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Nikolkina, Yu A., N. V. Chernov, L. S. Satyanova, A. V. Makarova, O. A. Karpenko, A. E. Bryukhin, and G. P. Kostyuk. "Schema therapy in the diagnosis of eating disorder: features of early maladaptive schemas." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2308-03.
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The article is devoted to the study of early maladaptive schemas in patients with eating disorders. Patients with eating disorders represent a heterogeneous group, with a variety of mental pathologies, most often represented by patients’ personal characteristics. The present study analyzes deeper impairments in communication with close ones at an early age, predisposing to the onset of mental pathology. On the basis of the Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after N. A. Alekseev, 131 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were examined. In the course of the study, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3R) was utilized. Non-adaptive schemas were identified in the domain «disconnection and rejection» in all patients with eating disorders. In the patients with bulimia nervosa, the early schemas in the impaired autonomy domain were most pronounced, in contrast to the patients with anorexia nervosa. The schema of insufficient self-control in the impaired limits domain was also detected in these patients, while in the patients with anorexia nervosa, this indicator was not manifested. The hypervigilance and inhibition domain was manifested by maladaptive schemas in both groups, with the negativity schema expressed in patients with bulimia nervosa. The domain of focus on others is characteristic of all patients with eating disorders. A comparative analysis of the indicators of early maladaptive schemas in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and the results of a group of healthy people was carried out. In the healthy group, the expressed early maladaptive schemas were not observed. Violations in satisfying basic needs at an early age can be triggers in the mechanism of development and maintenance of eating disorders and personality pathology in this group of patients.
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URBAŃSKA, Joanna, and Anna SŁYSZ. "The Role Of Early Maladaptive Schemas In The Change In General Mental Health And Well-being During The Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic." Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2023.1.7.
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This presented research aimed to determine the role of early maladaptive schemas in the change in general mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. We focused on changes in mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms, morbid thoughts, and suicidal ideation) and well-being. Our retrospective study included 499 adults (316 women and 173 men). We employed the following research tools: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30), the shortened version of the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), the HASS-BREF Scale to assess the severity of suicidal ideations and behaviors, and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL). The questionnaires’ instructions for the subjects were modified to obtain information for three specific periods: before the pandemic, at the most difficult moment of the pandemic for individuals, and in the last two weeks (the time period preceding data collection; January/February 2021). Results of the research indicate that during the COVID-19 pandemic, many people declared a significant increase in the number of depressive or anxiety symptoms. Early maladaptive schemas (Abandonment, Insufficient Self-Control) predict negative changes in mental health. In addition, other early maladaptive schemas (Self-Sacrifice, Unrelenting Standards) predict negative well-being changes. Interestingly, the Subjugation schema can temporarily play an adaptive role in exceptional situations, such as a pandemic.
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Videler, Arjan C., Rita J. J. van Royen, Marjolein J. H. Legra, and Machteld A. Ouwens. "Positive schemas in schema therapy with older adults: clinical implications and research suggestions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 4 (March 10, 2020): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465820000077.
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AbstractBackground:Schema therapy is an effective treatment for borderline personality disorder and other complex disorders. Schema therapy is feasible in older adults, and the first empirical support for its effectiveness in later life was provided in older patients with a cluster C personality disorder. The central concept of the schema therapy model is the early maladaptive schema (EMS). Early adaptive schemas (EAS) give rise to adaptive behaviour, and they also emerge during childhood, when core emotional needs are adequately met by primary caregivers.Aims:To examine the concept of EAS and its application in schema therapy with older adults.Method:Literature review and case example: the role of EAS in schema therapy with older adults is discussed and suggestions for integrating EAS in schema therapy in later life are proposed.Results:Directing attention in therapy to EAS may help strengthen the healthy adult mode, and it might also help change a negative life review. Working with positive schemas may be an important avenue for re-awakening positive aspects of patients, reinforcing the therapeutic relationship, creating a positive working atmosphere, and also for facilitating the introduction of experiential schema therapy techniques.Conclusions:This review suggests that positive schemas may be important vehicles of therapeutic change when working with older people. There is a need for validating the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) in older adults, and for examining whether integrating EAS in schema therapy with older adults indeed has a positive effect on therapy outcome.
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Dozois, David J. A., Rod A. Martin, and Peter J. Bieling. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Adaptive/Maladaptive Styles of Humor." Cognitive Therapy and Research 33, no. 6 (December 2, 2008): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9.
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Goddard, Hayley, Richard Hammersley, and Marie Reid. "Schema Modes, Trauma, and Disordered Eating." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00050.
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Maladaptive schema modes may mediate between trauma and disordered eating, however there is little relevant evidence. This study aimed to predict disordered eating from modes, trauma, and age and gender. Also, to re-examine the factor structure of the Schema Mode Inventory for Eating Disorders, using an online cross-sectional survey of 612 volunteer participants aged 18 to 65, recruited from online eating disorder support groups, including people with and without diagnosed eating disorders. Measures were sociodemographic variables, the Schema Mode Inventory for Eating Disorders (Short Form; SMI-ED-SF), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ). Confirmatory factor analysis produced 16 factors similar to the 16 modes. Differences were that Vulnerable Child, Happy Child, and Healthy Adult appeared as a one factor, that all ED items appeared as one factor, and that Bully & Attack and Self-Aggrandizer modes appeared combined. In stepwise linear regression, EDE-Q scores was predicted by Total maladaptive mode score (37.3% of variance), Total adaptive mode score (1.5%) variance, Vulnerable Child (2.8%), Detached Self-Soother (1.5%). Other modes accounted for 1% or less of variance. Schema modes predicted EDE-Q, but the stable existence of discrete persona-like modes was less clear. Further research should refine the structure of SMI-ED-SF and relate modes to interpersonal traumas.
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Steffen, Patrick R., Charles H. Elliott, Maureen K. Lassen, Joseph Olsen, and Laura L. Smith. "Expanding schema conceptualisation and assessment: Towards a richer understanding of adaptive and maladaptive functioning." Australian Journal of Psychology 69, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12141.
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Coutts, Richard. "Dreams as Modifiers and Tests of Mental Schemas: An Emotional Selection Hypothesis." Psychological Reports 102, no. 2 (April 2008): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.2.561-574.
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A process is proposed that helps a person adapt to a social environment. During sleep, this process executes a set of dreams with social content that schemas tentatively incorporate by self-modifying. Due to vast interConnectivity that exists amongst social schemas, such modifications may introduce accidental, maladaptive conflicts. Consequently, a second set of dreams is executed in the form of test scenarios in order to evaluate the schema modifications effected by the first set of dreams. The process would monitor emotions generated during these latter dream tests. If prior, tentative modifications alleviate anxiety, frustration, sadness, or in other ways appear emotionally adaptive, they would be selected for retention. Those modifications that compare negatively to existing, unchanged schemas would be abandoned or further modified and tested. The correspondences of these hypotheses to the sleep cycle, previous dream studies, and functional neurological processes are discussed.
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Kulikova, T. I. "ВОЗРАСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АДАПТАЦИОННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА СТУДЕНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ." Pedagogical IMAGE 16, no. 2 (2022): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32343/2409-5052-2022-16-2-219-228.
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The paper proves the relevance of studying the specific features of the adaptation potential of students of different ages under recurrent periods of forced distance learning during the second wave of the pandemic in October-December 2021. The study aims to investigate age-specific features of students’ adaptation potential in the context of distance education during the pandemic. The research objectives are to study the specific features of students’ adaptation potential, identify the structural elements of adaptation potential, and determine their relationships in students in different age groups. Materials and methods. Sixty seven students (aged 18 to 24) (Mean±SD = 20.7±1.8) took part in the surveys. Diagnostic material included vitality test by S. Muddy; the Young Schema Questionnaire “YSQ-S3R”; questionnaire “Ways of Coping Behavior” (WSQ) by Lazarus; and clinical questionnaire for the detection and evaluation of neurotic conditions (by K.K. Yakhin, and D.M. Mendelevich). Statistical data was processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27. The methods of mathematical statistics employed in the research were Pearson’s correlation coefficient; parametric Student’s t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples. Research results. Correlation analysis has revealed the presence of strong inverse correlations between resilience and maladaptive schemas (“vulnerability” and “distrust”, “submission”, “failure”, “rigid standards”, “dependence/helplessness” and “defectiveness”), neurotic states and coping strategies. As a result, two opposite trends in adaptation to the pandemic have been identified for various age groups. The scales of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and coping strategies have shown numerous positive correlations, with the exception of the strategic decision planning, which has negative correlations with some schemas found in the sample. Conclusion. The EMS is viewed as a manifestation of psychological rigidity, which reduces the adaptive potential, whereas the absence of pronounced maladaptive schemas increases the adaptive potential. Thus, a conclusion can be made about the evolution of adaptive capabilities in an individual at different stages of the adolescence: with age, the indicators of resilience go up, whereas the EMS manifestations go down. At different ages, the adaptive potential is shaped through a variety of mechanisms: in early adolescence, psychological flexibility (ability to adapt) manifests itself in sensitization, i.e., increased sensitivity to environmental influences; at an older age, the tendency to neuroticism weakens, and the tendency to flexible cognitive attitudes and flexible behavioral responses to changing environmental conditions intensifies.
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I Ju Jin and Kim,Choon-Kyung. "A Study on the Mediating Effect of Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategy in the Relation between Early Maladaptive Schema and Psychological Maladaption of preservice teachers: Focusing on Adaptive and Maladaptive Regulation Strategies." Journal of Life-span Studies 10, no. 1 (February 2020): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30528/jolss.2020.10.1.004.
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Dunkley, David M., Kirk R. Blankstein, David C. Zuroff, Sandra Lecce, and Denise Hui. "Neediness and connectedness and the five‐factor model of personality." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 2 (March 2006): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.578.
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This study examined maladaptive and relatively more adaptive forms of dependency, as measured by the neediness and connectedness factors of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976), within a comprehensive scheme of personality provided by the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). University students (n = 475) completed the DEQ, NEO‐PI‐R, and a measure of depressive symptoms. Results indicated that neediness reflected anxiety, self‐consciousness, vulnerability, unassertiveness, and inactivity, whereas connectedness reflected anxiety, warmth, agreeableness, and valuing of relationships. Neediness demonstrated stronger relations than connectedness with depressive symptoms. These results support the validity of DEQ neediness and connectedness as measures of maladaptive and relatively more adaptive forms of dependency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Varnaseri, Helena, Tony Lavender, and Lona Lockerbie. "An investigation of the mediating factors in the relationship between early childhood adversity and borderline personality characteristics in forensic inpatients." Journal of Forensic Practice 18, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-02-2015-0016.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether early maladaptive schema (EMS) and autobiographical memory specificity mediate the relationship between abuse and attachment in childhood with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) characteristics among forensic inpatients. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional design. In total, 34 male adults residing in medium secure facilities completed self-report measures. Data were analysed using bootstrapped mediation procedures. Findings – The study’s hypotheses received partial support. The EMS of “entitlement/grandiosity” and autobiographical memory specificity differentially mediated the relationship between emotional and physical abuse and neglect, and parental care and overprotection with BPD characteristics, including trait anger and the frequent expression of anger. In line with attachment theory and the functional avoidance mechanism (Williams et al., 2007), the proposed mediators are conceptualised as adaptive responses to early adversity with potential maladaptive consequences for later interpersonal functioning. Research limitations/implications – These provisional findings will require further exploration with specific investigation of the relationship between EMS and autobiographical memory specificity. It is recommended that future research replicates the study’s design with a larger sample and investigate the role of other mediators and moderators in this complex relationship. Examples of these are mentalisation, social problem-solving capabilities, social support and adult attachment styles. Practical implications – Clinical implications encourage the incorporation of these mediators into clinical formulation, intervention and ward practices. Originality/value – For forensic inpatients with a history of adversity, interventions working directly with EMS and specificity of autobiographical memory, e.g. schema therapy (Young, 1999), mentalisation and mindfulness may be useful. Furthermore, the relationship between EMS and specificity of autobiographical memory with interpersonal experience and functioning can be incorporated into clinical formulation.
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Lungu, Violeta, and Mihaela Stomff. "OPTIMIZING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EMERGING ADULT BY DECREASING OF MALADAPTIVE MENTAL SCHEMAS." Proceedings of CBU in Social Sciences 2 (October 24, 2021): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pss.v2.227.
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The article presents the research results on the effects of a program for optimizing emerging adults’ behavior in Romania. Behavior optimization was achieved by improving maladaptive mental schemas through group cognitive-behavioral interventions. The research was conducted in two stages. The research's initial stage consisted of an investigation of a group of 212 young people (19-30 years old) belonging to the NEET category (Not in Education, Employment, or Training). The psychological tools assessed the personality, the level of manifestation of cognitive and emotional maladaptive schemas, Personal Autonomy, and Self Efficacy. The second stage of the research involved 48 NEET young people who participated in a personal development program to optimize behavior for a period of 18 months. Participants experienced improvements in dysfunctional mental schemas, reported increases in personal autonomy and flexibility, and adaptive changes in personality structure. This research is a first in Romania and joins the efforts to improve the psycho-social condition of young NEETs in Romania (currently at 16.8%).
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Slaton, Karen D., and William J. Lyddon. "Cognitive-Experiential Reprocessing and Rape: A Case Study." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (January 2000): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.189.
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Women who have been raped often experience profound psychological and emotional changes due, in part, to the difficulty inherent in assimilating this experience. Rape survivors may alter their entire world view, and may develop cognitive schemas that are maladaptive and dysfunctional. In order to assist women in constructing more adaptive schemas, it is often necessary to access and reprocess trauma-related beliefs. In this article, cognitive-experiential reprocessing (CER) is introduced as a viable approach for reprocessing the trauma of rape. In the context of a case study involving a young rape survivor, the rationale, goals, and practical considerations of CER are outlined.
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Ford, Julian D., John Chapman, Daniel F. Connor, and Keith R. Cruise. "Complex Trauma and Aggression in Secure Juvenile Justice Settings." Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 6 (May 10, 2012): 694–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812436957.
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Youth in secure juvenile justice settings (e.g., detention, incarceration) often have histories of complex trauma: exposure to traumatic stressors including polyvictimization, life-threatening accidents or disasters, and interpersonal losses. Complex trauma adversely affects early childhood biopsychosocial development and attachment bonding, placing the youth at risk for a range of serious problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, oppositional defiance, risk taking, substance abuse) that may lead to reactive aggression. Complex trauma is associated with an extremely problematic combination of persistently diminished adaptive arousal reactions, episodic maladaptive hyperarousal, impaired information processing and impulse control, self-critical and aggression-endorsing cognitive schemas, and peer relationships that model and reinforce disinhibited reactions, maladaptive ways of thinking, and aggressive, antisocial, and delinquent behaviors. This constellation of problems poses significant challenges for management, rehabilitation, and treatment of youth in secure justice settings. Epidemiological and clinical evidence of the prevalence, impact on development and functioning, comorbidity, and adverse outcomes in adolescence of exposure to complex trauma are reviewed. Implications for milieu management, screening, assessment, and treatment of youth who have complex trauma histories and problems with aggression in secure juvenile justice settings are discussed, with directions for future research and program development.
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Maia, B., M. Marques, and F. Carvalho. "Association between appearance schemas and personality traits." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1987.
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IntroductionPersonality traits play are related to many forms of psychological distress, such as body dissatisfaction.ObjectivesTo explore the associations between appearance schemas and personality traits.Methods494 university students (80.2% females; 99.2% single), with a mean age of 20.17 years old (SD=1.77; range:18-20), filled in the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised, the NEO-Personality Inventory, and the Composite Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale.ResultsA significant difference was found in Self-evaluation Salience scores by sex [females (M=37.99,SD=7.82); males (M=35.36,SD=6.60);t(489)=-3.052,p=.002]. Having conducted correlations separately, by sex, Self-Evaluation Salience was correlated with Concern Over Mistakes (r=.27), Doubts about Actions (r=.35), and Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=.23). For females, Self-evaluation Salience was correlated with Concern Over Mistakes (r=.34), Personal Standards (r=.25), Doubts about Actions (r=.33), Parental Expectations (r=.24), Parental Criticism (r=.24), Organization (r=.11), Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=.31), Self-Oriented Perfectionism (r=.32), and Neuroticism (r=.33). Concerning Motivational Salience, in the total sample (not separately, by sex), this scale/dimension significantly correlated with Conscientiousness (r=. 18), Personal Standards (r=.23), Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=. 10), and Self-Oriented Perfectionism (r=.29).ConclusionsFemales seem to value more their self-appearance and, in females, the salience of appearance in life seems to be associated with maladaptive-perfectionism, as well as with adaptive-perfectionism. In males, the salience of appearance was only related with adaptive perfectionism. Males seem more concerned with their own standards, while for females other´s standards are also relevant. In females the level of salience of appearance in life seems to relate to the experience of feelings, such as anxiety/depression (neuroticism). The motivation to improve appearance seemed to be particularly related, in both sex, to adaptive perfectionism.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Perevozkina, Yuliya, Tat'yana Petrovskaya, and Denis Shabanov. "The influence of gender and age characteristics on the specificity of the expression of early deadaptive schemes of future psychologists." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-2-194-203.
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The article deals with the personal characteristics of students of psychological specialties. Attention is focused on the sex and age factors of the manifestation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as an important complex of personality characteristics, which determines the possibilities and limitations of professional development. Schemas are considered as a risk factor that reduces the adaptive potential of a specialist in the profession and the effectiveness of his activities, and therefore they are an important unit of analysis in the field of labour psychology. The empirical study was carried out with 537 students of psychological directions of training and specialties, of which 83 respondents were male and 454 were female, aged from 16 to 45 years. The questionnaire «Diagnostics of early maladaptive schemas of J. Young» (YSQ S3R) was used in the work. Mathematical processing of the results was carried out using the Levene’s test by the method of analysis of variance. As a result, it was found that the signs of gender and age have a significant impact on the differences not only in the severity of the manifestation of EMS, but also in the complexation of EMS in each group of respondents. Depending on gender and age, the schematic profiles of boys, girls, men and women differ with varying degrees of severity of each scheme. There are EMS, which have a specific sensitivity to the effects of either the gender factor, or the age factor, or their complex. The results demonstrated in the work prove the importance of gender and age characteristics for determining the personal correspondences to the profession of a psychologist, as well as the importance of studying the personal determinants of professional success, both from the side of the desired characteristics and from the side of contradicting its requirements and negative ones. Clarification of the characteristics of EMS of psychologists, the factors influencing them, will complement modern scientific ideas about the phenomenon of EMS with regard to the conditional mental norm, and also reveal the problem of professionally important and professionally negative qualities from a perspective that is new for modern domestic psychology.
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Shioura, Krystyna M., David L. Geenen, and Paul H. Goldspink. "Assessment of cardiac function with the pressure-volume conductance system following myocardial infarction in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 5 (November 2007): H2870—H2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00585.2007.
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Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of heart failure (HF) with the progressive worsening of cardiac performance due to structural and functional alterations. Therefore, we studied cardiac function in adult mice following MI using the Millar pressure-volume (P-V) conductance catheter system in vivo during the later phase of compensatory remodeling and decompensation to HF. We evaluated load-dependent and -independent parameters in control and 2-, 4-, 6-, and 10-wk post-MI mice and integrated changes in function with changes in gene expression. Our results indicated a significant deterioration of cardiac function in post-MI mice over time, reflected first by systolic dysfunction, followed by a transient improvement before further decline in both systolic and diastolic function. Associated with the function and adaptive remodeling were transient changes in fetal gene and extracellular matrix gene expression. However, undermining the compensatory remodeling response was a continual decline in cardiac contractility, which promoted the transition into failure. Our study provided a scheme of integrated cardiac function and gene expression changes occurring during the adaptive and maladaptive response of the heart independent of systemic vascular properties during the transition to HF following MI in mice. P-V loop analysis was used to quantitatively evaluate the gradual deterioration in cardiac function post-MI. P-V loop analysis was found to be an appropriate method for assessment of global cardiac function under varying load-dependent and -independent conditions in the murine model with many similarities to data obtained from larger animals and humans.
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Phillips, Katelyn, Robert Brockman, Phoebe E. Bailey, and Ian I. Kneebone. "Schema in older adults: does the schema mode model apply?" Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000602.
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AbstractBackground:The relevance of schema theory to psychopathology, in particular personality disorder, in younger adults is established. Investigations into the relevance of schema theory to older adults, however, is highly limited.Aims:To consider the relationship of schema modes to psychopathology in older adults and establish whether maladaptive schema modes are associated with unmet needs and that this relationship is mediated by the healthy adult mode of responding in this population.Method:One hundred and four older adults were recruited from an established database. Participants completed questionnaires assessing psychopathology, schema modes (YAMI: Young-Atkinson Mode Inventory) and basic psychological needs (BPNS: Basic Psychological Needs Scale – autonomy, competence and relatedness). Ninety-four responses were included after applying exclusion criteria.Results:The healthy adult schema mode was found to be associated with reduced psychopathology, and maladaptive child modes (angry and vulnerable child) to increased psychopathology. The healthy adult schema mode mediated the relationship between maladaptive child modes and needs satisfaction.Conclusions:As predicted by schema theory, the presence of one of the maladaptive child modes makes it difficult for an older individual to have their needs met, but the presence of healthy adult mode works to support this process.
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Malik, Shajiah, Naila Batool, and Muhammad Naveed Riaz. "Mediating Role of Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes between Childhood Maltreatment and Pathological Traits in Adults." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication me 05, issue 2 (June 30, 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i02-23.
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It was aimed at that maladaptive schemas and schema modes serially mediate between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits. Sample of the present study consisted on university students (N=300).Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the information. Serial Mediation Analysis was conducted using PROCESS 3.0.Four scales were used for data collection The findings indicated that maladaptive schemas and positive schema modes mediated between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits. Maladaptive schemas and negative schema modes mediated between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits.The study supported the schema theory which revealed that early childhood neglect and abuse forms early maladaptive schemas which change into schema modes during the course of development and finally manifested in the form of personality pathologies during adulthood.The study has both theoretical as well as applied significance. The study has supported the theory of Young.
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Heller, Aaron S. "From Conditioning to Emotion: Translating Animal Models of Learning to Human Psychopathology." Neuroscientist 26, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858419866820.
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Emotional responses are not static but change as a consequence of learning. Organisms adapt to emotional events and these adaptations influence the way we think, behave, and feel when we encounter similar situations in the future. Integrating recent work from rodent models and research on human psychopathology, this article lays out a model describing how affective events cause learning and can lead to anxiety and depression: affective events are linked to conditioned stimuli and contexts. Affective experiences entrain oscillatory synchrony across distributed neural circuits, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, which form associations that constitute the basis of emotional memories. Consolidation of these experiences appears to be supported by replay in the hippocampus—a process by which hippocampal firing patterns recreate the firing pattern that occurred previously. Generalization of learning occurs to never before experienced contexts when associations form across distinct but related conditioned stimuli. The process of generalization, which requires cortical structures, can cause memories to become abstracted. During abstraction, the latent, overlapping features of the learned associations remain and result in the formation of schemas. Schemas are adaptive because they facilitate the rapid processing of conditioned stimuli and prime behavioral, cognitive, and affective responses that are the manifestations of the accumulation of an individual’s conditioned experiences. However, schemas can be maladaptive when the generalization of aversive emotional responses are applied to stimuli and contexts in which affective reactions are unnecessary. I describe how this process can lead to not only mood and anxiety disorders but also psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Ha, Jeongmin, and Dahye Park. "Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among university students in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic: the application of interpersonal-psychological theory and early maladaptive schema." PeerJ 10 (July 27, 2022): e13830. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13830.
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Background This study examined the application of interpersonal-psychological theory and early maladaptive schema of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in South Korean university students. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data from 367 university students were surveyed using the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Early Maladaptive Schema, Suicide Ideation Scale, and the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale. Data were collected between June 21 and July 21, 2021. Results University students’ interpersonal needs and early maladaptive schema were significantly associated with suicidal ideation, and influencing suicide attempts. The acquired capability for suicide moderated the relationship between suicidal ideation and attempts. Conclusions In suicide prevention programs for university students, it is critical to consider their interpersonal needs and early maladaptive schema, and the acquired capability for suicide, to prevent suicidal ideation and attempts among them.
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Liao, Kelly Yu-Hsin, Meifen Wei, and Mengxi Yin. "The Misunderstood Schema of the Strong Black Woman: Exploring Its Mental Health Consequences and Coping Responses Among African American Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319883198.
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The internalization of the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema is associated with negative psychological outcomes. However, not much is known about the mechanisms through which this schema leads to poor health. We examined the direct associations between the SBW schema and depression, anxiety, and loneliness. We also tested four mediators—maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and two Africultural coping strategies of collective coping and spiritual coping—between the schema and psychological outcomes. Moreover, we examined serial mediation effects. A total of 222 African American women participated in an online survey. Structural equation modeling was conducted, and after controlling for age, family income, and level of education, the direct associations were supported, and the mediator roles of maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and collective coping but not spiritual coping were supported. For serial mediation effects, the SBW schema was first positively associated with maladaptive perfectionism, which was associated with low self-compassion and low use of collective coping, which in turn were correlated with negative psychological outcomes. Racial, economic, and structural inequalities that maintain the SBW schema need to be examined and removed. Clinical interventions should focus on reducing maladaptive perfectionism and increasing self-compassion and collective coping among those who have internalized the schema. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319883198
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Gerges, Sarah, Souheil Hallit, Diana Malaeb, and Sahar Obeid. "Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas as Predictors of Disordered Eating: Examining the Indirect Pathway through Emotion Regulation Difficulties." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 11620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811620.
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A scarcity of research has looked into the association of maladaptive core beliefs with dysfunctional eating patterns. Moreover, no prior study has considered the potential role of difficulties in negative emotion regulation when disentangling the complex correlations between early maladaptive schemas and disturbed eating habits. Our study aimed at exploring the distinct relationships between early maladaptive schemas and disordered eating, while investigating the indirect role of emotion regulation difficulties within these associations. We collected data from 982 Lebanese young adults (18–30 years old), distributed across the five Lebanese governorates, who completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Young Schema Questionnaire—Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale—16 Item Version (DERS-16). The results showed that the disconnection and rejection schema domain, under which the early maladaptive schema of mistrust was the most predictive of disordered/inappropriate eating attitudes. All the remaining maladaptive schema domains (i.e., the impaired autonomy/performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and overvigilance/inhibition schema domains) exerted significant indirect effects on disordered eating attitudes through difficulties in emotion regulation. Our findings gave prominence to a potential intrinsic mechanism through which maladaptive cognitive schemas are linked to disordered eating behaviors, emphasizing the role of emotion dysregulation as a cardinal actor within this model. They sustain the surmise that cognitively and emotionally vulnerable individuals exhibit stronger propensities for inappropriate dietary patterns, as a means to offset their inner weakness. This study broadens the medical community’s insights into the underpinning processes behind eating disorder psychopathology and could therefore make a step towards the adoption of innovative therapeutic approaches that promote emotion regulation skills in the context of schema therapy.
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Younan, Rita, Joan Farrell, and Tamara May. "‘Teaching Me to Parent Myself’: The Feasibility of an In-Patient Group Schema Therapy Programme for Complex Trauma." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000698.
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Background: Group schema therapy is an emerging treatment for personality and other psychiatric disorders. It may be particularly suited to individuals with complex trauma given that early abuse is likely to create maladaptive schemas. Aims: This pilot study explored the feasibility and effectiveness of a 4-week in-patient group schema therapy programme for adults with complex trauma in a psychiatric hospital setting. Method: Thirty-six participants with complex trauma syndrome participated in this open trial. Treatment consisted of 60 hours of group schema therapy and 4 hours of individual schema therapy administered over 4 weeks. Feasibility measures included drop-out rates, qualitative interviews with participants to determine programme acceptability and measures of psychiatric symptoms, self-esteem, quality of life and schema modes pre-, post- and 3 months following the intervention. Results: Drop-out rate for the 4-week program was 11%. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed four major themes: connection, mode language explained emotional states, identifying the origin of the problem and the emotional activation of the programme. Measures of psychiatric symptoms, self-esteem and quality of life showed improvement post-treatment and at 3 months post-treatment. There was a reduction in most maladaptive schema modes pre-/post-treatment. Conclusions: A group schema therapy approach for complex trauma is feasible and demonstrates positive effects on psychiatric symptoms and maladaptive schemas.
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Kim, Ryul Ah, and Jung Hee Ha. "The Moderating Effect of Commitment in the Relationship between Disconnection and Rejection Schema and Marital Satisfaction of Married Women." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.1.509.
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Objectives The purposes of this study are identifying whether disconnection and rejection schema out of early maladaptive schemas of married women can influence marriage satisfaction and examining and verifying the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction under the assumption that it will differ owing to commitment, which is a moderating variable.
Methods For this aim, survey targeted 366 married women residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon areas and statistical analysis of 300 surveys through SPSS 22.0 program.
Results The following are the summary of the study results. First, it has been found that the relationships between disconnection and rejection schema, commitment, and marital satisfaction were all significant. Disconnection and rejection schema had significantly negative correlation with marital satisfaction and commitment had positive correlation with marital satisfaction. Second, as a result of examining how disconnection and rejection schema influences marital satisfaction, disconnection and rejection schema had negative correlation with marital satisfaction. Third, as a result of examining how commitment moderates the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction, the moderating effect of commitment was significant in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema and marital satisfaction.
Conclusions Thus, through this study, the relationship between maladaptive schema and marital satisfaction was examined by looking into the interacting influence of marital satisfaction and commitment of married women with disconnection and rejection schema and it has been verified that the level of marital satisfaction can differ according to commitment level. In that sense, this study is meaningful in the sense that it provided empirical data contributing to improvement of unsatisfactory marriage life. Lastly, the implications in counseling, education regarding maladaptive schema and commitment were discussed and this study's limitations and the necessity of follow-up studies were suggested.
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Blau, Gary, John DiMino, and YJ Kim. "Testing Three-Item Versions for Seven of Young’s Maladaptive Schema and Wait Impact for Briefly Counseled Non-Urgent Clients." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n1p1.
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The purposes of this study were to: further test the reliability and discriminant validity of three-item measures of seven maladaptive schema scales on a sample of non-urgent university counseling center (UCC) clients; test the relationships of waiting variables to these maladaptive schema; and test if these waiting variables were related to changes in these maladaptive schema for briefly counseled UCC clients. The results supported the test-retest reliabilities and discriminant validity of these seven scales. Independent sample t-tests between two different types of wait variables, i.e., minimal versus considerable wait bother, and less than two weeks wait versus at least two weeks wait, did not show any significant differences for these scales. However, one scale, mistrust and abuse increased during brief counseling for both the considerable wait bother and at least two weeks waiting groups. It is important to make sure that non-urgent clients get timely counseling.
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Stallard, Paul, and Helen Rayner. "The Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Schema Questionnaire for Children (SQC)." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (December 16, 2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465804001912.
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This study describes the development and initial evaluation of a cognitive schema questionnaire for children. The Schema Questionnaire for Children (SQC) was designed to capture the 15 early maladaptive schemas proposed by Young (1990). Face validity of the questionnaire items as assessed by a group of CBT experts (n=16) was good. Concurrent validity was assessed by asking 47 school children aged 11–16 years of age to complete both the (SQC) and a British version of the 75 item Young's Schema Questionnaire short form (YSC-S). Significant correlations were obtained for 10 of the 15 schemas, with a further two approaching statistical significance. Although some of the correlations were modest, these initial results suggest that the SQC may be a valid quick and developmentally appropriate way of assessing Young's maladaptive schema in children.
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Ireland, Jane L., and Elisabeth Hansen. "The importance of integrated therapies for personality disorder in forensic populations: attending to content and structure of delivery." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 1, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-11-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide some practice considerations for working with personality disorder, focusing on the application of assessment, formulation and therapy to complex populations such as forensic clients. In addressing this it outlines the concept of a Multi-Modal Integrated Therapy (MMIT) and how this is applied to personality disorder intervention. Design/methodology/approach – The core elements to consider in the provision of an integrated approach are outlined, informed by a review of the relevant literature. The paper does not aim to provide evaluation data but is intended to be a clinical practice document. Findings – The value of integrating the effective components of therapy to address all aspects of working with forensic populations is evidenced. It is argued that appropriate approaches will capture cognitive components (including Early Maladaptive Schemas and also adaptive schemas), Cognitive Analytic Therapeutic approaches and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy components to produce an effective framework to capture the complexities of personality disorder in forensic populations. Practical implications – The paper outlines how a move away from focusing on a single approach to understanding and intervening with personality disorder is key with complex populations, such as those found within forensic settings. The authors argue that practitioners should focus routinely on the importance of integration of principles relevant to personality disorder work. Originality/value – The paper argues for: Adopting a truly multi-modal integrated approach to interventions with personality disorder, highlighting the importance of MMIT. The importance of accounting for complexity in personality presentation in forensic populations and capturing positive as well as negative functioning. The value in identifying what is effective within existing therapies and applying these components as part of a wider package. The core elements of an effective approach are indicated.
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Selvi, Kerim. "THE MEDIATING ROLE OF HUMOR STYLES IN THE RELATION BETWEEN EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMA DOMAINS AND THE SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS." Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi 10, no. 25 (September 30, 2022): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-25-01.
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This study aimed to explore the indirect associations of the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms through humor styles (i.e., self-enhancing, affiliative, self-defeating, and aggressive humor styles) in Turkish culture. Data were collected from 373 university students via demographic information form and the Turkish versions of Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3, Humor Styles Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. Using Hayes Macro, five separate mediation analyses were performed for testing the indirect associations, one for each schema domain. The results generally revealed that humor styles partially mediated the relationships between the schema domains and depression symptoms. Particularly, self-defeating humor style was found to be the most consistent mediator between the relationship the early maladaptive schema domains with the severity of depression symptoms. Also, the findings showed for the first time that aggressive style (partially) mediated the relations between some of the schema domains and depression symptoms and was negatively associated with these symptoms. Moving from these findings, it can be suggested that humor styles may serve as coping strategies for early maladaptive schemas. Thus, measuring and addressing humor styles in the treatment of depression symptoms may be beneficial in increasing the effectiveness of treatments. In addition, the current finding on aggressive humor style suggests that there may be cultural differences in the use of humor. However, cross-cultural studies are needed to conclude that cultural factors change the mediating role of humor styles in the relationship between schema domains and depression symptoms.
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EKEN, Ece, and Zeynep CİHANGİR ÇANKAYA. "The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Psychological Tendencies Associated With The Romantic Relationships In University Students: An Investigation Through The Schema Therapy Model." Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal 51, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 689–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.935734.
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This study was conducted to determine the predictive power of variables that early maladaptive schema domains on the psychological tendencies associated with the romantic relationships in university students. Young Schema Questionnaire- SF3, The Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire, and The Personal Information Form were used to collect the data. The sample of the research was composed of 334 students who have a romantic relationship history of at least six months. The average age of the participants was 22.63 and 68% of them were female and 30.8% of them were male. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The results of this study showed that; the psychological tendencies associated with the romantic relationships were associated with early maladaptive schema domains, and it was concluded that romantic relationship tendencies were predominantly associated with impaired autonomy and other-directedness schema domains. However, it was seen that the predicting power of disconnection and rejection, and over vigilance schema domains on the tendencies associated with the romantic relationship was low.
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Shajari, Farzaneh, Faramarz Sohrabi, and Farhad Jomehri. "Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schema and Internet Addiction:A Cross-Sectional Study." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care 8, no. 3 (June 23, 2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ajprhc/2016/4334.
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Over the past decade the concept of Internet Addiction has grown in terms of its acceptance as a legitimate clinical disorder often requiring treatment. Many hospitals and clinics have emerged with outpatient treatment services for Internet Addiction. Most recently, the findings of this research area has led American Psychiatric Association to include the diagnosis of Internet Addiction in the Appendix in the DSM-V. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between Early Maladaptive Schema and Internet Addiction among students. This research is a cross-sectional survey. Statistical population of the study included undergraduate and postgraduate students of Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. 195 students by using simple sampling method were selected. The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS) were applied as measuring Instruments. To analyze the data Pearson Correlation and regression method were used. Results indicated that there was a significant relationship between 5 domains of Early Maladaptive Schema and Internet Addiction in students. Also, there was a significant relationship between each 15 dimensions of Early Maladaptive Schema with Internet Addiction. According to research findings, the formatting schema during early years can be strong factor in the tendency to use internet. It is essential that more detailed studies should be carried out in this area, particularly about internet addiction.
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Kahouei, Mehdi, Fatemeh Paknazar, Masoumeh Alimohammadi, and Ghazaleh Mosayebi. "Relationship Between the Early Maladaptive Schema and Social Networks Addiction Among Semnan University of Medical Sciences Students." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 26, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.26.2.3146.1.
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Objectives: Early maladaptive schemas are self-destructive emotional and cognitive patterns that have been formed at the beginning of development and are repeated in life. Since early maladaptive schemas can be the most predictive of addiction and social networking addiction is also considered as an injury or complication. This study aimed to determine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and social network addiction among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 350 students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. In this study, Yang’s Short Form Questionnaire and the questionnaire of social network s addiction based on mobile were used. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: There were 186 (53.2%) students who had social network addiction. Of them, 215 (61.4%) had at least one early maladaptive schema. The gender of the woman (OR=0.35, P=0.021), age over 21 years (OR=0.56, P<0.001), the formation of the schema of recognition (OR=0.54, P=0.01) and the formation of the schema entitlement (OR=0.47, P=0.002) with the reduction and the formation of the schema of social isolation / emotional inhibition (OR=2.94, P=0.006) was accompanied with increasing of the chance of being addicted to social networks. Conclusion: The results showed that some of the individual characteristics and the formation of some of the schemas are associated with decreasing and increasing the chance of addiction to social networks.
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Lavoie, Derek A., and Elizabeth A. Harwood. "The Predictive Ability of Early Maladaptive Schemas for Aggression." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 27, no. 4 (2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.4.305.
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The presence of aggression is an enduring concern that affects many domains of one’s life. In those with repeated aggressive behavior, it is especially difficult to treat. Identification and treatment of underlying factors is pivotal to reduce aggression. Schema therapy offers an effective approach to treating these underlying elements, which are conceptualized as early maladaptive schemas (EMS). The confirmation of EMS’ prediction of aggression enables effective identification and treatment through this therapeutic approach. Adult participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire – S3, Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 – Brief Form, and the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results for a general sample of 124 participants supported that total EMS, EMS domains, and personality traits were all predictive of aggression. EMS were the most predictive in the aggression domain of hostility, R2 = .37, p < .001. Personality traits were found to be more predictive tHan EMS for aggression, R2 = .76, p = .001. However, the use of schema domains provides a more specific understanding of both the manifestation of aggression and translates directly to treatment through schema theory.
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Rezaei, F., and N. Shams Alizadeh. "Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71804-1.
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IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.
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Roelofs, Jeffrey, Chris Lee, Tamara Ruijten, and Jill Lobbestael. "The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relation between Quality of Attachment Relationships and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescents." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 39, no. 4 (March 22, 2011): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000117.
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Background:Quality of attachment relations between adolescents and their parents and peers may be related to early maladaptive schemas as well as to symptoms of depression.Aims:The aim of the current study was to assess whether schema domains and maladaptive schemas mediate the relation between indices of quality of attachment relationships with parents and peers and symptoms of depression in non-clinical adolescents (N= 222).Method:A battery of questionnaires was completed, including measures of quality of attachment relations, maladaptive schemas, and depression.Results:The schema domains of disconnection and rejection and other-directedness mediated the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression. More precisely, the schemas’ mistrust/abuse and social isolation mediated the relation between trust in parents and depressive symptoms, whereas the schemas’ social isolation and self-sacrifice mediated the relation between alienation from peers and symptoms of depression.Conclusions:The mediation analyses suggest that treatment of adolescent depression could be focused on both attachment bonds and on changing maladaptive schemas.
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Krnetić, Igor, and Lana Vujaković. "PSIHOLOŠKA NEFLEKSIBILNOST KAO MEDIJATOR ODNOSA IZMEĐU RANIH MALADAPTIVNIH SHEMA I MANIFESTACIJA DEPRESIVNOSTI, ANKSIOZNOSTI I STRESA." ГОДИШЊАК ЗА ПСИХОЛОГИЈУ 18, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/gpsi.18.2021.01.
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Although the link between Early Maladaptive Schemas and many psychopathological manifestations has been confirmed, there is still not enough research examining the mechanism by which this link is realized. The aim of this study was to examine whether psychological inflexibility could be a mediator of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas grouped in schema domains and problems in current functioning, manifested through depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. Among the instruments used were the Young’s Schema Questionnaire, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. The sample included 320 subjects (Nfemales = 215; M = 33.5; SD = 9.6). The results indicate significant connections of psychological inflexibility with all scheme domains and all criterion variables, with this connection being the strongest in relation to depression (r = .74, p < .01) and autonomy impairment domain (r = .74, p < .01). Schema domains are important predictors of criterion variables, provided that the highest percentage of explained variance is in relation to depression. Psychological inflexibility has been shown to be a partial mediator of all relations between all schema domains and manifestations of depression, anxiety and stress. Although schema domains still have a significant direct effect on psychopathological manifestations, in the case of impaired limits when it comes to anxiety (b = .045; p<.05, 95% BCa CI [.03, .05]) and depression (b = .06, p<.05, 95% BCa CI [.04, .07]) the difference between the indirect and direct effect is most evident, while in the case of stress the greatest difference between the effects is in relation to the domain of autonomy impairment (b = .07, p < .05, 95% BCa CI [.05, .08]). The implications for the integration of schema therapy and third wave cognitive-behavioral therapy are discussed. Keywords: early maladaptive schemas, schema domains, psychological flexibility, depression, stress, anxiety
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STROIAN, Paula I. "Emotional Needs and Schematic Functioning in Depression: A Narrative Review." Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2021.1.2.
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"Grounded in cognitive theory, the schema therapy model of psychopathology proposes a set of maladaptive cognitive structures, called early maladaptive schemas, resulting from the invalidation of emotional needs. More recently, the schema therapy model has been adapted for use with depressed clients. However, the utility of addressing emotional needs in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression has not been established. The present paper aims to provide a narrative review of the current literature on basic needs as motivational factors in depression and their relation to schematic functioning. Theoretical considerations and practical evidence on the use of constructs related to basic motivation in depression are drawn from the literature on the cognitive and schema therapy-based models of depression. The implications for the theoretical understanding of needs are discussed, as are future directions for the research of schematic functioning in depression."
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Lachenal-Chevallet, Karine, Pierre Mauchand, Jean Cottraux, Martine Bouvard, and Robert Martin. "Factor Analysis of the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Nonclinical Sample." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.3.311.
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The original version of the Schema Questionnaire (205 items) was developed by Young to measure early maladaptive schemas. The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF) was designed (Young, 1998) to measure 15 maladaptive schemas and is a shorter instrument (75 items). Factor analytic research with the SQ-SF has supported the schemas proposed by Young (Welburn, Coristine, Dagg, Pontrefact, & Jordan, 2002). The present study examined the psychometric properties of the French version of the SQ-SF in a nonclinical sample (N = 263). The results of the factor analysis revealed 14 interpretable factors, including 13 of the 15 schema subscales proposed by Young. These 14 subscales demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency. These results are in part consistent with previous results based on the English version of the SQ-SF and provided support for the cross-cultural validity of the SQ-SF.
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El-Gilany, Abdel-Hady, Mona A. El-Bilsha, and Azza Ibrahim. "Gender Differences in Maladaptive Cognitive Schema in Orphans in Dakahlia, Egypt." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/373120.
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The objective of this study was to assess the gender differences of maladaptive cognitive schema among orphans in Dakahlia governorate orphanages. A cross-sectional comparative study included 152 orphan boys and 48 orphan girls in all orphanages homes in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Data collection tools included a structured interview questionnaire for personal data; early maladaptive schema questionnaire-short form (EMSQ-SF). The mean score of the total YSQ and all the subscales, except self-sacrifice and unrelenting standards, are significantly higher among females than males. Attention should be given to the psychological care of the orphans especially security, trust, confidence, and autonomy with more attention to orphan girls.
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Kaczuba, Adrianna. "Together or apart? Labour migration and early maladaptive schemas of young adults." Educational Psychology 19, no. 61 (April 30, 2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9043.
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The aim of the present study was to analyze if parents’ labour migration experienced during childhood has long-lasting influence on people’s psychological functioning. It was verified whether family functioning defined as flexibility, cohesion, communication, and maladaptive beliefs was differentiated by the occurrenceof parents’ labuor migration. It was also tested if parents’ labour migration moderated the relationship between family functioning and maladaptive beliefs. The sample comprised 170 young adults (Mage = 21,81; SD = 2,99) including 94 people whose parents had migrated to work abroad, and 76 people whose parents had never left to work abroad. The study used the Polish adaptation of The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form (YSQ-S3-PL) by Oettingen, Chodkiewicz, Mącik, and Gruszczyńska (2017), and an adaptation of the FACES-IV by Margasiński (2013). The results indicated that in eight of the tested models, the parents’ labour migration moderated the relationship between family functioning and maladaptive beliefs. The greatest susceptibility to the moderating effects of the indicated set of variables was observed in relation to the maladaptive schema of Defectiveness.
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Khalily, Muhammad Tahir, Anna Paulina Wota, and Brian Hallahan. "Investigation of schema modes currently activated in patients with psychiatric disorders." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 2 (June 2011): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011472.
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AbstractObjectives: To investigate schema modes currently activated in individuals with psychiatric disorders and to attain a greater understanding of healthy and dysfunctional schema modes in this population. Furthermore, we wish to ascertain if individuals who fulfil criteria for clinical (psychiatric) disorders with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), also manifest dysfunctional modes and weaker healthy modes on the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI).Method: Fifty individuals were administered the MMPI and SMI during routine psychological assessments between September 2008 and June 2010.Results: Both healthy schema modes (Happy Child (HC) and dysfunctional schema modes (Compliant Surrender (CS), Detached Self-soother (DSS) and Demanding Parent (DP)) were evident in this population. Positive correlations were noted between several dysfunctional schema modes from the Child, Maladaptive Coping and Maladaptive Parent domains of the SMI and several scales of the MMPI including: Depression (D), Psychopathic deviate (Pd), Masculine feminine (Mf), Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Ps), Mania (Ma), Schizophrenia (Sc), and Social introversion (Si) (p < 0.001). A negative correlation (p < 0.001) was found between the Healthy Adult (HA) and Happy Child (HC) schema modes of the SMI and the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), Psychopathic deviate (Pd), Psychasthenia (Pt), and Social introversion (Si) scales of MMPI.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the presence of several dysfunctional schema modes in individuals with a wide range of clinical (psychiatric) disorders and a strong correlation between dysfunctional schema modes and clinical disorders of the MMPI. The SMI can aid in the assessment and understanding of individuals with a wide range of psychiatric disorders and can also form the basis for Schema Focused Therapy (SFT), a therapy showing promise for a number of clinical conditions, particularly borderline personality disorder.
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Kauffman, James M., John Wills Lloyd, and Kathleen A. McGee. "Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior." Journal of Special Education 23, no. 2 (July 1989): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002246698902300205.
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Castille, Katie, Maurice Prout, Geoffrey Marczyk, Maximillian Shmidheiser, Stephanie Yoder, and Beth Howlett. "The Early Maladaptive Schemas of Self-Mutilators: Implications for Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907780493340.
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The present study explored the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) of individuals who engage in self-mutilation. One hundred five participants (34 males and 71 females) from a community site and from two clinical sites participated in the study. Four EMS differentiated self-mutilators from nonmutilators: Mistrust/Abuse, Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. The following schemas were also found to differentiate repetitive self-mutilators from nonmutilators and from self-mutilators who had engaged in only one episode of self-mutilation: Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, Defectiveness/Shame, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. Finally, the Social Isolation/Alienation schema was found to be endorsed more strongly as the number of self-mutilative episodes increased. The results are largely in accord with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of schema therapy.
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Stowkowy, Jacqueline, Lu Liu, Kristin S. Cadenhead, Tyrone D. Cannon, Barbara A. Cornblatt, Thomas H. McGlashan, Diana O. Perkins, et al. "Core Schemas in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 44, no. 2 (April 21, 2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465815000144.
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Background: Schema Theory proposes that the development of maladaptive schemas are based on a combination of memories, emotions and cognitions regarding oneself and one's relationship to others. A cognitive model of psychosis suggests that schemas are crucial to the development and persistence of psychosis. Little is known about the impact that schemas may have on those considered to be at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing psychosis. Aims: To investigate schemas over time in a large sample of CHR individuals and healthy controls. Method: Sample included 765 CHR participants and 280 healthy controls. Schemas were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months using the Brief Core Schema Scale (BCSS). Baseline schemas were compared to 2-year clinical outcome. Results: CHR participants evidenced stable and more maladaptive schemas over time compared to controls. Schemas at initial contact did not vary amongst the different clinical outcome groups at 2 years although all CHR outcome groups evidenced significantly worse schemas than healthy controls. Although there were no differences on baseline schemas between those who later transitioned to psychosis compared to those who did not, those who transitioned to psychosis had more maladaptive negative self-schemas at the time of transition. Associations between negative schemas were positively correlated with earlier abuse and bullying. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a need for interventions that aim to improve maladaptive schemas among the CHR population. Therapies targeting self-esteem, as well as schema therapy may be important work for future studies.
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Davoood, R., S. Ghahari, and M. R. Pirmoradi. "The compare of early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1173.
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ObjectThe aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men.MethodsThe study method was causal – comparative (ex post facto). Participants included two groups: (1) all of offender prisoner men (n = 47) in Fooman jail and (2) normal group men (n = 47) in Fooman. Both groups were matched for age, occupation and education. All of the participants completed Young maladaptive schema questionnaire (Y MSQ), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ-P) and general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) individually. Data were analysed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).FindingThere was significant difference between two groups in total score of early maladaptive schema questionnaire and also in its subscales included abandonment, impaired autonomy/performance, impaired limits, other – directedness, over vigilance/inhibition, emotional inhibition (P < 0/01). The general health was different between groups, too. In addition, while groups showed significant difference in total score of emotion regulation and one of the subscales (rumination), no significant difference was explored between groups in self-blame, acceptance, positive refocusing, planning refocusing, positive re-evaluation, perspective taking, catastrophizing and others blame.ConclusionSignificant differences between the two groups in terms of general health, schema dimensions and emotional regulation dimensions suggest that dysfunctional schemas, maladaptive emotional strategies and low general health could be involved in criminal behaviour.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hawke, Lisa D., and Martin D. Provencher. "Early Maladaptive Schemas: Relationship With Case Complexity in Mood and Anxiety Disorders." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (2013): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.359.
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Background: Schema theory, developed for chronic, treatment-resistant patients, has been largely applied to personality disorders. However, many patients with other psychiatric disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders, also demonstrate elevated early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). Based on schema theory and clinical observations, individuals with greater case complexity would be expected to demonstrate higher EMS activation. Aim: This study examines EMSs as a function of case complexity in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders. Method: 69 patients consulting for mood or anxiety disorders completed the YSQ-S3 and a thorough intake assessment. The relationship between EMSs and case complexity is explored. Results: Although some EMSs are more strongly activated as a function of comorbidities and degree of functional impairment, the greatest difference is a function of multiaxial case complexity. Conclusion: Complex clinical presentations are associated with EMS activation. Case complexity should be considered when applying schema theory to mood and anxiety disorders. Schema therapy may be a useful treatment alternative particularly for the more complex cases.
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Huibers, M. "CS05-02 - Schema therapy for chronic depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73487-3.
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Although schema or schema-focused therapy is now a well-established treatment for personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, it was originally developed with long-lasting or chronic forms of depression in mind. In this presentation, I argue why schema therapy is a promising treatment for depression by giving an overview of currently available treatments; describing the theoretical framework of how schema therapy might apply to chronic depression; presenting empirical evidence on the early maladaptive schemas found in depressive patients receiving outpatient treatment; and by describing the design of an ongoing study in which the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of change of schema therapy for chronic depression are examined.
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Hedley, Liv M., Asle Hoffart, and Harold Sexton. "Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients With Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 2 (January 2001): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.2.131.
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The present study explored the relationships among Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance in patients undergoing cognitive therapy. Fifty-nine patients (43 women and 16 men) being treated for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) participated in the study. Two EMS that are seen as being central in PDA [vulnerability to harm (VH) and functional incompetence/dependency (DI)], beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance were measured at treatment start and at six months follow-up. The data were analyzed using structural modeling techniques. The VH schema influenced beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance. Beliefs about loss of control, in turn, predicted a fear of bodily sensations. DI was predicted by VH and did not influence other aspects of PDA. The results were largely in consort with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory and indicated that the VH schema may contribute to the maintenance of PDA.
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Saariaho, Tom H. J., Anita S. I. Saariaho, Irma A. Karila, and Matti I. Joukamaa. "Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.09.003.
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AbstractBackground and aims of the studyThe connection between chronic pain and traumatic experiences in childhood has been established in several studies. The association of emotional maltreatment with chronic pain has been studied, but to a lesser degree. Schema therapy [24] is an extension of cognitive therapy and presents the early maladaptive schema (EMS) concept. EMSs reflect early, mainly emotional maltreatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the existence of EMSs, the association between EMSs and pain variables and EMS driven patterns.Patients and measuresThe study consisted of 271 first visit pain patients. Their socio-demographic data, pain variables and pain disability were assessed. The presence of EMSs was measured using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Extended. One hundred and three successive participants were also interviewed according to the cognitive case conceptualization.ResultsMore than half (58.3%) of the chronic pain patients scored EMSs as meaningful. The patients with meaningful EMSs had significantly higher pain intensity, duration of pain and pain disability. The two most frequently occurring EMSs in male pain patients were Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness (US) (36.2%) and Self-Sacrifice (SS) (23.6%) and in female pain patients SS (40.3%) and US (27.1%). The speech contents of five of the highest scoring US and SS male and female patients (n = 20) were analyzed. The analyses showed schema driven behavior which exacerbated the pain situation. US and SS schemas had a stronger motivational effect on their behavior than the pain itself. Regression analyses showed that Self-Sacrifice schema in women and Emotional Deprivation schema in the total sample predicted pain disability as did pain intensity and the number of pain locations.ConclusionsThis study suggested that a remarkable amount of chronic pain patients may suffer from early maladaptive schemas which have an effect on their current pain situation and may reflect underlying early emotional maltreatment.
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Shorey, Ryan C., Catherine Strauss, Heather Zapor, and Gregory L. Stuart. "Dating Violence Perpetration: Associations With Early Maladaptive Schemas." Violence and Victims 32, no. 4 (2017): 714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00175.
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Violence between dating couples is a serious and prevalent problem among college students (Shorey, Cornelius, & Bell, 2008). Social-cognitive theories of aggression (e.g., Berkowitz, 1990) propose that perpetrators may have more maladaptive cognitive schemas that increase risk for aggression than non-perpetrators. Thus, this study examined differences between perpetrators and non-perpetrators of dating violence on early maladaptive schemas, which are rigidly held cognitive and behavioral patterns that guide how individuals encode and respond to stimuli in their environments (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003). Within a sample of female (n = 242) and male (n = 193) college students, results demonstrated that many early maladaptive schema domains were associated with psychological and physical dating violence perpetration, although mostly for women. In addition, the schema domain of impaired autonomy showed medium-to-large differences between female perpetrators and non-perpetrators, whereas the domain of impaired limits showed a medium-to-large difference for male perpetrators and non-perpetrators of physical aggression. These findings add to a growing body of literature on risk factors for dating violence, suggesting that early maladaptive schemas may be associated with individual differences in aggression risk. The results also further support social-cognitive models of aggressive behavior.