Relevant bibliographies by topics / Additively manufactured (AM) steel

Academic literature on the topic 'Additively manufactured (AM) steel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Balan, Arunachalam S. S., Kannan Chidambaram, Arun V. Kumar, Hariharan Krishnaswamy, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Khaled Giasin, and Krzysztof Nadolny. "Effect of Cryogenic Grinding on Fatigue Life of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051245.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is replacing conventional manufacturing techniques due to its ability to manufacture complex structures with near-net shape and reduced material wastage. However, the poor surface integrity of the AM parts deteriorates the service life of the components. The AM parts should be subjected to post-processing treatment for improving surface integrity and fatigue life. In this research, maraging steel is printed using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process and the influence of grinding on the fatigue life of this additively manufactured material was investigated. For this purpose, the grinding experiments were performed under two different grinding environments such as dry and cryogenic conditions using a cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel. The results revealed that surface roughness could be reduced by about 87% under cryogenic condition over dry grinding. The fatigue tests carried out on the additive manufactured materials exposed a substantial increase of about 170% in their fatigue life when subjected to cryogenic grinding.
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Avanzini, Andrea. "Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010065.

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316L stainless steel is the material of choice for several critical applications in which a combination of mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion is required, as in the biomedical field. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies can pave the way to new design solutions, but microstructure, defect types, and surface characteristics are substantially different in comparison to traditional processing routes, making the assessment of the long-term durability of AM materials and components a crucial aspect. In this paper a thorough review is presented of the relatively large body of recent literature devoted to investigations on fatigue of AM 316L, focusing on the comparison between different AM technologies and conventional processes and on the influence of processing and post-processing aspects in terms of fatigue strength and lifetime. Overall fatigue data are quite scattered, but the dependency of fatigue performances on surface finish, building orientation, and type of heat treatment can be clearly appreciated, as well as the influence of different printing processes. A critical discussion on the different testing approaches presented in the literature is also provided, highlighting the need for shared experimental test protocols and data presentation in order to better understand the complex correlations between fatigue behavior and processing parameters.
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Kučerová, Ludmila, Andrea Jandová, and Ivana Zetková. "Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured and Conventional Maraging Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.133.

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Maraging steel is an iron-nickel steel alloy, which achieves very good material properties like high toughness, hardness, good weldability, high strength and dimensional stability during heat treatment. In this work, maraging steel 18Ni-300 was manufactured by selective laser melting. It is a method of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which produces prototypes and functional parts. Sample of additively manufactured and conventional steel with the same chemical composition were tested after in three different states – heat treated (as-built/as-received), solution annealed and precipitation hardened. Resulting microstructures were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were obtained by hardness measurement and tensile test. Cellular martensitic microstructures were observed in additively manufactured samples and conventional maraging steel consisted of lath martensitic microstructures. Very similar mechanical properties were obtained for both steels after the application of the same heat treatment. Ultimate tensile strengths reached 839 – 900 MPa for samples without heat treatment and heat treated by solution annealing, the samples after precipitation hardening had tensile strengths of 1577 – 1711 MPa.
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Thomas, Sarah A., Michelle C. Hawkins, Robert S. Hixson, Ramon M. Martinez, George T. Gray Gray, Darby J. Luscher, and Saryu J. Fensin. "Shock Hugoniot of Forged and Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101661.

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The purpose of this research was to measure the equation of state for additively manufactured (AM) and forged 304L stainless steel using a novel experimental technique. An understanding of the dynamic behavior of AM metals is integral to their timely adoption into various applications. The Hugoniot of the AM 304L was compared to that of the forged 304L at particle velocities where the material retains a two-wave structure. This comparison enabled us to determine the sensitivity of the equation of state to microstructure as varied due to processing. Our results showed that there was a measurable difference in the measured shock velocity between the AM and forged 304L. The shock wave velocities for the AM 304L were found to be ~3% slower than those for the forged 304L at similar particle velocities. To understand these differences, properties such as densities, sound speeds, and texture were measured and compared between the forged and AM materials. Our results showed that no measurable difference was found in these properties. Additionally, it is possible that differing elastic wave amplitudes may influence shock velocity
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Iliopoulos, Athanasios P., Rhys Jones, John G. Michopoulos, Nam Phan, and Calvin Rans. "Further Studies into Crack Growth in Additively Manufactured Materials." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102223.

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Understanding and characterizing crack growth is central to meeting the damage tolerance and durability requirements delineated in USAF Structures Bulletin EZ-SB-19-01 for the utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) in the sustainment of aging aircraft. In this context, the present paper discusses the effect of different AM processes, different build directions, and the variability in the crack growth rates related to AM Ti-6Al-4V, AM Inconel 625, and AM 17-4 PH stainless steel. This study reveals that crack growth in these three AM materials can be captured using the Hartman–Schijve crack growth equation and that the variability in the various da/dN versus ΔK curves can be modeled by allowing the terms ΔKthr and A to vary. It is also shown that for the AM Ti-6AL-4V processes considered, the variability in the cyclic fracture toughness appears to be greatest for specimens manufactured using selective layer melting (SLM).
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Silva, Tiago, Afonso Gregório, Filipe Silva, José Xavier, Ana Reis, Pedro Rosa, and Abílio de Jesus. "Numerical-Experimental Plastic-Damage Characterisation of Additively Manufactured 18Ni300 Maraging Steel by Means of Multiaxial Double-Notched Specimens." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5030084.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a viable option for producing structural parts with a high degree of geometrical complexity. Despite such trend, accurate material properties, under diversified testing conditions, are scarce or practically non-existent for the most recent additively manufactured (AMed) materials. Such data gap may compromise component performance design, through numerical simulation, especially enhanced by topological optimisation of AMed components. This study aimed at a comprehensive characterisation of laser powder bed fusion as-built 18Ni300 maraging steel and its systematic comparison to the conventional counterpart. Multiaxial double-notched specimens demonstrated a successful depiction of both plastic and damage behaviour under different stress states. Tensile specimens with distinct notch configurations were also used for high stress triaxiality range characterisation. This study demonstrates that the multiaxial double-notched specimens constitute a viable option towards the inverse plastic behaviour calibration of high-strength additively manufactured steels in distinct state of stress conditions. AMed maraging steel exhibited higher strength and lower ductility than the conventional material.
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Iliopoulos, Athanasios, Rhys Jones, John Michopoulos, Nam Phan, and R. Singh Raman. "Crack Growth in a Range of Additively Manufactured Aerospace Structural Materials." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040118.

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The aerospace industry is now beginning to adopt Additive Manufacturing (AM), both for new aircraft design and to help improve aircraft availability (aircraft sustainment). However, MIL-STD 1530 highlights that to certify airworthiness, the operational life of the airframe must be determined by a damage tolerance analysis. MIL-STD 1530 also states that in this process, the role of testing is merely to validate or correct the analysis. Consequently, if AM-produced parts are to be used as load-carrying members, it is important that the d a / d N versus ΔK curves be determined and, if possible, a valid mathematical representation determined. The present paper demonstrates that for AM Ti-6Al-4V, AM 316L stainless steel, and AM AerMet 100 steel, the d a / d N versus ΔK curves can be represented reasonably well by the Hartman-Schijve variant of the NASGRO crack growth equation. It is also shown that the variability in the various AM d a / d N versus Δ K curves is captured reasonably well by using the curve determined for conventionally manufactured materials and allowing for changes in the threshold and the cyclic fracture toughness terms.
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Williams, Colin L., Parisa Shokouhi, Matthew H. Lear, Carly Donahue, and Colt J. Montgomery. "Ultrasonic methods for the characterization of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015658.

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This research utilizes linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques to establish a linkage between microstructure and macroscale mechanical properties of additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel 316L samples. The specimens are manufactured using two methods: laser-powder bed fusion and traditional wrought manufacturing. Using the nonlinear ultrasonic method of second harmonic generation, the acoustic nonlinearity parameter is estimated in samples with different heat treatment levels intended to alter microstructural and mechanical properties. Linear ultrasonic parameters including wave speed and resonant frequency are additionally measured. Mechanical properties are obtained through tensile testing of coupons corresponding to the test samples. Microstructural information for the samples is obtained using electron backscatter diffraction to help elucidate the relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties, and ultrasonic response. Results indicate correlations between the nonlinearity parameter and both ultimate tensile strength and yield strength, where nonlinearity generally decreases as sample strength increases, particularly in the AM samples. We hypothesize that microstructural evolution of grain characteristics across different heat treatments influences trends in measured nonlinearity, as well as substructures at smaller scales such as dislocations. These results show promising evidence for the feasibility of AM parts qualification using nondestructive nonlinear ultrasonic testing.
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Gonzalez-Nino, David, Timothy Strasser, and Gary S. Prinz. "Ultra Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior Comparison between Additively Manufactured and Rolled 17-4 PH (AISI 630) Stainless Steels." Metals 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111726.

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This study investigates the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured (AM) 17-4 PH (AISI 630) stainless steels and compares their behavior to traditionally produced wrought counterparts. The goal of this study is to understand the key parameters influencing AM 17-4 PH steel fatigue life under ULCF conditions and to develop simple predictive models for fatigue-life estimation in AM 17-4 steel components. In this study, both AM and traditionally produced (wrought) material samples are fatigue tested under fully reversed (R = −1) strain controlled (2–4% strain) loading and characterized using micro-hardness, x-ray diffraction, and fractography methods. Results indicate decreased fatigue life for AM specimens as compared to wrought 17-4 PH specimens due to fabrication porosity and un-melted particle defect regions which provide a mechanism for internal fracture initiation. Heat treatment processes performed in this work, to both the AM and wrought specimens, had no observable effect on ULCF behavior. Result comparisons with an existing fatigue prediction model (the Coffin–Manson universal slopes equation) demonstrated consistent over-prediction of fatigue life at applied strain amplitudes greater than 3%, likely due to inherent AM fabrication defects. An alternative empirical ULCF capacity equation is proposed herein to aid future fatigue estimations in AM 17-4 PH stainless steel components.
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Hayward, Mason, Gabriela Petculescu, and Erica Murray. "Ultrasonically determined elastic constants of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015783.

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We determined the effect of laser speed on the elastic constants of additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). The alloy (316L) has biomechanical applications, such as medical implants. AM disks were manufactured at a constant power of 100 W and varying laser speeds of 800, 1000, and 1200 mm/s. RUS samples were extracted from the disks to determine the effects of fabrication parameters on elastic constants, as well as variations in properties across a single disk. As laser speed increases, the longitudinal (c11) moduli decreases from 284.74 GPa to 226.84 GPa, while the shear (c44) moduli exhibits minimal change. The measurement error in both moduli increases as laser speed decreases, which is attributed to the textured polycrystal nature of the samples built at lower speed. At lower speed, a greater amount of energy is deposited within the volume, allowing grains more time to grow. The grain structure determined by electron backscatter diffraction shows large crystallite formations in the 800 mm/s sample while the 1200 mm/s sample shows more homogenous small-grain distribution, which is expected of an ideal polycrystal. Variations of properties across the disk will also be presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Yamanaka, Hajime. "The Effects of Weld Thermal Cycles on Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2029.

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To address the size limitation of the powder bed fusion system in additive manufacturing, the welding properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured by SLM 125HL are investigated by conducting hot ductility test and nil strength temperature (NST) test with a physical thermal mechanical simulator, Gleeble. In this study, the print orientations (Zdirection and XY-direction) and the laser patterns (stripe and checker board) are studied. In NST test, the orientation showed a statistical significance in NST: Z-direction was 1384°C and XY-direction was 1400°C. In hot ductility test, all of ductility curves show similar behaviors: hardening region, recrystallization region, and liquation region. The additively manufactured 316L shows poor ductility compared to wrought 316L stainless steel. Also, there is a noticeable difference in ductility between laser pattern. Finally, ductility after the thermal cycle shows higher than that before the thermal cycle. For the future recommendation, investigation on the interelayer temperatures and sigma phase determination should be conducted to confirm the hypotheses to explain the phenomena observed in this study.
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Vikhareva, Anna. "Tribological characterisation of additively manufactured hot forming steels." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80588.

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Over the last decade, the application of ultra-high strength steel as safety components and structural reinforcements in automobile applications has increased due to their favourable high-strength-to-weight ratio. The complex shaped components are widely produced using hot stamping. However, this process encounters problems such as galling and increased wear of the tools due to harsh operating conditions associated to the elevated temperatures. Moreover, quenching is a critical step that affects the hot formed components. Slow cooling rates results in inhomogeneous mechanical properties and increased cycle time. Therefore, fast and homogeneous quenching of the formed components in combination with reduction of wear rates during hot forming are important targets to ensure the quality and efficiency of the process. The use of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies opens up potential solutions for novel tooling concepts. The manufacturing of complex shape cooling channels and integration of high-performance alloys at the surface could benefit the tribological performance in the forming operation. However, the research into high temperature tribological behaviour of AM materials in hot forming applications is very limited. The aim of this work is to study the tribological performance of additively manufactured materials. Two steels were used – a maraging steel and modified H13 tool steel. The hot work tool steel H13 is commonly applied for dies in metal forming processes. In this thesis it was used to study additive manufacturing as the processing route instead of conventional casting. The choice of a maraging steel is motivated by a possible application of high-performance alloys as a top layer on dies. The materials were post-machined and studied in milled, ground and shot-blasted conditions. The different post-machining operations were applied to study the effect of surface finish on the tribological behaviour and also to evaluate different methods of post-machining an AM surface. As fabricated dies are usually manufactured with milled surface. During its use, the dies undergo refurbishment after certain number of cycles and the surface condition is changed to a ground surface. These surface finishes are commonly tested for hot forming applications. The shot blasted operation was chosen as alternative surface finish. The process allows to prepare large sized tools easily and the surface has beneficial compressive stresses. The tribological behaviour of AM steels was studied using a hot strip drawing tribometer during sliding against a conventional Al-Si coated 22MnB5 steel. The workpiece temperature during the tests was 600 and 700°C. The results of the tribological performance of AM materials were compared to conventionally cast tool steel QRO90.The results have shown that the friction behaviour of both maraging and H13 steels at 600°C was stable and similar whereas at 700°C the COF was more unstable and resulted in an earlier failure of the tests due to increased material transfer of Al-Si coating from the workpiece surface.The main wear mechanisms for AM materials were galling and abrasion at both temperatures. Abrasion is more severe for the AM steels in comparison to cast tool steel QRO90. The galling formation on milled and ground surfaces showed similar behaviour to cast steel and it increased with higher workpiece temperatures. The shot-blasted surfaces showed less build-up of transferred material on the surface but folding of asperities and entrapment of Al-Si particles within surface defects generated during shot-blasting.
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Machado, Duarte Jéssica. "Experimental and numerical studies on Wire-and-Arc Additively Manufactured stainless steel rods." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Additive manufacturing has gained worldwide popularity due to its numerous benefits, which includes structural efficiency, reduction of material consumption and wastage, enhanced customisation, improved accuracy and safety on-site. Among the various categories of the additive manufacturing process, Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has proven its ability of producing medium to large scale components. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the structural response and mechanical properties of WAAM-produced elements. This paper provides results of numerical and experimental studies on WAAM rods produces using a commercial ER308LSi stainless steel welding wire. The aim is to evaluate the effect of initial imperfections and material mechanical properties on the response of such rods under compression. Tensile and compression tests were carried out in order to determine the mechanical properties of the rods. Subsequently, numerical simulations were performed in order to simulate the mechanical response of the rods under different conditions.
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Furlanis, Silvia. "Towards a design approach for Wire-and-Arc Additively Manufactured stainless-steel elements." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24627/.

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Additive Manufacturing has become more and more relevant in the recent years in the construction industry, while still being at its initial stage. In particular, Wire-and-Arc Additively Manufactured (WAAM) stainless-steel elements have yet to be properly analyzed from a structural response point-of-view, though many experimental campaigns and studies are being carried out to this day. This study is focused on the analysis of the results of tests conducted on WAAM-produced 308LSi stainless-steel specimens, in order to characterize the mechanical and geometrical properties of the printed material and calibrate design values by means of Annex D of Eurocode 0, which outlines procedures to carry out the safety analysis of the resistance function, hence the definition of partial safety factors, aiming at a semi-probabilistic design approach. Moreover, by means of available Digital Twins of produced and tested specimens, different approaches are followed for the understanding of the influence of geometrical irregularities on the behavior of the material, in terms of stress-strain relationship. Regarding this, a series of calibrations are performed in order to quantify said influence, with a particular focus on the elastic behavior.
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Subasic, Mustafa. "The effect of preload on the fatigue strength of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285818.

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In this thesis an investigation of the effect of preload on the fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel parts with less than 5 % porosity, for both horizontal and vertical build direction, is presented. The specimens used were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) and cut by EDM. Preloads at two different magnitudes were used, below and above the yield strength of the material, and fatigue tests were performed on the specimens with and without the preloads. In addition, microstructural analysis was carried out in order to illustrate/quantify the defects and to realize the corresponding effect of the preload by use of white light interferometry (WLI), SEM and FEM modeling. It was found that the fatigue life and the fatigue limit clearly increase with increasing the preloads in both build directions, although the preload significance might be varied for different directions. This was attributed to the imposed compressive residual stresses and blunting of sharp defects after preloading.
I detta examensarbete presenteras en undersökning på effekten av förbelastning på utmattningsbeteendet hos additivt tillverkade (AM) komponenter av 316L rostfritt stål med mindre än 5 % porositet, för både horisontell och vertikal byggriktning. Provstavarana tillverkades genom selektiv lasersmältning (SLM) och skars ut med trådgnist (EDM). Förspänningar i två olika storlekar användes, under och över materialets sträckgräns, och utmattningstester utfördes på provstavarna med och utan förspänningarna. Dessutom genomfördes mikrostrukturella analyser för att illustrera / kvantifiera defekterna och effekten av förspänningen med användning av vitt ljusinterferometri (WLI), SEM och FEM-modellering. Det visade sig att utmattningslivslängden och utmattningsgränsen tydligt ökar med ökad förspänning i båda byggriktningarna, även om förspänningens betydelse kan variera för olika riktningar. Denna positiva effekt på utmattningen kommer från de kompressiva restspänningarna och avstumpningen av skarpa defekter som uppstår efter förbelastningen.
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Harris, Jonathan Andrew. "Additively manufactured metallic cellular materials for blast and impact mitigation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271771.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process which enables the creation of intricate components from high performance alloys. This facilitates the design and fabrication of new cellular materials for blast and impact mitigation, where the performance is heavily influenced by geometric and material sensitivities. Design of such materials requires an understanding of the relationship between the additive manufacturing process and material properties at different length scales: from the microstructure, to geometric feature rendition, to overall dynamic performance. To date, there remain significant uncertainties about both the potential benefits and pitfalls of using additive manufacturing processes to design and optimise cellular materials for dynamic energy absorbing applications. This investigation focuses on the out-of-plane compression of stainless steel cellular materials fabricated using SLM, and makes two specific contributions. First, it demonstrates how the SLM process itself influences the characteristics of these cellular materials across a range of length scales, and in turn, how this influences the dynamic deformation. Secondly, it demonstrates how an additive manufacturing route can be used to add geometric complexity to the cell architecture, creating a versatile basis for geometry optimisation. Two design spaces are explored in this work: a conventional square honeycomb hybridised with lattice walls, and an auxetic stacked-origami geometry, manufactured and tested experimentally here for the first time. It is shown that the hybrid lattice-honeycomb geometry outperformed the benchmark metallic square honeycomb in terms of energy absorption efficiency in the intermediate impact velocity regime (approximately 100 m/s). In this regime, the collapse is dominated by dynamic buckling effects, but wave propagation effects have yet to become pronounced. By tailoring the fold angles of the stacked origami material, numerical simulations illustrated how it can be optimised for specific impact velocity regimes between 10-150 m/s. Practical design tools were then developed based on these results.
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Andersson, Henrik. "Thermal fatigue and soldering experiments of additively manufactured hot work tool steels." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68677.

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Modern manufacturing processes are under a never ending evolvement. Lowered manufacturing costs, higher part quality, shorter lead times and lower environmental impact are some important drivers for this development. Aluminum die casting is an effective and attractive process when producing components for e.g. the automotive sector. Die casting process development, and hot work tool steel development for the die casting dies has led to the state of the art of die casting today. However, with the disruptive emergence of Additive Manufacturing (AM) of hot work steel alloys, new interesting features such as improved conformal cooling channels inside die casting molds can be produced. The new way to manufacture die casting dies, need basic investigating of the AM produced hot work tool steel properties, and their applicability in this demanding hot work segment. Die casting dies face several detrimental wear mechanisms during use in production, three of which has been isolated and used for testing three AM produced steel alloys and one conventional premium hot work tool steel. The wear mechanisms simulated are; thermal fatigue, static soldering and agitated soldering. The aim is to study the AM produced steels applicability in the die casting process. The tested materials are; Premium AISI H13 grade Uddeholm Orvar Supreme, AM 1.2709, AM UAB1 and AM H13. Based on current investigations the conclusion that can be made is that with right chemistry, and right AM processing, conventional material Uddeholm Orvar Supreme still is better than AM H13. This also complies with the literature study results, showing that conventional material still is better than AM material in general.
Våra moderna tillverkningsprocesser är under ständig utveckling. Drivande motiv är minskade tillverkningskostnader, högre tillverkningskvalitet, kortade ledtider samt minskad miljöpåfrestning. Pressgjutning av aluminium är en effektiv och attraktiv tillverkningsprocess ofta använd inom till exempel fordonsindustrin. Utvecklingen av pressgjutningsteknologin har gått hand i hand med utvecklingen av det varmarbets-verktygsstål som används i gjutformarna (pressgjutningsverktyget). Den utvecklingen har lett till dagens processnivå och branschstandard. Men med den revolutionerande additiva tillverkningsteknologins (AM) intåg, och möjlighet att producera komponenter av varmarbetsstål, kommer nya intressanta möjligheter att integrera komplex geometri så som yt-parallella kylkanaler i verktyget utan att tillverkningskostnaden blir för hög etc. Det nya sättet att producera pressgjutningsverktyg ger upphov till behovet av grundläggande materialundersökningar av sådant AM-material, samt hur tillförlitligt det är i pressgjutningsverktyg med pressgjutningens krävande materialegenskapsprofil. Pressgjutningsverktyg utsätts för många förslitningsmekanismer och för höga laster, tre av dessa mekanismer har isolerats för kontrollerade tester av ett konventionellt material och tre AM materials responser. Förslitningsmekanismerna som efterliknats är; termisk utmattning, statisk soldering och agiterad soldering. Målet med undersökningarna är att studera AM producerade materials lämplighet i pressgjutningsprocessen. De material som testats är konventionella premium varmarbetsstålet Uddeholm Orvar Supreme av typ AISI H13, AM 1.2709, AM UAB1 och AM H13. Undersökningarnas slutsats är att med rätt kemisk sammansättning, och med rätt AM printing parametrar, är konventionellt material fortfarande mer applicerbart i pressgjutning än AM producerat. Den slutsatsen faller väl I samklang med resultaten från mekanisk provning som återspeglas i litteraturstudien, som visade visar att konventionellt material är generellt bättre än AM material.
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Whip, Bo Ryan. "Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Roughness and Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured Alloy 718." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1526993831680976.

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Chen, Shih-Min, and 陳仕珉. "In-situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements to Investigate the Additive-Direction-Dependent Deformation of Additive Manufactured (AM) Stainless Steel." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9hwvnz.

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碩士
國立交通大學
材料科學與工程學系奈米科技碩博士班
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The field of additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced significant growth around all worlds. In engineering, selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process for building metallic parts. Metallic parts are created layer by layer to form a layered structure. The mechanical properties of metallic parts are attributed to the numbers of building layers and the orientation of defects which is relative to building direction. In this research, we prepared two types of samples made of PH15-5 stainless steel fabricated by two different building direction. One building direction is parallel to loading direction, called cylindrical sample, and the other building direction is perpendicular to loading direction. During the tensile test, we apply in-situ neutron diffraction measurements with two orthogonal detectors to resolve the differences from additive directions. Besides, we used rietveld software, MAUD and CMWP to understand the crystal structure, phase evolution and microstructures of this material. When we know the information about the difference properties between samples fabricated by two different building directions, the strategy of additive manufacturing can be described clearly.
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Lainho, Marcelo Rodrigo Magalhães Ramalho Mendes. "Machinability studies of additively manufactured 18Ni300 maraging steel." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/127276.

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Books on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Narayan, Roger J., ed. Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v23a.9781627083928.

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Volume 23A provides a comprehensive review of established and emerging 3D printing and bioprinting approaches for biomedical applications, and expansive coverage of various feedstock materials for 3D printing. The Volume includes articles on 3D printing and bioprinting of surgical models, surgical implants, and other medical devices. The introductory section considers developments and trends in additively manufactured medical devices and material aspects of additively manufactured medical devices. The polymer section considers vat polymerization and powder-bed fusion of polymers. The ceramics section contains articles on binder jet additive manufacturing and selective laser sintering of ceramics for medical applications. The metals section includes articles on additive manufacturing of stainless steel, titanium alloy, and cobalt-chromium alloy biomedical devices. The bioprinting section considers laser-induced forward transfer, piezoelectric jetting, microvalve jetting, plotting, pneumatic extrusion, and electrospinning of biomaterials. Finally, the applications section includes articles on additive manufacturing of personalized surgical instruments, orthotics, dentures, crowns and bridges, implantable energy harvesting devices, and pharmaceuticals. For information on the print version of Volume 23A, ISBN: 978-1-62708-390-4, follow this link.
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Book chapters on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Marchi, Chris San, Thale R. Smith, Joshua D. Sugar, and Dorian K. Balch. "Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Structural Integrity of Additive Manufactured Parts, 381–98. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162020180113.

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Taylor, Nicholas E., David M. Williamson, Christopher H. Braithwaite, and Sarah J. Ward. "Tensile Hopkinson Bar Analysis of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 111–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30021-0_19.

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Siddiqui, Sanna F., Krystal Rivera, Isha Ruiz-Candelario, and Ali P. Gordon. "Progressive Amplitude Fatigue Performance of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel Superalloy." In TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 110–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65261-6_10.

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Antoun, Bonnie R., Coleman Alleman, and Joshua Sugar. "Dynamic Strain Aging in Additively Manufactured Steel at Elevated Temperatures." In Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Mechanics of Additive & Advanced Manufactured Materials, Volume 7, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59864-8_5.

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Khodabakhshi, Farzad, and Mohsen Mohammadi. "Microstructure and Texture in Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel Lattice Structures." In Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022, 335–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_45.

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Ricotta, V., R. Ian Campbell, T. Ingrassia, and V. Nigrelli. "Generative Design for Additively Manufactured Textiles in Orthopaedic Applications." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 241–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_39.

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AbstractThe aim of this work is to implement a new process for the design and production of orthopaedic devices to realize entirely by Additive Manufacturing (AM). In particular, a generative algorithm for parametric modelling of flexible structures to use in orthopaedic devices has been developed. The developed modelling algorithm has been applied to a case study based on the design and production of a customized elbow orthosis made by Selective Laser Sintering. The results obtained have demonstrated that the developed algorithm overcomes many drawbacks typical of traditional CAD modelling approaches. FEM simulations have been also performed to validate the design of the orthosis. The new modelling algorithm allows designers to model flexible structures with no deformations or mismatches and to create parametric CAD models to use for the production of orthopaedic devices through AM technologies.
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Gray, George T., Veronica Livescu, Cameron Knapp, and Saryu Fensin. "Structure/Property Behavior of Additively Manufactured (AM) Materials: Opportunities and Challenges." In Mechanics of Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Volume 8, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95083-9_1.

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Li, Zhengyao, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis, and Leroy Gardner. "A Review of Optimised Additively Manufactured Steel Connections for Modular Building Systems." In Industrializing Additive Manufacturing, 357–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54334-1_25.

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Pasco, Jubert, Yuan Tian, Kanwal Chadha, and Clodualdo Aranas. "Heat Treatment of Multi-Material Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel and Stellite Alloy." In Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022, 25–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_5.

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Freyer, Paula D., William T. Cleary, Elaine M. Ruminski, C. Joseph Long, and Peng Xu. "Hot Cell Tensile Testing of Neutron Irradiated Additively Manufactured Type 316L Stainless Steel." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1021–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67244-1_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Karnesky, Richard A., Paul Chao, and Dean A. Buchenauer. "Hydrogen Isotope Permeation and Trapping in Additively Manufactured Steels." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65857.

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Additively manufactured (AM) austenitic stainless steels are intriguing candidates for the storage of gaseous hydrogen isotopes because complex vessel geometries can be built more easily than by using conventional machining options. Parts built with AM stainless steel tend to have excellent mechanical properties (with tensile strength, ductility, fatigue crack growth, and fracture toughness comparable to or exceeding that of wrought austenitic stainless steel). However, the solidification microstructures produced by AM processing differ substantially from the microstructures of wrought material. Some features may affect permeability, including some amount of porosity and a greater amount of ferrite. Because the diffusivity of hydrogen in ferrite is greater than in austenite (six orders of magnitude at ambient temperature), care must be taken to retain the performance that is taken for granted due to the base alloy chemistry. Furthermore, AM parts tend to have greater dislocation densities and greater amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. These features, along with the austenite/ferrite interfaces, may contribute to greater hydrogen trapping. We report the results of our studies of deuterium transport in various austenitic (304L, 316, and 316L) steels produced by AM. Manufacturing by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and two different blown powder methods are considered here (Laser Engineered Net Shaping® (LENS®) and a Direct Laser Powder Deposition (DLPD) method with a higher laser power)). The hydrogen permeability (an equilibrium property) changes negligibly (less than a factor of 2), regardless of chemistry and processing method, when tested between 150 and 500 °C. This is despite increases in ferrite content up to FN = 2.7. However, AM materials exhibit greater hydrogen isotope trapping, as measured by permeation transients, thermal desorption spectra, and inert gas fusion measurement. The trapping energies are likely modest (<10 kJ/mol), but may indicate a larger population of trap sites than in conventional 300-series stainless steels.
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Wisbey, Andrew, David Coon, Mark Chatterton, Josh Barras, Da Guo, Kun Yan, Mark Callaghan, and Wajira Mirihanage. "The Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84543.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) offers the potential for significantly reducing the time and cost of new nuclear components. This process may also permit unique design features, for example internal geometries. However, the limitations of the technology need to be better understood to enable implementation and accreditation. Here a “blown powder” and laser melting process, within a helium shielded environment, was used to fabricate austenitic stainless steel 316L walls of ∼2.4 mm thickness, with the deposition parameters minimizing the surface roughness. A key aim was to evaluate the effect of the as-deposited surface finish and the bulk material on the tensile and fatigue properties. In addition, the effect of material orientation was also considered to be important. Microstructural characterization demonstrated the complex nature of the grain morphology arising from the as-manufactured AM process, including elongated grains following the thermal gradients. However, areas of equiaxed grains were also observed at the sample surfaces. Si-Mn-O particles, up to ∼20 μm in diameter, were noted throughout the samples produced. Residual strains have also been measured and correlated with microstructural features. The tensile performance was generally similar to wrought 316L material but exhibited some anisotropy. The fatigue endurance of as-deposited AM 316L was significantly lower than wrought material. However, surface grinding of the AM 316L was shown to be beneficial. It was noted that in all cases examined, fatigue crack initiation was found to occur at the Si-Mn-O particles, in both surface finishes — clearly a performance limitation.
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Siddiqui, Sanna F., Abiodun A. Fasoro, and Ali P. Gordon. "Torsional Response of Additively Manufactured Steel Under Monotonic and Cyclic Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76831.

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The value of additively manufactured (AM) components with application in the aerospace industry can be assessed by subjecting them to realistic operational service conditions. While there is considerable knowledge about the tensile response of AM materials, minimal studies have considered the torsional and torsional-fatigue response of AM materials. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of both axial and torsional conditions of AM parts can allow for improvements in manufacturing design of components to effectively meet or exceed service requirements. This study is the first study to date, to investigate the torsional and torsional-fatigue response of as-built direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) stainless steel (SS) GP1, through monotonic torsion and completely reversed torsional fatigue experiments, for samples built at varying orientations in the horizontal xy build plane. Experimental results include monotonic torsional shear properties, torsional cyclic response, and fracture surfaces, which will be used to assess the torsional material response with regards to build orientation. Findings will be used to contribute to a much needed and comprehensive framework of the material behavior of AM components when subjected to axial/torsional loading conditions.
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Funke, Lawrence, Blake Hylton, Kyle Brown, and Mallory Sommer. "Investigating How Additively Manufactured Parts in Traditionally Manufactured Systems Affect the System Dynamic Properties." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22422.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) sits poised to make a large impact on the manufacturing sector. Expanding from their original application in rapid prototyping, AM parts are increasingly appearing in full production systems. Using AM parts as replacement parts has recently been touted as a way to save money and increase efficiencies in supply chains. While much work has been done exploring the properties of individual AM parts and how they might affect supply chains, very little has been done to investigate the impact of AM parts as components in a larger system. In fact, there appears to be a lack of research into how AM components affect the system vibrational properties when used as replacement parts. This work sought to answer this question by investigating the effects of replacing a steel bar in a four-bar mechanism with an AM polylactic acid (PLA) bar. Both static and dynamic testing were performed on the system when it was entirely steel, and when one part was replaced with an AM PLA bar. The static results indicated that the dominant modal frequencies of the system were not significantly impacted by the change, possibly suggesting that AM components may be used as replacement parts without concern for shifting modes of vibration. The dynamic data showed that the reduction of mass in the link helped reduce vibrations during operation, suggesting that some care should be taken in matching part properties between AM components and the ones they are replacing. The authors do urge caution in applying and interpreting these results, though, as they are preliminary and require further investigation. Because of this, the paper concludes with suggestions on how to expand and extend these results to fill the gap in the literature identified herein.
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Tyagi, Pawan, Tobias Goulet, Denikka Brent, Kate Klein, and Francisco Garcia-Moreno. "Scanning Electron Microscopy and Optical Profilometry of Electropolished Additively Manufactured 316 Steel Components." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88339.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce highly complex engineering components that are either extremely challenging for the conventional subtractive manufacturing route or not possible otherwise. High surface roughness can make an AM component highly vulnerable to premature failure during fatigue loading. Post-processing aiming to reduce surface roughness is essential to make as produced AM parts functional. We have explored electropolishing route to achieve optimum surface roughness and surface chemistry. We have performed electropolishing treatment on the steel AM parts around 70 °C in an electrolyte comprising the phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. Profilometry and scanning electron microscopy were performed to study the electropolished and unpolished areas. Optical profilometry study showed that one needs to remove nearly ∼200 μm material from the surface to achieve very smooth surface. Electropolishing was effective in reducing the surface Ra roughness from ∼2 μm rms to ∼0.07 μm rms. Such low rms roughness makes an AM component suitable for almost every engineering application for which a smooth surface is required. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that electropolished area on AM component possessed distinctively different microstructure as compared to the untreated surface of an AM component. We also conducted the compositional analysis of the electropolished area to investigate the possibility of residual contamination from the electropolishing process. Our study revealed that electropolishing is a highly promising route for improving the surface finishing of AM components.
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McWilliams, Anthony, Michael Morgan, and Paul Korinko. "Hydrogen Effects on Fracture Toughness of Additively Manufactured Type 304L Stainless Steel." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93709.

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Abstract Rectangular blocks of Type 304L stainless steel were additively manufactured (AM) using the directed energy deposition process. These samples were characterized using tensile, fracture toughness, fractography, and metallography and compared to forged Type 304L steel. The AM materials exhibited high density, tensile properties consistent with mechanically deformed stainless steel, and acceptable fracture toughness properties (&gt; 100 Mpam) in the as fabricated and hydrogen charged (approximately 2500 appm) conditions.
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Yang, Mei, Yangyang Fan, and Richard D. Sisson. "Carburization Heat Treatment of Selective Laser Melted 20MnCr5 Steel." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0001.

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Abstract As a novel manufacturing technology additive manufacturing (AM) has advantages such as energy saving, reduced material waste, faster design-to-build time, design optimization, reduction in manufacturing steps, and product customization compared to conventional manufacturing processes. Heat treatment is widely used to improve the properties of conventional manufactured steel parts. The response of additively manufactured steel parts to heat treatment may be different from conventionally manufactured steel parts due to variations in microstructure. An understanding of heat treatment processes for additively manufactured steel parts is necessary to develop their heat treatment process parameters. In the present work 20MnCr5 steel was selected to investigate the carburization heat treatment of additively manufactured parts. These parts were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) for the carburization study. It was found that the AM parts fabricated by the SLM process show the microstructure of tempered martensite while the microstructure of as-received wrought part is ferrite and pearlite. It was also experimentally found that the SLM process decarburizes the entire SLM part. Before carburizing, a normalization process was conducted on both SLM and wrought 20MnCr5 parts to reduce the effect of the pre-carburizing microstructure. The objective of this project is to determine the carburization performance of additively manufactured steel parts. The results for the SLM parts in terms of carbon concentration and microhardness profiles are compared with the results for the wrought steel. It was found that the carburized SLM part in the present work has higher carbon concentration near the surface, deeper case depth, and higher total carbon flux than the carburized wrought part.
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Fashanu, Felicia F., Denis J. Marcellin-Little, and Barbara S. Linke. "Review of Surface Finishing of Additively Manufactured Metal Implants." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8419.

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Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, commonly referred to as 3D printing, provide a good prospect for medical applications because complex geometries and customized parts can be fabricated to meet individual patient needs. Orthopedic implants are a group of medical parts with high relevance for AM. This paper discusses relevant AM technologies, several orthopedic applications, materials and material properties, mechanical surface finishing techniques, and measurement techniques from the literature. Today, most metal 3D printed implants are manufactured through metal powder bed fusion technology which includes direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM). Common materials include titanium alloys, cobalt chromium (CoCr) and stainless steel, chosen because of their biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Surface finishing is most often required for 3D printed implants due to the relatively poor surface quality to meet the desired surface texture for the application. Typically, postprocessing is done mechanically, including manual and automated grinding, sandblasting, polishing, or chemically, including electrochemical polishing. This review also covers an overview of surface quality characterization of AM metal implants which includes surface texture and topography. The surface parameters used to characterize the surface of the implants: surface roughness (Ra), differences between the peak and valley (Rz), waviness, and micro-finish.
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Zhu, Hanyu, Nanzhu Zhao, Sandeep Patil, Amit Bhasin, and Wei Li. "A Method to Predict Fatigue Life of Additively Manufactured Metallic Parts." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-63632.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic parts is rapidly evolving and the fatigue behavior of AM parts has become a significant concern in both industry and academia. In this paper, a method to predict the fatigue life of additively manufactured metallic parts is presented based on the electrical resistance measurement. The damage of the AM parts is characterized by the resistance change during the fatigue process. By combining the electrical resistance measurement with a continuum damage mechanics theory, a mathematical model is developed to predict the fatigue life of the AM samples. Fatigue tests were conducted under different loading conditions with AM 316L stainless steel samples. The result showed that the electrical resistance held steady at the beginning and increased gradually with the number of fatigue loading cycles. The resistance increased dramatically as the sample approached the fracture point, and this sudden increase can be used to indicate the beginning of fracture. By converting the electrical resistance to fatigue damage, experimental data was used to estimate parameters of the fatigue life model. By comparing the model prediction with experimental data, it is shown that the change of electrical resistance can be used to predict the fatigue life of additively manufactured metallic parts.
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Demisse, Wondwosen, Eva Mutunga, Kate Klein, Lucas Rice, and Pawan Tyagi. "Surface Finishing and Electroless Nickel Plating of Additively Manufactured (AM) Metal Components." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71882.

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Abstract This study investigates the application of electroless nickel deposition on additively manufactured stainless steel samples. Current additive manufacturing (AM) technologies produce metal components with a rough surface. Rough surfaces generally exhibit fatigue characteristics, increasing the probability of initiating a crack or fracture to the printed part. For this reason, the direct use of as-produced parts in a finished product cannot be actualized, which presents a challenge. Post-processing of the AM parts is therefore required to smoothen the surface. This study analyzes chempolish (CP) and electropolish (EP) surface finishing techniques for post-processing AM stainless steel components CP has a great advantage in creating uniform, smooth surfaces regardless of size or part geometry EP creates an extremely smooth surface, which reduces the surface roughness to the sub-micrometer level. In this study, we also investigate nickel deposition on EP, CP, and as-built AM components using electroless nickel solutions. Electroless nickel plating is a method of alloy treatment designed to increase manufactured component’s hardness and surface resistance to the unrelenting environment. The electroless nickel plating process is more straightforward than its counterpart electroplating. We use low-phosphorus (2–5% P), medium-phosphorus (6–9% P), and high-phosphorus (10–13% P). These Ni deposition experiments were optimized using the L9 Taguchi design of experiments (TDOE), which compromises the prosperous content in the solution, surface finish, plane of the geometry, and bath temperature. The pre- and post-processed surface of the AM parts was characterized by KEYENCE Digital MicroscopeVHX-7000 and Phenom XL Desktop SEM. The experimental results show that electroless nickel deposition produces uniform Ni coating on the additively manufactured components up to 20 μm per hour. Mechanical properties of as-built and Ni coated AM samples were analyzed by applying a standard 10 N scratch test. Nickel coated AM samples were up to two times scratch resistant compared to the as-built samples. This study suggests electroless nickel plating is a robust viable option for surface hardening and finishing AM components for various applications and operating conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Additively manufactured (AM) steel"

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Stricklin, Isaac, Douglas Vodnik, Igor Usov, Alexander Edgar, Victor Siller, Charles Beauvais, Nicholas Bittner, Tommy Rockward, and Christopher Wetteland. Adhesion of Titanium Coatings on Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1822705.

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Stricklin, Isaac, Douglas Vodnik, Igor Usov, Charles Beauvais, Nicholas Bittner, Tommy Rockward, and Christopher Wetteland. Adhesion of Titanium Coatings on Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1823713.

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Lucon, Enrico, and Nik W. Hrabe. Instrumented impact tests on miniaturized Charpy specimens of additively manufactured (AM) Ti6Al4V. National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1936.

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Byun, TS, Michael Mcalister, Joseph Simpson, Maxim Gussev, Ben Garrison, Yukinori Yamamoto, Tim Lach, et al. Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel - FY2020. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1649091.

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Buchanan, Craig, Wing Wan, and Leroy Gardner. TESTING OF WIRE AND ARC ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED STAINLESS STEEL MATERIAL AND CROSS-SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.075.

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Adams, David, Benjamin Reedlunn, Michael Maguire, Bo Song, Jay Carroll, Joseph Bishop, Jack Wise, et al. Mechanical Response of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 304L Across a Wide Range of Loading Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762664.

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Zhang, Y. Review: corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of wrought and additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel. National Physical Laboratory, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.mat100.

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Karlson, Kyle N., Michael Stender, and Guy Leshem Bergel. Assessing the Influence of Process Induced Voids and Residual Stresses on the Failure of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1593545.

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Branch, Brittany, Paul Specht, Sally Jensen, and Bradley Jared. Transient Deformation in Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Lattices Characterized with in-situ X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging: The Complete Dataset for Three Geometrical Lattices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820238.

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TESTING OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED STAINLESS STEEL MATERIAL AND CROSS-SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.175.

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Powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing has the potential for significant impact on the construction industry due to its ability to produce complex and free-form components with high-precision. However, the size of components is limited by the build envelope of PBF machines. Laser welding offers a means of joining small individual PBF parts together to create larger-scale parts. This paper investigates the microstructure and material properties of stainless steel coupons with and without laser-welded joints, in conjunction with the structural performance of stainless steel circular hollow sections (CHS) at the cross-sectional level, with all specimens printed by PBF. The PBF base material exhibited a typical cellular microstructure, while the weld material consisted of equiaxed, columnar and cellular dendrite microstructures. The proof strengths of the weld were lower than those of the base metal, and the strengths of the PBF base metal were dependent on the build direction – the vertically built coupons showed lower proof strengths than the horizontal coupons. The axial resistances of the PBF CHS are safely predicted by the EN 1993-1-4 design provisions and the deformation-based continuous strength method (CSM).
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