Academic literature on the topic 'Additive loss functions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Seo, Younghun, and Nam Yul Yu. "Additive Orthant Loss for Deep Face Recognition." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 8606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178606.
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In this paper, we propose a novel loss function for deep face recognition, called the additive orthant loss (Orthant loss), which can be combined for softmax-based loss functions to improve the feature-discriminative capability. The Orthant loss makes features away from the origin using the rescaled softplus function and an additive margin. Additionally, the Orthant loss compresses feature spaces by mapping features to an orthant of each class using element-wise operation and 1-bit quantization. As a consequence, the Orthant loss improves the inter-class separabilty and the intra-class compactness. We empirically show that the ArcFace combined with the Orthant loss further compresses and moves the feature spaces farther away from the origin compared to the original ArcFace. Experimental results show that the new combined loss has the most improved accuracy on CFP-FP, AgeDB-30, and MegaFace testing datasets, among some of the latest loss functions.
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V'yugin, V. V., and V. P. Maslov. "Extremal Relations between Additive Loss Functions and the Kolmogorov Complexity." Problems of Information Transmission 39, no. 4 (October 2003): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:prit.0000011276.88154.91.
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Zhou, Shengwei, Caikou Chen, Guojiang Han, and Xielian Hou. "Double Additive Margin Softmax Loss for Face Recognition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010060.
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Learning large-margin face features whose intra-class variance is small and inter-class diversity is one of important challenges in feature learning applying Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) for face recognition. Recently, an appealing line of research is to incorporate an angular margin in the original softmax loss functions for obtaining discriminative deep features during the training of DCNNs. In this paper we propose a novel loss function, termed as double additive margin Softmax loss (DAM-Softmax). The presented loss has a clearer geometrical explanation and can obtain highly discriminative features for face recognition. Extensive experimental evaluation of several recent state-of-the-art softmax loss functions are conducted on the relevant face recognition benchmarks, CASIA-Webface, LFW, CALFW, CPLFW, and CFP-FP. We show that the proposed loss function consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art.
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Khalfallah, Mohammed El-arbi, Mohammed Lakhdar Hadji, and Josep Vives. "Pricing cumulative loss derivatives under additive models via Malliavin calculus." Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática 41 (December 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5269/bspm.51549.
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We show that integration by parts formulas based on Malliavin-Skorohod calculus techniques for additive processes help us to compute quantities like ${\E}(L_T h(L_T))$ for different suitable functions $h$ and different models for the cumulative loss process $L_T$. These quantities are important in Insurance and Finance. For example they appear in computing expected shortfall risk measures or stop-loss contracts. The formulas given in the present paper, obtained by simple proofs, generalize the formulas given in a recent paper by Hillairet, Jiao and Réveillac using Malliavin calculus techniques for the standard Poisson process, a particular case of additive process.
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Hüllermeier, Eyke, Marcel Wever, Eneldo Loza Mencia, Johannes Fürnkranz, and Michael Rapp. "A flexible class of dependence-aware multi-label loss functions." Machine Learning 111, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 713–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06107-2.
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AbstractThe idea to exploit label dependencies for better prediction is at the core of methods for multi-label classification (MLC), and performance improvements are normally explained in this way. Surprisingly, however, there is no established methodology that allows to analyze the dependence-awareness of MLC algorithms. With that goal in mind, we introduce a class of loss functions that are able to capture the important aspect of label dependence. To this end, we leverage the mathematical framework of non-additive measures and integrals. Roughly speaking, a non-additive measure allows for modeling the importance of correct predictions of label subsets (instead of single labels), and thereby their impact on the overall evaluation, in a flexible way. The well-known Hamming and subset 0/1 losses are rather extreme special cases of this function class, which give full importance to single label sets or the entire label set, respectively. We present concrete instantiations of this class, which appear to be especially appealing from a modeling perspective. The assessment of multi-label classifiers in terms of these losses is illustrated in an empirical study, clearly showing their aptness at capturing label dependencies. Finally, while not being the main goal of this study, we also show some preliminary results on the minimization of this parametrized family of losses.
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Zhao, Feng, Peng Zhang, Ran Zhang, and Mengwei Li. "UnifiedFace: A Uniform Margin Loss Function for Face Recognition." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042350.
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Face recognition has achieved great success due to the development of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and loss functions based on margin. However, complex DCNNs bring a large number of parameters as well as computational effort, which pose a significant challenge to resource-constrained embedded devices. Meanwhile, the popular margin-based loss functions all introduce only one type of margin and cannot further introduce a larger margin to achieve tighter classification boundary. In contrast to the common approach, we believe that additive and multiplicative margins should be used jointly to introduce larger margins from the margin perspective. Therefore, we propose a new margin-based loss function called UnifiedFace. First, we introduce an additive margin in the target angle activation function. Second, we add a multiplicative margin in the non-target angle. UnifiedFace introduces both additive and multiplicative margins, allowing for the introduction of large margins to achieve more compact intra-class variance and closer separated inter-class variance. In addition, we specifically design efficient face recognition models called GhostFaceNet for resource-constrained embedded devices. Experimental results demonstrate that UnifiedFace achieves state-of-the-art performance or performance competed with popular methods in training datasets of different sizes. UnifiedFace achieves optimal performance in models of varying complexity. Moreover, competitive results are achieved in the large-scale test set IJBB/C, especially the state-of-the-art performance achieved in TAR (FAR=1e−6). GhostFaceNet can significantly improve operational efficiency without significantly degrading recognition performance, making it ideal for embedded devices with limited resources.
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Fang, Le-Heng, Wei Lin, and Qiang Luo. "Brain-Inspired Constructive Learning Algorithms with Evolutionally Additive Nonlinear Neurons." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 05 (May 2018): 1850068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418500682.
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In this article, inspired partially by the physiological evidence of brain’s growth and development, we developed a new type of constructive learning algorithm with evolutionally additive nonlinear neurons. The new algorithms have remarkable ability in effective regression and accurate classification. In particular, the algorithms are able to sustain a certain reduction of the loss function when the dynamics of the trained network are bogged down in the vicinity of the local minima. The algorithm augments the neural network by adding only a few connections as well as neurons whose activation functions are nonlinear, nonmonotonic, and self-adapted to the dynamics of the loss functions. Indeed, we analytically demonstrate the reduction dynamics of the algorithm for different problems, and further modify the algorithms so as to obtain an improved generalization capability for the augmented neural networks. Finally, through comparing with the classical algorithm and architecture for neural network construction, we show that our constructive learning algorithms as well as their modified versions have better performances, such as faster training speed and smaller network size, on several representative benchmark datasets including the MNIST dataset for handwriting digits.
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Braems, Elke, Bart Swinnen, and Ludo Van Den Bosch. "C9orf72 loss-of-function: a trivial, stand-alone or additive mechanism in C9 ALS/FTD?" Acta Neuropathologica 140, no. 5 (September 2, 2020): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02214-x.
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Abstract A repeat expansion in C9orf72 is responsible for the characteristic neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in a still unresolved manner. Proposed mechanisms involve gain-of-functions, comprising RNA and protein toxicity, and loss-of-function of the C9orf72 gene. Their exact contribution is still inconclusive and reports regarding loss-of-function are rather inconsistent. Here, we review the function of the C9orf72 protein and its relevance in disease. We explore the potential link between reduced C9orf72 levels and disease phenotypes in postmortem, in vitro, and in vivo models. Moreover, the significance of loss-of-function in other non-coding repeat expansion diseases is used to clarify its contribution in C9orf72 ALS/FTD. In conclusion, with evidence pointing to a multiple-hit model, loss-of-function on itself seems to be insufficient to cause neurodegeneration in C9orf72 ALS/FTD.
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Dumaswala, U. J., L. Zhuo, S. Mahajan, P. N. M. Nair, H. G. Shertzer, P. Dibello, and D. W. Jacobsen. "Glutathione protects chemokine-scavenging and antioxidative defense functions in human RBCs." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): C867—C873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.4.c867.
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Oxidant stress, in vivo or in vitro, is known to induce oxidative changes in human red blood cells (RBCs). Our objective was to examine the effect of augmenting RBC glutathione (GSH) synthesis on 1) degenerative protein loss and 2) RBC chemokine- and free radical-scavenging functions in the oxidatively stressed human RBCs by using banked RBCs as a model. Packed RBCs were stored up to 84 days at 1–6°C in Adsol or in the experimental additive solution (Adsol fortified with glutamine, glycine, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine). Supplementing the conventional additive with GSH precursor amino acids improved RBC GSH synthesis and maintenance. The rise in RBC γ-glutamylcysteine ligase activity was directly proportional to the GSH content and inversely proportional to extracellular homocysteine concentration, methemoglobin formation, and losses of the RBC proteins band 3, band 4.1, band 4.2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Duffy antigen ( P < 0.01). Reduced loss of Duffy antigen correlated well with a decrease in chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted) concentration. We conclude that the concomitant loss of GSH and proteins in oxidatively stressed RBCs can compromise RBC scavenging function. Upregulating GSH synthesis can protect RBC scavenging (free radical and chemokine) function. These results have implications not only in a transfusion setting but also in conditions like diabetes and sickle cell anemia, in which RBCs are subjected to chronic/acute oxidant stresses.
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Tobechukwu, Nwakuya Maureen. "Quantile Generalized Additive Model a Robust Alternative to Generalized Additive Model." International Journal of Mathematical Research 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.24.2021.101.12.18.
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Nonparametric regression is an approach used when the structure of the relationship between the response and the predictor variable is unknown. It tries to estimate the structure of this relationship since there is no predetermined form. The generalized additive model (GAM) and quantile generalized additive (QGAM) model provides an attractive framework for nonparametric regression. The QGAM focuses on the features of the response beyond the central tendency, while the GAM focuses on the mean response. The analysis was done using gam and qgam packages in R, using data set on live-births, fertility-rate and birth-rate, where, live-birth is the response with fertility-rate and birth-rate as the predictors. The spline basis function was used while selecting the smoothing parameter by marginal loss minimization technique. The result shows that the basis dimension used was sufficient. The QGAM results show the effect of the smooth functions on the response variable at 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th quantiles, while the GAM showed only the effect of the predictors on the mean response. The results also reveal that the QGAM have lower Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Generalized cross-validation (GVC) than the GAM, hence producing a better model. It was also observed that the QGAM and the GAM at the 50th quantile had the same R2adj(77%), meaning that both models were able to explain the same percentage of variation in the models, this we attribute to the fact that mean regression and median regression are approximately the same, hence the observation is in agreement with existing literature. The plots reveal that some of the residuals of the GAM were seen to fall outside the confidence band while in QGAM all the residuals fell within the confidence band producing a better smooth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Höhn, Patrick. "Funktionelle Vielfalt von Hymenopteren entlang eines Gradienten agroforstlicher Nutzung in Indonesien." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F136-9.
Full textBooks on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Wackerhage, Henning, Jonathon Smith, and Darren Wisniewski. Molecular exercise physiology. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0031.
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Molecular exercise physiology is the study of exercise physiology using molecular biology methods. The development of differentiated cell types is regulated by transcription factors like the muscle-making MyoD that specifies cell type, while others regulate the development of muscle, tendons, and bones. Maternal nutrition and exercise commonly affect embryonic development through epigenetic mechanisms. Adaptation to exercise involves sensor proteins detecting exercise-related signals, the processing of signals by signalling proteins and networks, and the regulation of the actual adaptations by effector proteins. Many sport- and exercise-related traits depend on both common and rare DNA sequence variations, including the muscle mass-increasing myostatin (GDF8) loss-of-function and the haematocrit-increasing EPOR gain-of-function mutations. Additionally, common DNA sequence variations contribute to the inherited variability of development, body height, strength, and endurance. Finally, in addition to ethical concerns, current genetic performance tests only explain a fraction of the variation of sport and exercise-related traits.
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Patil, Arati, and Sophie R. Pestieau. Anesthetic Management of Scoliosis Surgery in Children. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0029.
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Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal curvature of the spine, which, if severe enough, can affect pulmonary or cardiac function and ultimately require surgical repair. There are 3 well-defined types of scoliosis: idiopathic, neuromuscular, and congenital scoliosis. Anesthetic management of children undergoing posterior spinal fusion can be challenging due to patient comorbidities, the need for neuromonitoring, the potential for significant blood loss, and various perioperative complications. In addition, postoperative pain after spinal fusion is known to be severe and often exceeds those reported in other major surgical procedures. To properly care for these patients, it is vital to be knowledgeable about the anesthetic and pain management considerations of patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion.
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Kandler, Karl, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem provides an in-depth reference to the organization and function of ascending and descending auditory pathways in the mammalian brainstem. Individual chapters are organized along the auditory pathway, beginning with the cochlea and ending with the auditory midbrain. Each chapter provides an introduction to the respective area and summarizes our current knowledge before discussing the disputes and challenges that the field currently faces.The handbook emphasizes the numerous forms of plasticity that are increasingly observed in many areas of the auditory brainstem. Several chapters focus on neuronal modulation of function and plasticity on the synaptic, neuronal, and circuit level, especially during development, aging, and following peripheral hearing loss. In addition, the book addresses the role of trauma-induced maladaptive plasticity with respect to its contribution in generating central hearing dysfunction, such as hyperacusis and tinnitus.The book is intended for students and postdoctoral fellows starting in the auditory field and for researchers of related fields who wish to get an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the current state of auditory brainstem research. For clinical practitioners in audiology, otolaryngology, and neurology, the book is a valuable resource of information about the neuronal mechanisms that are currently discussed as major candidates for the generation of central hearing dysfunction.
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Feist, Eugen, and Gerd-R. Burmester. Rheumatoid arthritis—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0111.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance for patients' prognosis are described. Recent approaches to early diagnosis and stratification of patients by predictive factors for a severe course of disease are discussed. These patient profiles include increased inflammatory markers, the presence of autoantibodies, and erosive changes at the time of diagnosis. The novel classification criteria for RA and the significance of autoantibody status, namely seropositivity for antibodies against citrullinated antigens as highly specific diagnostic markers, are highlighted to further promote early differentiation of RA from other arthritic disease entities.
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Onishi, Hideki, and Mayumi Ishida. Psycho-oncology and psychosocial aspects of gynaecological cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0010.
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Patients with gynaecological cancer encounter, everyday, various problems in their family lives, jobs, and finances, in addition to the direct effects of the cancer itself. They also face problems concerning a loss of femininity, such as those related to the menopause, their reproductive function, and sexual activity that is brought about by the effects of the disease and its management. Hence, problems are not only limited to the biological aspect of cancer, but also to its impact on psychosocial aspects, thereby increasing the level of stress in these patients. Hence, when considering the problems of patients with gynaecological cancer, its psychosocial impact, and its effect on day-to-day living should be addressed in addition to the physical aspect of the disease. Otherwise, treatment will be inadequate. Chapter 10 addresses this. Recognition of the importance of solving these psychosocial problems, which can be distressing to many patients with gynaecological cancer, and the early identification along with appropriate intervention for these problems, would aid in improving the quality-of-life of these sufferers. Furthermore, the biopsychosocial impact of the cancer extends to close family members who care for the patient, particularly the spouse/ partner, and thus increases their risk of psychosomatic disease besides malignancy. Cancer support services should include the family care-givers. Two vignettes illustrate the complex biopsychosocial issues associated with gynaecological cancer, and one depicts issues after bereavement.
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Schaible, Hans-Georg, and Rainer H. Straub. Pain neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0059.
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Physiological pain is evoked by intense (noxious) stimuli acting on healthy tissue functioning as a warning signal to avoid damage of the tissue. In contrast, pathophysiological pain is present in the course of disease, and it is often elicited by low-intensity stimulation or occurs even as resting pain. Causes of pathophysiological pain are either inflammation or injury causing pathophysiological nociceptive pain or damage to nerve cells evoking neuropathic pain. The major peripheral neuronal mechanism of pathophysiological nociceptive pain is the sensitization of peripheral nociceptors for mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli; the major peripheral mechanism of neuropathic pain is the generation of ectopic discharges in injured nerve fibres. These phenomena are created by changes of ion channels in the neurons, e.g. by the influence of inflammatory mediators or growth factors. Both peripheral sensitization and ectopic discharges can evoke the development of hyperexcitability of central nociceptive pathways, called central sensitization, which amplifies the nociceptive processing. Central sensitization is caused by changes of the synaptic processing, in which glial cell activation also plays an important role. Endogenous inhibitory neuronal systems may reduce pain but some types of pain are characterized by the loss of inhibitory neural function. In addition to their role in pain generation, nociceptive afferents and the spinal cord can further enhance the inflammatory process by the release of neuropeptides into the innervated tissue and by activation of sympathetic efferent fibres. However, in inflamed tissue the innervation is remodelled by repellent factors, in particular with a loss of sympathetic nerve fibres.
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Read, Stephen L., and James E. Spar. Capacity, Informed Consent, and Guardianship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0009.
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Medical decision-making based on informed consent is a fundamental principle of ethical medical practice. When a patient lacks medical decisional capacity and is unable to give truly informed consent, an agent must be sought to act on the behalf of the person. This chapter reviews the principles underlying determination of the capacity to give informed consent regarding healthcare decisions in a clinical setting. Cognitive loss, emotional distress, or disengagement or the perception that the patient is choosing unwisely or as a result of influence may be concerns that lead to consultation. In contrast to the clear standards for medical decision-making capacity, statutory guidance and case law are essentially nonexistent regarding what standard applies to the capacity to create or to change an advance health directive (AHCD) or to change or designate a healthcare agent. In addition to current decision-making capacity, the consultant must address broader issues of functional or management capacity when the patient’s ongoing capacity to manage personal care and health is at issue, as is relevant to the petition for guardianship. A comprehensive forensic geriatric psychiatry consultation will assist with the care of the patient.
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Lameire, Norbert, Raymond Vanholder, and Wim Van Biesen. Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0222_update_001.
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The prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) depends on early diagnosis and therapy. A multitude of causes are classified according to their origin as prerenal, intrinsic (intrarenal), and post-renal.Prerenal AKI means a loss of renal function despite intact nephrons, for example, because of volume depletion and/or hypotension.There is a broad spectrum of intrinsic causes of AKI including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Evaluation includes careful review of the patient’s history, physical examination, urinalysis, selected urine chemistries, imaging of the urinary tree, and eventual kidney biopsy. The history should focus on the tempo of loss of function (if known), associated systemic diseases, and symptoms related to the urinary tract (especially those that suggest obstruction). In addition, a review of the medications looking for potentially nephrotoxic drugs is essential. The physical examination is directed towards the identification of findings of a systemic disease and a detailed assessment of the patient’s haemodynamic status. This latter goal may require invasive monitoring, especially in the oliguric patient with conflicting clinical findings, where the physical examination has limited accuracy.Excluding urinary tract obstruction is necessary in all cases and may be established easily by renal ultrasound.Distinction between the two most common causes of AKI (prerenal AKI and ATN) is sometimes difficult, especially because the clinical examination is often misleading in the setting of mild volume depletion or overload. Urinary chemistries, like calculation of the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), may be used to help in this distinction. In contrast to FENa, the fractional excretion of urea has the advantage of being rather independent of diuretic therapy. Response to fluid repletion is still regarded as the gold standard in the differentiation between prerenal and intrinsic AKI. Return of renal function to baseline or resuming of diuresis within 24 to 72 hours is considered to indicate ‘transient, mostly prerenal AKI’, whereas persistent renal failure usually indicates intrinsic disease. Transient AKI may, however, also occur in short-lived ATN. Furthermore, rapid fluid application is contraindicated in a substantial number of patients, such as those with congestive heart failure.‘Muddy brown’ casts and/or tubular epithelial cell casts in the urine sediment are typically seen in patients with ATN. Their presence is an important tool in the distinction between ATN and prerenal AKI, which is characterized by a normal sediment, or by occasional hyaline casts. There is a possible role for new serum and/or urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient with AKI, including the differential diagnosis between pre-renal AKI and ATN. Further studies are needed before their routine determination can be recommended.When a diagnosis cannot be made with reasonable certainty through this evaluation, renal biopsy should be considered; when intrarenal causes such as crescentic glomerulonephritis or vasculitis are suspected, immediate biopsy to avoid delay in the initiation of therapy is mandatory.
Book chapters on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Montesinos López, Osval Antonio, Abelardo Montesinos López, and Jose Crossa. "Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning." In Multivariate Statistical Machine Learning Methods for Genomic Prediction, 379–425. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89010-0_10.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we go through the fundamentals of artificial neural networks and deep learning methods. We describe the inspiration for artificial neural networks and how the methods of deep learning are built. We define the activation function and its role in capturing nonlinear patterns in the input data. We explain the universal approximation theorem for understanding the power and limitation of these methods and describe the main topologies of artificial neural networks that play an important role in the successful implementation of these methods. We also describe loss functions (and their penalized versions) and give details about in which circumstances each of them should be used or preferred. In addition to the Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net regularization methods, we provide details of the dropout and the early stopping methods. Finally, we provide the backpropagation method and illustrate it with two simple artificial neural networks.
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Marchal, Roxane, David Moncoulon, Elena López Gunn, Josh Weinberg, Kanika Thakar, Mónica Altamirano, and Guillaume Piton. "Insurance and the Natural Assurance Value (of Ecosystems) in Risk Prevention and Reduction." In Water Security in a New World, 35–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25308-9_3.
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AbstractClimate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural disasters and can threaten the functions of ecosystems. Affected, damaged or destroyed ecosystems in turn also make our societies more vulnerable to natural hazards and climate change (i.e. their assurance value). In addition, expanding communities and concentrations of wealth in high-risk areas are increasing risk exposure dramatically. This chapter outlines the growing interest in the protective role nature-based solutions (NBS) can play in buffering against risks posed by natural hazards. It presents mechanisms and potential roles of the insurance industry to facilitate loss prevention through NBS. The use of catastrophe models to quantify the assurance value of nature (in line with Chaps. 1 and 2), the benefits of nature in reducing natural hazards-related damages have been highlighted. Catastrophe models developed and run by insurance companies are well-suited to support the quantification of the avoided damage provided by NBS. This can be performed in complement to research institutions assessments of co-benefits NBS provide (as outlined in the case studies’ chapters). The findings developed in this chapter make a strong case for pro-active engagement of the insurance industry in assessing nature-based risk reduction measures and public/private plans for implementation and monitoring. Graphical Abstract
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Vogelgesang, Thomas, Jessica Ambrosy, David Becher, Robert Seilbeck, Jerome Geyer-Klingeberg, and Martin Klenk. "Celonis PQL: A Query Language for Process Mining." In Process Querying Methods, 377–408. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92875-9_13.
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AbstractProcess mining studies data-driven methods to discover, enhance, and monitor business processes by gathering knowledge from event logs recorded by modern IT systems. To gain valuable process insights, it is essential for process mining users to formalize their process questions as executable queries. For this purpose, we present the Celonis Process Query Language (Celonis PQL), which is a domain-specific language tailored toward a special process data model and designed for business users. It translates process-related business questions into queries and executes them on a custom-built query engine. Celonis PQL covers a broad set of more than 150 operators, ranging from process-specific functions to machine learning and mathematical operators. Its syntax is inspired by SQL, but specialized for process-related queries. In addition, we present practical use cases and real-world applications, which demonstrate the expressiveness of the language and how business users can apply it to discover, enhance, and monitor business processes. The maturity and feasibility of Celonis PQL is shown by thousands of users from different industries, who apply it to various process types and huge amounts of event data every day.
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Vogelgesang, Thomas, Jessica Ambrosy, David Becher, Robert Seilbeck, Jerome Geyer-Klingeberg, and Martin Klenk. "Celonis PQL: A Query Language for Process Mining." In Process Querying Methods, 377–408. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92875-9_13.
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AbstractProcess mining studies data-driven methods to discover, enhance, and monitor business processes by gathering knowledge from event logs recorded by modern IT systems. To gain valuable process insights, it is essential for process mining users to formalize their process questions as executable queries. For this purpose, we present the Celonis Process Query Language (Celonis PQL), which is a domain-specific language tailored toward a special process data model and designed for business users. It translates process-related business questions into queries and executes them on a custom-built query engine. Celonis PQL covers a broad set of more than 150 operators, ranging from process-specific functions to machine learning and mathematical operators. Its syntax is inspired by SQL, but specialized for process-related queries. In addition, we present practical use cases and real-world applications, which demonstrate the expressiveness of the language and how business users can apply it to discover, enhance, and monitor business processes. The maturity and feasibility of Celonis PQL is shown by thousands of users from different industries, who apply it to various process types and huge amounts of event data every day.
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Plaas, Anna H. K., Meghan M. Moran, John D. Sandy, and Vincent C. Hascall. "Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes – Then and Now." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 3–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1.
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AbstractCartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitinsulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoproteinnetwork. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a “metabolicrheostat” during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from ‘big data’ approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Walsh, Thomas J. "Functional Visual Loss." In Visual Fields. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389685.003.0016.
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Functional loss of vision or visual fields can present some of the most difficult diagnostic challenges, but even more difficult to diagnose are patients who have, in addition to functional visual loss, an organic disease. No matter how functional the symptoms appear, the clinician has to go that extra step to find any true pathology. This is why different field techniques may be more appropriate than the more sophisticated techniques. A tangent screen, for instance, may be better to control the patient’s response than a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. Remember the functional patients get sick, too. Patients with functional field loss can be placed into one of three general groups: neurasthenics, hysterics, or malingerers. The neurasthenic patient usually has many complaints, not limited to the visual system or to one set of visual symptoms such as field loss. The complaints, as well as the degree of field or visual defect, frequently vary from one examination to another, as well as during an examination as fatigue increases. The spiral field is often found in neurasthenic patients. The patient with hysteria, on the other hand, usually has a single ocular complaint. This chapter discusses the hysterical loss of acuity or fields. The usual field defect is a severe tubular type of contraction. The spiral field is sometimes seen in these patients. The malingerer may be the most difficult patient with functional loss, particularly if he has previously been examined by another physician and has acquired more experience with field testing than he had when first examined. The spiral field is not limited to functional loss; it can also be seen as a fatigue phenomenon in sick patients when the field testing is unduly prolonged. Its essential feature is that the field becomes progressively smaller as a specific isopter is tested for a second and third time with the same size of test object. shows all the points that were tested with a 3-mm white test object.
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Rosén, Birgitta, and Christina Jerosch-Herold. "Hand therapy after peripheral nerve injury." In Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, edited by Simon Kay, Mikael Wiberg, and Andrew Hart, 283–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0030.
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Injury to the peripheral nerve affects the whole length of the neuron and is not just localized to the site of injury, making a nerve injury different from other types of tissue injury in the body. Moreover, a nerve injury has immediate functional consequences for the brain in terms of rapid cortical functional reorganization. Lifelong limitations of hand function with loss of sensibility, muscle weakness, prehensile problems, pain, and cold sensitivity are common. Recovery can take years in adults, especially of tactile discrimination, but often remains incomplete and quality of life may be significantly affected. Numerous factors influence the outcome: age, type of injury, timing of surgery, and cognitive capacity. In addition, education, sex, and post-traumatic stress have proved to be prognostic factors. The timing of hand rehabilitation including sensory and motor re-education are also important contributors to the final outcome.
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Yong, Keir XX, SJ Crutch, and JM Schott. "Posterior cortical atrophy." In Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, edited by Carol Brayne, Valery L. Feigin, Lenore J. Launer, and Giancarlo Logroscino, 141–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749493.003.0015.
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Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome most commonly caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). PCA is a sporadic disorder, typically with onset between the ages of 50 and 65. The most prominent features of PCA are the early, progressive loss of vision and other posterior functions, in contrast to relatively preserved episodic memory function, while the radiological profile of PCA involves pronounced atrophy predominantly affecting parietal, occipital, and occipitotemporal cortices. Here we review literature relating to the characterization of PCA based on behavioural, neuroimaging, and pathological data. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of PCA are considered, along with emerging evidence of genetic risk factors for PCA. Questions remain on the terminology surrounding PCA, such as its classification at a syndromic or disease level and the extent and heterogeneity of the PCA phenotype. Such issues, in addition to the sometimes profound divergence in clinical presentation between PCA and typical AD, have particular implications for management, and the design and implementation of future studies.
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Kamalakkannan, D., A. Peter Soosai Anandaraj, T. R. Vijayaram, J. Samson Isaac, K. Uma, and R. Vijaya Kumar Reddy. "The Use of Biomaterials in the Field of Cardiology on the Perspectives and Possibilities of Creating a Permanent Total Artificial Heart." In Handbook of Research on Advanced Functional Materials for Orthopedic Applications, 299–318. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7412-9.ch017.
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Loss of organ function, either partially or completely, can cause numerous social and psychological problems. Therefore, the importance of the artificial heart in medicine is evident, since it can help reduce symptoms and prolong the life of patients for a time, offering a better quality of life and later serving as a bridge for heart transplantation. So, would it be possible in real life to safely and reliably develop a permanent total artificial heart that performs all the functions of a biological one? In addition, the growth of nanotechnology and tissue engineering is contributing exponentially to the development of biospecific and mechanically more appropriate materials. It will be possible to create not only a device made of metal alloys, bioceramics, or polymers but also an organ that has the same composition and compatibility as a natural organ. This work aims to present the applications of biomaterials in cardiology, bringing a discussion about the perspectives and possibilities in the creation of a total permanent artificial heart.
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Mh Busra, Mohd Fauzi, Zawani Mazlan, Syafira Masri, and Ali Smandri. "3D-bioprinting for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Hype to Hope." In Functional Bio-based Materials for Regenerative Medicine: From Bench to Bedside (Part 1), 196–209. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123104123010015.
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Tissue replacement using engrafting biomaterials or artificial organs to restore lost functions post-injury is one of the leading regenerative medicine practices. The last two decades witnessed the emergence of many promising biofabrication approaches such as bioprinting. However, bioprinting allows the placement of complex structures that are multi-layer (using hydrogel biomaterials), multicellular, vascularized, and multifunctional. Different bioprinting approaches are being developed and used to print hundreds of promising bioinks combinations into tissue-specific niches to grow living organs for translation, disease modelling, and drug delivery. This book chapter reviews the three primary bioprinting techniques with their advantages and limitations. Moreover, this chapter discusses the natural and synthetic biomaterials and the additives and crosslinking methods used to fabricate functional bioinks that boost cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and homeostasis.
Conference papers on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Li, Kaiyu, and Douglas Allaire. "A Compressed Sensing Approach to Uncertainty Propagation for Approximately Additive Functions." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60195.
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Computational models for numerically simulating physical systems are increasingly being used to support decision-making processes in engineering. Processes such as design decisions, policy level analyses, and experimental design settings are often guided by information gained from computational modeling capabilities. To ensure effective application of results obtained through numerical simulation of computational models, uncertainty in model inputs must be propagated to uncertainty in model outputs. For expensive computational models, the many thousands of model evaluations required for traditional Monte Carlo based techniques for uncertainty propagation can be prohibitive. This paper presents a novel methodology for constructing surrogate representations of computational models via compressed sensing. Our approach exploits the approximate additivity inherent in many engineering computational modeling capabilities. We demonstrate our methodology on an analytical function and a cooled gas turbine blade application. The results of these applications reveal substantial computational savings over traditional Monte Carlo simulation with negligible loss of accuracy.
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Kirsch, Kathryn L., and Karen A. Thole. "Experimental Investigation of Numerically Optimized Wavy Microchannels Created Through Additive Manufacturing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64934.
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The increased design space offered by additive manufacturing can inspire unique ideas and different modeling approaches. One tool for generating complex yet effective designs is found in numerical optimization schemes, but until relatively recently, the capability to physically produce such a design had been limited by manufacturing constraints. In this study, a commercial adjoint optimization solver was used in conjunction with a conventional flow solver to optimize the design of wavy microchannels, the end use of which can be found in gas turbine airfoil skin cooling schemes. Three objective functions were chosen for two baseline wavy channel designs: minimize the pressure drop between channel inlet and outlet, maximize the heat transfer on the channel walls and maximize the ratio between heat transfer and pressure drop. The optimizer was successful in achieving each objective and generated significant geometric variations from the baseline study. The optimized channels were additively manufactured using Direct Metal Laser Sintering and printed reasonably true to the design intent. Experimental results showed that the high surface roughness in the channels prevented the objective to minimize pressure loss from being fulfilled. However, where heat transfer was to be maximized, the optimized channels showed a corresponding increase in Nusselt number.
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Kirsch, Kathryn L., and Karen A. Thole. "Numerical Optimization, Characterization, and Experimental Investigation of Additively Manufactured Communicating Microchannels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75429.
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The degree of complexity in internal cooling designs is tied to the capabilities of the manufacturing process. Additive manufacturing grants designers increased freedom while offering adequate reproducibility of micro-sized, unconventional features that can be used to cool the skin of gas turbine components. One such desirable feature can be sourced from nature; a common characteristic of natural transport systems is a network of communicating channels. In an effort to create an engineered design that utilizes the benefits of those natural systems, the current study presents wavy microchannels that were connected using branches. Two different wavelength baseline configurations were designed, then each were numerically optimized using a commercial adjoint-based method. Three objective functions were posed to (1) minimize pressure loss, (2) maximize heat transfer, and (3) maximize the ratio of heat transfer to pressure loss. All baseline and optimized microchannels were manufactured using Laser Powder Bed Fusion for experimental investigation; pressure loss and heat transfer data were collected over a range of Reynolds numbers. The additive manufacturing process reproduced the desired optimized geometries faithfully. Surface roughness, however, strongly influenced the experimental results; successful replication of the intended flow and heat transfer performance was tied to the optimized design intent. Even still, certain test coupons yielded performances that correlated well with the simulation results.
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Young, M. R., K. J. Phillips, and Surendra Singh. "Intensity correlations in a laser with multiplicative noise." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.md2.
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The time-dependent solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation for a single-mode laser with white noise loss fluctuations are studied theoretically. Both the multiplicative and additive noise sources are included in the treatment, and they have comparable strengths. Experiments were carried out on a single-mode He-Ne laser. Multiplicative noise was introduced by applying a noise voltage on an intracavity loss element. The steady-state correlation functions of the laser were determined from the photoelectric correlation measurements, and their behavior with multiplicative noise strength was studied in the pump parameter range a = –10 to a = 10. The results of these measurements are compared to the theoretical predictions.
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Jenkins, James L. "Distribution functions for additive Gaussian and gamma noise." In OE/LASE '90, 14-19 Jan., Los Angeles, CA, edited by Oliver E. Drummond. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.21587.
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Chung, Phung Dao Vinh, and Le Minh Hung. "EFFECT OF ADDITIVE ANGULAR MARGIN LOSS FUNCTION WITH IMBALANCED DATA IN SKIN LESION RECOGNITION." In National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Information Technology Research. Nhà xuất bản Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/vap.2022.0253.
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Zhou, Jianfeng, Tao Jiang, Zheng Li, Lin Li, and Qingyang Hong. "Deep Speaker Embedding Extraction with Channel-Wise Feature Responses and Additive Supervision Softmax Loss Function." In Interspeech 2019. ISCA: ISCA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1704.
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Jadhav, Rahul, and Thomas Pisklak. "Liquid Strength Retrogression Control Additive." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202104-ms.
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Abstract To mitigate strength retrogression at temperatures, higher than 230°F, well cement designs typically include strength retrogression control additives (SRCAs). Solid siliceous materials (e.g., silica flour, fume, and sized-sands) are commonly used SRCAs that are incorporated into cements using dry-blending techniques. This study highlights liquid silica compositions as alternative SRCAs to dry-blended silica for high-temperature cementing. Liquid additives can be managed easily, delivered accurately, and offer a reduced on-site footprint, thus making them particularly advantageous for operations offshore and in remote locations. This paper presents a study on the use of liquid silica compositions as SRCAs and their effect on cement slurry properties, such as thickening time, mixability, fluid loss, rheology, and free water. The cement slurry used during the current study was prepared and tested according to API RP 10B-2 (2005). The performance of the liquid silica composition was tested at temperatures up to 400°F. Set cement samples were prepared using the liquid silica composition and silica flour, cured for up to 14 days at different temperatures. In addition, permeability testing was also performed on the samples. This paper presents the findings of this research, including strength and permeability test results on cement blends cured at temperatures of 300, 330, 350, and 400°F. The liquid silica composition, which provided silica to the cement formulation equivalent to 35% BWOC dry silica (48% BWOC liquid SRCA), functioned effectively as an SRCA at temperatures up to 330°F. Signs of strength retrogression were observed at 350°F and were more pronounced at 400°F. A greater concentration of the liquid silica composition may be necessary to prevent strength retrogression at temperatures higher than 330°F. The liquid silica composition also demonstrated mild retardation and a dispersing effect on the slurry. However, it helped enable improved slurry stability and suspension, thus providing improved control over free water without adverse effects on fluid loss and sedimentation. The study results demonstrate that a liquid SRCA can help improve the performance of annular cement designs to provide dependable barriers and effective zonal isolation during high-temperature cementing applications. The improved performance enabled by this liquid silica composition verifies its potential use as an alternative SRCA for high-temperature oil well cementing operations.
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Ball, Karlene K., Daniel L. Roenker, and John R. Bruni. "The Use of Functional Vision Assessment in Predicting Mobility Problems in Older Adults." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.wb4.
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Ophthalmolgists and optometrists are sometimes called upon to evaluate the functional status of the visual system in terms of what activities an individual may engage in, in addition to diagnosing the presence of pathology. This may prove a difficult task since there is often a mismatch between sensory loss and the ability to function in the world (i.e. some individuals with dramatic losses seem to function quite well while others, with only minor sensory loss, report great difficulty in visually guided activities). This difficulty may be exacerbated in the older population, where there is a marked increase in the range of functional abilities, and often no clear distinction between aging and early onset of disease.
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Blösch-Paidosh, Alexandra, and Kristina Shea. "Preliminary User Study on Design Heuristics for Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85908.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has unique capabilities when compared to traditional manufacturing, such as shape, hierarchical, functional, and material complexity, a fact that has fascinated those in research, industry, and the media for the last decade. Consequently, designers would like to know how they can incorporate AM’s special capabilities into their designs, but are often at a loss as to how to do so. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) methods are currently in development but the vast majority of existing methods are not tailored to the needs and knowledge of designers in the early stages of the design a process. The authors have previously derived 29 design heuristics for AM. In this paper, the efficacy of these heuristics is tested in the context of a re-design scenario with novice designers. The preliminary results show that the heuristics positively influence the designs generated by the novice designers. Analysis of the use of specific heuristics by the participants and future research to validate the impact of the design heuristics for additive manufacturing with expert designers and in original design scenarios is planned.
Reports on the topic "Additive loss functions"
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Gutierrez-Arias, Ruvistay, Camila González-Mondaca, Vinka Marinkovic-Riffo, Marietta Ortiz-Puebla, Fernanda Paillán-Reyes, and Pamela Seron. Considerations for ensuring safety during telerehabilitation of people with stroke. A protocol for a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0104.
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Review question / Objective: To summarise measures or aspects targeted at reducing the incidence of adverse events during the delivery of exercise interventions through telerehabilitation in patients after stroke. Background: The sequelae in people with stroke are diverse. Regarding physical function post-stroke, functional impairment of the upper and lower extremities is common, which may be due to weakness or paralysis, sensory loss, spasticity, and abnormal motor synergies. In addition, a near 15% prevalence of sarcopenia has been found in people with stroke. Gait impairment has been observed in a high percentage of people with stroke, a dysfunction that may persist despite rehabilitation. More than 50% of people with stroke may experience limitations in activities such as shopping, housework, and difficulty reintegrating into community life within 6 months. These restrictions can result in a diminished health-related quality of life.
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Yalovsky, Shaul, and Julian Schroeder. The function of protein farnesylation in early events of ABA signal transduction in stomatal guard cells of Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695873.bard.
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Loss of function mutations in the farnesyltransferase β subunit gene ERA1 (enhanced response to abscisic acid), cause abscisic acid hypersensitivity in seedlings and in guard cells. This results in slowed water loss of plants in response to drought. Farnesyltransferase (PFT) catalyses the attachment of the 15-carbon isoprenoid farnesyl to conserved cysteine residues located in a conserved C-terminal domain designated CaaX box. PFT is a heterodimeric protein comprised of an a and b sununits. The a subunit is shared between PFT and geranylgeranyltransferase-I (PGGTI) which catalyses the attachemt of the 20-carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl to CaaX box proteins in which the last amino acid is almost always leucine and in addition have a polybasic domain proximal to the CaaL box. Preliminary data presented in the proposal showed that increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in stomal guard cells in response to non-inductive ABA treatements. The goals set in the proposal were to characterize better how PFT (ERA1) affects ABA induced Ca2+ concentrations in guard cells and to identify putative CaaX box proteins which function as negative regulators of ABA signaling and which function is compromised in era1 mutant plants. To achieve these goals we proposed to use camelion Ca2+ sensor protein, high throughput genomic to identify the guard cell transcriptome and test prenylation of candidate proteins. We also proposed to focus our efforts of RAC small GTPases which are prenylated proteins which function in signaling. Our results show that farnesyltransferaseprenylates protein/s that act between the points of ABA perception and the activation of plasma membrane calcium influx channels. A RAC protein designated AtRAC8/AtRop10 also acts in negative regulation of ABA signaling. However, we discovered that this protein is palmitoylated and not prenylated although it contains a C-terminal CXXX motif. We further discovered a unique C-terminal sequence motif required for membrane targeting of palmitoylatedRACs and showed that their function is prenylation independent. A GC/MS based method for expression in plants, purification and analysis of prenyl group was developed. This method would allow highly reliable identification of prenylated protein. Mutants in the shared α subunit of PFT and PGGT-I was identified and characterized and was shown to be ABA hypersensitive but less than era1. This suggested that PFT and PGGT-I have opposing functions in ABA signaling. Our results enhanced the understanding of the role of protein prenylation in ABA signaling and drought resistance in plants with the implications of developing drought resistant plants. The results of our studies were published 4 papers which acknowledge support from BARD.
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Schurz, Alexander, Matthias Walter, Melanie Liechti, Nathanael Lutz, and Jan Taeymans. Health Economic Evaluation of Weight Reduction Therapies for Overweight Individuals with a Musculoskeletal Diagnosis - A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0122.
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Review question / Objective: Are therapies that include weight loss strategies in addition to musculoskeletal interventions cost-effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with overweight or obesity with a musculoskeletal diagnosis compared with musculoskeletal interventions alone? Condition being studied: Full health economic evaluations which investigate weight reduction programs alone or in combination with musculoskeletal treatment for the treatment of overweight or obese individuals with a musculoskeletal diagnosis. Information sources: Abstract, cost of illness studies, study protocols, congress proceedings, grey literature, study protocols or non-academic studies are not deemed relevant. In addition, systematic reviews and meta-analyses are excluded.
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liu, qing, peng Wang, shufan Li, xiaojing Zhou, xing Wang, and zhichao Cao. A meta-analysis of the effects of MOTOmed intelligent exercise training on balance function and neurological function in patients with hemiplegia with stroke. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0045.
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Review question / Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of MOTOmed intelligent exercise training on balance function, neurological function and activities of daily living ability in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Condition being studied: Stroke is a neurological disease caused by abnormal blood supply to the brain and is the third leading cause of death and disability in humans. Stroke-related disability-adjusted life-years are lost in 5.7 percent of the total, and 25 million new patients are expected each year by 2050. Hemiplegia is one of the most common sequelae of stroke ，and its clinical symptoms are often accompanied by neurological deficits in addition to common motor dysfunction, and due to damage to the central nervous system, proprioceptive and motor function is weakened, resulting in imbalance and increasing the risk of falls, seriously affecting the quality of daily life of patients .
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Welch, David, and Gregory Deierlein. Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/yyqh3072.
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This report outlines the development of earthquake damage functions and comparative loss metrics for single-family wood-frame buildings with and without seismic retrofit of vulnerable cripple wall and stem wall conditions. The underlying goal of the study is to quantify the benefits of the seismic retrofit in terms of reduced earthquake damage and repair or reconstruction costs. The earthquake damage and economic losses are evaluated based on the FEMA P-58 methodology, which incorporates detailed building information and analyses to characterize the seismic hazard, structural response, earthquake damage, and repair/reconstruction costs. The analyses are informed by and include information from other working groups of the Project to: (1) summarize past research on performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identify construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterize earthquake hazard and ground motions in California; (4) conduct laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies and sill anchorages; and (5) validate the component loss models with data from insurance claims adjustors. Damage functions are developed for a set of wood-frame building variants that are distinguished by the number of stories (one- versus two-story), era (age) of construction, interior wall and ceiling materials, exterior cladding material, and height of the cripple walls. The variant houses are evaluated using seismic hazard information and ground motions for several California locations, which were chosen to represent the range seismicity conditions and retrofit design classifications outlined in the FEMA P-1100 guidelines for seismic retrofit. The resulting loss models for the Index Building variants are expressed in terms of three outputs: Mean Loss Curves (damage functions), relating expected loss (repair cost) to ground-motion shaking intensity, Expected Annual Loss, describing the expected (mean) loss at a specific building location due to the risk of earthquake damage, calculated on an annualized basis, and Expected RC250 Loss, which is the cost of repairing damage due to earthquake ground shaking with a return period of 250 years (20% chance of exceedance in 50 years). The loss curves demonstrate the effect of seismic retrofit by comparing losses in the existing (unretrofitted) and retrofitted condition across a range of seismic intensities. The general findings and observations demonstrate: (1) cripple walls in houses with exterior wood siding are more vulnerable than ones with stucco siding to collapse and damage; (2) older pre-1945 houses with plaster on wood lath interior walls are more susceptible to damage and losses than more recent houses with gypsum wallboard interiors; (3) two-story houses are more vulnerable than one-story houses; (4) taller (e.g., 6-ft-tall) cripple walls are generally less vulnerable to damage and collapse than shorter (e.g., 2-ft-tall) cripple walls; (5) houses with deficient stem wall connections are generally observed to be less vulnerable to earthquake damage than equivalent unretrofitted cripple walls with the same superstructure; and (6) the overall risk of losses and the benefits of cripple wall retrofit are larger for sites with higher seismicity. As summarized in the report, seismic retrofit of unbraced cripple walls can significantly reduce the risk of earthquake damage and repair costs, with reductions in Expected RC250 Loss risk of up to 50% of the house replacement value for an older house with wood-frame siding at locations of high seismicity. In addition to the reduction in repair cost risk, the seismic retrofit has an important additional benefit to reduce the risk of major damage that can displace residents from their house for many months.
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Levy, Avraham, Clifford Weil, and Wojtek Pawlowski. Enhancing the Rate of Meiotic Crossing-Over for Plant Breeding. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696532.bard.
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Meiotic recombination contributes to the generation of biodiversity as well as to genome stability, ensuring the proper segregation of homo logs during meiosis. It is also an essential step in the process of plant breeding. It generates the diversity needed by the breeder for selection of novel varieties. In this project, we have collaborated towards the goals to identify and characterize key genes involved in meiotic recombination. In addition we have shown how some of these genes can be used, through loss of function, or through overexpression, to enhance homologous recombination in Arabidopsis and in maize. Our main achievements can be summarized as follows: 1- To establish a collection of mutants, in Arabidopsis and in maize for candidate genes. In Arabidopsis, insertion mutants were isolated in the following genes: AtMSHI, AtMSH4, AtMSH5, AtMLH3, AtPHSl, and mutants in the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex. In maize, the TILLING system was established and enabled to isolate mutants in candidate genes, such as Rad2l-4a, Sgo2, and Aml. In addition, we generated phs 1 mutant alleles as well as mutants in the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex. No mus8l mutants have been found thus far. 2- We showed that mutants in AtMLH3 have decreased rates of crossover, suggesting that overexpression of these genes may enhance crossover. Mutants in AtMSHlhad no effect and mutants in AtMSH4 and 5 showed sterility. Overexpression of these genes might also enhance crossover. The effect of other mutations on crossovers in maize is still being investigated. 3- We showed that overexpression of AtMLH1, RecG and RuvC under a meioticspecific promoter enhances meiotic crossover in Arabidopsis. The effect of PHSloverexpression on crossover is expected to be determined soon. 4- New tools have been developed and perfected to study the recombination genes effect on meiotic crossovers. This includes antibodies, cDNAs and fusion proteins.
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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.
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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Amin Eshraghi, Aaron Dinovitzer, and Arnav Rana. PR-214-114500-R01 Fatigue Life Assessment of Dents with and without Interacting Features. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011540.
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The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted for in the assessment. The current project provides pipeline operators with a methodology for assessing and managing dent fatigue, thus making it possible to prioritize response and remedial action(s) in an informed manner. The methodology allows the users to carry out dent ranking/prioritization and dent fatigue life assessment. In addition to the development of the plain dent fatigue life assessment methodology, dent weld and dent metal loss interaction criteria have been developed to ascertain their effect on the fatigue life of a dent. The dent assessment methodology utilizes dent shape information that can be derived from in-line inspection (ILI) data, operating pressure spectra and pipeline material grade. A three-level approach has been developed for assessing the fatigue life or cyclic pressure loading dependent fail-ure of pipeline dents. All three assessment levels draw upon information regarding pipeline operational, material and mechanical damage data. The assessment level selection and accuracy of the results are based upon the complexity of the features, the availability of required data and the level of detail and certainty in the input data. The three levels provide a range of alternatives for integrity management, where the appropriate method to use is dependent on the desired outcome and the available information.
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Nechaev, V., Володимир Миколайович Соловйов, and A. Nagibas. Complex economic systems structural organization modelling. Politecnico di Torino, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1118.
Full textAbstract:
One of the well-known results of the theory of management is the fact, that multi-stage hierarchical organization of management is unstable. Hence, the ideas expressed in a number of works by Don Tapscott on advantages of network organization of businesses over vertically integrated ones is clear. While studying the basic tendencies of business organization in the conditions of globalization, computerization and internetization of the society and the results of the financial activities of the well-known companies, the authors arrive at the conclusion, that such companies, as IBM, Boeing, Mercedes-Benz and some others companies have not been engaged in their traditional business for a long time. Their partner networks performs this function instead of them. The companies themselves perform the function of system integrators. The Tapscott’s idea finds its confirmation within the framework of a new powerful direction of the development of the modern interdisciplinary science – the theory of the complex networks (CN) [2]. CN-s are multifractal objects, the loss of multifractality being the indicator of the system transition from more complex state into more simple state. We tested the multifractal properties of the data using the wavelet transform modulus maxima approach in order to analyze scaling properties of our company. Comparative analysis of the singularity spectrumf(®), namely, the difference between maximum and minimum values of ® (∆ = ®max ¡ ®min) shows that IBM company is considerably more fractal in comparison with Apple Computer. Really, for it the value of ∆ is equal to 0.3, while for the vertically integrated company Apple it only makes 0.06 – 5 times less. The comparison of other companies shows that this dependence is of general character. Taking into consideration the fact that network organization of business has become dominant in the last 5-10 years, we carried out research for the selected companies in the earliest possible period of time which was determined by the availability of data in the Internet, or by historically later beginning of stock trade of computer companies. A singularity spectrum of the first group of companies turned out to be considerably narrower, or shifted toward the smaller values of ® in the pre-network period. The latter means that dynamic series were antipersistant. That is, these companies‘ management was rigidly controlled while the impact of market mechanisms was minimized. In the second group of companies if even the situation did changed it did not change for the better. In addition, we discuss applications to the construction of portfolios of stock that have a stable ratio of risk to return.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. Role of GRAS Transcription Factors in Tomato Disease Resistance and Basal Defense. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696520.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The research problem: Bacterial spot and bacterial speck diseases of tomato are causedby strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (Pst), respectively. These bacteria colonize aerial parts of the plant and causesignificant losses in tomato production worldwide. Protection against Xcv and Pst bycultural practices or chemical control has been unsuccessful and there are only limitedsources of genetic resistance to these pathogens. In previous research supported in part byBARD IS-3237-01, we extensively characterized changes in tomato gene expression uponthe onset of spot and speck disease resistance. A remarkable finding of these studies wasthe inducibility in tomato leaves by both Xcv and Pst strains of genes encodingtranscriptional activator of the GRAS family, which has not been previously linked todisease resistance. Goals: Central goals of this research were to investigate the role of GRAS genes in tomatoinnate immunity and to assess their potential use for disease control.Specific objectives were to: 1. Identify GRAS genes that are induced in tomato during thedefense response and analyze their role in disease resistance by loss-of-function experiments.2. Overexpress GRAS genes in tomato and characterize plants for possible broad-spectrumresistance. 3. Identify genes whose transcription is regulated by GRAS family. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas:1. Identification of tomato GRAS family members induced in defense responses andanalysis of their role in disease resistance. Genes encoding tomato GRAS family memberswere retrieved from databases and analyzed for their inducibility by Pst avirulent bacteria.Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that six SlGRAS transcripts are induced during theonset of disease resistance to Pst. Further expression analysis of two selected GRAS genesshowed that they accumulate in tomato plants in response to different avirulent bacteria orto the fungal elicitor EIX. In addition, eight SlGRAS genes, including the Pst-induciblefamily members, were induced by mechanical stress in part in a jasmonic acid-dependentmanner. Remarkably, SlGRAS6 gene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Pstin virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments.2. Molecular analysis of pathogen-induced GRAS transcriptional activators. In aheterologous yeast system, Pst-inducible GRAS genes were shown to have the ability toactivate transcription in agreement with their putative function of transcription factors. Inaddition, deletion analysis demonstrated that short sequences at the amino-terminus ofSlGRAS2, SlGRAS4 and SlGRAS6 are sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally,defense-related SlGRAS proteins were found to localize to the cell nucleus. 3. Disease resistance and expression profiles of transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRASgenes. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRAS3 or SlGRAS6 were generated. Diseasesusceptibility tests revealed that these plants are not more resistant to Pst than wild-typeplants. Gene expression profiles of the overexpressing plants identified putative direct orindirect target genes regulated by SlGRAS3 and SlGRAS6. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities established a novel linkbetween the GRAS family of transcription factors, plant disease resistance and mechanicalstress response. SlGRAS6 was found to be required for disease resistance to Pstsuggesting that this and possibly other GRAS family members are involved in thetranscriptional reprogramming that takes place during the onset of disease resistance.Their nuclear localization and transcriptional activation ability support their proposed roleas transcription factors or co-activators. However, the potential of utilizing GRAS familymembers for the improvement of plant disease resistance in agriculture has yet to bedemonstrated.