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1
Bondestam, Maja, ed. Exceptional Bodies in Early Modern Culture. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721745.
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Drawing on a rich array of textual and visual primary sources, including medicine, satires, play scripts, dictionaries, natural philosophy, and texts on collecting wonders, this book provides a fresh perspective on monstrosity in early modern European culture. The essays explore how exceptional bodies challenged social, religious, sexual and natural structures and hierarchies in the sixteenth, seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and contributed to its knowledge, moral and emotional repertoire. Prodigious births, maternal imagination, hermaphrodites, collections of extraordinary things, powerful women, disabilities, controversial exercise, shapeshifting phenomena and hybrids are examined in a period before all varieties and differences became normalized to a homogenous standard. The historicizing of exceptional bodies is central in the volume since it expands our understanding of early modern culture and deepens our knowledge of its specific ways of conceptualizing singularities, rare examples, paradoxes, rules and conventions in nature and society.
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Baldi, Massimo, and Fabrizio Desideri, eds. Paul Celan. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-792-8.
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Poetry as a "philosophical frontier" is the concept focused in this book on the poetry of Paul Celan. It is not precipitate to consider that the peculiarity of Celan's poetry and its reception lies in the persistent and ongoing interest displayed by philosophical criticism. Adopting an inclusive formula that goes beyond the mere notion of a "philosophical space", Massimo Baldi and Fabrizio Desideri aim to bring together readings and interpretative theories that are significantly diverse, albeit marked by the common intention of focusing the radical singularity of Celan's writing. All the essays presented here effectively reveal an attention to that engagement inherent in the letter of the poetic dictate, in the pungency of its inscription, which we must respect and listen to if we wish to understand Celan.
3
Simmons, Keith. Revenge, II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 begins by examining the impact of revenge paradoxes on contextual theories of truth, including those of Parsons, Burge, Barwise and Etchemendy, and Glanzberg. These theories are hierarchical, and so are subject to revenge paradoxes that, roughly speaking, quantify over all levels. But the singularity theory is not hierarchical, and so is not subject to this kind of revenge. This chapter argues that a use of ‘true’ (or ‘denotes’ or ‘extension’) in a given context applies everywhere except to its singularities, and what escapes its reach is captured by other uses of ‘true’ in other contexts. Moreover, any use of ‘true’ applies even to the truths of the singularity theory, since these theoretical truths are not identified as singularities. The chapter concludes that the singularity theory is not compromised by revenge paradoxes, and respects Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal, while preserving classical logic and semantics.
4
Simmons, Keith. Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 turns to the second main claim of the proposed solution: our semantic predicates are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, where their application breaks down. A particular use of ‘denotes’, for example, is minimally restricted, applying to all denoting expressions except its singularities. Similarly with ‘extension’ and ‘true’. The singularity solution is contrasted with hierarchical solutions: the singularity solution does not stratify the semantic predicates into levels. The chapter identifies two kinds of semantic networks associated with the paradoxes-loops and chains-and prepares the ground for a representation of these semantic networks via certain kinds of trees. The upshot of the chapter is that the extensions of our semantic predicates shift with certain changes of context, but these shifts are kept to a minimum.
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Simmons, Keith. Identifying Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 lays out the central notions that allow us to identify the singularities of a given occurrence (in ordinary English) of ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, or ‘true’. Key notions are those of the primary representation of an expression, and the primary tree of an expression. The primary tree displays the semantic network that the expression generates. The notions of pathology and singularity are then defined in terms of the notion of primary tree. The chapter argues that the singularity account respects Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the singularity treatment of the simple paradox of denotation (introduced in Chapter 2) with those of Field and Scharp. Chapter 4 anticipates the fully formal singularity theory to be presented in Chapter 6.
6
Simmons, Keith. Semantic Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.001.0001.
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This book aims to provide a solution to the semantic paradoxes. It argues for a unified solution to the paradoxes generated by the concepts of reference or denotation, predicate extension, and truth. The solution makes two main claims. The first is that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The second, inspired by a brief, tantalizing remark of Gödel’s, is that these expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, in analogy with division by zero. A formal theory of singularities is presented and applied to a wide variety of versions of the definability paradoxes, Russell’s paradox, and the Liar paradox. The book argues that the singularity theory satisfies the following desiderata: it recognizes that the proper setting of the semantic paradoxes is natural language, not regimented formal languages; it minimizes any revision to our semantic concepts; it respects as far as possible Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal; it responds adequately to the threat of revenge paradoxes; and it preserves classical logic and semantics. The book examines the consequences of the singularity theory for deflationary views of our semantic concepts, and concludes that if we accept the singularity theory, we must reject deflationism.
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Rajeev, S. G. Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0012.
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The initial value problem of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is explained. Leray’s classic study of it (using Picard iteration) is simplified and described in the language of physics. The ideas of Lebesgue and Sobolev norms are explained. The L2 norm being the energy, cannot increase. This gives sufficient control to establish existence, regularity and uniqueness in two-dimensional flow. The L3 norm is not guaranteed to decrease, so this strategy fails in three dimensions. Leray’s proof of regularity for a finite time is outlined. His attempts to construct a scale-invariant singular solution, and modern work showing this is impossible, are then explained. The physical consequences of a negative answer to the regularity of Navier–Stokes solutions are explained. This chapter is meant as an introduction, for physicists, to a difficult field of analysis.
8
Simmons, Keith. A General Theory of Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 presents the singularity theory in formal detail. The theory is pitched at a sufficiently general level to handle in a unified way the notions of denotation, extension, and truth. The central notions of semantic pathology and singularity are defined, and a procedure for determining the semantic value of a pathological token is provided. The chapter gives precise expression to the idea that our semantic expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities. Key ingredients of the formal theory include the notions of primary representation, primary tree, and determination tree. Paradoxical cases from previous chapters are used throughout the chapter to illustrate the formal definitions.
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Boden, Margaret A. 7. The Singularity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.003.0007.
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AI’s future has been hyped since its inception. Today, the prime example is the Singularity: the proposed point in time at which machines become more intelligent than humans. First, AI would reach human-level intelligence. Soon afterwards, AGI would morph into ASI—‘S’ for superhuman, with systems intelligent enough to copy themselves to outnumber us and improve themselves to out-think us. The most important problems and decisions would then be addressed by computers. ‘The Singularity’ explains that this notion is hugely contentious. It considers competing predictions, concluding that even if the probability of the Singularity is extremely small, the possible consequences are so grave that we should start taking precautions now.
10
Simmons, Keith. Paradoxes of Definability, Russell’s Paradox, the Liar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 moves beyond the simple paradoxes discussed in Chapters 2-4. The chapter applies the singularity approach to the traditional paradoxes of definability (or denotation), associated with Berry, Richard, and König. The chapter goes on to argue that there are two settings for Russell’s paradox, one in terms of the mathematical notion of set, and the other in terms of the logico-semantic notion of extension. The chapter then applies the singularity approach to Russell’s paradox for extensions. The chapter moves on to the case of truth, and applies the singularity approach to various versions of the Liar paradox, paying particular attention to the so-called strengthened Liar.
11
Simmons, Keith. Consequences for Deflationism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 investigates the consequences of the singularity theory for deflationary theories in general and disquotational theories in particular. The chapter argues that if we accept the singularity theory, we must reject deflationary theories of truth, denotation, and extension. The phenomena of repetition and rehabilitation (introduced in Chapter 2, and discussed throughout the book) show that pathological expressions, such as Liar sentences, may be successfully assigned semantic values. As a consequence, there are truths from which ‘true’ cannot be disquoted away (and similarly with ‘denotes’ and ‘extension’). The chapter argues that one leading motivation for the deflationist-namely, the role that ‘true’ plays in expressing generalizations-is fully captured by the singularity theory.
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Levinson, Marjorie. Of Being Numerous. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810315.003.0007.
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The chapter offers a reading of Wordsworth’s “I wandered lonely as a Cloud.” It reviews standard readings of this canonical poem, all built upon a premise of dialectical subject formation. In lieu of that approach, the interpretation developed here emphasizes the emergence of singularity out of multiplicity. It is governed by a structure of thought developed by Spinoza and present-day commentators, and by reference to an early nineteenth-century theory of cloud formation. The discussion of singularity and multiplicity is rooted in number theory. Key resources for this reading are, in addition to Spinoza, mathematician Georg Cantor, physicist David Bohm, and contemporary cultural theorists William Connolly, Luke Howard, Warren Montag, and Tim Morton.
13
Anderson, James A. Apotheosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0019.
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In the future, perhaps all styles of computation will coalesce, each compensating for the weaknesses of the others. Humans are wary of intelligence in other species for good reason, for example, Neanderthals. “The Singularity” is when all things change due to exponentially increasing machine intelligence: machines will get more intelligent and start to design themselves, causing an explosive increase in machine intelligence until, “Ultimately, the entire universe will become saturated with our intelligence. This is the destiny of the universe.” Depending on the starting point, there may be many solutions to intelligence in the Singularity, a kind of machine polytheism, but it may be that waiting without commitment and without confining, inaccurate concepts is better. A more likely future is symbiosis, where machines and humans become indispensable to each other.
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Kachelriess, Michael. Black holes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0025.
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Black holes are introduced as solutions of Einsteins equations contain-ing a physical singularity covered by an event horizon. The properties of Schwarzschild and of Kerr black holes are examined. It is demonstrated that the event horizon of a black hole can only increase within classical physics. However, the event horizon is an infinite redshift surface and emits in the semi-classical picture thermal radiation. This Hawking radiation leads in turn to the information paradox.
15
Simmons, Keith. Semantic Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 presents the aim of the book: to provide a solution to the semantic paradoxes. The solution makes two main claims. The first is that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The second, inspired by a brief, tantalizing remark of Gödel’s, is that these expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, in analogy with division by zero. The chapter lays out two related desiderata for a solution. A solution should recognize that the proper setting of the semantic paradoxes is natural language, not regimented formal languages. And the solution should respect Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal, in the sense that they have the potential to say anything that can be said in any language.
16
Edmunds, D. E., and W. D. Evans. Second-Order Differential Operators on Arbitrary Open Sets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812050.003.0007.
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In this chapter, three different methods are described for obtaining nice operators generated in some L2 space by second-order differential expressions and either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The first is based on sesquilinear forms and the determination of m-sectorial operators by Kato’s First Representation Theorem; the second produces an m-accretive realization by a technique due to Kato using his distributional inequality; the third has its roots in the work of Levinson and Titchmarsh and gives operators T that are such that iT is m-accretive. The class of such operators includes the self-adjoint operators, even ones that are not bounded below. The essential self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators whose potentials have strong local singularities are considered, and the quantum-mechanical interpretation of essential self-adjointness is discussed.
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Eckersley, Andrea. Encountering Surfaces, Encountering Spaces, Encountering Painting. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429344.003.0006.
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Encounters are immanent to the event of art, whereby an artwork may be understood by way of the singularities, the differences in intensity, it generates. As an event, art expresses encounters between bodies, surfaces, affects, concepts and percepts. Thinking about artworks in these terms opens up the materiality of art, exposing more of its extensive and intensive properties. It also calls attention to the co-constitution of events of art in diverse spatial, temporal and affective encounters. This argument is developed throughout this chapter by way of a description of the author’s painting practice and intensive encounters with the work of Agnes Martin. Art as an event draws attention to the activity of surfaces and the ways encounters between surfaces, immanent to the work, co-constitute the work of art in space and time.
18
Rahier, Jean Muteba. The Festival of the Kings in La Tola. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037511.003.0005.
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The situation, the population, and the history of the village of La Tola differ quite strikingly from those of Santo Domingo. These differences explain the singularities of the Play in each one of the two villages. This chapter underlines the characteristics of La Tola that are indispensable for the interpretation of the Toleño Play and for its comparison to that of the Santo Domingeños. The lesser intensity of the Play in La Tola also makes its interpretation somewhat easier. Additionally, some of the previous ethnographic information about the Santo Domingeño context is also valid for the village of La Tola. The chapter discusses La Tola's socioeconomic sectors; outmigration from La Tola; the geography of the village; the preparation period of the Play; and the Play in La Tola in the 1970s and in January 1990.
19
Cataldo, Mark Andrea de, Luca Migliorini Lectures 4–5, and Mark Andrea de Cataldo. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0006.
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This chapter showcases two further lectures on the Hodge theory of maps, and they are mostly composed of exercises. The first lecture details a minimalist approach to sheaf cohomology, and then turns to the intersection cohomology complex, which is limited to the definition and calculation of the intersection complex Isubscript X of a variety of dimension d with one isolated singularity. Finally, this lecture discusses the Verdier duality. The second lecture sets out the Decomposition theorem, which is the deepest known fact concerning the homology of algebraic varieties. It then considers the relative hard Lefschetz and the hard Lefschetz for intersection cohomology groups.
20
Kockelman, Paul. Materiality, Virtuality, and Temporality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.003.0005.
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This chapter is about the relation between meaning, media, and materiality. It focuses on various kinds of durability that allow particular materials to last, and thereby preserve meaning, by leaving relatively enduring traces. And it focuses on various ways this durability is imagined and utilized in particular media, and in particular understandings of mediation. In offering such an archeology of media, its focus is on entropy as much as information. Such ideas are then used, in conjunction with the notions of secrets and singularities introduced in earlier chapters, to review, extend, and critique key understandings of the virtual: Deleuze, insofar as he is taken up by later media theorists; and Peirce, insofar as his theory of the meaningful is, by design, a theory of the virtual. It shows how we develop intuitions for the (otherwise secret) sense-making capabilities of highly complex systems.
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Brosnan, Patrick, and Fouad El Zein. Variations of Mixed Hodge Structure. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the definition of admissible variations of mixed Hodge structure (VMHS), the results of M. Kashiwara in A study of variation of mixed Hodge structure (1986), and applications to the proof of algebraicity of the locus of certain Hodge cycles. It begins by recalling the relations between local systems and linear differential equations as well as the Thom–Whitney results on the topological properties of morphisms of algebraic varieties. The definition of a VMHS on a smooth variety is given, and the singularities of local systems are discussed. The chapter then studies the properties of degenerating geometric VMHS. Next it gives the definition and properties of admissible VMHS and reviews important local results of Kashiwara. Finally, the chapter recalls the definition of normal functions and explains recent results on the algebraicity of the zero set of normal functions.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The Kerr solution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0048.
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This chapter covers the Kerr metric, which is an exact solution of the Einstein vacuum equations. The Kerr metric provides a good approximation of the spacetime near each of the many rotating black holes in the observable universe. This chapter shows that the Einstein equations are nonlinear. However, there exists a class of metrics which linearize them. It demonstrates the Kerr–Schild metrics, before arriving at the Kerr solution in the Kerr–Schild metrics. Since the Kerr solution is stationary and axially symmetric, this chapter shows that the geodesic equation possesses two first integrals. Finally, the chapter turns to the Kerr black hole, as well as its curvature singularity, horizons, static limit, and maximal extension.
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Bedock, Camille. The Changes to Core Democratic Rules in Western Europe, 1990–2010. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779582.003.0004.
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This chapter aims to describe the changes that were made to core democratic rules in Western Europe between 1990 and 2010, by using the database on ‘Institutional change in advanced European democracies’. With the inclusion of six dimensions of reform over twenty years in eighteen Western European democracies, this database enables us to grasp the amount, the direction, and the format of change in consolidated democracies. The contrasts and the common trends that appear across dimensions of reform and across countries are discussed, focusing on the number and extent of reforms (minor vs. substantial), their direction (inclusive vs. exclusive), and their format (bundled or isolated). The main conclusions to be drawn are that both the rarity and singularity of reform can be dismissed as the illusions they are, and that reforms adopted over the last decades have overwhelmingly moved towards greater inclusiveness.
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Trobia, Alberto, and Fabio M. Lo Verde. Italian Amateur Pop-Rock Musicians on Facebook. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.8.
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This chapter investigates how and why amateur musicians use social networking sites, employing a mixed-methods approach. Attention is focused on four big Italian Facebook communities of pop-rock musicians: drums, bass, guitar, and keyboard players (overall, 2,101 active users), analyzing the relational and textual data extracted from the web. The chapter analyzes the network structures emerging from the interactions among the users. It also identifies and maps the main areas of discussion (sound shaping, studio recording, marketplace, musical references, computer production, and relations) and the latent semantic dimension characterizing Facebook users’ activities, through social network analysis and lexical correspondence analysis. Meanings, values, aesthetics, and representations of amateur music making, emerging from the data, are framed within two orthogonal dimensions: theory versus praxis, and competence versus music production. The Italian singularity is then explained with respect to this space. Some theoretical conclusions are finally drawn.
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Simmons, Keith. Contextual Theories of Truth and Paradox. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.30.
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This chapter reviews the major contextual theories of truth and paradox. These theories are all motivated by a certain kind of liar discourse, sometimes called the strengthened liar or revenge liar. A contextual framework for the analysis of this kind of discourse is presented, drawing on Stalnaker’s and Lewis’s—and others’—work on context-change. The various contextual theories of truth differ in their specific treatments of revenge discourses. According to Burge’s hierarchical theory and Simmons’s non-hierarchical singularity theory, the predicate “true” is a context-sensitive predicate. According to the hierarchical approaches of Parsons and Glanzberg, the context-dependence of truth is derived from the context-dependence of quantifier domains, while for Barwise and Etchemendy, it is situations that may expand with the context. Any approach to the liar faces the threat of new paradoxes tailored to that approach, and these contextual theories are no exception. Challenges to these contextual theories are examined.
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Saugera, Valérie. From English to French. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.003.0003.
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The chapter presents a brief history of the contact of French with English, from 18th-century Anglomania to the global English of the turn of the 21st century, in order to contextualize the singularity of the latest contact period. It then chronicles the changes that commonly occur as donor words become new French words. These changes, illustrated with many borrowed items from the period of virtual contact (1990–2015), can be classified as grammatical shift, semantic shift, stylistic shift, and connotative shift. Beyond demonstrating that an English etymon masks heterogeneous types of French Anglicisms, an up-to-date typology shows how English morphemes are used in novel word-formation devices, such as serial bilingual compounds. The borrowing of phrases plays a marginal yet innovative role in French, including emphasis and punning, and raises the issue of typologies for borrowed/neological phrases.
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Roque, Tatiana. The role of genericity in the history of dynamical systems theory. Edited by Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.10.
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This article examines the role of genericity in the development of dynamical systems theory. In his memoir ‘Sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle’, published in four parts between 1881 and 1886, Henri Poincaré studied the behavior of curves that are solutions for certain types of differential equations. He successfully classified them by focusing on singular points, described the trajectories’ behavior in important particular cases and provided new methods that proved to be extremely useful. This article begins with a discussion of singularity theory and its influence on the first definitions of genericity, along with the application of the notions of structural stability and genericity to understand dynamical systems. It also analyzes the Smale conjecture and how it was proven wrong and concludes with an overview of changes in the definitions of genericity meant to describe the ‘dark realm of dynamics’.
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Baldwin, Thomas. Roland Barthes: The Proust Variations. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620016.001.0001.
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By confronting the singularity of the relationship between two exemplary writers of the last century, this book challenges and reinvigorates our notions of what art and criticism – literary or otherwise – can do. While it takes Roland Barthes’s encounters with Marcel Proust’s monumental masterpiece À la recherche du temps perdu as its specific focus, the implications of its argument are far-reaching. Indeed, the book argues that Barthes’s writing on Proust’s work between the early 1950s and 1980 (including a substantial set of unpublished notes for a seminar delivered at the University of Rabat in 1969–1970) proposes not only a critical culture of Proust that is productively inconsistent, but also, more generally, a fresh understanding of criticism as a creative activity that embraces insecurity and variation as it refuses to remain fixed upon reassuringly stable themes, meanings and interpretations.
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Husbands, Phil. Robots. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780198845386.001.0001.
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This book presents a balanced and broad introduction to robotics and the current state of the field, analyzing where it has come from and where it might go in the future. Beginning with the history of robotics and its complex relationship with popular culture, it then moves on to discuss the technology underlying robots, exploring the limits of what robots can actually do now and what they might be able to do in the future. Naturally, these machines, which often seem to display life-like properties, are attracting great attention. Do they pose a threat or an unprecedented opportunity? Will they replace traditionally human workforces—as indeed they have in some sectors already? And although the “singularity” may not be something to worry about, there are certainly ethical issues needing consideration as robots with some intelligence are increasingly used. The book considers both these ethical problems and also the wider socio-political challenges that robots are already creating, and the larger ones they might bring in the future.
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Lambert, Gregg. Meditation on the Animal and the Work of Art. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0013.
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This chapter explores the notion of “becoming-animal” as a process of “creating a relation to territory” in reference to the artist and the writer. For Deleuze, the animal has a privileged and very specific relation to the notions of territory and world, one that is based on a relative number of affects and on a process of selection (i.e., the extraction of singularities from a milieu or an environment [Umwelt]). The animal entertains a relation to its world that is produced in terms of a relation to distinctive territory, whereas the human is found to have a relation to world, but no proper territory of its own). However, for Deleuze, the writer and the artist are often described as beings who enter into a process of becoming where the subject loses its own proper identity as an individual or a human being and enters into a process that closely approximates the animal’s “captivation” by an environment, to employ Heidegger’s term, even though the artist or the writer produces a specific world by extracting lines, fragments, colors, visions or scenes from its external environment in order to compose a territory that is expressed by the work of art.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Non-Archimedean Tame Topology and Stably Dominated Types (AM-192). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.001.0001.
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Over the field of real numbers, analytic geometry has long been in deep interaction with algebraic geometry, bringing the latter subject many of its topological insights. In recent decades, model theory has joined this work through the theory of o-minimality, providing finiteness and uniformity statements and new structural tools. For non-archimedean fields, such as the p-adics, the Berkovich analytification provides a connected topology with many thoroughgoing analogies to the real topology on the set of complex points, and it has become an important tool in algebraic dynamics and many other areas of geometry. This book lays down model-theoretic foundations for non-archimedean geometry. The methods combine o-minimality and stability theory. Definable types play a central role, serving first to define the notion of a point and then properties such as definable compactness. Beyond the foundations, the main theorem constructs a deformation retraction from the full non-archimedean space of an algebraic variety to a rational polytope. This generalizes previous results of V. Berkovich, who used resolution of singularities methods. No previous knowledge of non-archimedean geometry is assumed and model-theoretic prerequisites are reviewed in the first sections.
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Meretoja, Hanna. Storytelling and Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649364.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 explores the ethical implications of the hermeneutic approach to narrative. It proposes a framework for analyzing and evaluating narrative practices from an ethical perspective by differentiating between six aspects of their ethical potential. (1) It argues that the power of narratives to cultivate and expand one’s sense of the possible is ethically crucial. In relation to this key point, it suggests that narratives can (2) contribute to personal and cultural self-understanding; (3) provide an ethical mode of understanding other lives and experiences “non-subsumptively” in their singularity; (4) create, challenge, and transform narrative in-betweens; (5) develop one’s perspective-awareness and capacity for perspective-taking; and (6) function as a mode of ethical inquiry. The chapter develops a non-subsumptive model of narrative understanding and shows how the hermeneutic approach allows one to go beyond the dichotomous question of whether narratives are good or bad, toward appreciating their ethical complexity.
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Schalkwyk, David. The Conceptual Investigations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0033.
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This chapter begins with the question ‘Who is speaking in Shakespeare’s Sonnets’ in order to trace the ways in which the poems map the relationship between love and desire. It examines the use of personal pronouns to negotiate positions that lie between the historical situation of the sonnets’ composition and dissemination and the reader who appropriates their voice. ‘Love’ is the outcome of engagements among the voices that speak through the poems, to which they respond, that are embedded within them, and which they make available to the reader. The sonnets offer a conceptual account of love and its relation to desire through the specificities of their address, in which three defining characteristics stand out: love’s projective capacity (‘love sees not with the eyes but with the mind’); its essential debt to time as a constitutive medium (‘To giue full growth to that which still doth grow’); and its concern with the singularity or uniqueness of its object, which is itself a product of its projective imagination (‘you alone are you’).
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hoogland, renée c. Un/Becoming Claude Cahun: Zigzagging in a Pack. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0008.
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Considered odd, obscene, a genius nonetheless, at the time she created her best-known works, French photographer and writer Claude Cahun (1894-1950) cuts a particularly unruly figure in literary criticism and art history. Her recalcitrant faux autobiography Aveux non avenus, [Disavowals, or, Cancelled Confessions] (1930), a book of essays and recorded dreams illustrated with photomontages, have encouraged the artist’s association with High Modernism and Surrealism while her photographic self-portraits have been claimed for an affirmative (feminist) gender politics. However, the proliferous and mercurial nature of Cahun’s disavowed confessions and self-stagings defy easy “domestication.” Instead she constructs a continuously shifting configuration of fragments and collages: assemblages of singularities that are always in a multiplicity, in a pack. Escaping dominant forms of expression, Cahun’s work has nothing to do with recognition or imitation, nor does it constitute a relation of representation. The chapter argues instead that Cahun presents us in both her writing and in her photographic work with the successful experience of becoming in the absence of any final term or form. A becoming-animal that moves beyond destruction into the zone of indiscernibility where a work, or, perhaps, an oeuvre comes into view—an oeuvre that nonetheless remains decidedly outlandish.
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Dvorák, Tomás, and Jussi Parikka, eds. Photography Off the Scale. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474478816.001.0001.
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The book addresses quantity and scale in contemporary visual culture and photography. It takes the problem of quantity as a theoretical issue that changes the premises of visual analysis. It focuses on the logic and rhetoric behind the arguments by numbers, growth, and tipping points, while recognising that photography has been characterized in quantitative terms since its invention and concerns regarding information overload accompanied the discourse around many earlier technological innovations. Investigating historical trajectories and different modes of reasoning provides a critical framework for contemporary discourses from accelerationism to technological singularity to big data analysis in cultural analytics. The chapters in this edited collection address core areas in photographic theory and its overlap with media and digital culture studies, and as such work across an interdisciplinary area. The texts stem from different theoretical directions with the shared brief to address the question how do we conceptualise photography in the age of the mass image, and how does the quantity of images present a qualitative problem for academic analysis of visual culture.
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Castaño, Javier, Talya Fishman, and Ephraim Kanarfogel, eds. Regional Identities and Cultures of Medieval Jews. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764678.001.0001.
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Though the existence of Jewish regional cultures is widely known, the origins of the most prominent groups, Ashkenaz and Sepharad, are poorly understood, and the rich variety of other regional Jewish identities is often overlooked. Yet all these subcultures emerged in the Middle Ages. Scholars contributing to the present study were invited to consider how such regional identities were fashioned, propagated, reinforced, contested, and reshaped — and to reflect on the developments, events, or encounters that made these identities manifest. They were asked to identify how subcultural identities proved to be useful, and the circumstances in which they were deployed. The resulting volume spans the ninth to sixteenth centuries, and explores Jewish cultural developments in western Europe, the Balkans, North Africa, and Asia Minor. In its own way, each chapter considers factors — demographic, geographical, historical, economic, political, institutional, legal, intellectual, theological, cultural, and even biological — that led medieval Jews to conceive of themselves, or to be perceived by others, as bearers of a discrete Jewish regional identity. Notwithstanding the singularity of each chapter, they collectively attest to the inherent dynamism of Jewish regional identities.
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Gardner, Colin. Chaoid Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474494021.001.0001.
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The book expands on a burgeoning area in contemporary film studies that explores absences and interstices such as black and white screens that interrupt the film narrative in order to explore buried or hidden philosophical and affective layers that, once revealed, will radically change our reading of the film. In this case I explore silences in the soundtrack – not ambient silence or so-called ‘room tone’ but complete sound drop-outs, as if the film projector had broken down, thereby jolting the audience out of their passive relationship to the screen so that they become aware of their surroundings and the material apparatus of film as a mechanical device. The book uses a chronological case study approach so that these dislocations can be analyzed in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from early sound film in Weimar Germany to the post-war French avant-garde, the student and worker uprisings of May ’68, Cinema Nôvo in Brazil and post-revolutionary cinema in Iran. The main conceptual underpinning of the book is Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of Chaoids, which are various organizations of chaos through the different disciplines of science, philosophy and art. In this case I use silence to pursue a variety of vectors that open up the surface plane of art (in this case cinema) to discover different philosophical (and by extension, political) singularities and multiplicities.
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Higgins, Luke B. From Manipulation to Co-creation: Whitehead on the Ethics of Symbol-Making. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0010.
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This chapter asks whether there is a third way beyond the two deeply problematic options of either 1) allowing ourselves to be the manipulated objects of a transcendent symbolism (whether ‘projected’ onto a traditionally conceived divinity, or cynically attributed to the ruthless hands of politico-economic power); or 2) appointing ourselves the quasi-divine rulers of a world whose mastery is predicated on the reducibility of the latter to a set of abstract, manipulable symbolic units, i.e. the ‘laws of nature,’ or – as the case may be – the laws of economics, which is every bit as ruthless in its exploitive logic of value-extraction. It suggests that there isindeed a third role for us in relation to symbolism besides being an object of symbolic manipulations or a manipulator of objects through symbols—a unique mode of symbol-making (or symbol-revision) emergent in the harmonized interstices between our inner and outer realities. It would aim at both experiencing and transmitting the power of something like what Gilles Deleuze calls ‘a life’ – that unique quality of the living that is universal in its singularity. Symbols are not merely fabulations of our imagination, but are produced through the indeterminate and dynamically ecological relations of creative becoming.
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Parker, Emily Anne. Elemental Difference and the Climate of the Body. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197575079.001.0001.
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The polis, the philosophical concept according to which there is one complete human form, is to blame for political and ecological crises. The polis as a philosophical tradition shares the current complex shape of climate change. A certain perfect body figures the denial of matter of the polis. The book presents a philosophy of elemental difference, an affirmation of the singularities of location, movement, living, aging, dying, valuing, in which humans partake. Elemental difference in the polis can be appreciated in the fact that empirical bodily nonidentity can be called upon to elevate one group of bodies among the rest. Empirical bodily nonidentity is a feature of the original articulation of the polis as a philosophical concept in the work of Aristotle. Sylvia Wynter has argued that the very idea of empirical bodily nonidentity begins with the modern science of racial anatomy. She calls this biocentrism. This book argues that biocentrism is a feature of the polis, according to which the one complete body was defined by its capacity for disembodied thought. The sciences of racial anatomy are a more explicit commitment to biocentrism, but the ranking of matter with respect to one complete human, a body that is the site of supra-natural thinking, is a practice that has always characterized the polis. In this way, the polis is responsible for both political and ecological hierarchy. It is as responsible for what is euphemistically called climate change as it is for the political hierarchy that constitutes it.
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Richter, Gerhard. Thinking with Adorno. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284030.001.0001.
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What Theodor W. Adorno says cannot be separated from how he says it. By the same token, what he thinks cannot be isolated from how he thinks it. The central aim of Thinking with Adorno: The Uncoervice Gaze is to examine how these basic yet far-reaching assumptions teach us to think with Adorno—which is to say, both alongside him and in relation to his diverse contexts and constellations. These contexts and constellations range from aesthetic theory to political critique, from the problem of judgment to the difficulty of inheriting a tradition, from one’s orientation in the work of art and the question of how to lead a right life within a wrong one to the primacy of the object and beyond. Along the way, the book makes vivid the notion that Adorno can best be understood through the lens of his highly suggestive—yet often overlooked—concept of the “uncoercive gaze.” This gaze designates a specific kind of comportment in relation to an object of critical analysis: it moves close to the object and tarries with it while struggling to decipher the singularities and non-identities that are lodged within it. As this book also shows, Adorno is best understood as a thinker in dialogue, whether with long-deceased historical predecessors in the German tradition such as Kant and Hegel, with writers such as Kafka, with contemporaries such as Benjamin and Arendt, or with philosophical voices that succeeded him, such as those of Derrida and Agamben.
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Lavan, Rosie. Seamus Heaney and Society. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822974.001.0001.
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Seamus Heaney and Society presents a comprehensive and dynamic new engagement with the work of one of the most celebrated poets of the modern period. In approaching Heaney’s poetry it also recognizes the value of the other roles he took on in the course of his career, notably in education, journalism, and broadcasting, appreciating how his work as a poet was shaped by his work as a teacher, lecturer, critic, and public figure. Mindful of the various spheres of his career it assesses his achievements and status in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. Drawing on a range of archival material, it seeks to revive the network of associations in which Heaney’s work was written, published, and circulated—including newspapers and magazines in London, radio and television programmes in Northern Ireland, and manuscript drafts of key writings now held in the National Library of Ireland. Through asserting the significance of the cultural, institutional, and historical circumstances of Heaney’s writing life, it offers a re-examination of the writer in public, the social lives of the work of art, and the questions of obligation and responsibility which Heaney confronted throughout his career. Throughout, though, its primary concern is with the nature and singularity of poetry, and the ways in which these qualities are asserted, challenged, and sustained in Heaney’s work.
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Meretoja, Hanna. The Ethics of Storytelling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649364.001.0001.
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Against the backdrop of the polarized debate on the ethical significance of storytelling, this book develops a nuanced framework for exploring the ethical complexity of the roles narratives play in human lives. Focusing on how narratives enlarge and diminish the spaces of possibilities in which people act, think, and reimagine the world, it proposes a theoretical-analytical framework for engaging with both the ethical potential and the risks of storytelling. It elaborates a narrative hermeneutics that treats narratives as culturally mediated interpretative practices that can be oppressive, empowering, or both, and argues that the relationship between narrative unconscious and narrative imagination shapes one’s sense of the possible. Its hermeneutic narrative ethics differentiates between six dimensions of narratives’ ethical potential: they can cultivate a sense of the possible; promote self-understanding; enable understanding other lives non-subsumptively in their singularity; transform narrative in-betweens; develop the capacity for perspective-taking; and function as forms of ethical inquiry. These aspects are analyzed in dialogue with literary and autobiographical narratives that deal with the legacy of the Second World War by problematizing the adequacy of the perpetrator–victim dichotomy—exploring how it is as dialogic storytellers, fundamentally vulnerable, interdependent, and implicated in violent histories, that individuals and communities become who they are. The book brings into dialogue narrative ethics, literary narrative studies, narrative psychology, narrative philosophy, and cultural memory studies. It develops narrative hermeneutics as a philosophically rigorous, historically sensitive, and analytically subtle approach to the ethical stakes of the debate on the narrative dimension of human existence.
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Milnes, Tim. The Testimony of Sense. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812739.001.0001.
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British intellectual culture witnessed a sharp reduction in the volume of epistemological debate between the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This change coincided with a relocation of philosophical discourse from the treatise to the informal writing of the essayist. This study argues that these two phenomena are related. Around the middle of the eighteenth century, the idea of intersubjectivity emerged as a counterdiscourse to scientific empiricism. Exemplified by Hume’s ‘easy’ philosophy, it sought to reground epistemological correspondence in social correspondence, in the circulation of trusting conversation. Contemporaneously, the rise of the essay, like the concern with trust, reveals the period’s preoccupation with the ways in which intellectual life was being shaped by economic change. The essay genre sought to effect a performative critique of instrumental reason which, while essentially nostalgic in its desire for unsystematic accomplishment, presented a pragmatic counterthrust to Enlightenment rationality. For David Hume and Samuel Johnson, the performance of virtue represents and enacts the social solidarity that either underpins norms or reflects moral truths. For later essayists, however, the fiction of familiarity was both more tenuous and more urgent. In the Romantic period, the essayist’s primary burden became one of establishing social and epistemological norms through the exercise of imaginative power. In the essays of Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt, the enactment of familiar conversation created an experience of singularity and enchantment that was linked to idealized and nostalgic forms of sociability. Thus, while the eighteenth-century essay consolidated ‘truth’, the Romantic essay produced it.
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Keats, Jonathon. Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.001.0001.
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The technological realm provides an unusually active laboratory not only for new ideas and products but also for the remarkable linguistic innovations that accompany and describe them. How else would words like qubit (a unit of quantum information), crowdsourcing (outsourcing to the masses), or in vitro meat (chicken and beef grown in an industrial vat) enter our language? In Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology, Jonathon Keats, author of Wired Magazine's monthly Jargon Watch column, investigates the interplay between words and ideas in our fast-paced tech-driven use-it-or-lose-it society. In 28 illuminating short essays, Keats examines how such words get coined, what relationship they have to their subject matter, and why some, like blog, succeed while others, like flog, fail. Divided into broad categories--such as commentary, promotion, and slang, in addition to scientific and technological neologisms--chapters each consider one exemplary word, its definition, origin, context, and significance. Examples range from microbiome (the collective genome of all microbes hosted by the human body) and unparticle (a form of matter lacking definite mass) to gene foundry (a laboratory where artificial life forms are assembled) and singularity (a hypothetical future moment when technology transforms the whole universe into a sentient supercomputer). Together these words provide not only a survey of technological invention and its consequences, but also a fascinating glimpse of novel language as it comes into being. No one knows this emerging lexical terrain better than Jonathon Keats. In writing that is as inventive and engaging as the language it describes, Virtual Words offers endless delights for word-lovers, technophiles, and anyone intrigued by the essential human obsession with naming.
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Stanghellini, Giovanni, Matthew Broome, Andrea Raballo, Anthony Vincent Fernandez, Paolo Fusar-Poli, and René Rosfort, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Phenomenological Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803157.001.0001.
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For about one century the catalogue of books in phenomenological psychopathology has been tremendously rich in essays, but remarkably poor in handbooks. Even the cornerstone of our canon, Jaspers’ General Psychopathology, originally written as a textbook, can hardly be given to a student as a basic reading. This makes extremely difficult teaching the fundamentals of our discipline. Students ask for manualized knowledge expecting teachers to explain them what-exactly-must-be-done-in-a-given-circumstance. This Handbook is meant to fill these gaps. It includes a detailed, thorough and reader-friendly description of philosophical and clinical key-concepts and constructs, and of the contributions of leading figures of phenomenological psychopathology. It establishes clear connections between psychopathological knowledge and clinical practice. It liaise phenomenological psychopathology to contemporary debates in nosography, clinical epistemology, research and the neurosciences. It’s stronger benefit is that it brings together evidence-based with person-based knowledge. All learning is based on process of recognition. ‘Recognition’ means identification of someone or something from previous encounters or knowledge. In standard clinical training this process is called ‘diagnosis’ and evidence-based diagnostic skills are deemed fundamental. Students are spot-on when soliciting this kind of knowledge to be regimented and normalized. Yet ‘recognition’ has a second meaning: acknowledging the absolute singularity of what is out there. To recognize someone or something means to be able to tolerate its otherness. This kind of recognition is a practice in which epistemology is in touch with ethics. Whereas recognition qua identification or diagnosis is an act of recollection based on previously acquired knowledge, recognition qua acknowledgement is an ethical act of acceptance of the unique being-so of the other person or state of affairs. The Handbook of Phenomenological Psychopathology engages in bringing together these two kinds of ‘recognition’ and establish a solid as well as flexible framework for the clinic of mental disorders.