Relevant bibliographies by topics / Additivity of the Effects

Academic literature on the topic 'Additivity of the Effects'

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Published: 8 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

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Mayr, C. "Intervention Effects and Additivity." Journal of Semantics 31, no. 4 (September 12, 2013): 513–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/fft010.

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Wells, James A. "Additivity of mutational effects in proteins." Biochemistry 29, no. 37 (September 1990): 8509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00489a001.

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HOFMEISTER, PHILIP, LAURA STAUM CASASANTO, and IVAN A. SAG. "Processing effects in linguistic judgment data: (super-)additivity and reading span scores." Language and Cognition 6, no. 1 (February 17, 2014): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2013.7.

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abstractLinguistic acceptability judgments are widely agreed to reflect constraints on real-time language processing. Nonetheless, very little is known about how processing costs affect acceptability judgments. In this paper, we explore how processing limitations are manifested in acceptability judgment data. In a series of experiments, we consider how two factors relate to judgments for sentences with varying degrees of complexity: (1) the way constraints combine (i.e., additively or super-additively), and (2) the way a comprehender’s memory resources influence acceptability judgments. Results indicate that multiple sources of processing difficulty can combine to produce super-additive effects, and that there is a positive linear relationship between reading span scores and judgments for sentences whose unacceptability is attributable to processing costs. These patterns do not hold for sentences whose unacceptability is attributable to factors other than processing costs, e.g., grammatical constraints. We conclude that tests of (super)-additivity and of relationships to reading span scores can help to identify the effects of processing difficulty on acceptability judgments, although these tests cannot be used in contexts of extreme processing difficulty.
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Tolstoguzov A. B., Mazarov P. A., Ieshkin A. E., Meyer F., and Fu D. J. "Nonlinear effects in the sputtering of gallium arsenide and silicon by bismuth cluster ions." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 3 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.03.52875.19071.

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An experimental study on the influence of the energy and the number of atoms in the bombarding ions Bin+ (n=1-4) on the sputter yield of GaAs was carried out. It was shown that the specific sputter yield Ysp non-additively increases with increasing n and specific kinetic energy Esp per an atom in the bombarding ion, and the efficiency of energy transfer from bombarding ions to target atoms also increases with increasing n. A comparison was made with the previously obtained results for Si targets. Keywords: ion sputtering, non-additivity factor, cluster ions, bismuth.
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Russ, D., and R. Kishony. "Additivity of inhibitory effects in multidrug combinations." Nature Microbiology 3, no. 12 (October 15, 2018): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0252-1.

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Schäfer, Lothar, Ming Cao, Michael Ramek, Brian J. Teppen, Susan Q. Newton, and Khamis Siam. "Conformational geometry functions: additivity and cooperative effects." Journal of Molecular Structure 413-414 (September 1997): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(97)00023-9.

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Du, Di, Chia-Hua Chang, Yumeng Wang, Pan Tong, Wai Kin Chan, Yulun Chiu, Bo Peng, Lin Tan, John N. Weinstein, and Philip L. Lorenzi. "Response envelope analysis for quantitative evaluation of drug combinations." Bioinformatics 35, no. 19 (March 9, 2019): 3761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz091.

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Abstract Motivation The concept of synergy between two agents, over a century old, is important to the fields of biology, chemistry, pharmacology and medicine. A key step in drug combination analysis is the selection of an additivity model to identify combination effects including synergy, additivity and antagonism. Existing methods for identifying and interpreting those combination effects have limitations. Results We present here a computational framework, termed response envelope analysis (REA), that makes use of 3D response surfaces formed by generalized Loewe Additivity and Bliss Independence models of interaction to evaluate drug combination effects. Because the two models imply two extreme limits of drug interaction (mutually exclusive and mutually non-exclusive), a response envelope defined by them provides a quantitatively stringent additivity model for identifying combination effects without knowing the inhibition mechanism. As a demonstration, we apply REA to representative published data from large screens of anticancer and antibiotic combinations. We show that REA is more accurate than existing methods and provides more consistent results in the context of cross-experiment evaluation. Availability and implementation The open-source software package associated with REA is available at: https://github.com/4dsoftware/rea. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Nord-Larsen, Thomas, Henrik Meilby, and Jens Peter Skovsgaard. "Simultaneous estimation of biomass models for 13 tree species: effects of compatible additivity requirements." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 6 (June 2017): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0430.

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A desirable feature of biomass models distinguishing different tree components is compatible additivity of the component functions. Due to forcing of parameter estimates, such additivity is achieved at an expense of precision of the component functions. This study aimed to analyse the loss of precision incurred by forcing of parameters in tree biomass models due to (i) additivity constraints, (ii) combining global and species-specific parameters, and (iii) estimating component functions simultaneously as a system instead of as individual equations. Based on biomass data from 697 trees including 13 different species, we estimated a set of compatibly additive, nonlinear biomass models using simultaneous estimation and compared these with less restricted model systems. In line with other similar studies, the overall model system explained 88%–99% of the variation in individual biomass components. Compared with the unrestricted model, restricting parameters to obtain compatible additivity resulted in a change in RMSE of –0.6% to 5.4%. When restricting parameter estimates using both species-specific and global parameters, RMSE increased by 1.7%–13.1%. Estimating model parameters using simultaneous estimation (nonlinear iterated seemingly unrelated regression, NSUR) increased model bias compared with ordinary least squares estimation (OLS) for most biomass components. Contrary to expectations, NSUR estimation did not lead to a reduction in the standard error of estimates.
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DiLabio, Gino A., Derek A. Pratt, and James S. Wright. "Theoretical Calculation of Ionization Potentials for Disubstituted Benzenes: Additivity vs Non-Additivity of Substituent Effects." Journal of Organic Chemistry 65, no. 7 (April 2000): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo991833e.

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Hwang, Jungwun, Ping Li, William R. Carroll, Mark D. Smith, Perry J. Pellechia, and Ken D. Shimizu. "Additivity of Substituent Effects in Aromatic Stacking Interactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 136, no. 40 (September 30, 2014): 14060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja504378p.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

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Oicherman, Boris. "Effects of colorimetric additivity failure and of observer metamerism on cross-media colour matching." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441230.

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Chiu, Hsiang-Chih. "Demostration of non-additivity ans asymmetry in the lateral Casimir force." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=41&did=1905738741&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270142776&clientId=48051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-154). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Rasch, Dieter, Thomas Rusch, Marie Simeckova, Klaus D. Kubinger, Karl Moder, and Petr Simecek. "Tests of additivity in mixed and fixed effect two-way ANOVA models with single sub-class numbers." Springer, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/s00362-009-0254-4.

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In variety testing as well as in psychological assessment, the situation occurs that in a two-way ANOVA-type model with only one replication per cell, analysis is done under the assumption of no interaction between the two factors. Tests for this situation are known only for fixed factors and normally distributed outcomes. In the following we will present five additivity tests and apply them to fixed and mixed models and to quantitative as well as to Bernoulli distributed data. We consider their performance via simulation studies with respect to the type-I-risk and power. Furthermore, two new approaches will be presented, one being a modification of Tukey's test and the other being a new experimental design to test for interactions.
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Bogen, Daniel J. "Effects of Manufacturing Defects on the Corrosion of Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1596641889374996.

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Whatcott, Tyler Blaine. "Effects of Conformal Cooling Channels on Additively Manufactured Injection Molding Tooling." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8727.

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This study focuses on the cycle-averaged mold temperature of additively manufactured injection molding tooling and how it is affected by conformal cooling channels. This was done by producing a benchmark mold out of Digital ABS produced by Stratasys, an acrylic based photopolymer, which was then used to produce injection molded parts until tool failure. Another, more cost-effective material, High Temp Resin produced by Formlabs, another acrylic based photopolymer, was also tested but yielded very little success. Then the mold design was altered by adding conformal cooling channels and again tested by producing injection molded parts while tracking the mold temperature. This experimentation was then compared to an injection molding cooling channel model in order to validate the model for use with additively manufactured tooling with conformal cooling channels for use in injection molding. The benchmark Digital ABS mold was able to produce 66 shots in the injection molding machine before complete mold failure. The Digital ABS mold had a cycle-averaged mold temperature of about 155°F. The High Temp Resin mold was able to produce 3 shots before complete mold failure. The High Temp Resin material is much more brittle, and the mold design did not take into account how brittle the material was. The Digital ABS mold with conformal cooling channels had a cycle-averaged mold temperature of 111°F. This is significantly lower than without cooling channels and has a high potential for improving tooling life. The cooling channel model predicted the cycle-averaged mold temperature to be 116°F. This proved to be a very good model and can be used as a design tool when choosing cooling channel geometry and position in additively manufactured tooling. This research shows the potential that conformal cooling channels have to help improve additively manufactured tooling life for injection molding. As shown in other research done, the ability to maintain the mold below 120°F significantly improves the life of additively manufactured tooling. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of conformal cooling channels in controlling mold temperature. It should be researched further, but the use of conformal cooling channels has the potential to produce more production or prototype parts with additively manufactured tooling for injection molding.
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Booysen, Theo-Neal. "Microstructural effects on properties of additively manufactured Inconel 625 and 718." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3043.

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Thesis (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Three Dimensional(3D) printing is known as additive manufacturing: it is a method of manufacturing parts or components form sheet, wire or powder in a manufacturing process. This method differs from traditional manufacturing techniques such as casting, moulding or subtracting materials which already exist. The type of material characterization is also very important in the development and improve or manufacturing of new materials for higher strength and various application. Selective Laser Melting(SLM) an additive manufacturing powder-based process has been adopted by automotive and aerospace industries. The reason for this is that it has many potential benefits, such as 3D designs of complex components in a shortened time frame, which offers financial savings. SLM process use metallic powders with different chemical composition to manufacture complex structures, which is an innovative material processing technology. In this research SLM, a typical additive manufacture process method, was used to manufacture additively manufactured Inconel 625 and 718. These sample specimens were investigated to determine their microstructural features and mechanical properties. The microstructural features were characterized using two different experimental surface microscopy methods: scanning electron microscope(SEM) and light optical microscope (LOM). The mechanical properties were determined by studying deformation and hardness characteristics using three-point bending and hardness tests. The relationship between processing, microstructure, grain sizes and mechanical properties was established. The understanding of SLM additive manufacturing of alloys is important as well for the adoption of the technology, and the possibility of replacing commercially produced cast and wrought alloys in the near future.
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Yamanaka, Hajime. "The Effects of Weld Thermal Cycles on Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2029.

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To address the size limitation of the powder bed fusion system in additive manufacturing, the welding properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured by SLM 125HL are investigated by conducting hot ductility test and nil strength temperature (NST) test with a physical thermal mechanical simulator, Gleeble. In this study, the print orientations (Zdirection and XY-direction) and the laser patterns (stripe and checker board) are studied. In NST test, the orientation showed a statistical significance in NST: Z-direction was 1384°C and XY-direction was 1400°C. In hot ductility test, all of ductility curves show similar behaviors: hardening region, recrystallization region, and liquation region. The additively manufactured 316L shows poor ductility compared to wrought 316L stainless steel. Also, there is a noticeable difference in ductility between laser pattern. Finally, ductility after the thermal cycle shows higher than that before the thermal cycle. For the future recommendation, investigation on the interelayer temperatures and sigma phase determination should be conducted to confirm the hypotheses to explain the phenomena observed in this study.
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Yegyan, Kumar Ashwath. "Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Copper Parts Additively Manufactured via Binder Jetting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82833.

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Copper is a material of interest to Additive Manufacturing (AM) owing to its outstanding material properties, which finds use in enhanced heat transfer and electronics applications. Its high thermal conductivity and reflectivity cause challenges in the use of Powder Bed Fusion AM systems that involve supplying high-energy lasers or electron beams. This makes Binder Jetting a better alternative as it separates part creation (binding together of powders) from energy supply (post-process sintering). However, it is challenging to fabricate parts of high density using this method due to low packing density of powder while printing. This work aims to investigate the effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) as a secondary post-processing step on the densification of Binder Jet copper parts. By understanding the effects of HIP, the author attempts to create parts of near-full density, and subsequently to quantify the effects of the developed process chain on the material properties of resultant copper parts. The goal is to be able to print parts of desired properties suited to particular applications through control of the processing conditions, and hence the porosity. First, 99.47% dense copper was fabricated using optimized powder configurations and process parameters. Further, the HIP of parts sintered to three densities using different powder configurations was shown to result in an improvement in strength and ductility with porosity in spite of grain coarsening. The strength, ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity were then compared to various physical and empirical models in the literature to develop an understanding of the process-property-performance relationship.
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Dunn, Martin A. "A numerical & experimental investigation into size effects within loaded additively manufactured cellular solids." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2018. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30531.

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The behaviour of heterogeneous materials when loaded cannot be adequately described by classical elasticity as it doesn’t account for the presence of internal length-scales. Higher order theories such as micropolar elasticity may be more appropriate, though the additional elastic constants required to fully describe such materials are hard to identify experimentally. In micropolar theory a size effect is predicted in bending and torsion which is revealed as an increase in relative stiffness with decreasing size at scales approaching the cellular microstructure. Thus, at the microstructural level, size and scale becomes an important consideration. Hence, materials which appear homogeneous at a large scale may be heterogeneous at smaller scales when overall size approaches that of the cellular structure. Addressing this issue requires aclear understanding of how scale influences the material’s mechanical properties. Here, the mechanical response of periodic, cellular lattices has been explored within the context of micropolar theory by conducting discrete numerical simulations and experimental tests. It will be shown that the size effects displayed in bending and torsion are strongly dependent on the cellular volume fraction and sample section second moment of area associated with the distribution of the matrix material within the cells comprising the section. Crucially however, these effects may be masked by surface texture and localised loading conditions. Despite the inherent difficulties associated with experimental testing, the size effects which are predicted by micropolar theory are identified experimentally in an additively manufactured cellular material. The observed size effects showed reasonable agreement to numerical simulations performed in ANSYS. Demonstrating that the behaviour of structured cellular materials with deterministic properties, fabricated by additive manufacturing, can be described by more generalised deformation theories is important as it enables the design and development of new and novel materials to be explored and exploited in lightweight structural applications.
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Forsberg, Simon. "Complex Trait Genetics : Beyond Additivity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307837.

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The link between the genotype and the phenotype of an organism is immensely complex. Despite this it can, to a great extent, be captured using models that assume that gene variants combine their effects in an additive manner. This thesis explores aspects of genetics that cannot be fully captured using such additive models. Using experimental data from three different model organisms, I study two phenomena that fall outside of the additive paradigm: genetic interactions and genetic variance heterogeneity. Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we show how important biological insights can be reached by exploring loci that display genetic variance heterogeneity. In the first study, this approach identified alleles in the gene CMT2 associated with the climate at sampling locations, suggesting a role in climate adaption. These alleles affected the genome wide methylation pattern, and a complete knock down of this gene increased the plants heat tolerance. In the second study, we demonstrate how the observed genetic variance heterogeneity was the result of the partial linkage of many functional alleles near the gene MOT1, all contributing to Molybdenum levels in the leaves. Further, we explore genetic interactions using data from dogs and budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In the dog population, two interacting loci were associated with fructosamine levels, a biomarker used to monitor blood glucose. One of the loci displayed the pattern of a selective sweep in some of the studied breeds, suggesting that the interaction is important for the phenotypic breed-differences. In a cross between two strains of yeast, with the advantage of large population size and nearly equal allele frequencies, we identified large epistatic networks. The networks were largely centered on a number of hub-loci and altogether involved hundreds of genetic interactions. Most network hubs had the ability to either suppress or uncover the phenotypic effects of other loci. Many multi-locus allele combinations resulted in phenotypes that deviated significantly from the expectations, had the loci acted in an additive manner. Critically, this thesis demonstrates that non-additive genetic mechanisms often need to be considered in order to fully understand the genetics of complex traits.
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Books on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

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Gupta, Poonam. Injury investigations in anti-dumping and the super-additivity effect: A theoretical explanation. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Asia and Pacific Department, 2001.

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De Cesare, Anna-Maria, and Cecilia Andorno, eds. Focus on Additivity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.278.

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Vind, Karl. Independence, Additivity, Uncertainty. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24757-9.

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Cencelj, Matija. Localised equivariant cohomology and Milnor's additivity. [s.l.]: typescript, 1992.

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Linton, O. B. Testing additivity in generalized nonparametric regression models. Bristol: University of Bristol, Department of Economics, 1996.

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Bera, Anil K. Additivity and separability of the Lagrange multiplier, likelihood ratio and Wald tests. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985.

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Oliver, Mary Beth, Arthur A. Raney, and Jennings Bryant, eds. Media Effects. Fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429491146.

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Stereoelectronic effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Alabugin, Igor V. Stereoelectronic Effects. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118906378.

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North, Dan, Bob Rehak, and Michael S. Duffy, eds. Special Effects. London: British Film Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84457-904-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

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Pöch, Gerald. "Concepts and models of interactions — additivity and independence." In Combined Effects of Drugs and Toxic Agents, 15–38. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9276-4_2.

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Liu, Junyan, and Huifeng Chen. "Non-Additivity Effects Analysis on Risks of Construction Schedule." In Future Control and Automation, 215–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31003-4_27.

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Merényi, R., Z. Janousek, and H. G. Viehe. "The Question of Additivity of Substituent Effects on Radical Stabilisation." In Organic Free Radicals, 123–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_61.

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Chun, Youngsub. "Subgroup Additivity." In Studies in Choice and Welfare, 93–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33771-5_8.

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Peters, Hans J. M. "Additivity properties." In Axiomatic Bargaining Game Theory, 93–105. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8022-9_5.

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Anand, Jaideep, and Sungho Kim. "Sub-additivity." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1674–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_770.

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Anand, Jaideep, and Sungho Kim. "Sub-additivity." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–3. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_770-1.

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Anand, Jaideep, and Sungho Kim. "Sub-additivity." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–3. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_770-2.

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Wu, Congxin, and Liang Zhao. "The Absolute Additivity and Fuzzy Additivity of Sugeno Integral." In Advances in Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 358–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11739685_38.

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Vind, Karl. "Introduction." In Independence, Additivity, Uncertainty, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24757-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

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Miura, Y., Y. Oe, and N. Yoshizawa. "EXAMINATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THE ADDITIVITY ASSUMPTION IN THE STRESS EVALUATION OF CHROMATIC LED LIGHTINGS." In CIE 2021 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x48.2021.op07.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the physiological and psychological effects of chromatic lighting through the subjective experiments. In this paper, we first compared the psychological effects of various illuminance and chromatic lights and confirmed the main effect of light colour on psychological stress. In the monochromatic lights, the green lights were stressless and the red lights were stressful. Among the mixed lights made of two kinds of monochromatic lights, the yellow lights tended to be stressless. We also examined the additivity of psychological stress from the viewpoint of irradiance. The result shows that the additivity could be assumed among blue, red, and their mixed light magenta at the conditions of 53 lx in front of the eyes, however, the additivity of other mixed colour lights needs to be investigated in the future with more experimental data.
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Zaidi, Qasim, Billibon Yoshimi, and Noreen Flanigan. "Test of spatial additivity for induced color contrast." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thdd6.

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We have previously presented estimates of the effect of different parts of the surround on the appearance of a central test. This effect was measured by surrounding a central disk with a radially symmetric spatial sinewave that varied along a color line around midwhite. As the phase of the sinewave was changed uniformly in time, so that it appeared to drift towards the center, the appearance of the center changed cyclically in time. The induced modulation was nulled by adding real temporal modulation to the disk. The amplitude of the nulling modulation was measured for spatial frequencies of 0.05-2.0 c/deg at a drift rate of 1 Hz. The function relating the amplitude of nulling modulation to the spatial frequency of the surround was low-pass. If the amplitude of induced contrast were assumed to be a weighted sum of the effect of each pixel of the surround and the effect of each pixel proportional to the contrast amplitude at that pixel, then the spatial weighting function could be estimated by the Fourier transform of the measured nulling function divided by the extent of the surround. We now present tests of the first assumption. The surround consisted of pairs of radial sinewaves of different spatial frequencies. The two sinewaves were set to be inphase at the first surround pixel, and both were drifted at 1 Hz. The amplitude of induced contrast was measured as described above. The assumption of spatial additivity was tested by comparing the functions that relate the nulling amplitude to the spatial frequency of the paired surround sinewaves for each spatial frequency. The above measurements, combined with measurements of induced amplitude as a function of inducing amplitude, will enable us to characterize the spatial properties of color induction.
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Wójcicki, Kamil K., Stephen So, and Kuldip K. Paliwal. "The effect of the additivity assumption on time and frequency domain wiener filtering for speech enhancement." In Interspeech 2007. ISCA: ISCA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2007-302.

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Krishnamurthy, S., A. Yadav, P. E. Phelan, R. Calhoun, A. K. Vuppu, A. A. Garcia, and M. A. Hayes. "Comparative Study on the Dynamics of Rotating Paramagnetic Particles Simulated by Particle Dynamics, Stokesian Dynamics and Lattice Boltzmann Methods." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81243.

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Paramagnetic particles, when subjected to external unidirectional rotating magnetic fields, form chains which rotate along with the magnetic field. In this paper three simulation methods, namely particle dynamics (PD), Stokesian dynamics (SD) and Lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods, have been used to study the dynamics of these rotating chains. SD simulations with two different levels of approximations—additivity of forces (AF) and additivity of velocities (AV)—for hydrodynamic interactions have been carried out. The effect of hydrodynamic interactions between paramagnetic particles under the effect of a rotating magnetic field is analyzed by comparing the LB & SD simulations, which include hydrodynamic interactions, with PD simulations in which hydrodynamic interactions are neglected. It has been found that for macroscopically observable properties like average chain length as a function of Mason number (Ma), reasonable agreement is found between all the three methods. For microscopic properties like the force distribution on each particle along the chain, inclusion of hydrodynamic interaction becomes important to understand the underlying physics of chain formation. This has been validated by the fact that when the phase angle is calculated as a function of Ma using PD and SD simulations, PD simulations showed higher values compared to SD simulations at lower Ma. A comparison with experimental data showed SD method to be more accurate at low Ma. Further comparison between the two approximations of SD simulations revealed that the AF method reproduces hydrodynamic interactions more accurately.
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Snyder, Jacob C., Curtis K. Stimpson, Karen A. Thole, and Dominic Mongillo. "Build Direction Effects on Additively Manufactured Channels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43935.

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With the advances of Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), also generically referred to as additive manufacturing, novel geometric features of internal channels for gas turbine cooling can be achieved beyond those features using traditional manufacturing techniques. There are many variables, however, in the DMLS process that affect the final quality of the part. Of most interest to gas turbine heat transfer designers are the roughness levels and tolerance levels that can be held for the internal channels. This study investigates the effect of DMLS build direction and channel shape on the pressure loss and heat transfer measurements of small scale channels. Results indicate that differences in pressure loss occur between the test cases with differing channel shapes and build directions, while little change is measured in heat transfer performance.
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Nunes, Helder, José M. Costa, Filomena Viana, and Manuel F. Vieira. "Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: Effects of Heat-Treatment." In MATERIAIS. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2022008111.

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Knoblauch, Kenneth, Kevin Laxar, and Billy R. Wooten. "Brightness and flicker luminosity in sex-linked dichromacy." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.wu5.

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The luminosity functions based on heterochromatic brightness matching (HBM) and 15-Hz heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP), each on a dark background, were compared for two protanopes and one deuteranope. At wavelengths greater than each observer’s achromatic point, there was very little difference between the two methods. At short wavelengths, the two types of curve diverged with less energy needed for HBM than for HFP. Using each observer’s own color matching functions, the data were replotted to show (1) the additivity of luminosity for two wavelengths and (2) the effect of colorimetric purity on the brightness: flicker ratio. Both types of analysis indicated a superadditive effect for HBM at short wavelengths. Several simple models combining receptoral or postreceptoral outputs, linearly or nonlinearly, failed to characterize completely dichromatic HBM on a dark background. The addition of a large white adapting field produced a two-lobed HBM luminosity curve that can be modeled approximately as an interaction of opponent and nonopponent processes.
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Lee, Barry B. "Physiological basis of photometry." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thf3.

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The human photopic luminous efficiency function, the basis of photopic photometry for over 50 years, may be derived from several psychophysical tasks. These tasks are sometimes assumed to tap a "luminance channel" in the visual system, but the physiological identity of this channel has been controversial. The physiological basis of two photometric tasks will be discussed. For flicker photometry, there is strong evidence that cells of the phasic, magnocellular system of the primate visual pathway form the substrate. Not only can photometric properties, such as additivity and transitivity, be demonstrated in this pathway, but also odd psychophysical effects, such as that seen when the relative phase of two flickering lights changes, find a precise correlation in the responses of these cells. This makes it unlikely that cells of the parvocellular system contribute to this task. For another photometric task, the minimally distinct border, evidence for M-pathway cells as the physiological substrate is also compelling, implying that this pathway is a major contributor to form vision. It is parsimonious to suppose that the M-pathway is involved in other photometric tasks, such as resolution photometry.
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Lindsey, Delwin T., and Davida Y. Teller. "Invariance of MDB matches across variations in edge blur." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tur5.

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The effects of edge blur on minimally distinct border (MDB) judgments were investigated using a computerized color video system. A single observer made MDB matches of the red, green, and blue primaries and fixed-ratio binary mixtures of the primaries to a 30-townsend (TD) standard white. The method of adjustment was used. The monitor was 260 cm from the observer and viewed through a Powell achromatizing lens. The stimuli were 1° 30′h × 40′V and were presented with a 4-s on duty/0.25-s off duty cycle. The edge separating test and standard stimuli were formed either by appropriate step functions for each of the three monitor guns or by functions computed by spatial convolution of the appropriate sharp edges with Gaussian blur functions having standard deviations of 1, 2, 4, or 8 min of arc. Within the range of spatial and chromatic parameters explored, the spectral sensitivity, precision, and additivity of the MDB matches were all essentially unaffected by the introduction of edge blur. The results suggest that the sharpness of a border is less important than has been assumed in determining the characteristics of MDB matches.
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Inman, J. M., S. N. Houde-Walter, and B. L. McIntyre. "Chemical Structure and Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient in Silver/Sodium Ion-Exchanged Aluminosilicate Glasses." In Gradient-Index Optical Imaging Systems. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtue2.

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Ion exchange is often used to alter the index of refraction of a glass to fabricate waveguide and micro-optics devices, usually resulting in a gradient index. However, in order to efficiently design such devices it is necessary to be able to accurately predict and control the ion exchange. One important complication that must be accounted for is the Mixed Mobile Ion Effect (MMIE), also known as the Mixed Alkali Effect, in which many of the glass properties vary from additivity when two species of monovalent cations are present. This effect, although extensively documented, is poorly understood. As a result, parameters and conditions for ion exchanges are usually determined through a tedious trial-and-error process. We have found that insight into ion-exchange processes, including the MMIE, can be gained from studies of glass structure. We have studied silver-for-sodium exchange in a series of aluminosilicate glasses, commercially important for ion-exchanged waveguides. In this work we relate the results of our previous structural studies to MMIE and the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient.
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Reports on the topic "Additivity of the Effects"

1

Searle, Matthew, Arnab Roy, Sridharan Ramesh, and Douglas Straub. Surface Roughness Effects on Heat Transfer in Additively Manufactured sCO2 Cycle Heat Exchangers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819281.

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Bertoletti, Paolo, Federico Etro, and Ina Simonovska. International Trade with Indirect Additivity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21984.

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Lutfi, Robert A. Additivity and Auditory Pattern Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada203122.

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Lutfi, R. Additivity and Auditory Pattern Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250580.

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C. F. Melius and M. D. Allendorf. Bond additivity corrections for quantum chemistry methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/751014.

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Branch, Brittany, Timothy Ruggles, John Miers, Caroline Massey, David Moore, Nathan Brown, Sakun Duwal, Stewart Silling, John Mitchell, and Paul Specht. Understanding Phase and Interfacial Effects of Spall Fracture in Additively Manufactured Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1892129.

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Imbens, Guido, and Whitney Newey. Identification and Estimation of Triangular Simultaneous Equations Models Without Additivity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0285.

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Michel, Frank I., Stefanie Zeit, Dominik Krumm, Andreas Knochel, and Stefan Schwanitz. Effect of Additively Manufactured Padding on the Mechanical and Thermal Comfort of MTB-Backpacks. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317472.

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van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique, and Jeffrey C. Peters. Volume Preserving CES and CET Formulations. GTAP Working Paper, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp87.

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As economists are increasingly working across disciplines, they are assessing alternative mathematical formulations to more closely align with the results from these disciplines. Two of the most widely used functional forms in quantitative economic analysis are the constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) and constant-elasticity-of-transformation (CET) functions. However, neither functional form preserves volume additivity, which may be a desirable feature in a number of contexts including labor and land allocation, energy systems, etc. This paper explores two alternatives to the ubiquitous CES and CET formulations, which have many of the same characteristics in terms of ease of implementation, but also preserve volume additivity. It illustrates some of the properties of the so-called additive forms of the CES and CET and assesses the impacts of switching to the additive CET in the context of land-use allocation in the Envisage model.
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Steele, W. V., and R. D. Chirico. Thermodynamic equilibria in the biphenyl/hydrogen system (the power and limitations of group additivity estimations): Topical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6079012.

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