Journal articles: 'Additive Manufacture of Energetic Materials'

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Rodriguez, J., J. I. Vicente, J. C. Ezeiza, A. Zuriarrain, P. J. Arrazola, X. Badiola, E. Dominguez, and D. Soler. "Mechanical and electrical properties of additively manufactured copper." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1193, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1193/1/012034.

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Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) has become the new paradigm of design and production strategies. While structural and functional materials are the most implemented ones, it is also possible to manufacture parts using precious metals, being copper one of the most interesting. Among AM technologies, the novel Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) has recently included this material between available ones. ADAM is free from thermal and energetic issues caused by high reflectivity and conductivity of copper which other AM encounter. Therefore, it could be a great alternative to manufacture pure copper. In this work ADAM was used to fabricate pure copper specimens in order to measure electrical and mechanical properties. The influence of a machining post processes in strength and ductility is also discussed. Results are compared with wrought C1 1000 copper and published results of other AM technologies. Despite the newness of ADAM, significant improvement in surface roughness and comparable results in other properties was observed. However, further research shall be done to optimize the manufacturing parameters in order to increase the relative density value, as it was found to be significantly lower than in other AM technologies.

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Cañadilla, Antonio, Ana Romero, Gloria P. Rodríguez, Miguel Á. Caminero, and Óscar J. Dura. "Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Characterization of Pure Copper Parts Manufactured via Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing." Materials 15, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 4644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134644.

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Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEAM) is a novel technology to produce polymeric, metallic, and ceramic complex components. Filaments composed of a high-volume content of metal powder and a suitable binder system are needed to obtain metallic parts. Thermal and energetic controversies do not affect MEAM technology, although common in other additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. High thermal conductivity and reflectivity of copper to high-energy beams are the most challenging properties. A material extrusion technique to produce high density and quality copper parts is deeply studied in this research. Characterization of the filament, printed parts, brown parts and final sintered parts is provided. The sintering stage is evaluated through density analysis of the sintered copper parts, as well as their dimensional accuracy after part shrinkage inherent to the sintering process. The mechanical behavior of sintered parts is assessed through tensile, hardness and impact toughness tests. In addition, the measured electrical and thermal conductivities are compared to those obtained by other AM technologies. High-density components, with 95% of relative density, were successfully manufactured using MEAM technology. Similar or even superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties than those achieved by other 3D printing processes such as Electron Beam Melting, Selective Laser Melting and Binder Jetting were obtained.

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Da Cunha, Thammi Queuri Gomes, Pedro Vilela Gondim Barbosa, Pedro Augusto Fonseca Lima, Thalles Santiago Pimentel, Lucas Lemes de Souza Peixoto, and Carlos Roberto Sette Júnior. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO RESÍDUO DE MDF E SEU APROVEITAMENTO NA PRODUÇÃO DE PELLETS." Nativa 6, no. 3 (May 22, 2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i3.5087.

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O processamento dos painéis de MDF, para a fabricação de móveis, gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos que constituem passivo ambiental, podendo ser utilizados para geração de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características do resíduo de MDF e seu aproveitamento na produção de pellets, visando a aplicação energética. A caracterização energética do resíduo foi realizada por meio da química imediata (teores de cinzas, voláteis e carbono fixo) e do poder calorífico superior. Além disso, foram produzidos e avaliados pellets (características energéticas e físico-mecânicas). A avaliação das características do resíduo: poder calorífico superior (4427,8 kcal.kg-1) e química imediata (carbono fixo, materiais voláteis e cinzas foram 16,3; 82,3 e 1,4%, respectivamente) e dos pellets de MDF: densidade aparente (1,15 g.cm-3), a granel (0,61 g.cm-3), energética (2,6 a 5,5 Gcal.m-3) e durabilidade (99,87%) indicaram a viabilidade técnica do aproveitamento do material como fonte energética. As características energéticas e físico-mecânicas dos pellets de MDF atenderam as especificações de qualidade exigidas nas normas internacionais de comercialização, exceto para o diâmetro médio.Palavras-chave: materiais densificados, potencial energético, painéis. CHARACTERIZATION OF MDF RESIDUE AND ITS USE IN PELLET PRODUCTION ABSTRACT:The processing of MDF panels, for the manufacture of furniture, generates a large amount of residues that constitutes an environmental liability, and can be used for power generation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the MDF residue and its use in the production of pellets, aiming at the energetic application. The energetic characterization of the residue was carried out by means of the proximate analysis (ash, volatile and fixed carbon contents), calorific value. In addition, pellets were produced and evaluated (energy and physico-mechanical characteristics). The evaluation of the characteristics of the residue: high heating value (4427.8 kcal kg-1) and proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile materials and ash were 16.3, 82.3 and 1.4%, respectively) and pellets: density (1.15 g cm -3), bulk density (0.61 g cm -3), energy density (2.6-5.5 Gcal m-3) and durability (99.87 %) indicated the technical feasibility of using the material as an energy source. The energy and physical-mechanical characteristics of MDF pellets met the quality specifications required by international marketing standards, except for the average diameter.Keywords: densified materials, energetic potential, panels. DOI:

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Loaeza, David, Jonathan Cailloux, Orlando Santana Pérez, Miguel Sánchez-Soto, and Maria Lluïsa Maspoch. "Extruded-Calendered Sheets of Fully Recycled PP/Opaque PET Blends: Mechanical and Fracture Behaviour." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142360.

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This work presents the experimental results of the mechanical and fracture behaviour of three polymeric blends prepared from two recycled plastics, namely polypropylene and opaque poly (ethylene terephthalate), where the second one acted as a reinforcement phase. The raw materials were two commercial degrees of recycled post-consumer waste, i.e., rPP and rPET-O. Sheets were manufactured by a semi-industrial extrusion-calendering process. The mechanical and fracture behaviours of manufactured sheets were analyzed via tensile tests and the essential work of fracture approach. SEM micrographics of cryofractured sheets revelated the development of in situ rPP/rPET-O microfibrillar composites when 30 wt.% of rPET-O was added. It was observed that the yield stress was not affected with the addition of rPET-O. However, the microfibrillar structure increased the Young’s modulus by more than a third compared with rPP, fulfilling the longitudinal value predicted by the additive rule of mixtures. Regarding the EWF analysis, the resistance to crack initiation was highly influenced by the resistance to its propagation owing to morphology-related instabilities during tearing. To analyze the initiation stage, a partition energy method was successfully applied by splitting the total work of fracture into two specific energetic contributions, namely initiation and propagation. The results revelated that the specific essential initiation-related work of fracture was mainly affected by rPET-O phase. Remarkably, its value was significantly improved by a factor of three with the microfibrillar structure of rPET-O phase. The results allowed the exploration of the potential ability of manufacturing in situ MFCs without a “precursor” morphology, providing an economical way to promote the recycling rate of PET-O, as this material is being discarded from current recycling processes.

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Kline, Dylan J., Zaira Alibay, Miles C. Rehwoldt, Alexander Idrogo-Lam, Spencer G. Hamilton, Prithwish Biswas, Feiyu Xu, and Michael R. Zachariah. "Experimental observation of the heat transfer mechanisms that drive propagation in additively manufactured energetic materials." Combustion and Flame 215 (May 2020): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.01.020.

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Ilyushin, Mikhail A., Sergey M. Putis, Andrey S. Mazur, Sergey A. Dushenok, and Irina V. Shugalei. "LASER INITIATION OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 63 (2022): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2022-63-89-14-22.

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The review considers laser initiation of secondary energetic materials. The effectiveness of nanoaluminum powder as an additive that reduces the thresholds for initiation of blasting energetic materials by laser radiation is shown

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Loukaides, Evripides G., Rhodri W. C. Lewis, and Christopher R. Bowen. "Additive manufacture of multistable structures." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 02LT02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aae4f6.

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Liu, Dan, Boyoung Lee, Aleksandr Babkin, and Yunlong Chang. "Research Progress of Arc Additive Manufacture Technology." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061415.

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Additive manufacturing technology is a special processing technology that has developed rapidly in the past 30 years. The materials used are divided into powder and wire. Additive manufacturing technology using wire as the material has the advantages of high deposition rate, uniform composition, and high density. It has received increasingly more attention, especially for the high efficiency and rapid prototyping of large-size and complex-shaped components. Wire arc additive manufacturing has its unique advantages. The concept, connotation, and development history of arc additive manufacturing technology in foreign countries are reviewed, and the current research status of arc-based metal additive manufacturing technology is reviewed from the principles, development history, process, and practical application of arc additive manufacturing technology. It focuses on the forming system, forming material, residual stress and pores, and other defect controls of the technology, as well as the current methods of mechanical properties and process quality improvement, and the development prospects of arc additive manufacturing technology are prospected. The results show that the related research work of wire arc additive manufacturing technology is still mainly focused on the experimental research stage and has yet not gone deep into the exploration of the forming mechanism. The research work in this field should be more in-depth and systematic from the physical process of forming the molten pool system from the perspectives of stability, the organization evolution law, and performance optimization. We strive to carry out wire arc additive forming technology and theoretical research to promote the application of this technology in modern manufacturing.

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Mcparland, Kyle, Zachary Larimore, Paul Parsons, Austin Good, John Suarez, and Mark Mirotznik. "Additive Manufacture of Custom Radiofrequency Connectors." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2021.3134603.

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Casemiro, R. L., N. C. O. Tapanes, M. C. L. Souza, A. I. C. Santana, and W. C. L. Pinto. "ENERGETIC ESTIMATION OF HEAT-RECOVERY COKE OVEN." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 21, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v21i2.87917.

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Worldwide, steel production insistently seeks energy strength, pointing out the precision of application of all energy from the raw material with the objective of increasing production with quality and economically viable. In this sense, the energy assessment is the basis adopted to decide on the manufacture of coke in the industry. With this argument, this paper presents an energy analysis of Heat Recovery furnaces through calorific value, a method specified by the Energy Research Company of Brazil and the Brazilian Association of Metals and Materials for application in calculations in a productive environment. The data of the basic raw materials for the production of coke, the technological analysis and the energy estimation in the manufacture of coke in Coke Ovens Heat Recovery can be found in the proposed method. The present work presents result that demonstrate that the active and efficient use of the calorific value of metallurgical coal produces an energy quality coke for the manufacture of pig iron in the blast furnace.

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Zhabin, A. N., and A. N. Nyafkin. "MANUFACTURING OF METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES (review)." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 2 (2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-2-64-74.

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A review of scientific and technical literature in the field of obtaining metal-matrix composite materials (MMCM) reinforced with ceramic particles using additive technologies is presented. The structure, basic physical and mechanical properties and morphology of MMCM are briefly described. The structure and properties of MMCM reinforced with micro- and nano-sized ceramic particles are briefly described. The use of additive technologies for the manufacture of MMKM will make it possible to manufacture parts of a more complex shape, providing high adhesion between powder layers.

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Zou, Lei, Lei Li, Jian Hua Cai, Hai Ying Yang, and Jun Chen. "Forming Process of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.198.

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The forming process of wire and arc additively manufacture (WAAM) was studied using the self-developed and designed WAAM system. The single-pass and single-layer weld bead samples were prepared with different process parameters, and the cross-sectional dimensions of the weld bead were measured. The influence rules of weld current, welding speed, wire feed speed and welding height on the weld bead size were obtained. In addition, the overlap experiment of the WAAM forming process was also carried out. The multiple and multilayer lap samples with different overlap rates were prepared, and the cross-sections of the lap samples were observed and analyzed. Finally, the overlap rate range of 35-45% with good forming effect was obtained.

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Roberts , Andrew, Recep Kahraman, Desi Bacheva, and Gavin Tabor. "Modelling of Powder Removal for Additive Manufacture Postprocessing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5030086.

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A critical challenge underpinning the adoption of Additive Manufacture (AM) as a technology is the postprocessing of manufactured components. For Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), this can involve the removal of powder from the interior of the component, often by vibrating the component to fluidise the powder to encourage drainage. In this paper, we develop and validate a computational model of the flow of metal powder suitable for predicting powder removal from such AM components. The model is a continuum Eulerian multiphase model of the powder including models for the granular temperature; the effect of vibration can be included through appropriate wall boundaries for this granular temperature. We validate the individual sub-models appropriate for AM metal powders by comparison with in-house and literature experimental results, and then apply the full model to a more complex geometry typical of an AM Heat Exchanger. The model is shown to provide valuable and accurate results at a fraction of the computational cost of a particle-based model.

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Gawel, Tomasz Grzegorz. "Review of Additive Manufacturing Methods." Solid State Phenomena 308 (July 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.308.1.

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The manuscript reviews the additive manufacturing technology. The principle of operation of the most popular and new AM methods was discussed. the manuscript presents the possibility of skewing different materials for individual technologies. Additive manufacturing technologies have been described that can manufacture parts from polymers, metals, ceramics and composites.

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Reale Batista, Mariana Desiree, Swetha Chandrasekaran, Bryan Moran, Miguel A. Salazar de Troya, Adam Carleton, Thomas Roy, Manhao Zeng, et al. "Additive Manufacture of Graphene Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02160mtgabs.

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Electrochemical energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors, are essential contributors to the implementation of sustainable energy. Supercapacitors exhibit fast charging/discharging ability and have attracted considerable attention within the automotive, aerospace, and telecommunication industries. Although these devices show great potential to meet power density metrics, they lack in terms of their energy density. To overcome this challenge, we are investigating better materials, architectures, and additive manufacturing techniques to print electrodes that increase the energy density while maintaining their high-power densities. Topology optimization was used to design an electrode with optimum performance. These electrodes were printed by projection micro stereolithography (PµSL) using PR48, a commercially available polymer resin. The printed electrodes were converted to carbon electrodes through pyrolysis at 1050 ֯C and characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrical impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the PR48 optimized electrodes were compared against PR48 electrodes printed as a simple cubic lattice structure previously shown to improve capacitance and rate capability. The results show that our optimized electrodes have higher areal capacitances for all the current densities tested and they perform better in GCD and CV tests. Lastly, to increase the surface area of the electrodes and increase the capacitance further, we developed a resin formulation by combining graphene oxide (GO) into TMPTA polymer. Electrodes printed with 3%GO/TMPTA have improved electrochemical performance compared to PR48 as evidenced by their higher capacitances and their better GCD and CV curves. This work demonstrates the benefits of using topology optimization to design electrodes and materials development to improve the functional properties of 3D printable resins. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC Figure 1

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Dzogbewu, Thywill Cephas. "Additive manufacturing of TiAl-based alloys." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020032.

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The ever-increasing demand for developing lightweight, high-temperature materials that can operate at elevated temperatures is still a subject of worldwide research and TiAl-based alloys have come to the fore. The conventional methods of manufacturing have been used successfully to manufacture the TiAl-based alloy. However, due to the inherent limitations of the conventional methods to produce large TiAl components with intricate near-net shapes has limit the widespread application and efficiency of the TiAl components produced using conventional methods. Metal additive manufacturing such as Electron Beam Melting technology could manufacture the TiAl alloys with intricate shapes but lack geometrical accuracy. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology could manufacture the TiAl-based alloys with intricate shapes with geometrical accuracy. However, the inherent high rate of heating and cooling mechanisms of the LPBF process failed to produce crack-free TiAl components. Various preheating techniques have been experimented, to reduce the high thermal gradient and residual stress during the LPBF process that causes the cracking of the TiAl components. Although these techniques have not reached industrial readiness up to now, encouraging results have been achieved.

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Antoniac, Iulian, Veronica Manescu (Paltanea), Gheorghe Paltanea, Aurora Antoniac, Iosif Vasile Nemoianu, Mircea Ionut Petrescu, Horatiu Dura, and Alin Danut Bodog. "Additive Manufactured Magnesium-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 8693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238693.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important technology that led to a high evolution in the manufacture of personalized implants adapted to the anatomical requirements of patients. Due to a worldwide graft shortage, synthetic scaffolds must be developed. Regarding this aspect, biodegradable materials such as magnesium and its alloys are a possible solution because the second surgery for implant removal is eliminated. Magnesium (Mg) exhibits mechanical properties, which are similar to human bone, biodegradability in human fluids, high biocompatibility, and increased ability to stimulate new bone formation. A current research trend consists of Mg-based scaffold design and manufacture using AM technologies. This review presents the importance of biodegradable implants in treating bone defects, the most used AM methods to produce Mg scaffolds based on powder metallurgy, AM-manufactured implants properties, and in vitro and in vivo analysis. Scaffold properties such as biodegradation, densification, mechanical properties, microstructure, and biocompatibility are presented with examples extracted from the recent literature. The challenges for AM-produced Mg implants by taking into account the available literature are also discussed.

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Eimer, E., W. Suder, S. Williams, and J. Ding. "Wire Laser Arc Additive Manufacture of aluminium zinc alloys." Welding in the World 64, no. 8 (March 11, 2020): 1313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00872-9.

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Wang, Panfeng, Jin Xuan, Ronghao Zhang, Hao Zhang, Qiang Wang, Haoyang Wang, Houli Liu, and Li Zhang. "Hierarchically Structured Components: Design, Additive Manufacture, and Their Energy Applications." Advanced Materials Technologies 7, no. 3 (November 6, 2021): 2100672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100672.

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Escher, C., and C. Mutke. "Additive Manufacturing of Tool Steels*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1002.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing of tool steels represents a great challenge, yet it offers new possibilities for the tool manufacture of, for example, complex forming tools with conformal cooling. First, this contribution gives an overview of the most relevant additive manufacturing processes, the materials and processing concepts. By means of a hybrid manufactured press hardening tool for high-strength sheet metal parts, an example of practical implementation is presented subsequently.

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Pei, Eujin. "4D printing – revolution or fad?" Assembly Automation 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-02-2014-014.

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Purpose – This feature article aims to review state-of-the-art developments in additive manufacture, in particular, 4D printing. It discusses what it is, what research has been carried out and maps potential applications and its future impact. Design/methodology/approach – The article first defines additive manufacturing technologies and goes on to describe the state-of-the-art. Following which the paper examines several case studies and maps a trend that shows an emergence of 4D printing. Findings – The case studies highlight a particular specialization within additive manufacture where the use of adaptive, biomimetic composites can be programmed to reshape, or have embedded properties or functionality that transform themselves when subjected to external stimuli. Originality/value – This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of additive manufacture, discussing strategies that can be used to reduce the print process (such as through kinematics); and the use of smart materials where parts adapt themselves in response to the surrounding environment supporting the notion of self-assemblies.

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Groth, Jan-Hendrik, Mirco Magnini, Christopher Tuck, and Adam Clare. "Stochastic design for additive manufacture of true biomimetic populations." Additive Manufacturing 55 (July 2022): 102739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102739.

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Nguyen, Thanh Nam, Tuyen Vo, Minh Tam Nguyen, and Tu Nguyen Thanh. "A Research of Design the Control System of 3D Printer by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 902 (September 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.902.65.

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Nowadays, 3D printing technology or Additive Manufacture (AM) is becoming more and more popular in industries and life. Additive Material technology is a technology of linking or crystallizing materials under the control of a computer to create three-dimensional details. Additive Manufacture Technology currently consists of many different methods, in which the method of extruding molten materials through the nozzle called Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most popular. Almost all 3D printer machines that use this method are now very popular in the market, with the ability to work suitable for many types of objects, from individual scale to company one. However, the design and manufacture of these machines are carried out according to traditional methods, with many limitations. The paper presents an application of selective design method for FDM technology analysis results according to the module in [5] to implement the control system design of FDM to reduce costs and improve the reliability of the product.

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Klein, Thomas, Leonhard Reiter, and Martin Schnall. "Wire-arc additive manufacturing of Al-Zn5.5-Mg-Cu (ML7075): Shifting paradigms of additive manufacture-ability." Materials Letters 313 (April 2022): 131841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131841.

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Krakhmatova, V. Yu, A. I. Zakharov, D. V. Andreev, and A. F. Krivoshchepov. "Methods of Additive Technologies for the Manufacture of Ceramic Products (Review)." Glass and Ceramics 75, no. 11-12 (March 2019): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-019-00116-3.

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Litwa, Przemyslaw, Everth Hernandez-Nava, Dikai Guan, Russell Goodall, and Krystian K. Wika. "The additive manufacture processing and machinability of CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy." Materials & Design 198 (January 2021): 109380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109380.

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García-Gascón, César, Pablo Castelló-Pedrero, and Juan Antonio García-Manrique. "Minimal Surfaces as an Innovative Solution for the Design of an Additive Manufactured Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)." Drones 6, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6100285.

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This paper aims to describe the methodology used in the design and manufacture of a fixed-wing aircraft manufactured using additive techniques together with the implementation of technology based on solar panels. The main objective is increasing the autonomy and range of the UAV’s autonomous missions. Moreover, one of the main targets is to improve the capabilities of the aeronautical industry towards sustainable aircrafts and to acquire better mechanical properties owing to the use of additive technologies and new printing materials. Further, a lower environmental impact could be achieved through the use of renewable energies. Material extrusion (MEX) technology may be able to be used for the manufacture of stronger and lighter parts by using gyroids as the filling of the printed material. The paper proposes the use of minimal surfaces for the reinforcement of the UAV aircraft wings. This type of surface was never used because it is not possible to manufacture it using conventional techniques. The rapid growth of additive technologies led to many expectations for new design methodologies in the aeronautical industry. In this study, mechanical tests were carried out on specimens manufactured with different geometries to address the design and manufacture of a UAV as a demonstrator. In addition, to carry out the manufacture of the prototype, a 3D printer with a movable bench similar to a belt, that allows for the manufacture of parts without limitations in the Z axis, was tested. The parts manufactured with this technique can be structurally improved, and it is possible to avoid manufacturing multiple prints of small parts of the aircraft that will have to be glued later, decreasing the mechanical properties of the UAV. The conceptual design and manufacturing of a solar aircraft, SolarÍO, using additive technologies, is presented. A study of the most innovative 3D printers was carried out that allowed for the manufacture of parts with an infinite Z-axis and, in addition, a filler based on minimal surfaces (gyroids) was applied, which considerably increased the mechanical properties of the printed parts. Finally, it can be stated that in this article, the potential of the additive manufacturing as a new manufacturing process for small aircrafts and for the aeronautical sector in the future when new materials and more efficient additive manufacturing processes are already developed is demonstrated.

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Matviichuk, V. A., V. M. Nesterenkov, and O. M. Berdnikova. "Additive electron beam technology of manufacture of metal products from powder materials." Avtomatičeskaâ svarka (Kiev) 2022, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/as2022.02.03.

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Matviichuk, V. A., V. M. Nesterenkov, and O. M. Berdnikova. "Additive electron beam technology for manufacture of metal products from powder materials." Paton Welding Journal 2022, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2022.02.03.

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Ituarte, Iñigo Flores, Narasimha Boddeti, Vahid Hassani, Martin L. Dunn, and David W. Rosen. "Design and additive manufacture of functionally graded structures based on digital materials." Additive Manufacturing 30 (December 2019): 100839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100839.

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Souček, Jiří, Algirdas Jasinskas, Fanni Sillinger, and Kornél Szalay. "Determination of Mechanical and Energetic Properties of Reed Canary Grass Pellets Production." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 3 (2019): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967030757.

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Authors of the article are evaluating characteristics of half‑operational experimental agro‑pellets production. The problems of production and use of agro‑pellets is the current issue. It’s a way to apply part of the agricultural production in the market. It is also an opportunity to replace part of the fossil fuels and increase the share of renewables. But the use of phytomass is bringing many problems. First, it is important that the manufactured products will be succeeded on the raw materials market. Agro‑pellets therefore must have characteristics that support their competitiveness and allow their classification. The advantage comes if the agro‑pellets properties are comparable with traditional fuels and their combustion is possible in standard boilers. This objective can be achieved in several ways. The production of mixed fuels is one from the possible ways. Phytomass is pressed into pellet form in a mixture with other raw materials, usually based on powder coal or wood. The advantage of mixed fuels production is the ability to influence the final properties according to market demands and requirements of legislation. The research activity results, which are given in the text, were aimed at the possibility of Reed Canary Grass applying as part of a mixed fuel in various concentrations. The pellets are based on Reed Canary Grass and wooden biomass in the form of saw‑dust. Addition of sawdust has negative influence on the presser productivity, but has a positive impact on mechanical and burning qualities of final products. Mechanical durability values of pellets were increased by 4.8 and 3.0% with the sawdust addition. The specific weight of pellets was increased even by 31.9%. Hand in hand with the raising amount of sawdust in pellets, the decline of CO emissions in exhaust gas was proven.

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Vaezi, Mohammad, Philipp Drescher, and Hermann Seitz. "Beamless Metal Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040922.

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The propensity to manufacture functional and geometrically sophisticated parts from a wide range of metals provides the metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes superior advantages over traditional methods. The field of metal AM is currently dominated by beam-based technologies such as selective laser sintering (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM) which have some limitations such as high production cost, residual stress and anisotropic mechanical properties induced by melting of metal powders followed by rapid solidification. So, there exist a significant gap between industrial production requirements and the qualities offered by well-established beam-based AM technologies. Therefore, beamless metal AM techniques (known as non-beam metal AM) have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have been found to be able to fill the gap and bring new possibilities. There exist a number of beamless processes with distinctively various characteristics that are either under development or already available on the market. Since this is a very promising field and there is currently no high-quality review on this topic yet, this paper aims to review the key beamless processes and their latest developments.

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Zhang, Ruiying, Fan Jiang, Long Xue, and Junyu Yu. "Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Large-Scale Metal Functionally Graded Materials." Crystals 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060858.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which constitute a new type of composite material, have received considerable attention in industry because of the spatial gradient of their composition and the microstructure-induced gradient in their material performance, which make them better suited for high-performance multifunctional applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become one of the most promising techniques for the manufacture of materials and structures because of its high flexibility. The combination of advanced materials (FGMs) and advanced manufacturing methods (AM) is expected to facilitate the further development of such engineering materials. In this paper, the definition, historical development and material gradient types of FGMs are introduced. The classification, process principle and typical research results of the AM of metal FGMs are summarized and discussed. In particular, the research status of wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM), which is more suitable for the preparation of large-scale metal FGMs, is reviewed in detail according to the types of FGMs, and a double-wire bypass plasma arc additive manufacturing technique, which is suitable for inducing a gradient along the direction of single-pass cladding, is proposed. On the basis of this summary of the important achievements made to date, future research is proposed.

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Bachynskyi, Viacheslav, Yurii Kliat, Oleksandr Shkurpit, and Olena Kondratenko. "USE OF 3D PRINTING MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no. 16 (February 11, 2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2021.16.66-73.

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The article presents an analysis of the use of materials for the production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), developed using additive technologies (AT). The samples of materials mentioned in the article have the prospect of becoming advanced in modern UAVs production. The main factors that affect the properties of the printed material with the help of AT are also identified. Today, the production of materials for the manufacture of UAVs is developing rapidly, becoming more technological; production volumes are increasing, accuracy and quality of manufacturing parts are increasing with reduced costs. Additive technologies are ideal for the manufacture, printing, repair and modification of modern UAVs. Many parts for UAVs can be printed on a 3D printer. The use of AT is clearly demonstrated to optimize the production of UAV parts. In the case of the usual method of production of UAVs, their cost and complexity is quite high. The introduction of AT allows to significantly reduce the weight of the UAV components by reducing material costs. Studies have shown that the use of AT in the production of UAVs at the present stage will provide an opportunity to increase the aerodynamic characteristics of UAVs, reduce overall weight, and will allow the collection and repair of UAVs in the field. AT will also ensure the production of replacement parts that are needed in small volumes and that cannot be manufactured using traditional production technologies in the field. Thus, the introduction of AT will lead to a change in existing principles of design of printing technologies, the application of new approaches in the construction of modern 3D printers, the emergence of new, related to 3D printing technologies. That’s why the study of factors that affect the properties of the printed material of UAVs is highly relevant task and needs further research. Keywords: additive technologies, UAV, 3D printing.

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Batalha, A. E. F., and R. M. Araújo. "Development of removable partial dentures by using additive manufacture and casting processes." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 87 (September 1, 2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5969.

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Purpose: This work aims to present a methodology developed for dimensional analysis of removable partial dentures, following a route with a model manufactured by additive manufacture and a further casting process of a Co-Cr alloy part. Design/methodology/approach: The method for designing and manufacturing removable partial dentures (RPD) is focused on their completely virtual design. They are manufactured with resin additive manufacturing chrome-cobalt cast alloys. A 3D image correlation scanner was used for dimensional and geometrical tolerance analysis. Findings: The prostheses manufactured by CAD-CAM route are more accurate than conventional ones, but they suffer distortion during the casting process. This distortion did not interfere with the patient's well-being or with the adaptation to the prosthesis. Research limitations/implications: The technique presented herein paper allows preparing better fitting prosthesis. Providing the best comfort and masticatory power. Practical implications: Improving the precision in the manufacturing process of a removable partial denture is very important for professional dentists and their patients. Originality/value: The proposed technique and the work approach provide the prosthesis preparation with shorter ambulatory time in addition to greater comfort to the patient.

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Braileanu, Patricia Isabela, Ionel Simion, Benyebka Bou-Said, Delia Alexandra Prisecaru, and Nicoleta Crisan. "Custom Hip Stem Additive Prototyping Using Smart Materials." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.2.5361.

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Although a standardized hip joint prosthesis is a quick and easy solution to repair most diseases related to the hip joint, it never satisfies the patient s personal needs due to the uniqueness of the human anatomy. Femoral hip stem geometry is one of the factors that have an important impact on prosthesis lifespan or the revision surgery frequency that occurs due to postoperative complications, such as impingement or dislocation after THR (Total Hip Replacement). In this sense, the development of a custom hip stem prosthesis starting from a standardized femoral stem can bring benefits to the patient in time, being able to reduce the failure percentage of THR. The purpose of this article is the development of a custom prosthesis based on patient s CT (Computer Tomographic) scans in order to be 3D printed with biocompatible materials, being able to serve as a study model in both engineering and medicine. Also this study represents a first step in understanding how to apply the unique distribution of mechanical properties in human bone, in order to manufacture a hip prothesis that can mimic them.

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Partridge, Simon W., Matthew J. Benning, Matthew J. German, and Kenneth W. Dalgarno. "Development of an arthroscopically compatible polymer additive layer manufacture technique." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, no. 6 (June 2017): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917690560.

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This article describes a proof of concept study designed to evaluate the potential of an in vivo three-dimensional printing route to support minimally invasive repair of the musculoskeletal system. The study uses a photocurable material to additively manufacture in situ a model implant and demonstrates that this can be achieved effectively within a clinically relevant timescale. The approach has the potential to be applied with a wide range of light-curable materials and with development could be applied to create functionally gradient structures in vivo.

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Noronha, J., M. Qian, M. Leary, E. Kyriakou, and M. Brandt. "Hollow-walled lattice materials by additive manufacturing: Design, manufacture, properties, applications and challenges." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 25, no. 5 (October 2021): 100940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100940.

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Caballero, Armando, Jialuo Ding, Yashwanth Bandari, and Stewart Williams. "Oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V During Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture." 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2017.0144.

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Efremov, Dmitry, Alla Gerasimova, Nikita Kislykh, and Cristina Shaibel. "Additive Technology Methods for Manufacturing Permanent Magnets." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134601010.

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The paper presents the results of studying the possibility of using the selective laser melting method for production of permanent magnets. This process allows to manufacture not only product models and prototypes, but also finished functional products by adding material layer by layer and bonding particles and layers to each other. We have considered the application areas of selective laser melting (SLM) based on powders obtained by different methods for the study. In addition, we have analyzed the traditional magnetic alloy casting technology, studied magnetic materials, and compared the powder magnet properties with standard data. We have found that the parameters of powders obtained by gas atomization are qualitatively superior to those of powders obtained using other methods, whereas the resulting magnets meet the requirements for magnets. Based on the 25Kh15KA alloy powder atomized by gas atomization, a SLM plant allows to manufacture permanent magnets with a material density of 7.59–7.55 g/cu.cm, which meets the requirements recommended by the State Standard GOST 24897-81, and to obtain the magnet properties that can be achieved using traditional metallurgical technologies.

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Rutkay, Brian, and Jeremy Laliberté. "Design and manufacture of propellers for small unmanned aerial vehicles." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2014-0019.

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The objective of this research was to develop a process for the design and manufacture of mission- and aircraft-specific propellers for small unmanned aerial vehicles. This objective was met by creating a computer program to design a propeller that meets user-defined aircraft performance requirements within the limitations of the electric motor, user-selected materials, and manufacturing methods. A comprehensive review of prior UAV propeller design and additive manufacturing for small propellers is also presented in this paper. The use of additive manufacturing (3D printing) in making flightworthy propellers was explored through material testing, manufacturing trials, and by testing the propellers under simulated flight conditions in a wind tunnel. It was found that the propeller performance generated nearly the predicted design thrust but the efficiency and power consumption could not be accurately measured with the present test setup. While flight testing was not completed at this time, ground and wind tunnel testing were sufficient to demonstrate the feasibility of producing flightworthy propellers using additive manufacturing.

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Salgado-Lopez, Juan Manuel, Enrique Martinez-Franco, Celso Cruz-Gonzalez, Jorge Corona-Castuera, and Jhon Alexander Villada-Villalobos. "Microstructure and Microhardness Evolution of Additively Manufactured Cellular Inconel 718 after Heat Treatment with Different Aging Times." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122141.

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The manufacture of cellular structures using high-performance materials is possible thanks to the additive manufacturing of metals. However, it is well known that the mechanical and microstructural properties of metals manufactured by this technique do not correspond to those of the same metals manufactured by conventional methods. It is well known that the mechanical properties depend on the direction of manufacture, the size of the pieces, and the type of cell structure used. In addition, the effect of heat treatments on parts manufactured by additive manufacturing differs from parts manufactured by conventional methods. In this work, the microstructure and microhardness of cellular structures of Inconel 718, manufactured by additive manufacturing under heat treatments with different aging times, were evaluated. It was found that the time of the first aging impacts the microhardness and its homogeneity, affecting the microstructure. The highest hardness was obtained for an aging time of 8 h, while the lowest standard deviation was obtained at 10 h. Finally, it is shown that the aging time influences a more homogeneous distribution of the elements and phases.

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Srinivasan, D., M. Meignanamoorthy, M. Ravichandran, V. Mohanavel, S. V. Alagarsamy, C. Chanakyan, S. Sakthivelu, Alagar Karthick, T. Ram Prabhu, and S. Rajkumar. "3D Printing Manufacturing Techniques, Materials, and Applications: An Overview." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5756563.

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3D printing, also called additive manufacturing (AM), is a method of creating 3D solid parts from a digital document. By utilizing additive routes, the fabrication of 3D-printed objects can be made. These layers can be viewed as a gently cut level cross-area of the manifest object. 3D printing is somewhat in obstruction to subtractive manufacture, which is expelling/discharging out a touch of metal or plastic for the occurrence of a milling machine. 3D printing authorizes creating multifarious profiles employing fewer materials than conventional fabrication systems. This review article provides the general idea of 3D printing production techniques, materials used, and applications in the aircraft and automobile industry and biomedical fields.

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Turner, R. P., C. Panwisawas, Y. Lu, I. Dhiman, H. C. Basoalto, and J. W. Brooks. "Neutron tomography methods applied to a nickel-based superalloy additive manufacture build." Materials Letters 230 (November 2018): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.07.112.

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Veiga, Fernando, Trunal Bhujangrao, Alfredo Suárez, Eider Aldalur, Igor Goenaga, and Daniel Gil-Hernandez. "Validation of the Mechanical Behavior of an Aeronautical Fixing Turret Produced by a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112177.

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The design of parts in such critical sectors as the manufacturing of aeronautical parts is awaiting a paradigm shift due to the introduction of additive manufacturing technologies. The manufacture of parts designed by means of the design-oriented additive manufacturing methodology (DfAM) has acquired great relevance in recent years. One of the major gaps in the application of these technologies is the lack of studies on the mechanical behavior of parts manufactured using this methodology. This paper focuses on the manufacture of a turret for the clamping of parts for the aeronautical industry. The design of the lightened turret by means of geometry optimization, the manufacture of the turret in polylactic acid (PLA) and 5XXX series aluminum alloy by means of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology and the analysis by means of finite element analysis (FEA) with its validation by means of a tensile test are presented. The behavior of the part manufactured with both materials is compared. The conclusion allows to establish which are the limitations of the part manufactured in PLA for its orientation to the final application, whose advantages are its lower weight and cost. This paper is novel as it presents a holistic view that covers the process in an integrated way from the design and manufacture to the behaviour of the component in use.

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Mazurchevici, Simona-Nicoleta, Andrei-Danut Mazurchevici, and Dumitru Nedelcu. "Dynamical Mechanical and Thermal Analyses of Biodegradable Raw Materials for Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081819.

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In order to find new ways to ensure sustainable development on a global level, it is essential to combine current top technologies, such as additive manufacturing, with the economic, ecological, and social fields. One objective of this paper refers to wire manufacture such as Arboblend V2 Nature, Arbofill Fichte, and Arboblend V2 Nature reinforced with Extrudr BDP “Pearl” (BDP—Biodegradable Plastic) in order to replace the plastic materials. After wire manufacture by extrusion, the diameter accuracy was analyzed compared with the Fiber Wood wire using SEM analyses and also EDAX—Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and DSC—Differential Scanning Calorimetry analyses were done in order to identify their elemental composition and the phase transitions suffered by the materials during heating. Using the samples obtained through the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method, both crystalline phases and chemical composition information (XRD analysis) were identified, as well was determined the visco-elastic behavior Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), for the reinforced material and Fiber Wood. The extruded wires have allowed size for the printing equipment, around 1.75 mm with tolerance of ± 0.05 mm. The wire material diagrams, Arboblend V2 Nature reinforced with Extrudr BDP “Pearl” and Fiber Wood following the calorimetric analysis, presented peaks corresponding to material crystallization, while Arbofill Fichte revealed only the melting temperature. The storage module was almost double in case of Arboblend V2 Nature reinforced with Extrudr BDP “Pearl” compared with Fiber Wood and materials’ melting temperatures were confirmed by the analyses carried out.

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Langebeck, Anika, Annika Bohlen, Hannes Freisse, and Frank Vollertsen. "Additive manufacturing with the lightweight material aluminium alloy EN AW-7075." Welding in the World 64, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00831-z.

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AbstractAs a widely used additive manufacturing technique, the laser metal deposition process (LMD) also known as direct energy deposition (DED) is often used to manufacture large-scale parts. Advantages of the LMD process are the high build-up rate as well as its nearly limitless build-up volume. To manufacture large-scale parts in lightweight design with high strength aluminium alloy EN AW-7075, the LMD process has a disadvantage that must be considered. During the process, the aluminium alloy is melted and has therefore a high solubility for hydrogen. As soon as the melt pool solidifies again, the hydrogen cannot escape the melt and hydrogen pores are formed which weakens the mechanical properties of the manufactured part. To counter this disadvantage, the hydrogen must be successfully kept away from the process zone. Therefore, the covering of the process zone with shielding gas can be improved by an additional shielding gas shroud. Furthermore, the process parameters energy input per unit length as well as the horizontal overlapping between two single tracks can be varied to minimize the pore volume. Best results can be achieved in single tracks with an elevated energy input per unit length from 3000 to 6000 J/cm. To manufacture layers, a minimal horizontal overlapping will lead to lowest pore volume, although this results in a very wavy surface, as a compromise of low pore volume and a nearly even surface a horizontal overlapping of 30 to 37% leads to a pore volume of 0.95% ± 0.50%.

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Berretta, S., K. Evans, and O. Ghita. "Additive manufacture of PEEK cranial implants: Manufacturing considerations versus accuracy and mechanical performance." Materials & Design 139 (February 2018): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.078.

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Bellamkonda, Prasanna Nagasai, Malarvizhi Sudersanan, and Balasubramanian Visvalingam. "Characterisation of a wire arc additive manufactured 308L stainless steel cylindrical component." Materials Testing 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0171.

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Abstract Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology that uses a modified robotic welding machine to manufacture parts in a layer-by-layer pattern. In the current study, a 308L stainless steel (SS) cylindrical component was manufactured by WAAM technique using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. The mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the deposited WAAM 308L SS cylinder were investigated. The microhardness of the WAAM SS cylinder varied slightly along the building direction. The lower zone of the cylinder showed higher hardness than the middle and upper zones. The tensile strength (TS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (EL) of the WAAM 308L cylinder are 331–356 MPa, 535–582 MPa, and 44–51% in the longitudinal, transverse and diagonal orientations, respectively. The microstructure of the WAAM SS cylinder is characterized by austenite dendrites that grow vertically and residual ferrite that exists within the austenite matrix. The results show that the properties of 308L SS cylinder produced by the GMAW-WAAM technique is matching with wrought 308L SS alloy (YS: 360–480 MPa, UTS: 530–650 MPa and EL: 35–45%). Therefore, the GMAW-WAAM 308L SS technique is found to be suitable for industrial use to manufacture stainless steel components.

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Tatarchuk, T., Yu Kravchuk, and V. Pelykh. "Use of additive technologies in the manufacture of central impactors." Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (September 14, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2021-2-8.

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Purpose. Analysis of methods of manufacturing centrifugal blades by 3D printing methods on the example of a modernized cooling system of the AI-450M engine of the Mi-2MSB helicopter. Research methods: calculation method of finite elements, analytical. Results. Studies have shown that the use of layer-by-layer printing technology of the centrifugal wheel of the cooling system provides the following opportunities and improvements: - reduce the percentage of rejection of finished products by 8–9 times; - reduce material consumption by 300–400 %; - increase the speed of production, experiments and testing the manufacture of working elements through the development of new technologies for rapid production (rapid fabrication); - easy printing of previously “impossible” geometry. The analysis of possible types of manufacturing of working centrifugal wheel and the calculated estimation of thermodynamic parameters in the course of step-by-step drawing of layers of metal is carried out. The problem of a large percentage of defects in the process of classical-mechanical milling of blades was solved by changing the type of production to additive one. Scientific novelty. In today's world, the spread of CAD / CAM / CAE / PLM technologies and the accumulation of a wide library of materials open up a large number of new and more efficient, in terms of economy and quality, methods of manufacturing components and units. Following the example of such giants in the production of aircraft engines as Rolls-Royce Motor, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney, it is clear that the use and development of the latest methods of three-dimensional printing is appropriate. Practical value. The obtained results are important in the further process of production and modernization ofMi-2 helicopter of all modifications with the latest engines, as well as for projects for the development of helicopter construction in Ukraine - МСБ-2 “Hope”, МСБ -6 “Otaman”, МСБ-8 and others. The ability to increase the efficiency of manufacturing the main working elements - blades allows you to reduce the cost of components, their further repair, operation. The most important factor is to increase reliability, as in the manufacture reduces the likelihood of defects, which will not be detected at the stages of intermediate and final control.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Additive Manufacture of Energetic Materials'

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