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1
Berry, R. H. Adapting the ID3 algorithm to interpret the results of financial models. Norwich: School of Information Systems, University of East Anglia, 1991.
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2
Karaseva, Tat'yana, Aleksandr Mahov, and Svetlana Tolstova. Therapeutic physical culture for children's diseases. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1042604.
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The textbook presents the content of the main sections of the discipline, as well as includes teaching materials for independent work of students. It is intended for students studying in the areas of training "Physical culture" and "Physical culture for people with disabilities in health (adaptive physical culture)".
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Karaseva, Tat'yana, Aleksandr Mahov, and Aleksey Zamogil'nov. Therapeutic physical culture for therapeutic diseases. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1042644.
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The textbook presents the content of the main sections of the course, as well as teaching materials for independent work of students. It is intended for full-time and part-time students of training areas 49.03.01 "Physical culture" and 49.03.02 " Physical culture for the disabled (adaptive physical culture)", studying the discipline"therapeutic physical culture".
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Karaseva, Tat'yana, Aleksandr Mahov, and Svetlana Tolstova. Therapeutic physical culture for diseases of the elderly. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1042608.
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The textbook presents questions that reflect the content of the courses "physical therapy and massage", "Physical rehabilitation", as well as the course of specialization of the AFC "physical therapy in geriatrics". It is intended for students studying in the specialties and areas of training "Physical culture" and " Physical culture for people with disabilities (adaptive physical culture)", physical therapy instructors.
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Karaseva, Tat'yana, Aleksandr Mahov, and Svetlana Tolstova. Therapeutic physical culture for diseases of the nervous system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1042623.
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The textbook presents the content of the main sections of the course, as well as educational and methodological materials for independent work of students. It is intended for full-time and part-time students of the training areas 49.03.01 "Physical culture", 49.03.02 " Physical culture for persons with disabilities in the state of health (adaptive physical culture)", studying the discipline "Therapeutic physical culture".
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Lucas, Henry, Gerald Bloom, Gu Xing-Yuan, Tang Sheng-Lan, Feng Xue-Shan, Malcolm Segall, Garth Singleton, and Polly Payne. Financing Health Services in China: Adapting to Economic Reform (IDS Research Reports). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 1994.
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7
Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
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Breban, Maxime, and Hill Gaston. Immune mechanisms: adaptive immunity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0008.
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The role of adaptive immunity (i.e. the involvement of B and T lymphocytes) in the pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis has been investigated in both human disease and relevant animal models. Studies of B cell responses have not generally implicated an autoantibody in the disease, but there are abnormalities of antibody responses, particularly increased titres of antibodies to various gut bacteria. T cells are critical to the disease in animal models other than those where overexpression of a cytokine is engineered, suggesting that they are the drivers of the inflammatory response. There is convergent evidence from animal models, genetics in humans, and direct observation of human peripheral blood and joints to implicate T cells producing IL-17 under the influence of IL-23. These in turn may be responding to bacteria either in the gut or on the skin.
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Boyd, Brian. Making Adaptation Studies Adaptive. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.34.
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An evolutionary (or “adaptationist”) perspective on adaptation studies offers ways past the “fidelity discourse” that has long vexed adaptation scholars. Biological adaptation forgoes exact fidelity to solve the new problems posed by inevitably changing environments, in a process that is fertile as well as faithful. Artistic adaptation also looks two ways, toward retention or fidelity and toward innovation or fertility. The complex and multiple adaptations and hybridizations of art and nature, of page, stage, screen, and painting in Nabokov’s 1969 novel Ada suggest that the more exactly you know your world, or the world of art, the more you can transform them as you wish. Charlie Kaufman’s 2002 screenplay Adaptation. resembles Ada not only in spotlighting orchids but also in being meta-adaptational, addressing, like Ada, both fidelity within adaptation and the creative fertility to be found in building on prior design but moving beyond fidelity.
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Zhu, Yang, and Miroslav Krstic. Delay-Adaptive Linear Control. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202549.001.0001.
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Actuator and sensor delays are among the most common dynamic phenomena in engineering practice, and when disregarded, they render controlled systems unstable. Over the past sixty years, predictor feedback has been a key tool for compensating such delays, but conventional predictor feedback algorithms assume that the delays and other parameters of a given system are known. When incorrect parameter values are used in the predictor, the resulting controller may be as destabilizing as without the delay compensation. This book develops adaptive predictor feedback algorithms equipped with online estimators of unknown delays and other parameters. Such estimators are designed as nonlinear differential equations, which dynamically adjust the parameters of the predictor. The design and analysis of the adaptive predictors involves a Lyapunov stability study of systems whose dimension is infinite, because of the delays, and nonlinear, because of the parameter estimators. This book solves adaptive delay compensation problems for systems with single and multiple inputs/outputs, unknown and distinct delays in different input channels, unknown delay kernels, unknown plant parameters, unmeasurable finite-dimensional plant states, and unmeasurable infinite-dimensional actuator states. Presenting breakthroughs in adaptive control and control of delay systems, the book offers powerful new tools for the control engineer and the mathematician.
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Financing Health Services in Poor Rural Areas: Adapting to Economic and Institutional Reform in China (IDS Research Reports). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 1995.
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12
Holland, John H. 3. Complex adaptive systems (CAS). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0003.
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Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are composed of elements, called agents, that learn or adapt in response to interactions with other agents. ‘Complex adaptive systems’ shows that all CAS exhibit lever points, points where a small directed action causes large predictable changes in aggregate behaviour. All CAS agents have three levels of activity: performance (moment-by-moment capabilities), credit-assignment (rating the usefulness of available capabilities), and rule-discovery (generating new capabilities). The behaviour of a CAS is always generated by the adaptive interactions of its components; and the hierarchical structure characteristic of CAS is also generated—particular combinations of agents at one level become agents at the next higher level.
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Valmisa, Mercedes. Adapting. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572962.001.0001.
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Philosophy of action in the context of Classical China is radically different from its counterpart in the contemporary Western philosophical narrative. Classical Chinese philosophers began from the assumption that relations are primary to the constitution of the person, hence acting in the early Chinese context necessarily is interacting and co-acting along with others—human and nonhuman actors. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the exploration and rigorous reconstruction of an extraordinary strategy for efficacious relational action devised by Classical Chinese philosophers in order to account for the interdependent and embedded character of human agency—what the author has denominated “adapting” or “adaptive agency” (yin因). As opposed to more unilateral approaches to action also conceptualized in the Classical Chinese corpus, such as forceful and prescriptive agency, adapting requires great capacity of self- and other-awareness, equanimity, flexibility, creativity, and response, which allows the agent to co-raise courses of action ad hoc: unique and temporary solutions to specific, nonpermanent, and nongeneralizable life problems. Adapting is one of the world’s oldest philosophies of action, and yet it is shockingly new for contemporary audiences, who will find in it an unlikely source of inspiration to deal with our current global problems. This book explores the core conception of adapting both on autochthonous terms and by cross-cultural comparison, drawing on the European and Analytic philosophical traditions as well as on scholarship from other disciplines, thus opening a brand new topic in Chinese and comparative philosophy.
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Okasha, Samir. Grafen’s Formal Darwinism, Adaptive Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0005.
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A core Darwinian idea is that evolution will lead to well-adapted organisms, with phenotypes that maximize their fitness relative to the available alternatives. Grafen’s ‘formal Darwinism project’ attempts to make this idea precise, by explicitly linking the process of natural selection and the optimality of individuals’ phenotypes. Grafen’s analysis ties in closely with the unity-of-purpose constraint on agency, but does not amount to a general vindication of adaptationist assumptions. Under frequencydependence, the theory of adaptive dynamics shows that natural selection does not necessarily lead to phenotypes which maximize fitness conditional on their being fixed in the population. These results suggest that there is no theoretical principle to the effect that natural selection will tend to produce adaptation. The justification for agential thinking in biology must thus be empirical, not theoretical.
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Kennedy, Paul. Session 6: Maladaptive/Adaptive Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195339734.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 discusses session six of the CET program for SCI. This session focuses on maladaptive and adaptive coping, and begins by reviewing what has been learned throughout the course of the sessions so far (stress, appraisal, and coping strategies). Maladaptive coping is then explored and contrasted to adaptive coping.
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Bevington, Dickon, Peter Fuggle, Liz Cracknell, and Peter Fonagy. Adaptive Mentalization-Based Integrative Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198718673.001.0001.
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This book is for youth workers, social workers, mental health staff, specialist teachers, family support workers, and so on, whose clients present with comorbidity, risk, and difficulty accessing mainstream services. It describes inevitably stressful, unsettling work, providing effective help in complex helping systems. An innovative response emerges, building on adaptive (evidence-based) mentalization-based theory and practice. Uniquely, AMBIT applies mentalizing not only directly, in work with clients, but also in work: (a) with the team, (b) with wider (often “dis-integrated”) networks, and (c) creating cultures of learning and radical transparency. AMBIT is as much an improvement system for teams as a “therapy”—strengthening team identity and coherence, and supporting a wider community of practice. Linking evidence-based practice to practice-based evidence, the book concludes with impact descriptions from some of the nearly 200 AMBIT-trained teams, a client’s perspective, and a challenging analysis of systems of care pointing toward the need to create more mentalizing systems.
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Monaghan, Sean F., and Alfred Ayala. Adaptive immunity in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0311.
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The development of sepsis remains a significant morbid event facing the critically-ill/severely-injured patient and while substantial improvements in supportive care have been made, a true molecular pharmacological treatment directed at mitigating the development of this condition has remained elusive. This is due, at least in part, to our lack of appreciation of the complex and intertwined changes in the nature of not only the innate, but also the adaptive immune response and how they affect our response to septic challenge. Here, we consider some of the aspects of the adaptive immune response, how it changes in the response to sepsis, possible pathological processes contributing to patient/experimental animal susceptibility to poorer outcomes and where novel immune-therapeutic targets/biomarkers may exist.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Long-term Response: 3. Adaptive Walks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0027.
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One model for long-term evolution is an adaptive walk, a series of fixations of mutations that moves the trait mean toward some optimal value. The foundation for this idea traces back to Fisher's geometric model, which showed that mutations of large effect are favored when a trait is far from its optimal, while smaller effects are favored as it approaches the optimal value. Under fairly general conditions, this results in a roughly exponential distribution of fixed adaptive effects. An alternative to trait-based walks are walks in fitness space, motivated by considering a series of mutations to improve the fitness of a particular sequence. In such settings, extreme value theory also suggests a roughly exponential distribution, now of fitness (instead of trait) effects, for mutations fixed during the walk. Much of this theory offers at least partial experimental testing, and this chapter describes not only the theory, but also some of the empirical work testing the models.
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Okasha, Samir. Wright’s Adaptive Landscape, Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0004.
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Fitness maximization, or optimization, is a controversial idea in evolutionary biology. One classical formulation of this idea is that natural selection will tend to push a population up a peak in an adaptive landscape, as Sewall Wright first proposed. However, the hill-climbing property only obtains under particular conditions, and even then the ascent is not usually by the steepest route; this shows why it is misleading to assimilate the process of natural selection to a process of goal-directed choice. A different formulation of the idea of fitness-maximization is R. A. Fisher’s ‘fundamental theorem of natural selection’. However, the theorem points only to a weak sense in which selection is an optimizing process, for it requires that ‘environmental constancy’ be understood in a highly specific way. It does not vindicate the claim that natural selection has an intrinsic tendency to produce adaptation.
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Verschure, Paul F. M. J. A chronology of Distributed Adaptive Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0036.
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This chapter presents the Distributed Adaptive Control (DAC) theory of the mind and brain of living machines. DAC provides an explanatory framework for biological brains and an integration framework for synthetic ones. DAC builds on several themes presented in the handbook: it integrates different perspectives on mind and brain, exemplifies the synthetic method in understanding living machines, answers well-defined constraints faced by living machines, and provides a route for the convergent validation of anatomy, physiology, and behavior in our explanation of biological living machines. DAC addresses the fundamental question of how a living machine can obtain, retain, and express valid knowledge of its world. We look at the core components of DAC, specific benchmarks derived from the engagement with the physical and the social world (the H4W and the H5W problems) in foraging and human–robot interaction tasks. Lastly we address how DAC targets the UTEM benchmark and the relation with contemporary developments in AI.
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Deahl, Lora, and Brenda Wristen. Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616847.001.0001.
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Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists brings together information from ergonomics, physics, biomechanics, anatomy, medicine, and piano pedagogy to focus on the subject of small-handedness. Chapter 1 presents an overview from historical, anatomical, and pedagogical perspectives and includes a discussion of small-handedness as a risk factor for piano-related injury. Chapter 2 establishes a basic understanding of work efficiency and the human anatomy, moves on to general observations about piano playing and the constraints of physics, and explains the principles of healthy movement at the piano. Chapter 3 is a focused analysis of piano technique as it relates to small-handedness. Chapters 4 to 7 deal with specific alternative approaches: redistribution, refingering, ways to maximize reach and power, and musical solutions for technical problems. Hundreds of examples taken from the standard intermediate and advanced piano literature show concrete applications of these strategies within appropriate musical contexts. Chapter 8 presents tables that pianists can use to diagnose and resolve commonly encountered problems and synthesizes the adaptive approaches outlined in the book. Reflective application points are provided as guides to further exploration. The book demonstrates that the specific physical and musical needs of the small-handed can be addressed in sensitive and appropriate ways and illuminates alternative paths to help pianists with small hands reach their musical goals.
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Domhoff, G. William. Does Dreaming Have Any Adaptive Function(s)? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673420.003.0009.
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Chapter 8 critiques three separate theories that claim that dreaming has a forward-looking adaptive function, such as problem-solving, threat simulation that prepares people to deal with waking threats, or memory consolidation. It shows that all three theories rest on questionable assumptions and are contradicted by a wide range of systematic empirical studies. The chapter concludes with the hypothesis that dreaming is a nonadaptation, a byproduct of cognitive skills that were selected for other reasons. The chapter further suggests that dreaming is in some ways a useful nonadaptation because in the course of human history virtually all cultures have invented uses for dreams, such as in healing and religious ceremonies. The final section reminds readers that there is psychological meaning in dreams, and claims that both cultural uses and psychological meaning have to be considered separately from the issue of evolutionary adaptations to develop a viable theory of dreams.
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Charney, Meredith E., Sarah Wieman, Nicole Leblanc, and Naomi Simon. Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0006.
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Grief is an intensely painful, but natural and normal psychological response following the death of a loved one. Although there is no uniform pattern for adapting to loss, for the majority of people, acute grief naturally evolves over time into a more integrated, less painful form of grief in a way that is healthy and adaptive; this enables return to a satisfying life without the deceased. However, a growing literature has shown that complications can arise such that the natural recovery from acute grief stalls and grief becomes persistently intense and debilitating. This chapter describes the etiology, diagnostic and clinical features, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of this condition, termed “complicated grief,” “traumatic grief,” “prolonged grief,” or “persistent complex bereavement disorder.”
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Snow, Nancy E. Adaptive Misbeliefs, Value Trade-Offs, and Epistemic Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.003.0003.
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Snow focuses on a class of beliefs that have been called ‘adaptive misbeliefs’—beliefs that are false or ungrounded, but nevertheless helpful for action—and argues that they are not epistemically justified by the greater pragmatic value they accrue for the believer. She then argues that this verdict remains even if the greater value is epistemic value rather than pragmatic value. This work is consonant with earlier work critical of epistemic consequentialism concerning epistemic trade-offs, but adds to it by rendering it plausible that there are actual cases of adaptive misbelief that instantiate such problematic trade-offs. Snow also adds that we should be able to not only judge whether an agent’s belief is justified, but also whether the agent is believing responsibly or irresponsibly. If she’s right about this, then it is a further challenge for the epistemic consequentialist to say something about this sort of epistemic verdict.
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Schulkin, Jay. CRF. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 explains how excessive fear is tied to anxiety disorders, and vulnerability to the breakdown of mental and physical health. CRF in the brain is tied to these events. CRF, for instance, may be constrained by the neurotransmitter GABA in key regions of the forebrain and is mobilized by brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that are critical in coping with and adapting to everyday life; and of course, one is less able to do so when these information molecules are compromised by genetic predispositions and social duress. One hypothesis about CRF and the brain is that at least two forebrain sites are differentially involved in regulating both adaptive fear and deleterious chronic anxiety. There are great varieties of events that can cause fear in individuals: anything from downsizing at work to acts of terrorism and crime.
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Lord, Andy. Emergent and Adaptive Spiritualities in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702252.003.0008.
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This chapter points to the ‘pluralization of the lifeworld’ involved in globalization as a key context for changing dissenting spiritualities through the twentieth century. These have included a remarkable upsurge in Spirit-movements that fall under categories such as Pentecostal, charismatic, neo-charismatic, ‘renewalist’, and indigenous Churches. Spirit language is not only adaptive to globalized settings, but brings with it eschatological assumptions. New spiritualities emerge to disrupt existing assumptions with prophetic and often critical voices that condemn aspects of the existing culture, state, and church life. This chapter outlines this process of disruption of the mainstream in case studies drawn from the USA, the UK, India, Africa, and Indonesia, where charismaticized Christianity has emerged and grown strongly in often quite resistant broader cultures.
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Schulkin, Jay. Radical Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 talks about how CRF is involved in two quite striking processes: metamorphosis and parturition. Both of these processes revolve around the wondrously vital feature of radical change. In both instances, we are discussing the changing of form and the maturation of an organism. While one change is ancient and one more modern, both continue to be important features of life on this planet, and they represent the importance of development and its responsiveness to changing environments. Our story of metamorphosis, however, is about change and adaptation or preadaptation and the expansion of use and capability. CRF is fundamentally tied to the world in which animals are adapting to changes including the seasons, times of day, droughts, and breeding cycles. Cycles of stability and change set the conditions for adaptive viability; underlying such events is predictive coherence, where diverse information molecules drive physiological and behavioral adaptations.
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Davis, Mary C., Chung Jung Mun, Dhwani Kothari, Shannon Moore, Crys Rivers, Kirti Thummala, and Giulia Weyrich. The Nature and Adaptive Implications of Pain-Affect Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0013.
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Because pain is in part an affective experience, investigators over the past several decades have sought to elaborate the nature of pain-affect connections. Our evolving understanding of the intersection of pain and affect is especially relevant to intervention efforts designed to enhance the quality of life and functional health of individuals managing chronic pain. This chapter describes how pain influences arousal of the vigilance/defensive and appetitive/approach motivational systems and thus the affective health of chronic pain patients. The focus then moves to the dynamic relations between changes in pain and other stressors and changes in positive and negative affect as observed in daily life and laboratory-based experiments. A consensus emerges that sustaining positive affect during pain and stress flares may limit their detrimental effects and promote better functional health. The authors consider the implications of increased understanding of the dynamic interplay between pain and affective experience for enhancing existing interventions.
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Yang, James. Endocrine Disorders: Integrative Treatments of Hypothyroidism, Diabetes, and Adrenal Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0014.
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Thyroid function, glucose metabolism, and an adaptive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are critical determinants of health and wellness. This chapter highlights the integrative physiology and interactions between these three systems and an integrative medicine approach to these conditions. Integrative medicine expands the evaluation of endocrine dysfunction through a person-centered approach. Patients’ overall symptoms and physiological function should be taken into account in evaluating thyroid function and planning treatment. Our approach to diabetes focuses on the importance of lifestyle changes and nutrition. Our perspective of the effects of chronic stress has been informed by current perspectives on neurobiology and neuroplasticity; chronic stress leaves its mark on the brain through changes in structure as well as its function in adapting to further stress. We present an integrative approach to manage and improve these three endocrine systems to address disease and improve patients’ energy and health.
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Kindt, Sara, Liesbet Goubert, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Tine Vervoort. Chronic Pain and Interpersonal Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that one particular type of a caregiver’s behavioral response to pain cannot, in and of itself, be considered adaptive or maladaptive. It contends that to understand the complexity of the interaction between caregivers and pain sufferers, a goal or need-based framework may be useful. Self-Determination theory (SDT) is presented as a heuristic framework that identifies three basic psychological needs as essential for successful adaption. Whether behavioral responses are supportive and helpful depends upon the extent to which these responses support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the sufferer. Drawing on an affective-motivational account on interpersonal dynamics in the context of pain, the chapter highlights how observer attunement toward sufferers’ needs may depend upon the regulation of various goals for caregiving, including self-oriented versus other-oriented goals and associated emotions.
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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Nutritional support in the critically ill. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0334.
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Major injury evokes a constellation of reproducible hormonal, metabolic, and haemodynamic responses which are collectively termed ‘the adaptive stress response’. The purpose of the adaptive stress response is to facilitate tissue repair and restore normal homeostasis. If critical illness is prolonged, the adaptive stress response may become maladaptive, in essence exerting a parasitic effect leaching away structural proteins and impairing host immunity. Primarily therapy should be directed towards the underlying illness, as nutritional support per se will not reverse the stress response and its sequelae. Nonetheless, adequate nutritional support in the early stages of critical illness may attenuate protein catabolism and its adverse effects. This chapter covers nutritional assessment; detection of malnutrition; energy and protein requirements; monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional replacements; nutritional delivery; complications; and refeeding syndrome.
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Dorbeck-Jung, Bärbel. Transcending the Myth of Law’s Stifling Technological Innovation. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.59.
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This chapter explores the lessons that can be drawn from how adaptive drug licensing processes cope with legitimacy issues of regulatory connections. The exploration assumes that a responsive approach to technology regulation offers opportunities to meet legitimacy requirements. Looking at existing and proposed adaptive drug licensing pathways through the lens of this theoretical frame we see a realistic responsive approach to regulation. By indicating that adaptive licensing can bring beneficial medicinal drugs earlier to patients this approach seems to be equipped to transcend the myth of law’s stifling technological innovation. The evaluation of the current stage of adaptive drug licensing leads to three tentative lessons. First, a shared interest, accompanied by strong drivers and enablers, is crucial; second, ongoing prudent coordination of a leading regulatory agency is essential; third, to ensure that new responsibilities and the norms of participation, transparency, integrity, and accountability are taken seriously a new social contract can be supportive.
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Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Adopting or Adapting Existing Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0003.
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Cross-cultural translation is one of the major tasks in cross-cultural research. The task of translation becomes more challenging when an instrument is translated into two or more target languages simultaneously, especially with the translation of special constructs. This chapter (1) reviews existing cross-cultural translation approaches and offers the reader with practical guidelines; (2) presents a multilevel translation process encompassing back translation, expert evaluation, cognitive interviews, focus group evaluation, and field evaluation; and (3) offers a guide for best practices in selecting translators to perform cross-cultural translation.
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Ishiguro, Akio, and Takuya Umedachi. From slime molds to soft deformable robots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0040.
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An autonomous decentralized control mechanism, where the coordination of simple individual components yields non-trivial macroscopic behavior or functionalities, is a key to understanding how animals orchestrate the large degrees of freedom of their bodies in response to different situations. However, a systematic design methodology is still missing. To alleviate this problem, we focus, in this chapter, on the plasmodium of a true slime mold (Physarum polycephalum), which is a primitive multinucleate single-cell organism. Despite its primitiveness, and lacking a brain and nervous system, the plasmodium exhibits surprisingly adaptive and versatile behavior (e.g. taxis, exploration). This ability has undoubtedly been honed by evolutionary selection pressure, and there likely exists an ingenious mechanism that underlies the animals’ adaptive behavior. We successfully extracted a design scheme for decentralized control and implemented it in an amoeboid robot with many degrees of freedom. The experimental results showed that adaptive behaviors emerge even in the absence of any centralized control architecture.
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Stanton, Annette L., and Robert Franz. Focusing on Emotion. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195119343.003.0005.
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The focus of this chapter is the adaptive roles of emotion in coping processes. It presents a review of literature that point to the potential utility of processing and expressing emotions, and theories that bear on potentially adaptive functions of coping through emotional approach (such as active processing and expression of emotion). It also addresses theoretical, empirical, and applied directions for work on this construct.
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Stokes, Chris, and Mark Howden, eds. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098084.
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Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change is a fundamental resource for primary industry professionals, land managers, policy makers, researchers and students involved in preparing Australia’s primary industries for the challenges and opportunities of climate change.
More than 30 authors have contributed to this book, which moves beyond describing the causes and consequences of climate change to providing options for people to work towards adaptation action. Climate change implications and adaptation options are given for the key Australian primary industries of horticulture, forestry, grains, rice, sugarcane, cotton, viticulture, broadacre grazing, intensive livestock industries, marine fisheries, and aquaculture and water resources. Case studies demonstrate the options for each industry.
Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change summarises updated climate change scenarios for Australia with the latest climate science. It includes chapters on socio-economic and institutional considerations for adapting to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks, as well as risks and priorities for the future.
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Mastroianni, George R. Cognition and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638238.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 treats human thinking and remembering as adaptive processes employing shortcuts that sometimes favor efficiency over accuracy. Humans (and animals) achieve adaptive success partly by categorizing and classifying the myriad stimuli to which they are exposed and developing patterns of differential response to the various categories. While this tendency to categorical thinking can promote adaptive success under some circumstances, it can also lead to pernicious consequences such as stereotyping, prejudice, and racism. Such thinking was promoted and encouraged by the Nazis. Memory is also characterized by shortcuts: we really reconstruct our past experiences more than we recall them. Humans are susceptible to many different kinds of memory errors and failures. Because so much of what we know about the Holocaust is derived from memories, understanding how memory works is vital to making sense of this crucial source of information.
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Loss of genetic diversity reduces ability to adapt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0004.
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Environmental change is a ubiquitous feature of the conditions faced by species, so they must either evolve, move to avoid threats, or perish. Species require genetic diversity to evolve to cope with environmental change through natural selection (adaptive evolution). The ability of populations to undergo adaptive evolution depends upon the strength of selection, genetic diversity, effective population size, mutation rates and number of generations. Loss of genetic diversity in small populations reduces their ability to evolve to cope with environmental change, thus increasing their extinction risk. Adaptive evolution in the short to medium term predominantly utilizes pre-existing genetic diversity, but new mutations make increasing contributions in later generations. Evolutionary potential can be estimated from the heritability of fitness in the environment of interest, or by extrapolation from genomic diversity.
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Bhole, Malini. Functions of the immune system. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0293.
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This chapter reviews the functions of the immune system, which has evolved to provide a defence mechanism against microbial challenges, and is divided into two main branches, innate and adaptive. In addition, there are physical and chemical barriers, including skin, mucous membrane, mucous secretions, saliva, and various enzymes, and these contribute to the first line of defence against pathogens. The innate immune system provides the initial quick response for rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, as opposed to the adaptive immune system, which has evolved to provide a more definitive and finely tuned response. The common central feature of both of these systems is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The recognition of non-self or ‘foreign’ pathogens and the subsequent immune response is orchestrated by a whole range of cells and soluble (humoral) factors in both innate and adaptive immune systems.
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van Schalkwyk, Gerrit I., and James F. Leckman. Evolutionary Perspectives on OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0061.
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This chapter explores a number of ideas related to an evolutionary perspective on OCD, including ways in which dimensions of OCD symptomology might be adaptive in a variety of contexts; a discussion of nonadaptationist perspectives; and some ideas about how OCD symptoms may represent behavior that is conserved across generations, including the still-controversial idea of group selection in human evolution. Some beliefs that occur in the context of OCD overlap with beliefs that facilitate potentially adaptive ritualistic behavior. Evolutionary perspectives are largely untestable, and in this regard a source of controversy. Despite these limitations, evolutionary perspectives have significant heuristic value, may mutually inform and be informed by advances in neuroscience, and may have clinical value because they may facilitate empathy with patients whose behaviors may be thought of as adaptive in different developmental and social contexts.
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Lubell, Mark, and Carolina Balazs. Integrated Water Resources Management. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.2.
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Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has become a globally recognized approach to water governance. However, the definition of IWRM remains abstract, and implementation challenges remain. This chapter analyzes IWRM from the perspective of adaptive governance, which conceptualizes IWRM as an institutional arrangement that seeks to solve collective-action problems associated with water resources and adapt over time in response to social and environmental change. Adaptive governance synthesizes several strands of literature to identify the core social processes of water governance: cooperation, learning, and resource distribution. This chapter reviews the existing research on these ideas and presents frontier research questions that require continued investigation to understand how IWRM contributes to the sustainability and resilience of water governance. It argues that an adaptive governance lens allows movement beyond the contentious normative debate surrounding the appropriate definition of IWRM to analyze the core social and political processes driving its decision-making processes.
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Cohen, Hagit, and Joseph Zohar. The Role of Glucocorticoids in the (Mal)adaptive Response to Traumatic Experience. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0038.
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Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a major role in orchestrating the complex physiological and behavioral reactions essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. These compounds enable the organism to prepare for, respond to, and cope with the acute demands of physical and emotional stressors and enable a faster recovery with passage of the threat. A timely and an appropriate GC release commensurate with stressor severity enables the body to properly contain stress responses so as to promote recovery by rapidly restoring homeostasis. Inadequate GC release following stress not only delays recovery by disrupting biological homeostasis but can also interfere with the processing or interpretation of stressful information that results in long-term disruptions in memory integration. A salient example of such an impaired post-traumatic process is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings from recent animal models and translational and clinical neuroendocrine studies summarized in this chapter provide insights shedding light on the apparently contradictory studies of the HPA-axis response to stress. Also included is a review of the basic facts about PTSD and biological data.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Multiple Historical Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the search for a pattern of repetitive adaptive substitutions over evolutionary time. In contrast with the previous chapter, only a modest number of tests toward this aim have been proposed. The HKA and McDonald-Kreitman tests contrast the polymorphism to divergence ratio between different genomic classes (such as different genes or silent versus replacement sites within the same gene). These approaches can detect an excess of substitutions, which allows one to estimate the fraction of adaptive sites. This chapter reviews the empirical data on estimates of this fraction and discusses some of the sources of bias it its estimation. Over an even longer time scale, one can contrast the rate of change of sites in a sequence over a phylogeny. These tests require a rather special type of selection, wherein the same specific site (usually a codon) experiences multiple adaptive substitutions over a phylogeny, such as might occur in arms-race genes.
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Strong, S. I. 7. Adapting IRAC to ‘discuss’ questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0007.
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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for use with ‘discuss’ type questions, focusing on the following topics: what a ‘discuss’ question is asking you to do; how to structure the ‘discuss’ essay; and how to adapt each of the four IRAC steps (issue, rule, application, conclusion) to ‘discuss’ questions. The discussion also identifies the three basic types of ‘discuss’ questions (legal theory, legal reform and legal history) and describes the best way to approach each particular category of questions and the best types of legal authorities to introduce to do well. Tips on writing legal essays and exams are given.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. GA: Armani’s Giorgio Armani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0008.
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The Armani high-fashion example illustrates the importance of adaptive rational methods in his founding and developing of an iconic high-fashion firm. Armani adapted stylistically to fashion’s new times in the 1970–80s by creating a new style catering for the career woman. His stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another famous Italian fashion designer, Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion and created a succession of glamourous styles. Both leaders exploited the same opportunity but in different ways. The third section compares these leaders’ legacies in the 1990s–2000s and assesses from a long-term perspective how capably they had used adaptive rational methods. The final section shifts the focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to the UK. Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s–80s. However, she then abandoned rational methods with dire results for her corporation in the 1990s.
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Holland, John H. 1. Complex systems. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0001.
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What is complexity? A complex system, such as a tropical rainforest, is a tangled web of interactions and exhibits a distinctive property called ‘emergence’, roughly described by ‘the action of the whole is more than the sum of the actions of the parts’. This chapter explains that the interactions of interest are non-linear and thus hierarchical organization is closely tied to emergence. Complex systems explains several kinds of telltale behaviour: emergent behaviour, self-organization, chaotic behaviour, ‘fat-tailed behaviour’, and adaptive interaction. The field of complexity studies has split into two subfields that examine two different kinds of emergence: complex physical systems and complex adaptive systems.
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Kreit, John W. Ventilator Modes and Breath Types. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0005.
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Ventilator Modes and Breath Types describes, compares, and contrasts the different modes and breath types that are available on intensive care unit ventilators. The chapter first covers the various ventilator modes: continuous mandatory ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, spontaneous ventilation, and bi-level ventilation. Then it turns to a discussion of the various mechanical breath types: volume control, pressure control, adaptive pressure control, pressure support, and finally, adaptive pressure support. It also provides practical advice about how and when to use each mode–breath type combination. Eight Boxes in the chapter discuss each breath type, and list each type’s features, and its clinician-set parameters.
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Yuskaev, Timur, and Harvey Stark. Imams and Chaplains as American Religious Professionals. Edited by Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.024.
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The following analysis examines the trends and challenges that have come to define American Muslim religious leadership over the past forty years. By concentrating on personal narratives and institutional expectations of imams and chaplains, the objective is to present a picture of the new and evolving understanding of these leaders in the United States. Conceptually, this entails reimagining religious leadership and adapting the distinct but deeply interrelated notions of ‘ulama and clergy to an American Muslim context. Furthermore, although there is a direct, fluid, and organic connection between the titles of imam and chaplain, the importance of differentiating one profession from the other, in terms of the contexts in which they work and the responsibilities they carry out, cannot be overstated. Given the increasing importance of chaplains and imams, this process involves negotiating crucial issues related to the cohesion of the American Muslim community, such as ethics, law, and cultural practice. In addition it means the professionalization of leadership, creating standards that meet the multifaceted needs of the Muslim and non-Muslim communities. Last, the relationship between imams and chaplains speaks to the new and adaptive roles that Muslim women are playing as religious leaders in America and the strategies being employed as a result.
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Booker, Lashon, Stephanie Forrest, Melanie Mitchell, and Rick Riolo, eds. Perspectives on Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162929.001.0001.
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This book is a collection of essays exploring adaptive systems from many perspectives, ranging from computational applications to models of adaptation in living and social systems. The essays on computation discuss history, theory, applications, and possible threats of adaptive and evolving computations systems. The modeling chapters cover topics such as evolution in microbial populations, the evolution of cooperation, and how ideas about evolution relate to economics. The title Perspectives on Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems honors John Holland, whose 1975 Book, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems has become a classic text for many disciplines in which adaptation play a central role. The essays brought together here were originally written to honor John Holland, and span most of the different areas touched by his wide-ranging and influential research career. The authors include some of the most prominent scientists in the fields of artificial intelligence evolutionary computation, and complex adaptive systems. Taken together, these essays present a broad modern picture of current research on adaptation as it relates to computers, living systems, society, and their complex interactions.
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Kurchin, Bernice. Archaeology of Identity and Dissonance. Edited by Diane F. George . University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056197.001.0001.
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In situations of displacement, disruption, and difference, humans adapt by actively creating, re-creating, and adjusting their identities using the material world. This book employs the discipline of historical archaeology to study this process as it occurs in new and challenging environments. The case studies furnish varied instances of people wresting control from others who wish to define them and of adaptive transformation by people who find themselves in new and strange worlds. The authors consider multiple aspects of identity, such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity, and look for ways to understand its fluid and intersecting nature. The book seeks to make the study of the past relevant to our globalized, postcolonized, and capitalized world. Questions of identity formation are critical in understanding the world today, in which boundaries are simultaneously breaking down and being built up, and humans are constantly adapting to the ever-changing milieu. This book tackles these questions not only in multiple dimensions of earthly space but also in a panorama of historical time. Moving from the ancient past to the unknowable future and through numerous temporal stops in between, the reader travels from New York to the Great Lakes, Britain to North Africa, and the North Atlantic to the West Indies.