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1

Lena Bezawork Grönlund. "Addis Ababa." Callaloo 33, no. 1 (2010): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.0.0620.

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Berhanu, Yetayale. "Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Addis Ababa University Students, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 2, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2015.21005.

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3

Ahmed, Hussein. "Addis Ababa University." Cahiers d’études africaines 46, no. 182 (June 28, 2006): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.5928.

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4

Shiferraw, Mahtem. "City Profile: Addis Ababa." World Literature Today 96, no. 3 (May 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2022.0101.

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5

Negm, Namira. "Views from Addis Ababa." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 115 (2021): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2021.155.

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Adaptation is the one thing that the COVID-19 pandemic taught us. Not only as human beings in our personal lives but also as professionals working in multilateral diplomacy. We learned the hard way to adapt to a new reality of continuous lockdowns, working from home, conducting meetings virtually, and possible negotiations of legal instruments online. Simply, with all the challenges we met and despite the slow mode, multilateralism is still functioning and business is continuing.
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Dinaw Mengestu. "Returning to Addis Ababa." Callaloo 33, no. 1 (2010): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.0.0632.

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7

Pierrat, Adeline, Stéphanie Guitton, and Delphine Ayerbe. "« Clean and green Addis Ababa ». A new environmental policy for Addis Ababa." Annales d'Ethiopie 27, no. 1 (2012): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2012.1476.

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Wondimagegn, Dawit, Clare Pain, Yonas Baheretibeb, Brian Hodges, Melaku Wakma, Marci Rose, Abdulaziz Sherif, Gena Piliotis, Admasu Tsegaye, and Cynthia Whitehead. "Toronto Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration." Academic Medicine 93, no. 12 (December 2018): 1795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002352.

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9

Elleni Centime Zeleke. "Addis Ababa as Modernist Ruin." Callaloo 33, no. 1 (2010): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.0.0598.

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Assefa, Mesfin. "Urban Resilience in Addis Ketama and Lideta Sub Cities of Addis Ababa: The Case Tekilehaimanot Area Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Urban and Regional Planning 3, no. 2 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20180302.12.

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Pierrat, Adeline, Stéphanie Guitton, and Delphine Ayerbe. "« Clean and green Addis Ababa », enjeux et pratiques environnementales du nouveau millénaire à Addis Abeba." Annales d'Ethiopie 27, no. 1 (2012): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2012.1461.

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12

Schneider, Madeleine. "Sur la route de Šayḫ Ḥusayn du Bale (Ethiopie méridionale): une inscription en arabe." Aethiopica 9 (September 24, 2012): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.9.1.243.

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In 1970 Maurice Taïeb, a prehistorian, a member of the French Mission (CNRS) in Ethiopia sent me the photos of an inscription in Arabic. Ibrāhīm’s cupola mentioned in the text is a heap of stones. If my reading is not erroneous Ibrāhīm wanted to go on a pilgrimage to sheikh Husayn of Bale. Walking from Addis Ababa he died in Addi Hiwot. According to the date of the foundation of Addis Ababa, 1887, and that of Mr. Taïeb’s letter, the text could be dated between 1888 and 1969–1970.
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13

Binns, Colin. "World Public Health in Addis Ababa." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 24, no. 3 (May 2012): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539512450401.

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Kwast, Barbara E., Roger W. Rochat, and Widad Kidane-Mariam. "Maternal Mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Studies in Family Planning 17, no. 6 (November 1986): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1966906.

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15

Wubneh, Mulatu. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – Africa’s diplomatic capital." Cities 35 (December 2013): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.08.002.

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16

you tang, Zhang, and Hagos Mesfin. "Research on the Effect of Marketing Mix on the Competitive Advantage: A Study of Selected Small and Medium Enterprises in Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 1 (2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.71.1002.

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Small and Medium Sized Enterprises are the backbone of every major economy, and empirical studies prove that small firms are more efficient and innovative in their operation, product development and marketing policies. The aim of this study is to highpoint the significant of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) on attaining the competitive advantage in the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector in the Addis Ababa city Administration Ethiopia. This journal states the significance of competitive advantage in attaining marketing goals and ahead of the satisfaction of customers by using marketing mix concept. A descriptive analysis approach is used to analyses the collected data about the level of impact of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion), on the competitive advantage of the SME sector in Addis Ababa. The data have been collected through the use of a questionnaire that is distributed to SMEs in the Addis Ababa city Administration rendering to the City government of Addis Ababa job and enterprise development bureau creation. There were 200 SMEs selected randomly; though, only 150 questionnaires were managed because of missing data. Based on the data analysis, the results show that all of marketing mix elements (product, price, place, and promotion) have a significant impact on realising competitive advantage in the case of Addis Ababa City SMEs (p- value for all marketing mix elements is less than α =0.05). The foremost viable component when it comes to accomplishing competitive advantage is the price. The SME sector in Addis Ababa should develop its product’s quality, distribution channels, and promotion policies to face the local and international competitors. The marketing mix and competitive advantage represent a relatively new orientation in Addis Ababa City SME sector.
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Abegaz, K. "Cancer incidence rates and trends in Addis Ababa, 2012–2016: Addis Ababa population-based cancer registry." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.084.

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Yigzaw, Mulu Tilahun. "Sexual Initiation and Factors Associated with it among Addis Ababa University Undergraduate Students, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Health Research 2, no. 5 (2014): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.17.

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Liknaw Mekonon, Wondimeneh. "Evaluation of Phlebotomy Services in Clinical Laboratory Setting in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2, no. 3 (2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajlm.20170203.11.

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Gidebo, Frehaileab Admasu, and Janusz Szpytko. "Reliability Assessment of the Transport System, Addis Ababa Case Study." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0073.

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Abstract The subject of the article is the method of assessing the reliability of the transport system on the example of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The transport system and its technical condition, transport infrastructure, organization of the transport system, environment (users, environmental and climatic conditions), and legal provisions, have a significant impact on the reliability of the transport system. The most common means of transport in Addis Ababa is a car (including: taxis and minibuses). An important problem in public transport is the long waiting time for the vehicles, resulting from random events accompanying transportation processes in a defined infrastructure with limited resources. The article presents also the concept of a transport system availability model for developing countries on the example of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.
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Sahile, Addisu Tadesse, and Getabalew Endazenew Bekele. "Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors in Addis Ababa Public Health Facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016." Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy Volume 13 (February 2020): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s237995.

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Stockmans, Jep, and Karen Büscher. "A spatial reading of urban political-religious conflict: contested urban landscapes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1600077x.

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ABSTRACTThis article presents a spatial approach to the recent history of conflict and confrontation between the Ethiopian Government and Ethiopian Muslim Communities in Addis Ababa. Based on original ethnographic data and inspired by existing academic studies on political-religious relationships in Addis Ababa, this study takes a closer look at the significance of the urban public landscape in power-struggles between the EPRDF and the Muslim communities. The article argues that political-religious struggle in Addis Ababa shapes the current urban landscape, as use of and control over urban public space and place forms a crucial element in the strategies of public authority of all involved actors.
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Selassie, Bereket Habte. "The Bumpy Road from Accra to Addis Ababa: Recollections of an Observer/Participant La route bosselée d'Accra vers Addis Ababa El camino bacheado de Accra a Addis Ababa." Societies Without Borders 2, no. 1 (2007): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187188607x163257.

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24

Ellingsen, Eric. "The Rehearsal: Poetry-Jazz in Addis Ababa." World Literature Today 92, no. 5 (2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2018.0058.

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Eric Ellingsen. "The Rehearsal: Poetry-Jazz in Addis Ababa." World Literature Today 92, no. 5 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.92.5.0054.

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26

Missaye, Mulatie. "Intergroup bias among Addis Ababa University students." International Journal of Psychology and Counselling 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijpc2013.0237.

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27

Heery, Sarah. "Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Africa Bibliography 2003 (December 2004): vii—xviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266673100000039.

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28

Armstrong, Penny. "Postoperative Ward, Fistula Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 49, no. 4 (July 8, 2004): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.03.016.

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Dereje, Nebiyu, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Mathewos Assefa, Aynalem Abraha, Wondemagegnehu Tigeneh, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Extent and Predictors of Delays in Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Population-Based Prospective Study." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00242.

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PURPOSE A substantial proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed at advanced stage in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent and predictors of delays in cervical cancer diagnosis in Addis Ababa. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 231 patients with cervical cancer diagnosed from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2018, in 7 health facilities in Addis Ababa, representing 99% of all cervical cancers recorded in the Addis Ababa population-based cancer registry. A structured questionnaire on patients’ experience was administered face to face by trained interviewers. Health-seeking intervals > 90 days (date from recognition of symptoms to medical consultation) and diagnostic intervals > 30 days (dates from medical consultation to diagnostic confirmation) were categorized as delayed. Factors associated with these delays were assessed using multivariable binary logistic regression models. RESULTS The median health-seeking and diagnostic intervals for patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa were 10 and 97 days, respectively. Approximately one quarter of the patients were delayed in seeking medical consultation, and three fourths of the patients had delayed diagnostic confirmation. Factors associated with health-seeking delays included poor cervical cancer awareness, practicing of religious rituals, and waiting for additional symptoms before visiting a health facility. Factors associated with diagnostic delays included first contact with primary health care units and visits to ≥ 4 different health facilities before diagnosis. CONCLUSION A considerable proportion of patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa have delays in seeking medical care and diagnostic conformation. These findings reinforce the need for programs to enhance awareness about cervical cancer signs and symptoms and the importance of early diagnosis in the community and among health care providers.
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Teklemariam, Mebrat, and Bezawork Afework. "Abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus Temminck,) in Addis Ababa abattoirs enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.12.

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Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is an African endemic scavenger listed as Critically Endangered species. The population is declining across its range and there is threat of significant decline in population and distribution in Ethiopia. Little efforts have been made to properly document the status of vulture population and their diurnal activity patterns in the country for ensuring long term conservation measures. A study was conducted in Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, Ethiopia from November 2019 to January 2020 to investigate the abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures. The abundance of these vultures was estimated by direct counts method at their feeding sites and scan sampling was employed to study the diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures from dawn to dusk. Hooded vulture mean abundance was 216±40 at the abattoir. Their diurnal activity pattern showed that they were observed feeding, resting (perching, watching and basking), preening, roosting and others activities such as walking, drinking, chasing and flying. They spent 37.73% of their time in resting followed by others (including walking, drinking, chasing and flying) (27.73%). The major threat recorded for theses vultures in the abattoir includes shortage of food, human disturbances, negative attitudes and lack of awareness on the importance of the species. Further ecological studies and impacts of human activities on Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise should be conducted for the conservation of hooded vulture and other conspecifics in the area.
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Aklilu, Mesfin, Wogayehu Tadele, Amelework Alemu, Sintayehu Abdela, Garuma Getahun, Alemnesh Hailemariam, Yirgalem Tadesse, et al. "Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (February 19, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662073.

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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.
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Givental, Elena. "Addis Ababa Urbanism: Indigenous Urban Legacies and Contemporary Challenges." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n1p25.

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Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, has been experiencing rapid urbanization as the entire country has transformed into an emerging market economy featuring a spectacular average ten percent GDP growth rate over the last ten years. However, this economic growth has not provided a poverty elimination momentum for the city where over half of its residents still live in slum areas and over thirty percent are unemployed or involved in informal economic activity. This paper examines the factors behind Addis Ababa’s inhibited urban progress focusing on urban legacies stemming from the city’s one-hundred-thirty years of independent development as well as on the present-day economic challenges. The empirical evidence suggests that there is a correlation between Addis Ababa’s inadequate investment in urban housing and infrastructure and Ethiopia’s low levels of foreign direct investment. Further analysis indicates that the country’s service-driven growth model of development may be contributing to overurbanization and poverty production in Addis Ababa.
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Baron, Nicole, and Zegeye Cherenet. "Perceptions and pathways of resilience in Addis Ababa." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 36, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2018-0014.

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Purpose Resilience has recently attracted widespread interest in the field of urban planning and theory. However, the research that has been conducted on urban resilience in Africa has major theoretical and methodological gaps. This can lead to problems when designing and implementing resilience strategies there. Understanding African perspectives can be a way of tackling these. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Using the example of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, this paper analyses expert interviews based on a grounded theory approach. The goal is to explore locally specific perceptions of and pathways to urban resilience. By comparing these findings to those reported in the existing literature, differences and overlaps are identified. Findings This study provides evidence for the existence of locally specific perceptions of and pathways to urban resilience. Furthermore, it identifies urban development pathways such as complete urban makeover (tabula rasa) and complete negation of change (resistance). Research limitations/implications Because this study uses Addis Ababa as a singular case and expert interviews as method, it rather represents an initial attempt at exploring a new research field than claiming generalisability. Its quality and significance lie in its discursive approach and theory formation. Practical implications This exemplary study from Ethiopia demonstrates that a regionally specific understanding of urban resilience is valuable for the design and implementation of urban resilience strategies. Originality/value This study offers unique insights into urban resilience from an African perspective and into the manifestation of urban resilience in Addis Ababa.
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Tilahun Muche, Zelalem, Diresibachew Haile Wondimu, Milkessa Bayissa Midekssa, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, Teklie Mengie Ayele, and Ediget Abebe Zewdie. "A Comparative Study of Hematological Parameters of Endurance Runners at Guna Athletics Sport Club (3100 Meters above Sea Level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy (2400 Meters above Sea Level), Ethiopia." Journal of Sports Medicine 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8415100.

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Introduction. Endurance running performance is dependent upon hematological, physiological, anthropometrical, diet, genetic, and training characteristics. Increased oxygen transport and efficiency of tissue in extracting oxygen are the major determinants to competitions that require endurance. Thus, altitude training is often employed to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity to improve sea-level endurance performance. This study aimed to compare hematological parameters of endurance runners’ training at different clubs with different altitudes (Guna Athletics Sport Club at Guna (3100 meter above sea level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy at Addis Ababa (2400 meter above sea level)). Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at GASC and EYSA. Data were collected from a total of 102 eligible study subjects (26 runners and 25 controls at Guna and 26 runners and 25 controls at Addis Ababa) from May to October 2019. About 3 ml of the venous blood was drawn from the antecubital vein by aseptic procedure and analyzed using a hematology analyzer (DIRUI BCC-3000B, China). One-way ANOVA and independent-sample t-tests were used to compare means. Result. Male runners in Guna had significantly higher hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) count than male runners in Addis Ababa. Besides, female runners in Guna had significantly higher MCH and MCHC than female runners in Addis Ababa. However, there were no significant differences between Guna and Addis Ababa runners in red blood cell (RBC) count, Hct, MCV, and platelet count in both sexes, while Hgb and WBC count in females. Conclusion. Decisively, Guna Athletics Sport Club endurance runners had significantly higher hematological parameters than Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy endurance runners. This provides invaluable information for coaches and sport physicians to monitor the hematological profile and the health status of an athlete living and training at different altitudes.
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Almedom, Astier M., and Alexander de Waal. "Constraints on weaning: evidence from Ethiopia and Sudan." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 4 (October 1990): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018897.

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SummaryEvidence on infant weaning processes provided by field research in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and among a refugee population of Eritreans in the Sudan is presented. The study in Addis Ababa, where households were economically disadvantaged but the situation was nutritionally stable, allowed the identification of factors constraining weaning, which includes both the introduction of supplementary foods and the termination of breastfeeding. While the timing of each aspect of weaning was the outcome of the interaction between mother and infant factors, ‘infant-centred’ factors were more important in the commencement and ‘mother-centred’ factors in the completion of weaning. The refugee population had in normal times a similar weaning regime, but under the unstable conditions of flight and life in a refugee camp the process had been significantly altered. Investigation of the factors which have led to altered weaning processes elaborates and confirms the model derived from the Addis Ababa study.
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Mohammed, Murad, and Sanjaya Senadheera. "Public Transport Affordability Evaluation for Addis Ababa City." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 6883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116883.

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The affordability of transportation services refers to the financial burden the travelers bear in purchasing such services. Key factors that affect affordability include travel demand, supply, competitiveness, quality, and cost of transport services. Surveys indicate that transport users consider affordability an important planning objective, but conventional transport planning tends to give little consideration to it. Public transport is one of the key instruments to bring sustainable mobility to cities, and its supply and quality must be maintained at acceptable levels for it to be a desirable mode of transportation. The ever-increasing demand for mass mobility resulting from rapid population growth and extended urbanization in the City of Addis Ababa calls for the provision of good quality, affordable urban public transport services. In this research, the affordability of public transport of Addis Ababa was studied. The majority of data were acquired from the City Transport Bureau. The analysis of data produced a city-wide observed affordability index (Affo) of 14.13% with the highest and lowest values of 32.11 and 3.69% for Q5 and Q1, respectively. The difference between potential and observed affordability is 28.34%. This indicates that, to reach the same motorized trip rates as the third quintile, those households in the lowest quintile need to increase their transport expenditure by 28.34% in Addis Ababa. The results of this study show that the dual affordability metric both in terms observed and potential affordability can provide an effective basis to improve the affordability of public transport in the city by adopting measures that are customized according to regional characteristics at the sub-city level.
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CUTTS, F. T., A. ABEBE, T. MESSELE, A. DEJENE, F. ENQUSELASSIE, W. NIGATU, and D. J. NOKES. "Sero-epidemiology of rubella in the urban population of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (June 2000): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003532.

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We conducted a community-based cluster sample survey of rubella sero-epidemiology in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1994. Among 4666 individuals for whom complete data were available, rubella antibody prevalence was 91% (95% confidence interval: 90, 92). On multivariable analysis, seroprevalence was lower among individuals who were resident in Addis Ababa for 1 year or less. Approx. 50% seroprevalence was attained by age 4 years, and the estimated average age at infection was 5·2 years. The highest age-specific force of infection was estimated to occur in 5- to 9-year-olds. The early age at infection corresponded with a low estimated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) of 0·3 per 1000 live births, equivalent to nine cases of CRS in 1994. The predicted critical level of immunity for elimination of rubella via vaccination was 85–91%, requiring 89–96% coverage with a vaccine of 95% effectiveness. Unless very high coverage of rubella vaccine could be guaranteed, the introduction of childhood vaccination could increase the incidence of CRS in Addis Ababa.
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Amsalu, Desalegn. "Awi Migration, Adaptation, and Integration to Addis Ababa." Annales d'Ethiopie 32, no. 1 (2018): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2018.1648.

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39

Getachew, D. Woldemedhin, L. Seifu and Eshete Zemedu, and Wassie A. "Mushroom value chain analysis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2016.0771.

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Tekest, Mebeaselassie, Tebarek Lika, and Mulugeta Girma. "Paratransit minibus taxi transport services in Addis Ababa." Urban, Planning and Transport Research 10, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2022.2086613.

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Scheerlinck, Kris. "STREETSCAPE TERRITORIES AND THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 19, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1922015_2.

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Urban transformation is directly related to the planning, design and use of a series of urban infrastructures, from streets to highways, from pedestrian, bicycle, bus or train lines and their connecting transport hubs to rivers, canals or harbor facilities. They play an essential role in the transformation of the urban fabric. Recent societal changes, especially in developing countries, demanding higher mobility and urban interaction, influence the used planning and design strategies to transform or extend urbanized areas by planning or renewing these infrastructures. However, its relationship to the surrounding urban fabric, more specifically the collective spaces it constitutes at the level of the streetscape, is not always an initial or integral part of providing these infrastructures. In many cases, the urban fabric is wrapped around or fragmented by these infrastructural projects, causing scale contrasts and struggle to integrate within, generating processes of misappropriation or misuse. Especially in developing contexts, new infrastructures are often planned and built in a fast way, rarely considering the qualities of the existing urban fabric. During the last decades, research on planning and design models related to the building or integrating of urban infrastructures has been developed and tested via specialised disciplinary approaches to produce insights on the relationship urban infrastructures have with the surrounding urban fabric (Secchi, 2013; Hasan, et. al. 2010; Shannon and Smets, 2009; De Maulder, 2008; Hillier, 1996;). However, additional in-depth research is needed to achieve critical insights on the relationship of infrastructures and their direct environments, starting from their constituent streetscapes - considering the level of the street that defines the perception and use by the inhabitants at an intermediate scale. This paper focuses on an ongoing research project in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), where different visions and models of urban growth are at stake (Figure 1). The recent increase of (foreign) investment in major infrastructures, changes the city's streetscapes drastically. This large scale and formal approach of installing high speed trains, Light Rail Transit's (LRT) or expanded highways and ring roads, to stimulate urban growth, contrasts with the daily routines of the proper citizens that move around by walking or by means of mini buses, both adding to the informal qualities of the city's streetscapes. Within this multi-centred capital, the location of built and planned housing projects, commercial centres, administrative or commercial high rises is studied in relation to the present infrastructural axes and questions models of proximity, accessibility and permeability. Keywords: Streetscapes, High Speed Trains, LRT, Addis Ababa, Infrastructure
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42

Kempen, John H., Aida Abashawl, Hilkiah K. Suga, Mesfin Nigussie Difabachew, Christopher J. Kempen, Melaku Tesfaye Debele, Abel A. Menkir, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Serosurvey in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 5 (November 4, 2020): 2022–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0816.

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43

Tulu, Getu Segni, M. Hadgu, and A. G. Tarekegn. "Bicycling in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges." Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2019.4-2.5.

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44

Sanders, Eduard J., Tekebash Araya, Derege Kebede, Ab J. Schaap, Nico D. Nagelkerke, and Roel A. Coutinho. "Mortality impact of AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS 17, no. 8 (May 2003): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200305230-00013.

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45

Tadesse, Sebsibe. "Stigma against Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): e0152900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152900.

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46

Rowell, Charles Henry. "The Call to Addis Ababa: The Editor's Notes." Callaloo 34, no. 3 (2011): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2011.0182.

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47

Szélinger, Balázs. "The Treason of The Intellectuals an Essay About the Hungarian Lesson." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 13, no. 5. (January 20, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2019.13.5.1.

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As the subtitle indicates, this is not a scholarly article based on research but one almost identical to the oral presentation I gave during the workshop “30 Years of Freedom – Farewell to Communism in Hungary, Local and Global Lessons” in Addis Ababa on October 25, 2019, organized jointly by the Embassy of Hungary in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian Civil Service University, the Hungarian National University of Public Service, and the University of Pécs, Hungary. I made every effort to strengthen my arguments with valuable references.
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48

Fikadu, Girma, and Seblewengel Lemma. "Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Hypertension 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4143962.

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Background. The social and economic changes taking place in developing countries are influencing the pace at which hypertension and its risk factors are expanding. As opposed to the already established inverse association in developed nations, the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension in developing countries is poor and inconsistent. This study aims to determine the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. This study is based on a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the prevalence of NCDs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken among workers of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and teachers of public schools in 2010.Results. Majority of participants were teachers (70.3%). Most of the respondents (54.1%) earn an annual income between 15,000 ETB and 48,000 ETB, and 51.9% of them have educational status of first degree and above. Among the socioeconomic factors income was strongly associated with the odds of having hypertension (AOR: 2.17 with 95% CI: 1.58–2.98).Conclusions. Higher burden of hypertension is observed among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Promotion of healthy behaviors and interventions that target higher income groups needs to be put in place.
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Kebede, Wassie, and Alice K. Butterfield. "Social networks among poor women in Ethiopia." International Social Work 52, no. 3 (May 2009): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872808102069.

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English Social networks are social capital for poor women living in a slum neighborhood in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Based on neighborhood, friendship, kinship, gender and ethnic ties, informal networks provide social, emotional and financial support. Social network analysis is a promising method for community development and participatory social work in Africa. French Les réseaux sociaux représentent un capital social pour les femmes pauvres qui vivent dans les bidonvilles à Addis-Abeba, en Ethiopie. Basés sur des liens de voisinage, d’amitié, de parenté, de genre et de culture, les réseaux informels apportent un soutien social, affectif et financier. L’analyse du réseau social est une méthode prometteuse pour le développement communautaire et le travail social participatif en Afrique. Spanish Las redes sociales son de suma importancia para las mujeres pobres que viven en los barrios de pocos recursos de Addis Abeba, Etiopía. Basadas en barrios, amistades, relaciones, géneros y lazos étnicos, las redes informales proveen ayuda social, emocional y financiera. El análisis de las redes sociales es un método promisorio para el desarrollo de las comunidades y el trabajo social participativo en África.
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Alembante Fikadu, Lemma, Robert Urban, and Laszlo Lajtai. "Khat use and users readiness to quit khat, qualitative research in the case of street people in Addis Ababa." Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jatr.1001020.

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Khat is a huge green plant that thrives at high elevations throughout the region ranging from southern to eastern Africa, and in the Arabian Peninsula. However, chewing Khat became common among the young (youth). The objectives of this study were to investigate the khat use behavior, users’ self-understanding, and their readiness of stopping using khat among street people in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A Semi-structured interview was used to collect information from street people in Addis Ababa. 15 participants were individually interviewed and 11 of them were males and the rest 4 were female participants. The data acquired from the interview was analyzed using descriptive and thematic analysis. Chewing Khat was identified as a common activity among the youth living in the streets of Addis Ababa. Most of the participants have an awareness of the use of khat and its effects on their health but they are still struggling to stop it. While the readiness to stop using khat was investigated and the addiction behavior and the lifestyle of the participants were affecting them from stooping chewing Khat.
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