Journal articles: 'Addiction relapse'

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Griffiths, Mark. "The biopsychosocial approach to addiction." Psyke & Logos 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2005): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v26i1.8200.

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For many people the concept of addiction involves taking of drugs. Therefore it is perhaps unsurprising that most official definitions concentrate on drug ingestion. Despite such definitions, there is now a growing movement that views a number of behaviours as potentially addictive including many behaviours which do not involve the ingestion of a drug such as gambling, sex, exercise, videogame playing and Internet use. This paper argues that all addictions consist of a number of distinct common components (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse) and that there are many other types of commonality on a psychological, biological, sociological, and cultural level. The paper argues that addictions are a part of a biopsychosocial process and evidence is growing that excessive behaviours of all types do seem to have many commonalities. This may reflect a common etiology of addictive behaviour and suggests that addiction may be a syndrome. It is argued that an eclectic approach to the studying of addictive behaviour appears to be the most pragmatic way forward in the field.

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Borchardt, Jamie, and Danielle Casilio. "Addictive behaviors: An analysis of support type and relapse rates among college students." International Journal of Modern Education Studies 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.51383/ijonmes.2021.59.

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Addictions can be classified as any substance, habit or behavior that one has come to heavily depend upon. This can include a variety of habits or behaviors outside of the traditional illicit drug realm. We identified compulsions related to non-illicit or habitual addictions to determine if relapse rates are negatively correlated with positive or negative support. We used a mixed-methods design that examined 24 undergraduate psychology students who attended a rural state university. Participants were asked to give up an addictive substance or habit of their choice for 30 days, and keep a journal during this time. In addition to investigating data using qualitative measures, two independent samples t-tests found that there were significant differences between relapse rates and support levels, p= 0.002, and relapse rates and gender p=.011.Keywords: Non-illicit, addiction, relapse, positive support, negative support

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Griffiths, Mark D. "Common Myths in the Behavioral Addiction Field." Journal of Concurrent Disorders 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54127/rwlx3632.

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There is no shortage of controversy and debates within the field of behavioral addiction. In this paper, five myths are outlined concerning various behavioral addictions. These are: (i) behavioral addictions can occur concurrently, (ii) addictions such as videogame addiction are associated with other comorbidities and are therefore not separate disorders, (iii) ‘addictions’ are equivalent to ‘disorders’ in DSM-5 and ICD-11 nomenclature, (iv) very excessive behaviors are addictions, and (v) socially condoned excessive activities and activities engaged in willfully cannot be classed as behavioral addictions. It is argued that views based on these myths depend upon how behavioral addictions are defined in the first place. It is concluded that any behavior which has severe and longstanding clinical impairment and comprising core components of addiction (i.e., salience, conflict, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, and relapse) should be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction.

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Pallanti, Stefano. "From Impulse-Control Disorders Toward Behavioral Addictions." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 12 (December 2006): 921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015108.

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In the last 20 years, research on substance addictions has changed its focus from the social foundations to the neurobiological foundations. Hence, some behaviors have begun to be considered as equivalent to addiction based on proposed criteria: salience, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, conflicts, relapse, and mood modifications.New knowledge about the brain's reward system suggests that “as far as the brain is concerned a reward is a reward, regardless of whether it comes from a chemical stimulus or an experience.”Pathological gambling was the prototypical addiction disorder, sharing some hallmarks with substance addictions: a high rate of comorbidity and treatment response to pharmacotherapies, such as opioid antagonist. However, compulsive sexual behavior, compulsive exercise, food starving, binge eating, and, most recently, Internet addiction have been gradually conceptualized as non-substance addictions with overlapping features with substance dependence. Several definitions” have been adopted regarding these behaviors: natural addiction, non-chemical addiction, and negative dependence are only some examples. This issue of CNS Spectrums focuses on behavioral addictions.

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Walton, Maureen A., Thomas M. Reischl, and Chathapuram S. Ramanathan. "Social settings and addiction relapse." Journal of Substance Abuse 7, no. 2 (January 1995): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-3289(95)90006-3.

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Schellekens, A. F. A., C. A. J. de Jong, J. K. Buitelaar, and R. J. Verkes. "Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment." European Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (January 2015): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.08.006.

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AbstractIntroduction:Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders often co-occur. Yet, the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on the alcohol relapse-risk after treatment is under debate. This study investigated the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on relapse rates in alcohol dependence. We hypothesized that co-morbid anxiety disorders would be particularly predictive for early relapse, but not late relapse.Subjects and methods:In a prospective design, male alcohol dependent patients (n = 189) were recruited from an inpatient detoxification clinic. Psychiatric diagnoses and personality traits were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for psychiatric disorders and the Temperament and Character Inventory. The addiction severity index was used to assess addiction severity and follow-up.Results:One year after detoxification, 81 patients (53%) relapsed and nine patients (7%) were deceased, due to alcohol related causes. Co-morbid anxiety disorder, marital status, addiction severity, in particular legal problems, and harm avoidance predicted relapse. Anxiety disorders specifically predicted early relapse.Conclusion:Alcohol dependence is a severe mental disorder, with high relapse rates and high mortality. Alcohol dependent patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders are particularly prone to relapse during the first three months of treatment. These patients may therefore require additional medical and psychological attention.

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Zeng, Xiaoqing, and Chuyi Tan. "The Relationship between the Family Functioning of Individuals with Drug Addiction and Relapse Tendency: A Moderated Mediation Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020625.

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To explore the relationship between family functioning, psychological capital, life history strategy, and relapse tendency of individuals with drug addiction, 842 individuals with drug addiction completed a questionnaire. The results showed that (1) there was a significant negative correlation between the family functioning of individuals with drug addiction and their relapse tendency; (2) psychological capital played an intermediary role between family functioning and relapse tendency; and (3) life history strategy regulated the mediating effect of psychological capital. The results of this study suggest that family members should collaborate with drug addiction treatment centers and participate in the education and treatment process to help reduce drug relapse tendency. Increasing the psychological capital and self-efficacy of individuals with drug addiction through group psychological counseling and psychological education courses could also reduce drug relapse tendency.

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Leach, David, and Henry R. Kranzler. "An Interpersonal Model of Addiction Relapse." Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adt.0b013e31826ac408.

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Bowden-Jones, H., M. McPhillips, and E. M. Joyce. "Neurobehavioural characteristics and relapse in addiction." British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 5 (May 2006): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.5.494.

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SEE, RONALD E., RITA A. FUCHS, CHRISTOPHER C. LEDFORD, and JOSELYN McLAUGHLIN. "Drug Addiction, Relapse, and the Amygdala." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985, no. 1 (January 24, 2006): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07089.x.

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Islam, Rezaul. "Relapse following withdrawal of drug addiction." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 5 (November 1993): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.5.699a.

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Hoffman, Elizabeth Hanson, Claudia Blackburn, and Salvatore Cullari. "Brief Residential Treatment for Nicotine Addiction: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study." Psychological Reports 89, no. 1 (August 2001): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.1.99.

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Relapse is a major problem with nicotine addiction. This study investigated the long-term abstinence rate and effectiveness of a five-day residential nicotine treatment program. Questionnaires were mailed to all clients who completed the program between 1991 and 1996. 47% of the questionnaires were returned. Of these, 65% of respondents reported being abstinent from nicotine for an average period of 120 weeks. Of this group. 15% reported at least one relapse before a sustained abstinence. The primary relapse triggers for both the abstinent and nonabstinent groups were coping with “strong emotional feelings”. Over 50% of the sample was comorbid for other addictions, depression or anxiety disorders.

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Sustkova-Fiserova, Magdalena, Chrysostomos Charalambous, Anna Khryakova, Alina Certilina, Marek Lapka, and Romana Šlamberová. "The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020761.

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Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin’s/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin’s/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.

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Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., L. J. M. J. Vanderschuren, A. H. Mulder, E. H. Jacobs, and T. J. De Vries. "Relapse to drug and alcohol use: a matter of sensitization." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800035766.

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SUMMARYRepeated exposure of rats to cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, nicotine and alcohol causes a very long-lasting (months) increase in the behavioral effects of these addictive drugs and drug-associated environmental stimuli (sensitization). This hypersensitivity is associated with persistent changes in the reactivity of neurons of the motivational (mesocorticolim-bic) system in the brain. Using an animal model for relapse, recent studies in our laboratory show that relapse to drug-seeking behavior (following extinction of intravenous cocaine or heroin self-administration) depends on the occurrence of sensitization. Accordingly, sensitization and conditioning seem to be more important for the persistence of drug and alcohol addiction then the occurrence of withdrawal phenomena. Biochemical research on the molecular and cellular basis of behavioral sensitization and behavioral studies on readjustment of stimulus responsiveness in rats, is of great importance for the development of an adequate pharmacotherapy of addiction.

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Heyman, Gene M. "Resolving the contradictions of addiction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042990.

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AbstractResearch findings on addiction are contradictory. According to biographical records and widely used diagnostic manuals, addicts use drugs compulsively, meaning that drug use is out of control and independent of its aversive consequences. This account is supported by studies that show significant heritabilities for alcoholism and other addictions and by laboratory experiments in which repeated administration of addictive drugs caused changes in neural substrates associated with reward. Epidemiological and experimental data, however, show that the consequences of drug consumption can significantly modify drug intake in addicts. The disease model can account for the compulsive features of addiction, but not occasions in which price and punishment reduced drug consumption in addicts. Conversely, learning models of addiction can account for the influence of price and punishment, but not compulsive drug taking. The occasion for this target article is that recent developments in behavioral choice theory resolve the apparent contradictions in the addiction literature. The basic argument includes the following four statements: First, repeated consumption of an addictive drug decreases its future value and the future value of competing activities. Second, the frequency of an activity is a function of its relative (not absolute) value. This implies that an activity that reduces the values of competing behaviors can increase in frequency even if its own value also declines. Third, a recent experiment (Heyman & Tanz 1995) shows that the effective reinforcement contingencies are relative to a frame of reference, and this frame of reference can change so as to favor optimal or suboptimal choice. Fourth, if the frame of reference is local, reinforcement contingencies will favor excessive drug use, but if the frame of reference is global, the reinforcement contingencies will favor controlled drug use. The transition from a global to a local frame of reference explains relapse and other compulsive features of addiction.

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Loganathan, Kavinash, and Eric Tatt Wei Ho. "Neurocognitive interventions based on network neuroscience may break the cycle of drug addiction relapse." Neuroscience Research Notes 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v3i2.48.

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In Malaysia, abstinence-centric programs failed to reduce drug use and stem the spread of HIV. The Malaysian government shifted its focus to implement harm reduction strategies with methadone maintenance therapy (MMT), in particular proving to be effective in improving the overall health and well-being of people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Despite this success, MMT retention rates remain low, as methadone is only able to stall drug consumption, but not stop it completely. Neuroimaging research revealed that PWIDs enrolled in MMT still display addictive behavior, including drug cue sensitivity, craving, and withdrawal, despite treatment adherence. Brain activity amongst treated PWIDs continues to bear similarities to untreated individuals, as they struggle with cognitive impairments and poor self-control. Findings from the emerging field of network neuroscience could provide fresh insight into the mechanics of addiction, especially the impact of substance abuse on brain-wide cognitive networks. Concurrently, the development of non-intrusive cognitive interventions, such as neurofeedback and transcranial magnetic stimulation, shows promise to reprogram a person's patterns of brain activity, including those regulated by large-scale networks, to a state resembling normalcy. We highlight the importance of relapse in the life-long rehabilitation of substance abuse. The lack of treatment options to handle relapse after successful harm-reduction policies is due to the absence of a conceptual framework to reason about interventions. We review recent research in the new field of network neuroscience, which suggests that altered brain activity due to drug addiction underlies the propensity for relapse and that this dysfunction is not addressed in drug rehabilitation programs. We hypothesize that non-invasive, non-pharmacological cognitive interventions based on network neuroscience to correct brain activity dysfunction associated with addiction are potential therapies to treat drug addiction relapse. In complement with medicine-substitution-based therapies, we hope this approach will finally break the cycle of addiction.

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Serenko, Alexander, and Ofir Turel. "Directing Technology Addiction Research in Information Systems." ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 53, no. 3 (July 25, 2022): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3551783.3551789.

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In this second part of a series of articles to direct technology addiction research in the information systems discipline, we discuss the history, conceptualization, and measurement of technology addiction. We admit that it is possible to label the phenomenon as overuse or excessive use as long as it is defined and measured by the presence and the magnitude of the six core symptoms of behavioral addictions: salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. The advantage of this terminology is that it does not attribute one's problems to helplessness and does not pathologize the behavior, implying that it may possibly be corrected. Nevertheless, we posit that the term technology addiction is currently the most reasonable choice that may need to be adjusted as we learn more about this phenomenon and its potential similarities to and differences from established behavioral addictions. Dependence, obsessive/compulsive use, and pathological/problem use terms should not be used as synonyms for technology addiction as a form of mental disorder. Researchers should not include the name of the IT artifact as the subject of addiction (e.g., "Facebook addiction"). Instead, they should focus on the activity that is mediated through the IT artifact (e.g., "addiction to Facebook use").

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Bach, P., S. Vollstädt-Klein, M. Kirsch, S. Hoffmann, A. Jorde, J. Frank, K. Charlet, et al. "From genes to treatment: The effect of polymorphisms in neurotransmitter systems on addictive behaviour, neural response and relapse." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.898.

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IntroductionThe development and maintenance of an alcohol addiction is a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic effects seem to contribute substantially to the risk of developing an addiction, but also to its course and patients’ responses to different treatments. Recent studies identified associations between polymorphisms in the genes of glutamate and μ-opioid receptors and addiction risk. Those receptors are of special interest, because they are targets of therapeutic agents, such as acamprosate and topiramate.Objectives and aimsSeveral studies were conducted, in order to further determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms in glutamate and opioid receptor genes on addictive behavior, neural response to alcohol cues and relapse risk.MethodsGenetic effects were investigated in samples of alcohol-dependent patients using functional imaging techniques, neuropsychological tests and follow-up investigation after standard clinical treatment. Data on clinical parameters, neuronal response to alcohol cues, functional neuronal connectivity and relapse risk were collected and analyzed.ResultsResults demonstrate effects of genetic polymorphisms in glutamate and opioid receptors on neuronal response to alcohol cues in frontal and mesolimbic brain areas, subjective craving and time to first relapse. Current findings will be discussed in the light of existing evidence on the contribution of genetic effects to treatment outcome and patient stratification.ConclusionsThe investigation of genetic risk factors and mechanisms by which they affect addiction related phenotypes seems to be a promising tool to identify molecular treatment targets and predictors for successful treatment strategies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Berridge, Kent C., and Terry E. Robinson. "Control versus causation of addiction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043028.

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AbstractHeyman explains useful ways to bring addictive drug use under environmental control. We doubt that relapse is explained by drug features such as immediate reinforcement, clouding of judgment, and so forth. Relapse may require explanation in terms of enduring sensitization of incentive neural substrates, but even if its causal assumptions are wrong, Heyman's model makes useful predictions for behavioral control.

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Ramadhan, Rizki. "SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN TINGKAT KECANDUAN GAME ONLINE MENGGUNAKAN METODE SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING (SAW)." Jurnal Informatika Polinema 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jip.v8i2.860.

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Playing games is everyone's favorite, both children and adults. One can continuously play games until one forgets the time and even forgets the surrounding environmental conditions. Frequent gaming can have an impact on a person's level of addiction to gaming. However, not everyone realizes that it has had this type of gaming addiction behavior. Therefore, research was conducted to determine the type of gaming addiction behavior. These types of behaviors are then created into a decision support system (SPK). This system is designed to build using simple additive weighting (SAW) method. With this research, a system was created to determine the level of gaming addiction based on six types of gaming addiction behaviors such as salience, euphoria, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse and reinstatement. This system can display the results of the most addictive gaming behavior based on the results of the SAW method.

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Anonymous. "Understanding Addiction Relapse Can Lead to Prevention." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 38, no. 9 (September 2000): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-20000901-08.

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Kotz, M. M., and J. A. Stowe. "Addiction relapse prevention in solid-organ transplantation." Transplantation Proceedings 31, no. 4 (June 1999): 48S—49S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00127-x.

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Sinha, Rajita. "The role of stress in addiction relapse." Current Psychiatry Reports 9, no. 5 (October 2007): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-007-0050-6.

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Kuntz-Melcavage, Kara L., Willard M. Freeman, and Kent E. Vrana. "CNS Genes Implicated in Relapse." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 2 (January 2008): SART.S1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s1042.

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Drug abuse is a condition that impacts not only the individual drug user, but society as a whole. Although prevention of initial drug use is the most effective way to prevent addiction, avoiding relapse is a crucial component of drug addiction recovery. Recent studies suggest that there is a set of genes whose expression is robustly and stably altered following drug use and ensuing abstinence. Such stable changes in gene expression correlate with ultrastructural changes in brain as well as alterations in behavior. As persistent molecular changes, these genes may provide targets for the development of therapeutics. Developing a list of well-characterized candidate genes and examining the effect of manipulating these genes will contribute to the ultimate goal of developing effective treatments to prevent relapse to drug use.

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Qureshi, N. A., Y. S. Al Ghamdy, and T. A. Al Habeeb. "Drug addiction: a general review of new concepts and future challenges." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 4 (August 15, 2000): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.4.723.

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Relevant papers published in peer reviewed journals in the past 2 decades were identified and screened to abstract pertinent information. Substance dependence/addiction, involving both a common brain reward mechanism and longer-lasting molecular and cellular changes, is a preventable chronic, relapsing brain disease and as such a public health problem. Physical and psychological dependence, characterized by withdrawal syndrome, are now given less weight compared with compulsive behaviour and uncontrolled use of drugs in the comprehension of addiction. The challenging components of drug addictions, including counteradaptation, sensitization, abstinence, craving and relapse need further neurobiological and non-neurobiological exploration and understanding, which may be possible through the use of advanced imaging and genetic techniques and animal models of drug addiction together with relevant human studies

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Everitt, Barry J., Chiara Giuliano, and David Belin. "Addictive behaviour in experimental animals: prospects for translation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1742 (January 29, 2018): 20170027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0027.

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Since the introduction of intravenous drug self-administration methodology over 50 years ago, experimental investigation of addictive behaviour has delivered an enormous body of data on the neural, psychological and molecular mechanisms of drug reward and reinforcement and the neuroadaptations to chronic use. Whether or not these behavioural and molecular studies are viewed as modelling the underpinnings of addiction in humans, the discussion presented here highlights two areas—the impact of drug-associated conditioned stimuli—or drug cues—on drug seeking and relapse, and compulsive cocaine seeking. The degree to which these findings translate to the clinical state of addiction is considered in terms of the underlying neural circuitry and also the ways in which this understanding has helped develop new treatments for addiction. The psychological and neural mechanisms underlying drug memory reconsolidation and extinction established in animal experiments show particular promise in delivering new treatments for relapse prevention to the clinic.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists'.

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Tavares, Hermano, Monica L. Zilberman, and Nady el-Guebaly. "Are There Cognitive and Behavioural Approaches Specific to the Treatment of Pathological Gambling?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 1 (February 2003): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800105.

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Objective: Treatment approaches for pathological gambling have been modelled after preexisting substance addiction models. This paper reviews cognitive-behavioural models in a search for original insights that are specific to gambling treatment. Method: A computerized search of major health care databases (Medline and PsycINFO) was performed. Results: New cognitive-behavioural approaches to the treatment of pathological gambling provide 3 original additions to the traditional multimodal treatment of addictions: cognitive restructuring, in vivo exposure, and imaginal desensitization. Other cognitive-behavioural techniques, such as relapse prevention, problem solving, and social skill training, are shared by gambling treatment and addictions treatment. Conclusions: When treating pathological gamblers, clinicians must consider introducing techniques to address cognitive distortions related to gambling. Also, cue exposure—whether in vivo or imaginal—may help deal with urges prompted by such cues. The blending of these new techniques into a multimodal addiction treatment potentially balances the rational and external orientation of the cognitive-behavioural approach with interpersonal and introspective components of the traditional addiction treatment.

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Venniro, Marco, Rosa A. M. Marino, Jonathan J. Chow, Daniele Caprioli, David H. Epstein, Leslie A. Ramsey, and Yavin Shaham. "The Protective Effect of Social Reward on Opioid and Psychostimulant Reward and Relapse: Behavior, Pharmacology, and Brain Regions." Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 50 (December 14, 2022): 9298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0931-22.2022.

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Until recently, most modern neuroscience research on addiction using animal models did not incorporate manipulations of social factors. Social factors play a critical role in human addiction: social isolation and exclusion can promote drug use and relapse, while social connections and inclusion tend to be protective. Here, we discuss the state of the literature on social factors in animal models of opioid and psychostimulant preference, self-administration, and relapse. We first summarize results from rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of traditional experimenter-controlled social interaction procedures on opioid and psychostimulant conditioned place preference, self-administration, and relapse. Next, we summarize behavioral and brain-mechanism results from studies using newer operant social-interaction procedures that inhibit opioid and psychostimulant self-administration and relapse. We conclude by discussing how the reviewed studies point to future directions for the addiction field and other neuroscience and psychiatric fields, and their implications for mechanistic understanding of addiction and development of new treatments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this review, we propose that incorporating social factors into modern neuroscience research on addiction could improve mechanistic accounts of addiction and help close gaps in translating discovery to treatment. We first summarize rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of both traditional experimenter-controlled and newer operant social-interaction procedures. We then discuss potential future directions and clinical implications.

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Hakimian, Joshua K., Tien S. Dong, Jorge A. Barahona, Venu Lagishetty, Suchi Tiwari, Darien Azani, Matthew Barrera, et al. "Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Opioid-Seeking Behaviors and Alters the Gut Microbiome." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081900.

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Opioids are highly addictive substances with a relapse rate of over 90%. While preclinical models of chronic opioid exposure exist for studying opioid dependence, none recapitulate the relapses observed in human opioid addiction. The mechanisms associated with opioid dependence, the accompanying withdrawal symptoms, and the relapses that are often observed months or years after opioid dependence are poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a novel model of chronic opioid exposure whereby the level of administration is self-directed with periods of behavior acquisition, maintenance, and then extinction alternating with reinstatement. This profile arguably mirrors that seen in humans, with initial opioid use followed by alternating periods of abstinence and relapse. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions that reduce inflammation, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), may reduce substance misuse liability. Using the self-directed intake model, we characterize the observed profile of opioid use and demonstrate that an n-3-PUFA-enriched diet ameliorates oxycodone-seeking behaviors in the absence of drug availability and reduces anxiety. Guided by the major role gut microbiota have on brain function, neuropathology, and anxiety, we profile the microbiome composition and the effects of chronic opioid exposure and n-3 PUFA supplementation. We demonstrate that the withdrawal of opioids led to a significant depletion in specific microbiota genera, whereas n-3 PUFA supplementation increased microbial richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness. Lastly, we examined the activation state of microglia in the striatum and found that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced the basal activation state of microglia. These preclinical data suggest that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs could be used as a treatment to alleviate anxiety induced opioid-seeking behavior and relapse in human opioid addiction.

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Johnson, David, Donna Mullen, Iain D. Smith, and Alistair Wilson. "Mindfulness in addictions." BJPsych Advances 22, no. 6 (November 2016): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014142.

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SummaryThere have been many developments in mindfulness-based approaches (MBAs) since the original mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course was first delivered in the 1980s. There are now a variety of mindfulness approaches, which are used to good effect in a range of psychological and physical health disorders. The addictions field first witnessed the development of relapse prevention techniques more than 30 years ago. MBAs have been adapted for use in relapse prevention and can be offered as a mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) course. MBSR or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) courses may also be useful for those with addiction problems. In this article, we describe the MBAs that are commonly offered at present. We highlight ways in which these approaches may be useful in the addictions feld. We also make suggestions for clinicians who may be interested in offering MBAs within their own service.

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Wan Yaacob, Wan Mohd Yusoff, Nur Haryani Zakaria, and Zahurin Mat Aji. "Identification of Factors Contributing to Online Game Addiction among Adolescents." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 20, No.4 (September 27, 2021): 565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2021.20.4.5.

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Nowadays, there are growing views of potentially addictive behaviors such as digital addiction, especially Online Game Addiction (OGA). This study argues that all types of addictions are related to common components, such as salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems. Despite the plethora of online game consequences, there is no standard or benchmark used to classify between addicted and non-addicted users. Therefore, this study is organized to identify the factors that contribute to OGA and examine the level of OGA especially among adolescents by utilizing the Online Game Addiction Scale (OGAS). Using the same scale, the adolescents were classified into addicted and non-addicted categories. Driven by previous studies of conventional game addiction, this study adopted all the distinct common components to measure seven underlying criteria related to OGA. The dimensional structure of the scale was analyzed based on the samples of adolescents among students of higher learning institutions (HLI) in Northern Malaysia. Data were collected from 389 participants who responded to an online survey. Based on OGAS, 35 percent of the participants were found to be addicted to online games. In addition, the findings demonstrated good concurrent validity as shown by the coherent associations between the time spent on playing games and the category of the games. This study contributes to the identification of factors that influence OGA among adolescents, which are significant in preventing the occurrence of other behavioral issues such as insecure cyber and emotional behaviors.

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Cumming, Paul. "Dopamine and Addiction: The medium is the message." Psyke & Logos 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v26i1.8203.

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A large variety of addictive substances and behaviors has been linked to changes in brain dopamine neurons, which are connected to pathways intimately involved in motivation and reward. Indeed, it has been claimed that all addictions, including nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, and perhaps gambling converge on dopamine mechanisms in parts of the brain subserving reward or reinforcement. However, physiological studies suggest that this simple model may confuse the message (mediated by dopamine) that a reward has taken place, with the reward itself. Dopamine may in fact subserve the education of the brain to anticipate strategies for obtaining rewards in the future, but some drugs may hi-jack this normal motivational and adaptive process and become an end in themselves. Many addictive drugs produce short term changes in receptors for dopamine and other neurotransmitters. While these temporary changes may account for the unpleasant aspects of the acute phase of withdrawal, other factors must underlie craving and the risk of relapse in drug addiction. It is coming to be understood that these long term changes are mediated by intracellular proteins under the control of dopamine receptors, which ultimately serve to alter gene expression, thus inducing longlasting changes in neuronal activity. While many biochemical studies of addiction have been carried out in experimental animals, the advent of positron emission tomography (PET) has made possible the investigation of dopamine systems in living humans. Short term and chronic changes in brain dopamine have been noted in PET studies of nicotine, cocaine, alcohol and amphetamine addicts. It is hoped that a more complete biochemical understanding of the nature of addiction will ultimately lead to improved treatments.

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Li, Shupeng, ZhaoXia Li, Lin Pei, Anh D. Le, and Fang Liu. "The α7nACh–NMDA receptor complex is involved in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 12 (October 22, 2012): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20121270.

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Smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and premature death. Nicotine, the main psychoactive drug in tobacco, is one of the most heavily used addictive substances, and its continued use is driven through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Despite harmful consequences, it is difficult to quit smoking because of its positive effects on mood and cognition that are strong reinforcers contributing to addiction. Furthermore, a formidable challenge for the treatment of nicotine addiction is the high vulnerability to relapse after abstinence. There is no currently available smoking cessation product able to achieve a >20% smoking cessation rate after 52 wk, and there are no medications that directly target the relapse process. We report here that the α7nAChR forms a protein complex with the NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) through a direct protein–protein interaction. Chronic nicotine exposure promotes α7nAChR–NMDAR complex formation. Interestingly, administration of an interfering peptide that disrupts the α7nAChR–NMDAR complex decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rat models of relapse, without affecting nicotine self-administration or locomotor activity. Our results may provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of medications for preventing nicotine relapse.

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Yang, Chunhui, Yiqing Qiu, Xiaowu Hu, Jianchun Chen, Yina Wu, and Xi Wu. "The Effect of High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of Bilateral Nucleus Accumbens on the Behavior of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference Rats at Extinction and Reinstatement Phases." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (October 12, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8232809.

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Objective. To explore the optimal time points for deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the treatment of morphine addiction and its possible mechanisms by investigating how high-frequency stimulation (HFS) in bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAc) at different time points influences the addictive behaviors of rats with drug addiction. Methods. The rats were randomly divided into extinction stimulation group (n = 20) and postextinction stimulation group (n = 20). Ten rats in the extinction stimulation group were treated using 120 Hz HFS during extinction stage while another 10 rats with pseudostimulation were served as control group. The CPP scores were evaluated at the second day after intervention, with total 9 sections accomplished. The CPP scores were evaluated at the second day of the intervention. In the postextinction stimulation group, 120 Hz HFS was intervened during the postextinction stage in 10 experimental rats and pseudostimulation was performed in 10 control rats. Stimulation was performed for 7 days continuously, and a small dose of morphine was administrated to induce relapse after the postextinction period. Results. During the extinction phase, CPP scores after HFS were significantly higher. During the postextinction phase, relapse CPP scores after HFS were dramatically lower. Conclusion. HFS of bilateral NAc inhibits the extinction of addictive behavior during the extinction phase, and HFS during the postextinction period suppresses relapse of drug seeking behavior.

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Latubessy, Anastasya, and Ahmad Jazuli. "Web application to measure level of addictive game." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.16097.

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Game becomes very popular within all ages. The intensity of someone playing games can influence the behavior of that person. World Health Organization (WHO) is classifying gaming disorder as an addictive behavior disorder. According to psychologists, there are six types of game addiction behavior, such as, Salience, Euphoria, Conflict, Tolerance, Withdrawal, and the last is Relapse and Reinstatement. A person is said to be addicted to the game if it meets at least three of the six types of behavior that exist. The six types of game addiction behavior then modeled using backward chaining algorithm. After that, the model was implemented into the system. Thus this research re-sult a web application to identify game addiction. Now we can measure how many people are affected using this web application.

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Yilmaz, Alkin, Yesim Can, Muge Bozkurt, and Cuneyt Evren. "Remission and Relapse in Alcohol and Substance Addiction." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/cap.20131114113549.

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Greene, Dorothy S., Joanne Yaffe, and Albert M. Kopak. "Relapse among Recovering Addiction Professionals: Prevalence and Predictors." Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 19, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1533256x.2019.1653718.

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Stohs, Matthew E., Terry D. Schneekloth, Jennifer R. Geske, Joanna M. Biernacka, and Victor M. Karpyak. "Alcohol Craving Predicts Relapse After Residential Addiction Treatment." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agy093.

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Hser, Yih-Ing, Kazuo Yamaguchi, Jane Chen, and M. Douglas Anglin. "Effects of Interventions On Relapse To Narcotics Addiction." Evaluation Review 19, no. 2 (April 1995): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x9501900201.

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Ramanathan, Chathapuram S., and Thomas M. Reischl. "Innovative Approaches to Predicting and Preventing Addiction Relapse." Employee Assistance Quarterly 15, no. 2 (December 1999): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v15n02_04.

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Kalivas, P. "S.20.01 Neurocircuitry of relapse in cocaine addiction." European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (October 2003): S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(03)91676-2.

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Schepis, Ty S., Bryon Adinoff, and Uma Rao. "Reward, Reinforcement and Relapse: The Neurobiology of Addiction." Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News 9, no. 7 (November 2004): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/capn.9.7.5.62280.

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Bozarth, Michael A. "New perspectives on cocaine addiction: recent findings from animal research." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-185.

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Research with laboratory animals has provided several insights into the nature of cocaine abuse and addiction. First, the nature of drug addiction has been reevaluated and the emphasis has shifted from physical dependence to compulsive drug-taking behavior. Second, animal studies suggest that cocaine is at least as addictive as heroin and possibly even more addictive. Third, cocaine is potentially more dangerous than heroin as evidenced by the higher fatality rate seen in laboratory animals given unlimited access to these drugs. Fourth, the neural basis of cocaine reinforcement has been identified and involves an enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental dopamine system. Other addictive drugs (e.g., opiates) may also derive at least part of their reinforcing impact by pharmacologically activating this reward system. Fifth, although the biological consequences of repeated cocaine self-administration on central nervous system functioning are poorly understood, preliminary findings suggest that intravenous cocaine self-administration may decrease neural functioning in this brain reward system. This has important clinical implications because diminished functioning of an important brain reward system may significantly contribute to relapse into cocaine addiction. These and other findings from experimentation with laboratory animals suggest new considerations for the etiology and treatment of drug addiction.Key words: addiction, cocaine, dopamine, reward, withdrawal syndrome.

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Andreassen, Cecilie Schou, Torbjørn Torsheim, Geir Scott Brunborg, and Ståle Pallesen. "Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517.

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The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), initially a pool of 18 items, three reflecting each of the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), was constructed and administered to 423 students together with several other standardized self-report scales (Addictive Tendencies Scale, Online Sociability Scale, Facebook Attitude Scale, NEO–FFI, BIS/BAS scales, and Sleep questions). That item within each of the six addiction elements with the highest corrected item-total correlation was retained in the final scale. The factor structure of the scale was good (RMSEA = .046, CFI = .99) and coefficient alpha was .83. The 3-week test-retest reliability coefficient was .82. The scores converged with scores for other scales of Facebook activity. Also, they were positively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion, and negatively related to Conscientiousness. High scores on the new scale were associated with delayed bedtimes and rising times.

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Edemann-Callesen, Henriette, Segev Barak, Ravit Hadar, and Christine Winter. "Choosing the Optimal Brain Target for Neuromodulation Therapies as Alcohol Addiction Progresses—Insights From Pre-Clinical Studies." Current Addiction Reports 7, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00316-w.

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Abstract Purpose of the Review Development of addiction involves a transition from reward-driven to habitual behavior, mediated by neuroplastic changes. Based on preclinical findings, this article article reviews the current knowledge on the use of neuromodulation therapies to target alcohol addiction and essentially reduce relapse. Recent Findings To date, only a limited number of preclinical studies have investigated the use of neuromodulation in alcohol addiction, with the focus being on targeting the brain reward system. However, as addiction develops, additional circuits are recruited. Therefore, a differential setup may be required when seeking to alter the chronic alcohol-dependent brain, as opposed to treating earlier phases of alcohol addiction. Summary To promote enduring relapse prevention, the choice of brain target should match the stage of the disorder. Further studies are needed to investigate which brain areas should be targeted by neuromodulating strategies, in order to sufficiently alter the behavior and pathophysiology as alcohol addiction progresses.

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McLean, Samuel, and Nikolas Rose. "Drug overdose deaths, addiction neuroscience and the challenges of translation." Wellcome Open Research 5 (January 29, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16265.2.

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In this article, we argue that the rapid rise in drug overdose deaths in America is a tragedy that draws attention to fundamental conceptual and experimental problems in addiction science that have significant human consequences. Despite enormous economic investment, political support and claims to have revolutionised addiction medicine, neurobiological models are yet to produce a treatment for substance addiction. This is partly, we claim, because neurobiology is unable to explain essential features of addiction and relapse that neurobehavioral models of addiction are better placed to investigate. We show how addiction neuroscience turned to long-term memory to explain the chronicity of addiction and persistent relapses long after neurochemical traces have left the body. The turn to memory may in time help to close the translational gap facing addiction medicine, but it is our view in this article that the primary value of memory theory lays in its potential to create new critical friendships between biological and social sciences that are attuned to the lived experience and suffering of stigmatised people. The value of the memory turn may rest upon the capacity of these critical friendships to wean addiction science off its long-term dependence on disease concepts of human distress.

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von der Goltz, C., V. Vengeliene, F. Kiefer, and R. Spanagel. "Pharmacological Disruption of Alcohol-related Memories - Therapeutic Impact of the Theory of Memory Reconsolidation." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70540-1.

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Long-lasting memories that associate environmental stimuli with the effects of alcohol are known to be a main cause of relapse and are a major challenge in the treatment of alcohol addiction. It is reasonable to hypothesize that disrupting consolidated alcohol-related memories might help to prevent relapses. The reconsolidation theory states that a consolidated memory could again become labile and susceptible to disruption by protein synthesis inhibition or NMDA-antagonism after memory retrieval. This has been shown for cocaine- and morphine-associated memories in several recent studies. The aim of our investigations was to examine in an animal model for cue-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior whether the behavioral impact of previously conditioned alcohol associated cues is significantly reduced by blocking the reconsolidation of learned alcohol associations. We show that reconsolidation of alcohol memories is disrupted by post-retrieval ICV-administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Similarly, post-retrieval i.p.-administration of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 reduced alcohol seeking behavior during the following test day as compared to vehicle treated rats. Pharmacological disruption of reconsolidation of alcohol-associated memories may thus provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of relapse in alcohol addiction.

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Saravia, Rocio, Marc Ten-Blanco, Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez, and Fernando Berrendero. "New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413316.

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Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.

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Roh, Hyo Sun, Bo Ra Park, Eun Young Jang, Jin Sook Kim, and Young S. Gwak. "Acupuncture on the Stress-Related Drug Relapse to Seeking." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (October 17, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5367864.

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Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, which causes serious social and economic problems. The most important trial for the successful treatment of drug addiction is to prevent the high rate of relapse to drug-seeking behaviors. Opponent process as a motivational theory with excessive drug seeking in the negative reinforcement of drug dependence reflects both loss of brain reward system and recruitment of brain stress system. The negative emotional state produced by brain stress system during drug withdrawal might contribute to the intense drug craving and drive drug-seeking behaviors via negative reinforcement mechanisms. Decrease in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor in the extended amygdala are hypothesized to be implicated in mediating this motivated behavior. Also, a brain stress response system is hypothesized to increase drug craving and contribute to relapse to drug-seeking behavior during the preoccupation and anticipation stage of dependence caused by the exposure to stress characterized as the nonspecific responses to any demands on the body. Acupuncture has proven to be effective for reducing drug addiction and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, acupuncture has been shown to correct reversible brain malfunctions by regulating drug addiction and stress-related neurotransmitters. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to propose that acupuncture attenuates relapse to drug-seeking behavior through inhibition of stress response. In this review, a brief description of stress in relapse to drug-seeking behavior and the effects of acupuncture were presented.

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Wölfling, K. "FC03-02 - Internet addiction - the new digital disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73527-1.

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Internet Addiction has become a serious health concern in Europe due to widespread currency and accessibility of various internet applications like online computer gaming, monetary driven gambling or social communities. Under the leadership of the American Psychiatric Association it has recently been proposed to subsume pathological gambling as a behavioral addiction under the new category: Addiction and Related Disorders’ acknowledging commonalities in clinical expression, aetiology and comorbidity with substance related disorders. Also, Internet addiction has been proposed as a new (research) diagnosis in DSM V. The outstanding psychological symptom patients concerned report is an irresistibly urge to be online’. This can lead to constrained behavior which entails psychobiological harm for the user and leads to an addictive behaviour (behavioural addiction). Patients show psychopathological patterns (tolerance, withdrawal, interpersonal conflict, mood modification, relapse) comparable to substance-related disorders.The talk will outline recent results of psychological research and psychiatric as well as clinical characterization of Internet Addiction. A special focus within the lecture will be on different strategies of intervention. This includes counselling of patients and their relatives as well as outpatient group treatment and individual psychotherapy of Internet Addiction. Complementary, first outcomes of the evaluation of a cognitive behavioral based outpatient therapy from the Ambulanz für Spielsucht Mainz’ will be presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Addiction relapse'

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