass and fibre content of eight hybrids of maize (Rio-Grande, Arrayan, Genex 778, Narro 2010, Advance 2203, DAS 2358, P4082W and HT9150W) during two sowing seasons (spring/summer) for two consecutive years at La Laguna in Torreon, Mexico. Once the grain progression of the kernel milk line was ⅓, green forage yield (GFY), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined. When the corncobs were fully mature, grain yield (GY) and biomass production (TBP) were determined. Weather conditions were recorded during the experiment. The results indicated that maximum temperature was higher and rainfall lower in the summer sowing and second year. Spring sowing had significantly higher yields of GFY, DM, GY and TBP compared to summer sowing. The first year of study showed significantly higher yields regarding GFY, GY and TBP, but FDN, FDA, DM content compared to the second year. The best hybrid for GFY and DM was Rio-Grande; for FDN and FDA was Advance 2203; for GY was HT9150W and finally for TBP was Arrayan. Regardless of the hybrid used and the sowing season, production of maize depended on external factors such as maximum temperature and rainfall; therefore, producers need to consider sowing in spring to avoid the negative effect of high temperatures on plant development.
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Nur Mohamed, Abdulrazak, Abdikani Yusuf Abdulle, and Abdihakim Omar Abdullahi. "Factors Influencing Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Somalia." International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): e0514. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i2.514.
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Purposes: The last four decades, the value of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in Somalia has fluctuated between $339,000,000 in 2016 and $43,390,000 in 1970. Thus, this research investigated the factors influencing foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Somalia. Over the period from 1980-2017 and data are obtained from the World Bank. Design/ Methodology/ approach: this study used The Vector Auto regression (VAR) model. The econometric methodology to be utilized includes the unit root test for used Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), co-integration test, Johansen integration test and diagnostic test includes serial correlation, normality, heteroskedasticity and AR root test. Furthermore, they are also utilized for VAR Granger causality tests. Findings: The findings of this paper indicated unit root test showed that all variables except external debt are not stationary at the level but become stationary after first differencing at the 10% level of significant. The co-integration test indicates the relationships between variables are integrated. The Granger-causality test shows only one-way Granger-causality relationships from FDI to GDP, import and export variables or so-called unidirectional Granger causality. Moreover, impulse response function indicates results all variables are positive related in the short run and long run except for imports which is negative related with FDI. Although, GDP, imports and inflation are significant to FDI, but export and external debt are insignificant to FDI. Therefore, this research concludes that FDI influences economic growth in Somalia. Research limitations/ implications: Although this research has expended and evolved prior studied various respects, a comprehensive and systematic time-series study on FDI and its determinants in Somalia would involve more capitals than had been made available for this study. There are still a number of specific constrains to be noted on the investigating FDI and its determinants in this paper, some factors such as political and macroeconomic instability, human capital, infrastructure and corruptions are not considered owing to data availability. Moreover, it’s recommended that future studies could improvement widely and update research in FDI.
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Egbulonu, Kelechukwu Godslove, and Oluchi Elleen Chukuezi. "Foreign Remittances And Nigeria’s Economic Growth (1990 – 2018)." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 9 (September 28, 2019): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.69.7046.
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Between 2010 and 2017, remittances inflows averaged a whopping 20 billon US Dollars per annum, more than double the foreign direct investment [FDI] figures for the period under review and more than 500 per cent of Nigeria commercial service exports. The figures could be comparatively intimidating when remittances inflows from unapproved and informal sources are taken into account. To this end it becomes imperative to consider the impact these remittances have had so far on the Nigerian economy both at the micro and macro levels. The ADF test was used to test for stationarity. The variables were all found to be integrated at 1st difference so we used the OLS technique to analyze our data. Results show a positive relationship between foreign remittances and economic growth. Also a strong two-way relationship was established between foreign remittances and foreign external reserve. Foreign remittances have come to be a major source of income for Nigerian families and households. Infant mortality rate which was included in our model as a measure of social welfare and human development was also seen to be on the decline and having no causality relationship with foreign remittances. This was rightly so because, as the study shows, the expenditure pattern of foreign receipts by households is tilted towards consumption. The study recommends the need for the country to strengthen the institutional framework required to harness the benefits of foreign remittances.
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Baath, Gurjinder S., Harpinder K. Baath, Prasanna H. Gowda, Johnson P. Thomas, Brian K. Northup, Srinivas C. Rao, and Hardeep Singh. "Predicting Forage Quality of Warm-Season Legumes by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques." Sensors 20, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030867.
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Warm-season legumes have been receiving increased attention as forage resources in the southern United States and other countries. However, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique has not been widely explored for predicting the forage quality of many of these legumes. The objective of this research was to assess the performance of NIRS in predicting the forage quality parameters of five warm-season legumes—guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), soybean (Glycine max), and mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia)—using three machine learning techniques: partial least square (PLS), support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). Additionally, the efficacy of global models in predicting forage quality was investigated. A set of 70 forage samples was used to develop species-based models for concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of guar and tepary bean forages, and CP and IVTD in pigeon pea and soybean. All species-based models were tested through 10-fold cross-validations, followed by external validations using 20 samples of each species. The global models for CP and IVTD of warm-season legumes were developed using a set of 150 random samples, including 30 samples for each of the five species. The global models were tested through 10-fold cross-validation, and external validation using five individual sets of 20 samples each for different legume species. Among techniques, PLS consistently performed best at calibrating (R2c = 0.94–0.98) all forage quality parameters in both species-based and global models. The SVM provided the most accurate predictions for guar and soybean crops, and global models, and both SVM and PLS performed better for tepary bean and pigeon pea forages. The global modeling approach that developed a single model for all five crops yielded sufficient accuracy (R2cv/R2v = 0.92–0.99) in predicting CP of the different legumes. However, the accuracy of predictions of in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) for the different legumes was variable (R2cv/R2v = 0.42–0.98). Machine learning algorithms like SVM could help develop robust NIRS-based models for predicting forage quality with a relatively small number of samples, and thus needs further attention in different NIRS based applications.
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Jabeen, Sunila, Waseem Shahid Malik, and Azad Haider. "Testing the Harrod Balassa Sameulson Hypothesis: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.379-399.
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For a small open economy of Pakistan, exchange rate is determined through the two alternative theories; the nominal theory of exchange rate named by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the real theory known as Harrod Balassa Sameulson (HBS). According to the requirements of theories, two kinds of real exchange rate have been employed for the yearly data of 1972-2008. As, both of the theories are disputed at the ground of their long run relationship with real exchange rate, therefore, the VAR based Johenson Co-integration approach has been utilised to see the long run relationships. PPP has shown less satisfactory results either in its form of absolute version or relative version. Because, real exchange rate in Pakistan is a non-stationary process by Augmented Dickey Fuller unit-root test, predicting some pushing force behind the non-tradable sector. While favouring the PPP in tradable sector, the ADF and KPSS are indicating the presence of the HBS in Pakistan. On the other hand, the analysis of the HBS through co-integration is showing that relative productivity difference has an opposite relationship with relative non-tradable sector prices and with RER. However, the relationship between relative non-tradable sector prices and RER is much stronger and according to the theory. So, there have been incorporated some demand side and external factors to reduce the mis-specification of the simple HBS model. Therefore, in the extended HBS model, productivity difference, government consumption expenditure, terms of trade and world oil prices are appreciating the RER and money supply (a control variable) is pursuing depreciation in RER. So, these results yield some policy implications for Pakistan which can be useful for developing countries as well. JEL classification: E0, E31, E44 Keywords: Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson, Exchange Rate, Purchasing Power Parity, Pakistan
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Johnson, Alexa C. B., and Heidi A. Rossow. "Effects of two equine digestive aid supplements on hindgut health1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (September 10, 2018): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy103.
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Abstract Gastrointestinal disease is the number one killer of horses. Little is known about the maintenance of microbes in the equine hindgut and how to distinguish a healthy gut in a live horse. Utilization of internal and external digestibility markers and starch fermentation has been extensively studied in ruminants and is the basis for research conducted on horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of two equine feed digestive aid supplements on hindgut health (HGH) as reflected in fecal pH and digestibility and to compare and validate DM digestibility measurements through the use of internal and external markers such as chromium oxide (CR), lignin (Lig), indigestible ADF (iADF), indigestible NDF (iNDF), and indigestible lignin (iLig). Nine mature Quarter horses (six geldings, three mares) were used in a crossover design, three feeding periods of 17 d (51 d total), using three treatments: control, no feed additive (CON), Smartpak (SP; Plymouth, MA), or Platinum Performance (PP; Buellton, CA). Both SP and PP contained a strain of Lactobacillus, whereas SP further supplied mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and PP supplied Saccharomyces boulardii. Within the 17-d period, horses were offered orchard grass hay and sweet cob grain and the assigned treatment daily and four CR cookies to deliver 8 g/d of CR for the last 7 d of each period. Total feces were collected from 15 to 17 d. Feed and fecal samples were dried, ground, and sent to ANALAB (Fulton, IL) for nutrient analysis. Duplicate samples of feed and feces were placed in ruminally cannulated cows for in situ determination of iADF, iNDF, and iLig to estimate digestibility. Estimated CR fecal output, CR DMI, and DM digestibilities were evaluated using the root mean square prediction error percentage of the observed mean (RMSPE), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency methods. Marker predictive ability tests showed iADF to have the least amount of bias with the smallest RMSPE (4%), largest CCC (0.43), and the largest amount of random bias (error of dispersion = 0.45). Supplementation of PP decreased CR DM digestibility (P < 0.02). Smartpak increased fecal pH (P < 0.09), but PP had no effect on fecal pH. Therefore, SP had a beneficial effect on HGH that is believed to be due to MOS and FOS.
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Tiganasu, Ramona, Gabriela Pascariu, and Dan Lupu. "Competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption: evidence from Central and Eastern European countries." Oeconomia Copernicana 13, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 667–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.020.
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Research background: The transformations induced by global challenges call for new approaches towards competitiveness and thus require a consistent rethinking of strategies and mechanisms so that they could be better adapted to the constantly changing context. Prior to the European Union (EU) accession, the Central and Eastern European (CEE) states began a broad process of economic reforms, including trade liberalization, mass privatization, exchange rate liberalization, all of which led to a wider opening to new markets, the creation of new opportunities for production and to ensuring the competitiveness of companies on foreign markets. By far, the most important step in the post-communist period was joining the EU, achieved after 2004. Over time, these states have faced, on the one hand, issues related to addressing systemic vulnerabilities, and on the other hand, finding the most appropriate measures to induce competitiveness. The influence of public policies on competitiveness is still an issue that needs to be debated, our study proposing to examine the reaction of external competitiveness to the increase of government spending and corruption. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of fiscal policies and corruption on the external competitiveness of the eleven countries from Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) for the period 1995?2020. The choice of this time interval is to better capture the trinomial relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption before and after the process of integration of the CEE states into the EU. Methods: The methodology chosen is based on ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) with structural breaks, the period taken into account being 1995?2020. The Unit root test of augmented Dickey?Fuller ADF (2016) was used to assess the time series stationarity. The test developed by Bai and Perron (2003) is applied to detect structural breaks, by resorting to the LM test. The tests for the cointegration between the considered variables, using the ARDL model, proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001), were also part of the research. The causality test of Granger et al. (2000) was used to assess the conditionality between the indicators. By applying these methods, it was highlighted that, especially after 2007, in the states under analysis, expansionary fiscal policies have led to internal devaluations of the currency, which ultimately increased external competitiveness, measured as real effective exchange rate. Instead, corruption has a negative impact on competitiveness. Findings & value added: The obtained results point out the relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption in CEE countries. In the case of those that have a high competitiveness, even if there are large government expenditures, there is also an economic environment conducive to the implementation of measures that generate added value on a large scale. Conversely, in countries where corruption is high, the impact of government fiscal policies on competitiveness is reduced due to the negative effects caused by this phenomenon. Our study brings at least two contributions to the literature. First of all, the research shows how a growth in public spending affects the competitiveness of CEE economies through the real exchange rate. Secondly, it takes into account the phenomenon of corruption applied to Eastern countries, emphasizing a decrease in the external competitiveness of these economies in response to the manifestation of corruption.
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Sha, Yuzhu, Yue Ren, Shengguo Zhao, Yanyu He, Xinyu Guo, Xiaoning Pu, Wenhao Li, Xiu Liu, Jiqing Wang, and Shaobin Li. "Response of Ruminal Microbiota–Host Gene Interaction to High-Altitude Environments in Tibetan Sheep." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 12430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012430.
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Altitude is the main external environmental pressure affecting the production performance of Tibetan sheep, and the adaptive evolution of many years has formed a certain response mechanism. However, there are few reports on the response of ruminal microbiota and host genomes of Tibetan sheep to high-altitude environments. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), microbial diversity (16S rRNA), epithelial morphology, and epithelial transcriptome in the rumen of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes to understand the changes in ruminal microbiota–host interaction in response to high altitude. The differences in the nutritional quality of forage at different altitudes, especially the differences in fiber content (ADF/NDF), led to changes in rumen VFAs of Tibetan sheep, in which the A/P value (acetic acid/propionic acid) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of IgA and IgG in Middle-altitude (MA) and High-altitude Tibetan sheep (HA) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the concentrations of IgM were significantly increased in MA (p < 0.05). Morphological results showed that the width of the rumen papilla and the thickness of the basal layer increased significantly in HA Tibetan sheep (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA analysis found that the rumen microbial diversity of Tibetan sheep gradually decreased with increasing altitude, and there were some differences in phylum- and genus-level microbes at the three altitudes. RDA analysis found that the abundance of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and the Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group increased with altitudes. Furthermore, a functional analysis of the KEGG microbial database found the “lipid metabolism” function of HA Tibetan sheep to be significantly enriched. WGCNA revealed that five gene modules were enriched in “energy production and conversion”, “lipid transport and metabolism”, and “defense mechanisms”, and cooperated with microbiota to regulate rumen fermentation and epithelial immune barrier function, so as to improve the metabolism and immune level of Tibetan sheep at high altitude.
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Humbatova, Sugra. "The Impact of Oil Prices on State Budget Income and Expenses: Case of Azerbaijan." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13691.
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Since Azerbaijan is one of the oil exporting countries, its macroeconomic indicators, especially the exchange rate, the state budget are highly dependent on the oil factor. This study assessed the role of oil in the economy and the impact of the oil factor on the revenues and expenditures of the state budget of Azerbaijan in manat and dollar terms. The study covers the period 2005m03 − 2022m05. Unit root (Augmented Dickey−Fuller (ADF), Phillips−Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski−Phillips−Schmidt−Shin (KPSS)) tests were applied to check the stationarity of variables (time series). ARDL was applied as a research method. In terms of the reliability of the obtained results, the error correction model (ECM) was used, standard tests were carried out, and the joint integration methods of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR were also applied in the evaluation. Engel−Granger and Phillips−Ouliaris tests have been used to test for cointegration interactions between variables. Short−term, long−term, and strong associations between variables were also calculated. The results of the study showed that the state budget depends on the oil and gas sector, and fluctuations in world oil prices functionally and along the chain affect oil revenues and the state budget. A different impact of oil prices (oil revenues) on the state budget in terms of manat and dollar was the devaluation of the manat, which was carried out to reduce the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on Azerbaijan. The general conclusion of the study was a recommendation to further accelerate work on the diversification of the economy and the development of the non−oil sector. The results of the conducted research can serve as a scientific basis for the economic policy of the state aimed at reducing the impact of external oil price shocks on the economy of Azerbaijan and other similar oil−exporting countries, including on the state budget, and diversifying the economy. The functional dependencies of the income and expenses of the state budget in terms of manat and dollar on world oil prices are given below.
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CHANCHAI, W., S. CHANPONGSANG, and N. CHAIYABUTR. "Effects of cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin on diet digestibility, digestion kinetics and milk production of cross-bred Holstein cattle in the tropics." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 2 (December 7, 2009): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990505.
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SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to determine how cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) affect body function with respect to digestion kinetics, digestibility and other variables relevant to milk production in cross-bred Holstein cattle. Ten primiparous cross-bred dairy cattle (0·875 Holstein Friesian×0·125 Red Shindi) were used and divided into two groups of five animals each that were housed in a normal shaded barn (NS barn; non-cooled cows) and in a shaded barn with mist-fan cooling (MF; cooled cows). The cows in each group were supplemented with rbST in early, mid and late stages of lactation with three consecutive subcutaneous injections of 500 mg rbST every 14 days. All cows were fed the same total mixed ration twice daily at approximately 1·1 of assumed ad libitum intake and water was offered ad libitum. During the experimental periods, values of ambient temperatures and temperature humidity index (THI) in the NS barn were significantly higher than in the MF barn, whereas the relative humidity in the MF barn was significantly higher than in the NS barn (P<0·01). The respiration rate and rectal temperature were significantly higher for non-cooled cows than for cooled cows during the daytime whether there was or was not rbST supplementation. Supplementation of rbST for either cooled or non-cooled cows significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI), the efficiency of feed utilization and milk yields (P<0·05). Digesta kinetics using chromic oxide as an external marker showed a high digesta passage rate constant and low mean retention time of digesta in cows either by cooling or supplementation of rbST, whereas no changes were seen for the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The half-time of Cr2O3 in the whole digestive tract of cooled cows was lower than those of non-cooled cows and significantly decreased (P<0·05) during rbST supplementation in both groups in all stages of lactation. The magnitude of responses for the digesta passage rate and efficiency of feed utilization were larger in animals supplemented with rbST than in animals under MF cooling only.The main effect of cooling and supplemental rbST was to improve digestion by an increase in the rate of passage of digesta and in turn an increase in feed intake. Digestibility was not influenced by changes in passage rate of digesta either by cooling or rbST supplementation. Milk production in response to rbST supplementation is probably enhanced with cooling. The increased milk production induced by rbST supplementation was mediated by increased efficiency of feed utilization without changes in diet digestibility.
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Prof. Dr. Saghir Ghauri, Dr. Muhammad Irfan Khan, Sherbaz Khan, and Khadija Rehman Afandi. "The nexus between economic growth, corruption and external debt in Pakistan." International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship 2, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.58661/ijsse.v2i2.37.
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Corruption hurts various factors of a country, including welfare systems, governments and, most importantly, economic growth. This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and corruption in Pakistan from 1998 to 2021. We used time series models to check this relationship. The prerequisite of the time series model is the unit root test. We use the augmented dicky fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests. To check the short-run and long-run relationship between economic growth and corruption, along with other macroeconomic variables, ARDL was used. As per our findings, the effects of crime and interest rates on economic growth (LGDP) are positive and statistically significant. However, the short-run association between LED and LGCF with LGDP is not statistically significant. Furthermore, corruption and gross capital formation truly influence economic growth over the long-term for this specific data, yet LED, and LIR factors are statistically insignificant, suggesting that these variables do not have a long-run relationship with economic growth. According to the results of the Short-run model, immorality and interest payment influence on income progress (LGDP) are statistically significant at a significance level of 95% and 90%, respectively.
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Akar, Nejat, Duygu Ozel Demiralp, Ibrahim C. Haznedaroglu, and Hakan Goker. "Functional Proteomics of Ankaferd Blood Stopper." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4103.4103.
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Abstract Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) comprises a standardized mixture of the plants Thymus vulgaris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Vitis vinifera, Alpinia officinarum and Urtica dioica. The basic mechanism of action for ABS is the formation of an encapsulated protein network that provides focal points for vital erythrocyte aggregation. ABS–induced protein network formation with blood cells particularly erythrocytes covers the primary and secondary haemostatic system without disturbing individual coagulation factors (Figure 1). The aim of this study is to perform functional proteomic analyses of ABS, which has been approved for the management of hemorrhages in Turkey (www.ankaferd.com). The protein samples for 2D gel electrophoresis were prepared: 10 ml of Ankaferd solution was precipitated with Trichloroacetic Acid Precipitation (TCA). 100 μl of 100% TCA. was added for each 1ml of sample. The total protein concentration was measured using the BCA protein assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, USA). 2D Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins were performed. Gels were stained with SYPRO Ruby protein stain and images were acquired and analyzed using PDQuest software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). Gel Digestion of Proteins: Selected spots from the gel were excised using a Proteome Works Spot Cutter (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) and transferred to a 96-well plate. The proteins were enzymatically digested and the tryptic peptides ZipTip (Millipore, France) purified. After ZipTip purification, the tryptic peptides were eluted from the ZipTip with 2 mg/ml cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) solution in 50% ACN/0.1% TriFlora acetic acid and spotted directly onto wax-coated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) target plates. Mass Spectrometry & Database Search: The tryptic peptides on the MALDI target plate were analyzed with MasLynx MALDI-time of flight mass spectrometer (Waters, UK). Mass spectra were recorded in the positive-ion mode. All spectra were acquiredwith external calibration of sub-P, anjiotensin, renine, ACTH and glu fib mix. PLGS (Waters, UK). Was optained with Swiss-Prot data base. With 50 ppm sensitivity. Proteins were evaluated by considering the number of matched tryptic peptides, the percentage coverage of the entire protein sequence, the apparent MW, and the pI of the protein. Results: Proteins of plant origin in Ankaferd were NADP-dependent malic enzyme, Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain, Mturase K, ATP synthase subunit beta, ATP synthase subunit alpha, Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1, Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 2, and Actin-depolymerizing factor. Furthermore, functional proteomics studies revealed that proteins resembling human peptides have been detected within Ankaferd including ATP synthase, mucin 16 (CD164 sialomucin-like 2 protein), coiled-coil domain containing 141 hypothetical protein LOC283638 isoform 1, hypothetical protein LOC283638 isoform 2, dynactin 5, Complex I intermediate-associated protein 30, mitochondrial, NADH dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, TP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial actin binding 1 isoform, LIM domain and actin binding 1 isoform a, LIM domain and actin binding 1 isoform b, Spectrin alpha non erythrocytic 1, Prolactin releasing hormone receptor, Utrophin, tet oncogene family member 2 isoform b, Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A, NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinas, ATP-binding cassette protein C12, Homo sapiens malic enzyme 1, Mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme 3, ME2 protein, Nuclear factor 1 B-type, Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 12B, E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS2, Alpha-1,2-glucosyltransferase ALG10-A, Cofilin, non-muscle isoform, 18 kDa phosphoprotein, p18, Actin-depolymerizing factor, ADF, Twinfilin-1, Ankyrin repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 1, Usherin Precursor, Urotensin II receptor. Those proteins represent a true basis for the upcoming Ankaferd studies focusing on its wound healing hemostatic, anti-infective, preservative biological actions. Figure Figure
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DALE, Laura, Ioan ROTAR, Florin PACURAR, Anca BOGDAN, André THEWIS, Juan Antonio FERNÁNDEZ PIERNA, Bernard LECLER, and Vincent BAETEN. "Determination of Cellulose, NDF, ADF and Lignin Content Using Non-Destructive Method (FT-NIR Spectrometry) in Hay from Apuseni Mountains." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 68, no. 1 (October 11, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:6513.
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The nutritive value of forages is variable and because of this are made different tests in chemical composition. The objectives of study are to build calibration model for direct, non-destructive analysis of crude cellulose, NDF, ADF and lignin contents based on FT-NIR spectroscopy. The samples for analysis were collected in 2010 from field trials, Apuseni Mountains, Gârda Area. In order to construct the model, references values are needed, for this reason thecrude cellulose, NDF; ADF and lignin content was determined using the classical Fibertec FiberCap system (FOSS Tecator). The values for crude cellulose ranged from 20,13% to 32,86%, the values for NDF content ranged from 32,67% to 59,40%, the values for ADF content ranged from 28,29% to 42,91%, the values for lignin content ranged from 4,74% to 11,15% in the dry matter basis. The regression models build was based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculated with the Modified PLS algorithm, using different pre-processing techniques and leave-one-out cross validation, under ISI Monitor v.1.50e. First time was validating the results using the calibration of the CRA-W, to see if classical methods used give good results. Because the samples contain Arnica montana (known like „leopard herb” or „tobacco montana”) the calibration model contain tropical herbs. The robustness of the model was confirmed by applying it to independent samples (external validation) where the SEP for crude celluloses is 1.2, for NDF content is 2.0, for ADF content is 2.4, for lignin content is 2.3. The results obtained indicated that NIRS can be used to determine crude cellulose, NDF, ADF and lignin content, which could be used as a criterion for quality control of mountain hays.
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Ademola, S. Sajuyigbe,, A. Odetayo, Tajudeen, and Z. Adeyemi, Adewumi. "External Debt and Economic Growth of Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, May 12, 2018, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2018/v1i225780.
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The study investigates the impact of external debt on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1999-2015. The data for this study was obtained mainly from secondary sources mainly from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletins and Debt Management Office. Time series data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a proxy for Economic Growth, External Debt Stock (EXDS), External Debt Service Payment (EDSP), and Exchange Rate (EXGR) were used for the analysis. The techniques of Estimation employed in the study include Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen Co-integration, Vector Error Correction Mechanism and Granger Causality Test. Results show that external debt has an inverse effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Subsequently, the study recommends that government should empower Debt Management Office to set the mechanism in place, ensure that loans are utilised for purposes they are meant for and prosecute corrupt public officers who siphoned the money.
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"Do foreign inflows contribute to Economic Growth of India: An Investigation using ARDL Approach?" Indian Journal of Economics and Development, March 22, 2022, 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35716/ijed/21268.
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The study analyses the association between various kinds of foreign inflows and India's economic growth using yearly data from the World Bank from 1975 to 2019. The ADF test was applied to check the incidence of integrating effects in the data, and the ARDL model estimates long and short-run relationships. The results approved a long-run association between external inflow and economic growth in India. ARDL test results suggested that foreign inflows play a vital role in enhancing economic growth. The influence of FDI and foreign aid on economic growth was positive and substantial in the long and short run. The results suggested that personal remittance and external debt negatively influenced the growth of the economy in the long and short run.
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Chisti, Khalid Ashraf, and Tayibah Shabir. "Impact of External Debt on Various Macro Economic Variables: Indian Evidence." Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, December 4, 2019, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v25i430199.
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The paper tries to investigate the impact of external debt on time series quarterly data spanning from 2007:02-2017:03, on various macro-economic variables and to study the existence of relationship and causality between them in India. In order to derive the results various econometric tools such as ADF unit root test, Granger Causality test and Regression Analysis have been employed in the study. The null hypothesis for the study were that External debt does not granger cause various macro-economic variables which was accepted at 5% level of significance and External debt does not have statistically significant relationship with various macro-economic variables, which was accepted in case of all variables except Inflation. Thus, it was found that no granger causal relationship was found between external debt and macro-economic variables and vice-versa. There exists no statistically significant relationship between external debt and RGDP, G-Revenue, Export, and G-Spending and they have almost no impact on the external debt. However, in case of Inflation there exists a positive statistically significant relationship that has 10.27% impact on external debt. It was concluded that External debt does not play a significant role in the economic development of India for the period of the study.