Journal articles on the topic 'Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques'
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Long, Jingjunjiao, Ashveen Nand, and Sudip Ray. "Application of Spectroscopy in Additive Manufacturing." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010203.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly expanding material production technique that brings new opportunities in various fields as it enables fast and low-cost prototyping as well as easy customisation. However, it is still hindered by raw material selection, processing defects and final product assessment/adjustment in pre-, in- and post-processing stages. Spectroscopic techniques offer suitable inspection, diagnosis and product trouble-shooting at each stage of AM processing. This review outlines the limitations in AM processes and the prospective role of spectroscopy in addressing these challenges. An overview on the principles and applications of AM techniques is presented, followed by the principles of spectroscopic techniques involved in AM and their applications in assessing additively manufactured parts.
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Costa, José, Elsa Sequeiros, Maria Teresa Vieira, and Manuel Vieira. "Additive Manufacturing." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.003_0005.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the most trending technologies nowadays, and it has the potential to become one of the most disruptive technologies for manufacturing. Academia and industry pay attention to AM because it enables a wide range of new possibilities for design freedom, complex parts production, components, mass personalization, and process improvement. The material extrusion (ME) AM technology for metallic materials is becoming relevant and equivalent to other AM techniques, like laser powder bed fusion. Although ME cannot overpass some limitations, compared with other AM technologies, it enables smaller overall costs and initial investment, more straightforward equipment parametrization, and production flexibility.This study aims to evaluate components produced by ME, or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), with different materials: Inconel 625, H13 SAE, and 17-4PH. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of manufactured parts were evaluated, confirming the process effectiveness and revealing that this is an alternative for metal-based AM.
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Grierson, Dean, Allan E. W. Rennie, and Stephen D. Quayle. "Machine Learning for Additive Manufacturing." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030048.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to a family of manufacturing processes where materials are joined to make parts from 3D modelling data, generally in a layer-upon-layer manner. AM is rapidly increasing in industrial adoption for the manufacture of end-use parts, which is therefore pushing for the maturation of design, process, and production techniques. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with training programs to self-improve and has applications in a wide range of areas, such as computer vision, prediction, and information retrieval. Many of the problems facing AM can be categorised into one or more of these application areas. Studies have shown ML techniques to be effective in improving AM design, process, and production but there are limited industrial case studies to support further development of these techniques.
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Kim, Hoejin, Yirong Lin, and Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng. "A review on quality control in additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 645–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0048.
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Purpose The usage of additive manufacturing (AM) technology in industries has reached up to 50 per cent as prototype or end-product. However, for AM products to be directly used as final products, AM product should be produced through advanced quality control process, which has a capability to be able to prove and reach their desire repeatability, reproducibility, reliability and preciseness. Therefore, there is a need to review quality-related research in terms of AM technology and guide AM industry in the future direction of AM development. Design/methodology/approach This paper overviews research progress regarding the QC in AM technology. The focus of the study is on manufacturing quality issues and needs that are to be developed and optimized, and further suggests ideas and directions toward the quality improvement for future AM technology. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 starts by conducting a comprehensive review of the literature studies on progress of quality control, issues and challenges regarding quality improvement in seven different AM techniques. Next, Section 3 provides classification of the research findings, and lastly, Section 4 discusses the challenges and future trends. Findings This paper presents a review on quality control in seven different techniques in AM technology and provides detailed discussions in each quality process stage. Most of the AM techniques have a trend using in-situ sensors and cameras to acquire process data for real-time monitoring and quality analysis. Procedures such as extrusion-based processes (EBP) have further advanced in data analytics and predictive algorithms-based research regarding mechanical properties and optimal printing parameters. Moreover, compared to others, the material jetting progresses technique has advanced in a system integrated with closed-feedback loop, machine vision and image processing to minimize quality issues during printing process. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to reviewing of only seven techniques of AM technology, which includes photopolymer vat processes, material jetting processes, binder jetting processes, extrusion-based processes, powder bed fusion processes, directed energy deposition processes and sheet lamination processes. This paper would impact on the improvement of quality control in AM industries such as industrial, automotive, medical, aerospace and military production. Originality/value Additive manufacturing technology, in terms of quality control has yet to be reviewed.
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Vaezi, Mohammad, Philipp Drescher, and Hermann Seitz. "Beamless Metal Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040922.
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The propensity to manufacture functional and geometrically sophisticated parts from a wide range of metals provides the metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes superior advantages over traditional methods. The field of metal AM is currently dominated by beam-based technologies such as selective laser sintering (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM) which have some limitations such as high production cost, residual stress and anisotropic mechanical properties induced by melting of metal powders followed by rapid solidification. So, there exist a significant gap between industrial production requirements and the qualities offered by well-established beam-based AM technologies. Therefore, beamless metal AM techniques (known as non-beam metal AM) have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have been found to be able to fill the gap and bring new possibilities. There exist a number of beamless processes with distinctively various characteristics that are either under development or already available on the market. Since this is a very promising field and there is currently no high-quality review on this topic yet, this paper aims to review the key beamless processes and their latest developments.
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Klüver, Enno, Marit Baltzer, Axel Langer, and Michael Meyer. "Additive Manufacturing with Thermoplastic Collagen." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050974.
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Thermoplastic collagen is a partially denatured collagen powder which can be processed by thermoplastic methods such as extrusion and injection molding, but was hitherto not adapted for the use in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. This paper describes the first successful application of collagen/water/glycerol mixtures in an AM process using a BioScaffolder 3.2 from GeSiM mbH. Strands of molten collagen were deposited onto a building platform forming differently shaped objects. The collagen melt was characterized rheologically and optimal processing conditions were established. The technique includes the use of supporting structures of PLA/wood composite for samples with complex geometry as well as post-processing steps such as the removal of the supporting structure and manual surface smoothing. The manufactured objects are characterized concerning water solubility, swelling behavior and compressibility. Possible applications are in the non-medical sector and include collagen-based pet food or customized organ models for medical training.
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Aversa, Alberta, and Paolo Fino. "Special Issue on Materials Development by Additive Manufacturing Techniques." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 5119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155119.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are steadily gaining attention from many industrial fields, as they are revolutionizing components’ designs and production lines. However, the full application of these technologies to industrial manufacturing has to be supported by the study of the AM materials’ properties and their correlations with the feedstock and the building conditions. Furthermore, nowadays, only a limited number of materials processable by AM are available on the market. It is, therefore, fundamental to widen the materials’ portfolio and to study and develop new materials that can take advantage of these unique building processes. The present special issue collects recent research activities on these topics.
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Xiong, Wei. "Additive manufacturing as a tool for high-throughput experimentation." Journal of Materials Informatics 2, no. 3 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2022.19.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology with a unique capability in fabricating parts with complex geometry and fixing broken supply chains. However, many AM techniques are complicated with their processing features due to complex heating and cooling cycles with the melting of feedstock materials. Therefore, it is quite challenging to directly apply the materials design and processing optimization method used for conventional manufacturing to AM techniques. In this viewpoint paper, we discuss some of the ongoing efforts of high-throughput (HT) experimentation, which can be used for materials development and processing design. Particularly, we focus on the beam- and powder-based AM techniques since these methods have demonstrated success in HT experimentation. In addition, we propose new opportunities to apply AM techniques as the materials informatic tools contributing to materials genome.
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Zhai, Xiaoya, Liuchao Jin, and Jingchao Jiang. "A survey of additive manufacturing reviews." Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing 1, no. 4 (November 16, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/msam.v1i4.21.
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Nowadays, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been widely used in construction, medical, military, aerospace, fashion, etc. The advantages of AM (e.g., more design freedom, no restriction on the complexity of parts, and rapid prototyping) have attracted a growing number of researchers. Increasing number of papers are published each year. Until now, thousands of review papers have already been published in the field of AM. It is, therefore, perhaps timely to perform a survey on AM review papers so as to provide an overview and guidance for readers to choose their interested reviews on some specific topics. This survey gives detailed analysis on these reviews, divides these reviews into different groups based on the AM techniques and materials used, highlights some important reviews in this area, and provides some discussions and insights.
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Naseer, Muhammad Usman, Ants Kallaste, Bilal Asad, Toomas Vaimann, and Anton Rassõlkin. "A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071940.
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This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.
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Królikowski, Marcin A., and Marta B. Krawczyk. "Metal cutting and additive manufacturing as an integral stages of metals hybrid manufacturing in Industry 4.0." Mechanik 91, no. 8-9 (September 10, 2018): 769–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.8-9.129.
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This paper describes the role of metal cutting process as integral part of manufacturing with application of MAM (metal additive manufacturing) techniques. Additive manufacturing is written explicit as main feature included in Industry 4.0 cycle. AM techniques lead to hybrid manufacturing techniques as well. This paper points that AM almost always is accompanied by supplementary conventional machining.
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Hu, Chao, Zeyu Sun, Yi Xiao, and Qinghua Qin. "Recent Patents in Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666190117131659.
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Background: Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the accurate fabrication of designed parts in a short time without the need for specific molds and tools. Although polymers are the most widely used raw materials for AM, the products printed by them are inherently weak, unable to sustain large tension or bending stresses. A need for the manufacturing of fiber reinforced composites, especially continuous fiber as reinforcement, has attracted great attention in recent years. Objective: Identifying the progress of the AM of continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites over time and therefore establishing a foundation on which current research can be based. Methods: Elaborating the most related patents regarding the AM techniques for fabricating continuous fiber reinforced composites in the top three institutions, including Markforged company, Xi’an Jiaotong University and President and Fellows of Harvard College. Results: The recent patents in AM of continuous fiber reinforced composites are classified into two aspects: patents related to novel technique methods and patents related to novel structures. The current issues and future development of AM-based composites are given. Conclusion: New structures and techniques have been introduced into conventional 3D printers to enable the printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites. However, until now, Markforged is the only company commercializing the fabrication of this kind of composites based on AM technique. Numerous challenges and issues need to be solved so that AM of continuous fiber reinforced composites can be a new manufacturing method.
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Serrano, J., G. M. Bruscas, J. V. Abellán, and R. Lázaro. "Study of additive manufacturing techniques to obtain tactile graphics." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1193, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1193/1/012117.
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Abstract Tactile graphics (TG) are intended to facilitate communication for people with total or partial visual impairment. For this purpose, TG include elements in relief that can be perceived through the sense of touch. TG can be fixed or portable. Fixed TG are expensive, as they are typically produced in very short runs, mostly single part production. Portable TG can be made by thermoforming polymer sheets, but a mould is still required, even though production runs are short (some tens). For this reason, the use of Rapid Manufacturing (RM) and Rapid Tooling (RT) strategies to manufacture TG can be of great interest. In this work, a literature review to study the application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) to obtain TG, both as RM and RT, is carried out. The review reveals the suitability of AM techniques to manufacture TG. In addition, some AM techniques are analysed to be used for a new type of TG, which is based on the deposition of glaze on ceramic tiles.
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Mishra, Prithu, Shruti Sood, Mayank Pandit, and Pradeep Khanna. "Additive Manufacturing: Post Processing Methods and Challenges." Advanced Engineering Forum 39 (February 2021): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.39.21.
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Additive Manufacturing (AM) has shown great potential for efficient realization of complicated microdevices fabricated with higher freedom of design and made from a wide variety of materials suiting to their specific target functionalities. Capability of generation of components with reduced weights, higher part consolidation, greater customization offered along with minimal waste generation are its advantages over conventional manufacturing processes. The AM built parts, however, need to undergo relevant post processing techniques to render them fit for their end product application. The paper attempts to classify the post processing techniques and emphasize their applicability to specific AM methods, generalized procedure as well as the recent improvements undergone. The post processing techniques have been categorised as methods for support material removal, surface texture improvements, thermal and non-thermal post processing and aesthetic improvements. The main challenges to the expansion of additive manufacturing have been discussed which highlight the future, scope of improvement and research required in the area of appropriate tool path development and product quality with regards to surface roughness, resolution and porosity levels in the built part.
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Calignano, Flaviana, Manuela Galati, Luca Iuliano, and Paolo Minetola. "Design of Additively Manufactured Structures for Biomedical Applications: A Review of the Additive Manufacturing Processes Applied to the Biomedical Sector." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9748212.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology as it pushes the frontier of manufacturing towards a new design perspective, such as the ability to shape geometries that cannot be formed with any other traditional technique. AM has today shown successful applications in several fields such as the biomedical sector in which it provides a relatively fast and effective way to solve even complex medical cases. From this point of view, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate AM technologies currently used in the medical field and their benefits along with contemporary. The review highlights differences in processes, materials, and design of additive manufacturing techniques used in biomedical applications. Successful case studies are presented to emphasise the potentiality of AM processes. The presented review supports improvements in materials and design for future researches in biomedical surgeries using instruments and implants made by AM.
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Pasco, Jubert, Zhen Lei, and Clodualdo Aranas. "Additive Manufacturing in Off-Site Construction: Review and Future Directions." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010053.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0 to attain a circular economy. The process involves a layer-by-layer deposition of material from a computer-aided-design (CAD) model to form complex shapes. Fast prototyping and waste minimization are the main benefits of employing such a technique. AM technology is presently revolutionizing various industries such as electronics, biomedical, defense, and aerospace. Such technology can be complemented with standardized frameworks to attract industrial acceptance, such as in the construction industry. Off-site construction has the potential to improve construction efficiency by adopting AM. In this paper, the types of additive manufacturing processes were reviewed, with emphasis on applications in off-site construction. This information was complemented with a discussion on the types and mechanical properties of materials that can be produced using AM techniques, particularly metallic components. Strategies to assess cost and material considerations such as Production line Breakdown Structure (PBS) and Value Stream Mapping are highlighted. In addition, a comprehensive approach that evaluates the entire life cycle of the component was suggested when comparing AM techniques and conventional manufacturing options.
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Subramani, Raja, S. Kaliappan, P. V. Arul kumar, S. Sekar, Melvin Victor De Poures, Pravin P. Patil, and E. S. Esakki raj. "A Recent Trend on Additive Manufacturing Sustainability with Supply Chain Management Concept, Multicriteria Decision Making Techniques." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 13, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9151839.
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In the past 3 decades, the emerging technology in manufacturing sector other than conventional manufacturing is additive manufacturing (AM). The additive manufacturing principle was completely born from the research gaps of conventional manufacturing concepts such that the elimination of wastage and produce the component layer upon layer. Every new technology obtains the sustainability that may consider in the supply chain management principle of the raw material to finished products and decision-making techniques are to reach the consumer or customer as properly and periodically but these things are addressed challenges in additive manufacturing. This review paper aims to narrate the common research gaps on additive manufacturing, the structure of the supply chain management on AM, MCDM tools/techniques, AM application in different fields, challenges of selection of additive manufacturing, AM processes, and its application. The traditional method of literature review has been used for this review. The outcome of this review has helped the new researcher’s decision making on the AM various problems as easily and the new researchers may give the experimental solution for explored research gaps.
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Li, Yan, Dichen Li, Bingheng Lu, Dajing Gao, and Jack Zhou. "Current status of additive manufacturing for tissue engineering scaffold." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2015): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2014-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of additive manufacturing (AM) used for tissue engineering (TE) scaffold. AM processes are identified as an effective method for fabricating geometrically complex objects directly from computer models or three-dimensional digital representations. The use of AM technologies in the field of TE has grown rapidly in the past 10 years. Design/methodology/approach – The processes, materials, precision, applications of different AM technologies and their modified versions used for TE scaffold are presented. Additionally, future directions of AM used for TE scaffold are also discussed. Findings – There are two principal routes for the fabrication of scaffolds by AM: direct and indirect routes. According to the working principle, the AM technologies used for TE scaffold can be generally classified into: laser-based; nozzle-based; and hybrid. Although a number of materials and fabrication techniques have been developed, each AM technique is a process based on the unique property of the raw materials applied. The fabrication of TE scaffolds faces a variety of challenges, such as expanding the range of materials, improving precision and adapting to complex scaffold structures. Originality/value – This review presents the latest research regarding AM used for TE scaffold. The information available in this paper helps researchers, scholars and graduate students to get a quick overview on the recent research of AM used for TE scaffold and identify new research directions for AM in TE.
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Castro e Costa, Eduardo, José Pinto Duarte, and Paulo Bártolo. "A review of additive manufacturing for ceramic production." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2015-0128.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors aim to address the potential of mass personalization for ceramic tableware objects. They argue that additive manufacturing (AM) is the most adequate approach to the production of such objects. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the manufacturing of ceramic tableware objects, both traditional techniques and AM processes, and assess which available AM technologies are suitable for the research purpose. Findings The authors consider binder jetting and material extrusion as the most suitable processes for the production of ceramic objects to be integrated into a mass personalization system of ceramic tableware. Originality/value This paper provides an original overview of traditional and innovative techniques in ceramic manufacturing, exposing not only its differences but also its commonalities. Such overview supports the conceptual design of original equipment.
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Peng, Xing, Lingbao Kong, Jerry Ying Hsi Fuh, and Hao Wang. "A Review of Post-Processing Technologies in Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 2 (April 18, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5020038.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has rapidly evolved with research advances related to AM processes, materials, and designs. The advantages of AM over conventional techniques include an augmented capability to produce parts with complex geometries, operational flexibility, and reduced production time. However, AM processes also face critical issues, such as poor surface quality and inadequate mechanical properties. Therefore, several post-processing technologies are applied to improve the surface quality of the additively manufactured parts. This work aims to document post-processing technologies and their applications concerning different AM processes. Various types of post-process treatments are reviewed and their integrations with AM process are discussed.
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Peterson, Gregory I., Mete Yurtoglu, Michael B. Larsen, Stephen L. Craig, Mark A. Ganter, Duane W. Storti, and Andrew J. Boydston. "Additive manufacturing of mechanochromic polycaprolactone on entry-level systems." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2014-0115.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore and demonstrate the ability to integrate entry-level additive manufacturing (AM) techniques with responsive polymers capable of mechanical to chemical energy transduction. This integration signifies the merger of AM and smart materials. Design/methodology/approach – Custom filaments were synthesized comprising covalently incorporated spiropyran moieties. The mechanical activation and chemical response of the spiropyran-containing filaments were demonstrated in materials that were produced via fused filament fabrication techniques. Findings – Custom filaments were successfully produced and printed with complete preservation of the mechanochemical reactivity of the spiropyran units. These smart materials were demonstrated in two key constructs: a center-cracked test specimen and a mechanochromic force sensor. The mechanochromic nature of the filament enables (semi)quantitative assessment of peak loads based on color change, without requiring any external analytical techniques. Originality/value – This paper describes the first examples of three-dimensional-printed mechanophores, which may be of significant interest to the AM community. The ability to control the chemical response to external mechanical forces, in combination with AM to process the bulk materials, potentiates customizability at the molecular and macroscopic length scales.
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Šuba, Roland. "Sustainability Aspects of Parts Additive Manufacturing from Metal Powder." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 30, no. 50 (June 1, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2022-0005.
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Abstract In recent times, demand for sustainable products and systems keeps increasing. It is guided by need for reduction of energy and material consumption. Powder metallurgy (PM) has generally lower energy consumption and higher material yield than other conventional processes, such as casting, forming and machining. Also some additive manufacturing (AM) techniques use metal powder as feedstock. In this paper, the energy consumption and material yield of AM techniques using metal powders are compared with conventional manufacturing.
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Baldinger, Matthias, Gideon Levy, Paul Schönsleben, and Matthias Wandfluh. "Additive manufacturing cost estimation for buy scenarios." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2015-0023.
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Purpose To design for additive manufacturing (AM), the decision to use AM needs to be taken early in the product development process. Therefore, engineers need to be able to estimate AM part cost based on the few parameters available at this point in the process. This paper aims to develop suitable cost estimation models for this purpose, focusing on buy scenarios, as many companies choose to buy parts at service providers. Design/methodology/approach This study applies analogical cost estimation techniques to a data set of price quotations for laser sintering and laser melting parts. Findings The paper proposes easy-to-apply cost estimation models for laser sintering and laser melting for buy scenarios. Further, it generates new insights on the AM service provider market. Research limitations/implications The proposed models are only suitable for buy scenarios and are only a snapshot of cost achievable in 2014. Practical implications The proposed cost estimation models enable engineers to approximate AM part costs early in the product development process and thereby ease the decision to rapid manufacture certain parts. Originality/value This study addresses two gaps in the AM cost literature. It is the first study to take a qualitative approach to AM cost estimation, which is more suitable early in the product development process than the currently available quantitative studies. Further, it develops the first cost estimation for buy scenarios.
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Selema, Ahmed, Mohamed N. Ibrahim, and Peter Sergeant. "Metal Additive Manufacturing for Electrical Machines: Technology Review and Latest Advancements." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031076.
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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has been growing remarkably in the past few years. Thanks to the advantages of unmatched flexibility and zero material waste, this clean technology opens the door for new design solutions with greater material efficiency, which are not possible through conventional machining techniques. In this paper, we provide a technology overview of metal AM techniques that can be utilized in a wide range of applications, including constructing electrical machines. Different techniques of metal AM are discussed and compared. Additionally, the impact of the material forms (powder/wire) on printing speed and quality are studied. Based on the industrial and technical literature, this paper provides a comprehensive review of metal AM in the fabrication of electrical machines and their applications. This includes the current state of the art and associated benefits of AM in these applications.
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Gatto, Maria Laura, Paolo Mengucci, Daniel Munteanu, Roberto Nasini, Emanuele Tognoli, Lucia Denti, and Andrea Gatto. "Beads for Cell Immobilization: Comparison of Alternative Additive Manufacturing Techniques." Bioengineering 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020150.
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The attachment or entrapment of microbial cells and enzymes are promising solutions for various industrial applications. When the traps are beads, they are dispersed in a fluidized bed in a vessel where a pump guarantees fresh liquid inflow and waste outflow without washing out the cells. Scientific papers report numerous types of cell entrapment, but most of their applications remain at the laboratory level. In the present research, rigid polymer beads were manufactured by two different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques in order to verify the economy, reusability, and stability of the traps, with a view toward a straightforward industrial application. The proposed solutions allowed for overcoming some of the drawbacks of traditional manufacturing solutions, such as the limited mechanical stability of gel traps, and they guaranteed the possibility of producing parts of constant quality with purposely designed exchange surfaces, which are unfeasible when using conventional processes. AM proved to be a viable manufacturing solution for beads with complex shapes of two different size ranges. A deep insight into the production and characteristics of beads manufactured by AM is provided. The paper provides biotechnologists with a manufacturing perspective, and the results can be directly applied to transit from the laboratory to the industrial scale.
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Furumoto, Tatsuaki. "Special Issue on Additive Manufacturing with Metals." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 3 (May 5, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0329.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) with metals is currently one of the most promising techniques for 3D-printed structures, as it has tremendous potential to produce complex, lightweight, and functionally-optimized parts. The medical, aerospace, and automotive industries are some of the many expected to reap particular benefits from the ability to produce high-quality models with reduced manufacturing costs and lead times. The main advantages of AM with metals are the flexibility of the process and the wide variety of metal materials that are available. Various materials, including steel, titanium, aluminum alloys, and nickel-based alloys, can be employed to produce end products. The objective of this special issue is to collect recent research works focusing on AM with metals. This issue includes 5 papers covering the following topics: ===danraku===- Powder bed fusion (PBF) ===danraku===- Directed energy deposition (DED) ===danraku===- Wire and arc-based AM (WAAM) ===danraku===- Binder jetting (BJT) ===danraku===- Fused deposition modeling (FDM) This issue is expected to help readers understand recent developments in AM, leading to further research. We deeply appreciate the contributions of all authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.
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Chuang, A., and J. Erlebacher. "Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating Dealloying Methods into Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173706.
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The physical architecture of materials plays an integral role in determining material properties and functionality. While many processing techniques now exist for fabricating parts of any shape or size, a couple of techniques have emerged as facile and effective methods for creating unique structures: dealloying and additive manufacturing. This review discusses progress and challenges in the integration of dealloying techniques with the additive manufacturing (AM) platform to take advantage of the material processing capabilities established by each field. These methods are uniquely complementary: not only can we use AM to make nanoporous metals of complex, customized shapes—for instance, with applications in biomedical implants and microfluidics—but dealloying can occur simultaneously during AM to produce unique composite materials with nanoscale features of two interpenetrating phases. We discuss the experimental challenges of implementing these processing methods and how future efforts could be directed to address these difficulties. Our premise is that combining these synergistic techniques offers both new avenues for creating 3D functional materials and new functional materials that cannot be synthesized any other way. Dealloying and AM will continue to grow both independently and together as the materials community realizes the potential of this compelling combination.
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Rodríguez-González, P., P. E. Robles Valero, A. I. Fernández-Abia, M. A. Castro-Sastre, and J. Barreiro García. "Application of Vacuum Techniques in Shell Moulds Produced by Additive Manufacturing." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081090.
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This research shows the feasibility of the additive manufacturing technique (AM), Binder Jetting (BJ), for the production of shell moulds, which are filled by vacuum suction in the field of aluminium parts production. In addition, this study compares the gravity pouring technique and highlights the advantages of using vacuum techniques in AM moulds. A numerical simulation was carried out to study the behaviour of the liquid metal inside the moulds and the cooling rate of parts was analysed. The results show that in the gravity-pouring mould, the velocity in the gate causes moderate turbulence with small waves. However, vacuum suction keeps the velocity constant by eliminating waves and the filling process is homogeneous. Regarding dimensional accuracy, the staircase effect on the surface of the 3D moulds was the most critical aspect. The vacuum provides very homogeneous values of roughness across the entire surface of the part. Similarly, 3D scanning of castings revealed more accurate dimensions thanks to the help of vacuum forces. Finally, the microstructure of the cross section of the moulded parts shows that the porosity decreases with the vacuum filled. In both cases, the origin of the pores corresponds to gas entrapment and shrinkage during the filling process, the binder vaporization and nucleation points creation, leading to pores by shrinkage, gas entrapment or a mixture of both. This is the first study that uses vacuum filling techniques in moulds created by BJ, demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of AM using vacuum techniques, as an alternative to traditional casting.
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Popov, Vladimir V., and Alexander Fleisher. "Hybrid additive manufacturing of steels and alloys." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020005.
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Hybrid additive manufacturing is a relatively modern trend in the integration of different additive manufacturing techniques in the traditional manufacturing production chain. Here the AM-technique is used for producing a part on another substrate part, that is manufactured by traditional manufacturing like casting or milling. Such beneficial combination of additive and traditional manufacturing helps to overcome well-known issues, like limited maximum build size, low production rate, insufficient accuracy, and surface roughness. The current paper is devoted to the classification of different approaches in the hybrid additive manufacturing of steel components. Additional discussion is related to the benefits of Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and Direct Energy Deposition (DED) approaches for hybrid additive manufacturing of steel components.
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Fontana, Filippo, Christoph Klahn, and Mirko Meboldt. "Value-driven clustering of industrial additive manufacturing applications." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 366–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-06-2018-0167.
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Purpose A prerequisite for the successful adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in industry is the identification of areas, where such technologies could offer a clear competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unique value-adding characteristics of AM, define areas of viable application in a firm value chain and discuss common implications of AM adoption for companies and their processes. Design/methodology/approach The research leverages a multi-case-study approach and considers interviews with AM adopting companies from the Swiss and central European region in the medical and industrial manufacturing industries. The authors rely on a value chain model comprising a new product development process and an order fulfillment process (OFP) to analyze the benefits of AM technologies. Findings The research identifies and defines seven clusters within a firm value chain, where the application of AM could create benefits for the adopting company and its customers. The authors suggest that understanding the AM process chain and the design experience are key to explaining the heterogeneous industrial maturity of the presented clusters. The authors further examine the suitability of AM technologies with agile development techniques to pursue incremental product launches in hardware. It is clearly a field requiring the attention of scholars. Originality/value This paper presents a value-driven approach for use-case identification and reveals implications of the industrial implementation of AM technologies. The resultant clustering model provides guidance to new AM adopters.
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Charalampous, Paschalis, Ioannis Kostavelis, and Dimitrios Tzovaras. "Non-destructive quality control methods in additive manufacturing: a survey." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2019-0224.
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Purpose In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been acknowledged as an efficient method for producing geometrical complex objects with a wide range of applications. However, dimensional inaccuracies and presence of defects hinder the broad adaption of AM procedures. These factors arouse concerns regarding the quality of the products produced with AM and the utilization of quality control (QC) techniques constitutes a must to further support this emerging technology. This paper aims to assist researchers to obtain a clear sight of what are the trends and what has been inspected so far concerning non-destructive testing (NDT) QC methods in AM. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a survey on research advances on non-destructive QC procedures used in AM technology has been conducted. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the existing NDT methods applied for the examination of the feedstock material, i.e. incoming quality control (IQC). Section 3 outlines the inspection methods for in situ QC, while Section 4 presents the methods of NDT applied after the manufacturing process i.e. outgoing QC methods. In Section 5, statistical QC methods used in AM technologies are documented. Future trends and challenges are included in Section 6 and conclusions are drawn in Section 7. Findings The primary scope of the study is to present the available and reliable NDT methods applied in every AM technology and all stages of the process. Most of the developed techniques so far are concentrated mainly in the inspection of the manufactured part during and post the AM process, compared to prior to the procedure. Moreover, material extrusion, direct energy deposition and powder bed processes are the focal points of the research in NDT methods applied in AM. Originality/value This literature review paper is the first to collect the latest and the most compatible techniques to evaluate the quality of parts produced by the main AM processes prior, during and after the manufacturing procedure.
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Dörrie, Robin, Vittoria Laghi, Lidiana Arrè, Gabriela Kienbaum, Neira Babovic, Norman Hack, and Harald Kloft. "Combined Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Adaptive Coastline Protection Structures." Buildings 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111806.
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Traditional reinforcement cages are manufactured in a handicraft manner and do not use the full potential of the material, nor can they map from optimised geometries. The shown research is focused on robotically-manufactured, structurally-optimised reinforcement structures which are prefabricated and can be encased by concrete through SC3DP in a combined process. Based on the reinforcement concept of “reinforcement supports concrete,” the prefabricated cages support the concrete during application in a combined AM process. To demonstrate the huge potential of combined AM processes based on the SC3DP and WAAM techniques (for example, the manufacturing of individualized CPS), the so-called FLOWall is presented here. First, the form-finding process for the FLOWall concept based on fluid dynamic simulation is explained. For this, a three-step strategy is presented, which consists of (i) the 3D modelling of the element, (ii) the force-flow analysis, and (iii) the structural validation in a computational fluid dynamics software. From the finalized design, the printing phase is divided into two steps, one for the WAAM reinforcement and one for the SC3DP wall. The final result provides a good example of efficient integration of two different printing techniques to create a new generation of freeform coastline protection structures.
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Prajapati, Devendra Kumar, and Ravinder Kumar. "Additive Manufacturing Sustainability in Industries." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2647.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is an advanced technique to fabricate a three-dimensional object while utilizing materials with minimal wastage to produce complex shape geometries. This technique has escalated practically as well as academically, resulting in a wide range of utility in the current global scenario to ease the manufacturing of complex and intricate objects with the use of various materials, depending upon the properties and availability of the same. Every industries wants to achieve the sustainability, easily can be possible through this manufacturing process. Due to the scope for a large number of design, material and processing combinations, a detailed outlook to how additive manufacturing can be optimized for a highly sustainable and standardized manufacturing practice needs to be assessed and understood. This paper discusses the core knowledge available regarding this manufacturing process and highlights the different processes related to this technique through review of various research papers. And also discuss the sustainability of important additive manufacturing process. Along with the fundamental analysis of this process, the paper also discusses the various attributes of the process and the growth with respect to the latest trends and techniques currently used in industries.
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Bedmar, Javier, Ainhoa Riquelme, Pilar Rodrigo, Belen Torres, and Joaquin Rams. "Comparison of Different Additive Manufacturing Methods for 316L Stainless Steel." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 6504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216504.
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In additive manufacturing (AM), the technology and processing parameters are key elements that determine the characteristics of samples for a given material. To distinguish the effects of these variables, we used the same AISI 316L stainless steel powder with different AM techniques. The techniques used are the most relevant ones in the AM of metals, i.e., direct laser deposition (DLD) with a high-power diode laser and selective laser melting (SLM) using a fiber laser and a novel CO2 laser, a novel technique that has not yet been reported with this material. The microstructure of all samples showed austenitic and ferritic phases, which were coarser with the DLD technique than for the two SLM ones. The hardness of the fiber laser SLM samples was the greatest, but its bending strength was lower. In SLM with CO2 laser pieces, the porosity and lack of melting reduced the fracture strain, but the strength was greater than in the fiber laser SLM samples under certain build-up strategies. Specimens manufactured using DLD showed a higher fracture strain than the rest, while maintaining high strength values. In all the cases, crack surfaces were observed and the fracture mechanisms were determined. The processing conditions were compared using a normalized parameters methodology, which has also been used to explain the observed microstructures.
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Tosto, Claudio, Eugenio Pergolizzi, and Gianluca Cicala. "Comparison of Three Additive Manufacturing (AM) Techniques for Manufacturing Complex Hollow Composite Parts." Macromolecular Symposia 404, no. 1 (August 2022): 2100340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.202100340.
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Jamali, Koosha, Vinayak Kaushal, and Mohammad Najafi. "Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in Civil Infrastructure Systems: A Ten-Year Review." Infrastructures 6, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6080108.
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As human beings, we have a moral responsibility to act in a manner that takes the wellbeing of humans and Earth into consideration. When building, we must consider two things: the health of the workforce associated with construction and the state of the planet after building. Many engineers in the past have made groundbreaking achievements to revolutionize the civil infrastructure systems (CIS) industry. However, additive manufacturing (AM) has yet to be significantly recognized throughout the CIS industry. In this review, the use of all fundamental materials utilized by AM in CIS like concrete, metals, and polymers, are discussed. The objective of this study is to expand upon the technology of AM, specifically in CIS and to provide a review on the evolution of AM from 2011 to 2021. The different AM techniques that are utilized to construct said structures are also included. The review study suggests that AM can be useful in the CIS industry, as homes, bridges, and benches were manufactured with this technique. To enhance the reader’s visualization, pictures of the related built structures are also presented. It can be concluded that adopting AM techniques in the CIS industry can save material, speed up the construction process, and create a safer environment for the people that work in the CIS industry. Since the research on this subject is limited, further research on polymer printing along with metal printing is recommended.
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Froes, F. H., and B. Dutta. "The Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Titanium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.19.
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High cost is the major reason that there is not more wide-spread use of titanium alloys. Powder Metallurgy (P/M) represents one cost effective approach to fabrication of titanium components and Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging attractive PM Technique . In this paper AM is discussed with the emphasis on the “work horse” titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The various approaches to AM are presented and discussed, followed by some examples of components produced by AM. The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced by AM are listed and shown to compare very well with cast and wrought product. Finally, the economic advantages to be gained using the AM technique compared to conventionally processed material are presented. Key words: Additive Manufacturing (AM), 3D Printing, CAD, CAM, Laser, Electron beam, near net shape, remanufacturing, Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Direct Energy Deposition (DED)
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Tao, Yubo, Qing Yin, and Peng Li. "An Additive Manufacturing Method Using Large-Scale Wood Inspired by Laminated Object Manufacturing and Plywood Technology." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010144.
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Wood-based materials in current additive manufacturing (AM) feedstocks are primarily restricted to the micron scale. Utilizing large-scale wood in existing AM techniques remains a challenge. This paper proposes an AM method—laser-cut veneer lamination (LcVL)—for wood-based product fabrication. Inspired by laminated object manufacturing (LOM) and plywood technology, LcVL bonds wood veneers in a layer-upon-layer manner. As demonstrated by printed samples, LcVL was able to retain the advantageous qualities of AM, specifically, the ability to manufacture products with complex geometries which would otherwise be impossible using subtractive manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, LcVL-product structures designed through adjusting internal voids and wood-texture directionality could serve as material templates or matrices for functional wood-based materials. Numerical analyses established relations between the processing resolution of LcVL and proportional veneer thickness (layer height). LcVL could serve as a basis for the further development of large-scale wood usage in AM.
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Stenvall, Erik, Göran Flodberg, Henrik Pettersson, Kennet Hellberg, Liselotte Hermansson, Martin Wallin, and Li Yang. "Additive Manufacturing of Prostheses Using Forest-Based Composites." Bioengineering 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030103.
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A custom-made prosthetic product is unique for each patient. Fossil-based thermoplastics are the dominant raw materials in both prosthetic and industrial applications; there is a general demand for reducing their use and replacing them with renewable, biobased materials. A transtibial prosthesis sets strict demands on mechanical strength, durability, reliability, etc., which depend on the biocomposite used and also the additive manufacturing (AM) process. The aim of this project was to develop systematic solutions for prosthetic products and services by combining biocomposites using forestry-based derivatives with AM techniques. Composite materials made of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were developed. The MFC contents (20, 30 and 40 wt%) were uniformly dispersed in the polymer PP matrix, and the MFC addition significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of the materials. With 30 wt% MFC, the tensile strength and Young´s modulus was about twice that of the PP when injection molding was performed. The composite material was successfully applied with an AM process, i.e., fused deposition modeling (FDM), and a transtibial prosthesis was created based on the end-user’s data. A clinical trial of the prosthesis was conducted with successful outcomes in terms of wearing experience, appearance (color), and acceptance towards the materials and the technique. Given the layer-by-layer nature of AM processes, structural and process optimizations are needed to maximize the reinforcement effects of MFC to eliminate variations in the binding area between adjacent layers and to improve the adhesion between layers.
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Prashanth, Konda Gokuldoss. "Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010013.
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Bird, David T., and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra. "Additive Manufacturing of Sensors for Military Monitoring Applications." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091455.
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The US Department of Defense (DoD) realizes the many uses of additive manufacturing (AM) as it has become a common fabrication technique for an extensive range of engineering components in several industrial sectors. 3D Printed (3DP) sensor technology offers high-performance features as a way to track individual warfighters on the battlefield, offering protection from threats such as weaponized toxins, bacteria or virus, with real-time monitoring of physiological events, advanced diagnostics, and connected feedback. Maximum protection of the warfighter gives a distinct advantage over adversaries by providing an enhanced awareness of situational threats on the battle field. There is a need to further explore aspects of AM such as higher printing resolution and efficiency, with faster print times and higher performance, sensitivity and optimized fabrication to ensure that soldiers are more safe and lethal to win our nation’s wars and come home safely. A review and comparison of various 3DP techniques for sensor fabrication is presented.
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Nawrot, Witold, and Karol Malecha. "Additive manufacturing revolution in ceramic microsystems." Microelectronics International 37, no. 2 (March 28, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2019-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review possibilities of implementing ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) into electronic device production, which can enable great new possibilities. Design/methodology/approach A short introduction into additive techniques is included, as well as primary characterization of structuring capabilities, dielectric performance and applicability in the electronic manufacturing process. Findings Ceramic stereolithography (SLA) is suitable for microchannel manufacturing, even using a relatively inexpensive system. This method is suitable for implementation into the electronic manufacturing process; however, a search for better materials is desired, especially for improved dielectric parameters, lowered sintering temperature and decreased porosity. Practical implications Relatively inexpensive ceramic SLA, which is now available, could make ceramic electronics, currently restricted to specific applications, more available. Originality/value Ceramic AM is in the beginning phase of implementation in electronic technology, and only a few reports are currently available, the most significant of which is mentioned in this paper.
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Uralde, Virginia, Fernando Veiga, Eider Aldalur, Alfredo Suarez, and Tomas Ballesteros. "Symmetry and Its Application in Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM)." Symmetry 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14091810.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is proving to be a promising new and economical technique for the manufacture of metal parts. This technique basically consists of depositing material in a more or less precise way until a solid is built. This stage of material deposition allows the acquisition of a part with a quasi-final geometry (considered a Near Net Shape process) with a very high raw material utilization rate. There is a wide variety of different manufacturing techniques for the production of components in metallic materials. Although significant research work has been carried out in recent years, resulting in the wide dissemination of results and presentation of reviews on the subject, this paper seeks to cover the applications of symmetry, and its techniques and principles, to the additive manufacturing of metals.
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Ahangar, Pouyan, Megan E. Cooke, Michael H. Weber, and Derek H. Rosenzweig. "Current Biomedical Applications of 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081713.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged over the past four decades as a cost-effective, on-demand modality for fabrication of geometrically complex objects. The ability to design and print virtually any object shape using a diverse array of materials, such as metals, polymers, ceramics and bioinks, has allowed for the adoption of this technology for biomedical applications in both research and clinical settings. Current advancements in tissue engineering and regeneration, therapeutic delivery, medical device fabrication and operative management planning ensure that AM will continue to play an increasingly important role in the future of healthcare. In this review, we outline current biomedical applications of common AM techniques and materials.
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Klenam, Desmond Edem Primus, Olufemi Sylvester Bamisaye, Iyanu Emmanuel Williams, Josias Willem van der Merwe, and Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin. "Global perspective and African outlook on additive manufacturing research − an overview." Manufacturing Review 9 (2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2022033.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and advances made globally in medicine, construction, aerospace, and energy sectors are discussed. The paper further explores the current state of AM innovation and development landscape in Africa as a late comer to this area of smart manufacturing. Peer-reviewed and published literature were retrieved from Scopus database from 2005 to 2021 and analysed. In Africa, out of 500 published articles, South Africa has the highest research throughput, whereas about two-thirds of the continent is not actively participating in this burgeoning field. The main AM techniques most widely used are selective laser melting, fused deposition modelling, and direct energy deposition. Globally, there is an interplay of computational (machine learning and mechanistic models) and experimental approaches to understanding the physical metallurgy of AM techniques and processes. Though this trend is consistent with global practices, Africa lags the world in AM technologies, a niche that could leapfrog the manufacturing sector. Thus, Africa need to foster collaborative partnership within and globally to become an active global player in this industry.
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Gor, Meet, Aashutosh Dobriyal, Vishal Wankhede, Pankaj Sahlot, Krzysztof Grzelak, Janusz Kluczyński, and Jakub Łuszczek. "Density Prediction in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: Machine Learning-Based Techniques." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 7271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147271.
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Machine learning (ML) is one of the artificial intelligence tools which uses past data to learn the relationship between input and output and helps to predict future trends. Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (PBF-AM) is extensively used for a wide range of applications in the industry. The AM process establishment for new material is a crucial task with trial-and-error approaches. In this work, ML techniques have been applied for the prediction of the density of PBF-AM. Density is the most vital property in evaluating the overall quality of the AM building part. The ML techniques, namely, artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR), are used to develop a model for predicting the density of the stainless steel (SS) 316L build part. These four methods are validated using R-squared values and different error functions to compare the predicted result. The ANN and SVM model performed well with the R-square value of 0.95 and 0.923, respectively, for the density prediction. The ML models would be beneficial for the prediction of the process parameters. Further, the developed ML model would also be helpful for the future application of ML in additive manufacturing.
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Butt, Javaid. "Exploring the Interrelationship between Additive Manufacturing and Industry 4.0." Designs 4, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4020013.
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Innovative technologies allow organizations to remain competitive in the market and increase their profitability. These driving factors have led to the adoption of several emerging technologies and no other trend has created more of an impact than Industry 4.0 in recent years. This is an umbrella term that encompasses several digital technologies that are geared toward automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes. These include but are not limited to several latest technological developments such as cyber-physical systems, digital twins, Internet of Things, cloud computing, cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence. Within the context of Industry 4.0, additive manufacturing (AM) is a crucial element. AM is also an umbrella term for several manufacturing techniques capable of manufacturing products by adding layers on top of each other. These technologies have been widely researched and implemented to produce homogeneous and heterogeneous products with complex geometries. This paper focuses on the interrelationship between AM and other elements of Industry 4.0. A comprehensive AM-centric literature review discussing the interaction between AM and Industry 4.0 elements whether directly (used for AM) or indirectly (used with AM) has been presented. Furthermore, a conceptual digital thread integrating AM and Industry 4.0 technologies has been proposed. The need for such interconnectedness and its benefits have been explored through the content-centric literature review. Development of such a digital thread for AM will provide significant benefits, allow companies to respond to customer requirements more efficiently, and will accelerate the shift toward smart manufacturing.
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Gutierrez, Cassie, Rudy Salas, Gustavo Hernandez, Dan Muse, Richard Olivas, Eric MacDonald, Michael D. Irwin, et al. "CubeSat Fabrication through Additive Manufacturing and Micro-Dispensing." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 001021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha4-paper3.
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Fabricating entire systems with both electrical and mechanical content through on-demand 3D printing is the future for high value manufacturing. In this new paradigm, conformal and complex shapes with a diversity of materials in spatial gradients can be built layer-by-layer using hybrid Additive Manufacturing (AM). A design can be conceived in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and printed on-demand. This new integrated approach enables the fabrication of sophisticated electronics in mechanical structures by avoiding the restrictions of traditional fabrication techniques, which result in stiff, two dimensional printed circuit boards (PCB) fabricated using many disparate and wasteful processes. The integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) combined with Direct Print (DP) micro-dispensing and robotic pick-and-place for component placement can 1) provide the capability to print-on-demand fabrication, 2) enable the use of micron-resolution cavities for press fitting electronic components and 3) integrate conductive traces for electrical interconnect between components. The fabrication freedom introduced by AM techniques such as stereolithography (SL), ultrasonic consolidation (UC), and fused deposition modeling (FDM) have only recently been explored in the context of electronics integration and 3D packaging. This paper describes a process that provides a novel approach for the fabrication of stiff conformal structures with integrated electronics and describes a prototype demonstration: a volumetrically-efficient sensor and microcontroller subsystem scheduled to launch in a CubeSat designed with the CubeFlow methodology.
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Sohrabi, Navid, Jamasp Jhabvala, and Roland E. Logé. "Additive Manufacturing of Bulk Metallic Glasses—Process, Challenges and Properties: A Review." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081279.
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Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMG) are metallic alloys that have the ability to solidify in an amorphous state. BMGs show enhanced properties, for instance, high hardness, strength, and excellent corrosion and wear resistance. BMGs produced by conventional methods are limited in size due to the high cooling rates required to avoid crystallization and the associated detrimental mechanical properties. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are a potential solution to this problem as the interaction between the heat source, e.g., laser, and the feedstock, e.g., powder, is short and confined to a small volume. However, producing amorphous parts with AM techniques with mechanical properties comparable to as-cast samples remains a challenge for most BMGs, and a complete understanding of the crystallization mechanisms is missing. This review paper tries to cover recent progress in this field and develop a thorough understanding of the correlation between different aspects of the topic. The following subjects are addressed: (i) AM techniques used for the fabrication of BMGs, (ii) particular BMGs used in AM, (iii) specific challenges in AM of BMGs such as the control of defects and crystallization, (iv) process optimization of mechanical properties, and (v) future trends.
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Mahmood, Muhammad Arif, Diana Chioibasu, Asif Ur Rehman, Sabin Mihai, and Andrei C. Popescu. "Post-Processing Techniques to Enhance the Quality of Metallic Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010077.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) processes can produce three-dimensional (3D) near-net-shape parts based on computer-aided design (CAD) models. Compared to traditional manufacturing processes, AM processes can generate parts with intricate geometries, operational flexibility and reduced manufacturing time, thus saving time and money. On the other hand, AM processes face complex issues, including poor surface finish, unwanted microstructure phases, defects, wear tracks, reduced corrosion resistance and reduced fatigue life. These problems prevent AM parts from real-time operational applications. Post-processing techniques, including laser shock peening, laser polishing, conventional machining methods and thermal processes, are usually applied to resolve these issues. These processes have proved their capability to enhance the surface characteristics and physical and mechanical properties. In this study, various post-processing techniques and their implementations have been compiled. The effect of post-processing techniques on additively manufactured parts has been discussed. It was found that laser shock peening (LSP) can cause severe strain rate generation, especially in thinner components. LSP can control the surface regularities and local grain refinement, thus elevating the hardness value. Laser polishing (LP) can reduce surface roughness up to 95% and increase hardness, collectively, compared to the as-built parts. Conventional machining processes enhance surface quality; however, their influence on hardness has not been proved yet. Thermal post-processing techniques are applied to eliminate porosity up to 99.99%, increase corrosion resistance, and finally, the mechanical properties’ elevation. For future perspectives, to prescribe a particular post-processing technique for specific defects, standardization is necessary. This study provides a detailed overview of the post-processing techniques applied to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of AM-ed parts. A particular method can be chosen based on one’s requirements.