Journal articles on the topic 'Adaptation to climate change not elsewhere classified'
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Abbas, Nahlah, Saleh Wasimi, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and Sultana Nasrin Baby. "Recent Trends and Long-Range Forecasts of Water Resources of Northeast Iraq and Climate Change Adaptation Measures." Water 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111562.
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Iraq has been experiencing water resources scarcity, and is vulnerable to climate change. Analysis of historical data revealed that the region is experiencing climate change to a degree higher than generally reported elsewhere. The relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources of a region has been sparsely addressed in published literature. To fill that gap this research work first investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in the region, which has been found to be true. In the next stage, the research projects future climatic scenarios of the region based on six oft-used General Circulation Model (GCM) ensembles, namely CCSM4, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, GFDL-ESM2M, MEROC5, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-LR. The relationship between climate change and its impact on water resources is explored through the application of the popular, widely used SWAT model. The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters, for near and distant futures for the region. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrants urgent attention of planners and decision makers. According to model outputs, the region may experience precipitation reduction of about 12.6% and 21% in near (2049–2069) and distant (2080–2099) futures, respectively under RCP8.5. Those figures under RCP4.5 are 15% and 23.4%, respectively and under RCP2.6 are 12.2% and 18.4%, respectively. As a consequence, the blue water may experience decreases of about 22.6% and 40% under RCP8.5, 25.8% and 46% under RCP4.5, and 34.4% and 31% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. Green water, by contrast, may reduce by about 10.6% and 19.6% under RCP8.5, by about 14.8% and 19.4% under RCP4.5, and by about 15.8% and 14.2% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. The research further investigates how the population are adapting to already changed climates and how they are expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater.
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Baharlouii, M., D. Mafi Gholami, and M. Abbasi. "INVESTIGATING MANGROVE FRAGMENTATION CHANGES USING LANDSCAPE METRICS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-159-2019.
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Abstract. Generally, investigation of long-term mangroves fragmentation changes can be used as an important tool in assessing sensitivity and vulnerability of these ecosystems to the multiple environmental hazards. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the trend of mangroves fragmentation changes in Khamir habitat using satellite imagery and Fragstats software during a 30-year period (1986–2016). To this end, Landsat images of 1986, 1998, and 2016 were used and after computing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to distinguish mangroves from surrounding water and land areas, images were further processed and classified into two types of land cover (i.e., mangrove and non-mangrove areas) using the maximum likelihood classification method. By determining the extent of mangroves in the Khamir habitat in the years of 1986, 1998 and 2017, the trend of fragmentation changes was quantified using CA, NP, PD and LPI landscape metrics. The results showed that the extent of mangroves in Khamir habitat (CA) decreased in the period post-1998 (1998–2016). The results also showed that, the NP and PD increased in the period of post-1998 and in contrast, the LPI decrease in this period. These results revealed the high degree of vulnerability of mangroves in Khamir habitat to the drought occurrence and are thus threatened by climate change. We hope that the results of this study stimulate further climate change adaptation planning efforts and help decision-makers prioritize and implement conservative measures in the mangrove ecosystems on the northern coasts of the PG and the GO and elsewhere.
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Popoola, Oluwabunmi Oluwaseun, Shehu Folaranmi Gbolahan Yusuf, and Nomakhaya Monde. "Information Sources and Constraints to Climate Change Adaptation amongst Smallholder Farmers in Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145846.
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With current global climate change conditions, the urgency to provide agricultural knowledge on adaptation has risen. The dearth of climate change information is one amongst many agricultural production challenges faced by the majority of rural farming communities. This study aimed to identify smallholder farmers’ sources of climate change information and constraints to their coping and adaptation. Descriptive statistical tools, mean scores and the ‘problem confrontation index’ (PCI) were used to assess and describe the study’s findings. Analysis revealed that public extension services play a minute role in rural farmers’ climate change knowledge; they get their information elsewhere. The most critical constraint to climate change coping and adaptation in the study area was lack of access to agricultural extension services.
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Mutolib, A., and C. Nuraini. "Adaptation capacity of corn farmer’s to climate change: a case study in Pringsewu District, Lampung Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1133, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1133/1/012015.
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Abstract Climate change has become a global phenomenon and impacts the sustainability of farming. Farmers are required to have the knowledge and capacity to deal with climate change. This study aims to analyze the level of adaptation capacity of farmers to climate change and the factors that affect the level of adaptation capacity of farmers to climate change. The research was conducted on corn farming in Pringsewu Regency, Lampung, from April to May 2022. The respondents were 30 farmers, and the data were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results showed that farmers’ knowledge level in the research location on climate change is still low. Only 40% of farmers know about predicting climate change, and 46.67% are aware of accessible sources related to climate change. Farmers’ knowledge of other aspects of climate change (Forms of climate change, adaptation, and impact of climate change) was 53.33%, 63.33%, and 66.67%, respectively. Of the eight adaptation indicators, two are classified as high: the use of improved varieties and adjustment of planting time. Two indicators are categorized as medium, namely soil cultivation, and organic fertilizers, and four indicators are classified in the low category.
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Li, Jia, Michael Mullan, and Jennifer Helgeson. "Improving the practice of economic analysis of climate change adaptation." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 5, no. 03 (December 2014): 445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-9004.
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Abstract:The development of national and sectoral climate change adaptation strategies is burgeoning in the US and elsewhere in response to damages from extreme events and projected future risks from climate change. Increasingly, decision makers are requesting information on the economic damages of climate change as well as costs, benefits, and tradeoffs of alternative actions to inform climate adaptation decisions. This paper provides a practical view of the applications of economic analysis to aid climate change adaptation decision making, with a focus on benefit-cost analysis (BCA). We review the recent developments and applications of BCA with implications for climate risk management and adaptation decision making, both in the US and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We found that BCA is still in early stages of development for evaluating adaptation decisions, and to date is mostly being applied to investment project-based appraisals. Moreover, the best practices of economic analysis are not fully reflected in the BCAs of climate adaptation-relevant decisions. The diversity of adaptation measures and decision-making contexts suggest that evaluation of adaptation measures may require multiple analytical methods. The economic tools and information would need to be transparent, accessible, and match with the decision contexts to be effective in enhancing decision making. Based on the current evidence, a set of analytical considerations is proposed for improving economic analysis of climate adaptation that includes the need to better address uncertainty and to understand the cross-sector and general equilibrium effects of sectoral and national adaptation policy.
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Fünfgeld, Hartmut. "Framing the challenge of climate change adaptation for Victorian local governments." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 125, no. 1 (2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs13016.
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Climate change adaptation, although dependent on our understanding of current and future climatic trends, is predominantly a social and institutional process. This becomes evident when studying how organisations actually respond to and prepare for climate change impacts. This paper explores the notion of framing climate change adaptation as a process of organisational development and change in the local government sector. Local governments, as the tier of government closest to the community, provide a raft of services to residents and businesses, many of which may be affected by the impacts of a changing climate. Local governments in Victoria and elsewhere have been at the forefront of assessing climatic risks and opportunities, as well as devising strategies and response measures to address these risks. The growing evidence of adaptation planning in the local government sector suggests that adaptation can be framed in many different ways, although a risk management perspective is frequently applied. Increasingly, adaptation to climate change is conceptualised as an ongoing, flexible process that needs to be fully embedded in the local and organisational context. This paper discusses the conceptual and organisational framing of climate change adaptation, illustrated by examples of the diversity of adaptation approaches taken by local governments in Victoria.
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Olashore, Odunayo O. "Implementation of the international legal framework regarding climate change in developing countries; A review of Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana’s environmental provisions governing climate change." Environmental Law Review 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452919841001.
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This article examines climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts of three developing countries in different parts of Africa who face a broad range of issues stemming from climate change Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana. While much attention has been focused on the responsibilities and concerns of developed countries as well as the advanced developing countries such as India and China, not so much is known about the rest of the world. All nations are suffering from the effects of climate change; do these African countries also feel the urgency? If they do, what mitigation and adaptation laws have they incorporated in their legal regimes? The article concludes that while these African countries recognise the damaging effects of climate change, which is evident by their ratification of the international treaties regarding the issue, their priorities are focused elsewhere. It is therefore submitted that these countries, regardless of their economic status, must be seen to be actively involved in the mitigation and adaptation of climate change by contributing something commensurate with their development through their domestic legislation.
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Salzmann, N., C. Huggel, P. Calanca, A. Díaz, T. Jonas, C. Jurt, T. Konzelmann, et al. "Integrated assessment and adaptation to climate change impacts in the Peruvian Andes." Advances in Geosciences 22 (October 13, 2009): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-35-2009.
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Abstract. The Andes as mountain regions worldwide, provide fundamental resources, not only for the local population. Due to the topographic characteristics, the potential for natural hazards is higher than elsewhere. In these areas, assessments of climate change impacts and the development of adequate adaptation strategies therefore become particular important. The data basis, however, is often scarce. Moreover, perceptions of changes and needs are often divergent between national and local levels, which make the implementation of adaptation measures a challenge. Taking the Peruvian Andes as an example, this paper aims at initiating a discussion about scientific baseline and integrative concepts needed to deal with the adverse effects of climate change in mountain regions.
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Surminski, Swenja, Manuela Di Mauro, J. Alastair R. Baglee, Richenda K. Connell, Joel Hankinson, Anna R. Haworth, Bingunath Ingirige, and David Proverbs. "Assessing climate risks across different business sectors and industries: an investigation of methodological challenges at national scale for the UK." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2121 (April 30, 2018): 20170307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0307.
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Climate change poses severe risks for businesses, which companies as well as governments need to understand in order to take appropriate steps to manage those. This, however, represents a significant challenge as climate change risk assessment is itself a complex, dynamic and geographically diverse process. A wide range of factors including the nature of production processes and value chains, the location of business sites as well as relationships and interdependencies with customers and suppliers play a role in determining if and how companies are impacted by climate risks. This research explores the methodological challenges for a national-scale assessment of climate risks through the lens of the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (UKCCRA) process and compares the approaches adopted in the first and second UKCCRA (2011, 2016), while also reflecting on international experiences elsewhere. A review of these issues is presented, drawing on a wide body of contemporary evidence from a range of sources including the research disciplines, grey literature and government policy. The study reveals the methodological challenges and highlights six broad themes, namely scale, evidence base, adaptation responses, scope, interdependencies and public policy. The paper concludes by identifying suitable lessons for future national climate risk assessments, which should guide the next phase of research in preparation for UKCCRA3 and those of national-level risk assessments elsewhere. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy’.
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Jiahua, Pan, Zheng Yan, and Anil Markandya. "Enfoques de adaptación al cambio climático en China: Un marco operativo." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 11, no. 1 (October 31, 2011): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2011.01.05.
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<div>Climate change poses great risks for China, which makes adaptation an essential response. However, adaptation planning and implementation are still at a preliminary stage with respect to the theoretical framework and methodology. This article focuses on the status, problems and basic needs as regards adaptation to climate change, and outlines the operational framework that the government is seeking to pursue for China’s adapting to climate change. The conclusion is that, to satisfy the basic needs of development, it is necessary to clarify development-oriented and incremental adaptation. Furthermore measures to enhance adaptive capacity can be classified as infrastructure-based, technology-based and institutional. Lastly the authors stress the importance of appraising adaptation actions and measures from an economic perspective.</div>
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Bryndum-Buchholz, A., K. Boerder, R. R. E. Stanley, I. Hurley, D. G. Boyce, K. M. Dunmall, K. L. Hunter, et al. "A climate-resilient marine conservation network for Canada." FACETS 7 (January 1, 2022): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0122.
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Climate change and biodiversity loss are twin crises that are driving global marine conservation efforts. However, if unaccounted for, climate change can undermine the efficacy of such efforts. Despite this, integration of climate change adaptation and resilience into spatial marine conservation and management has been limited in Canada and elsewhere. With climate change impacts becoming increasingly severe, now is the time to anticipate and reduce impacts wherever possible. We provide five recommendations for an inclusive, proactive, climate-ready approach for Canada’s growing marine conservation network: (1) integrating climate-resilience as a universal objective of the Canadian Marine Conservation Network, creating and implementing (2) national transdisciplinary working groups with representation from all knowledge holders and (3) necessary tools that integrate climate change into conservation design, (4) defining operational and climate-relevant monitoring and management objectives, and (5) strengthening communication and increasing knowledge exchange around the roles and benefits of protected areas within government and towards the public. Canada’s extensive marine and coastal areas reflect national and international responsibility to engage on this issue. Canada is well positioned to assume a leading role in climate change adaptation for marine conservation and help accelerate progress towards international commitments around mitigating ongoing biodiversity loss and climate change.
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Vieira, Marta Tostes, Alfredo Villavicencio Vieira, and Claudia Motta Villa García. "Vulnerability Index Elaboration for Climate Change Adaptation in Peru." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p102.
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This paper evidences one of the most relevant information gaps of climate change adaptation in Peru: its vulnerabilities. First, it contextualizes main national level impacts and progress made in adaptation measures definition from prioritized thematic areas. Then, it addresses the difficulty of finding tools to measure climatic risk level. For instance, this arises the need to focus on the vulnerability associated with climate change adaptation efforts. Therefore, a vulnerability index based on a multi criteria analysis is proposed, with three parts. In the first one, three-work axes were chosen following the fifth IPCC report guidelines: climatic phenomena dangers, territorial exposure, and subjects’ vulnerability. The territorial area analysis was carried on at district level. With regard to subjects, five indicator groups were identified, and measurable variables were chosen: population; species and ecosystems; functions, services, and environmental municipalities’ assets; economic, social and cultural assets; and infrastructure. Next, data was searched for each variable and it was systematized in a multi-criteria database. Finally, an index (0-15) was developed to calculate socio-climatic vulnerability of all the Peruvian District Municipalities. They were classified according to social, climatic, and socio-climatic vulnerability range. This facilitates a targeting instrument for public policies that can generate better climate change risk management and contributes to commitments fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals.Keywords: Climate change, Vulnerability, Climate change adaptation, Socio-climatic vulnerabilities, Climate risk, Sustainable Development Goals
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Roders, Martin, Ad Straub, and Henk Visscher. "Awareness of Climate Change Adaptations Among Dutch Housing Associations." Open House International 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2012-b0007.
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Climate change: the question is not anymore if it happens, but what the impact is of its effects such as drought, heat waves and increased precipitation on the quality of our lives in cities, offices and houses. A significant share of the Northern European housing stock is owned and maintained by large stock owners, such as housing associations. It is their responsibility to be aware of changes and risks that might challenge the quality of life of their tenants. Moreover, in order to provide housing with a good market value in the future, adaptation to climate change can no longer be overlooked. With the aim to discover the level of awareness of climate change adaptation among Dutch housing associations, a content analysis was undertaken on the policy plans and the annual reports of the 25 largest housing associations. Subsequently they were classified according to their level of awareness. The analysis returned no topics that directly referred to climate change adaptation, which implies that all housing associations are categorised as being ‘unaware’. Therefore, in order to reach higher levels of awareness and to incentivize the implementation of adaptation measures, appropriate governance strategies need to be developed. Future research will define the characteristics of these strategies in relation to the level of awareness of the housing associations. Adoption of the measures could be easier if adaptation measures are combined with maintenance activities, as this has been the case with mitigation measures.
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Sari, Putri Nilam. "Assessing Health Risk For Community Adaptation In Urban Heat Island Area Of Padang City." Jurnal Keselamatan Kesehatan Kerja dan Lingkungan 1, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jk3l.1.1.12-26.2020.
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Areas classified as Urban Heat Islands (UHI) have a higher health risk due to climate change. High population activity, increasing population density, and low vegetation cover cause this area to become warmer than its surroundings. From the detection of the spatial pattern, Padang City has nine sub-districts belonging to UHI. In this area, environmental problems often occur due to climate calamities and have an impact on health. Therefore, this study was to determine the classification of public health risks and community adaptation to climate change in urban heat island areas. This research was conducted on 141 households in Koto Tangah sub-district as the large UHI area and highly prone to climate problems. Data collected by questionnaires, observation, and literature study. The risk assessment matrix was used to identify health risk status. The results showed that water pollution, respiratory problems, and diarrheal diseases are classified as high risks. The community needs to adapt to climate change, mainly doing routine physical activities, to increase immunity from many diseases.
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Archer van Garderen, E. R. M. "(Re) Considering Cattle Farming in Southern Africa under a Changing Climate." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-11-00026.1.
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Abstract Scientists in southern Africa and elsewhere focusing on climate change and agriculture are increasingly demonstrating how livestock, as a highly climate sensitive sector, may be affected by climate change. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) observes, for example, that “Projected increased temperature, combined with reduced precipitation in some regions (e.g., Southern Africa) would lead to increased loss of domestic herbivores during extreme events in drought-prone areas” (Easterling et al.). Response and policy discussions around climate change and agriculture in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region have, however, thus far tended to focus far more on staple crops. The latest projected future temperatures for southern Africa show a clear increase across most models. Further, temperatures in exceedance of tested livestock comfort thresholds are indicated for the future, particularly for those months of most concern to cattle farmers. Enabling adaptation in the livestock sector should thus be a significant focus of a country’s response to climate change, particularly in countries where the livestock sector is a critical component of the formal and informal economy. Although innovations are often a primary component of livestock adaptation plans under design, it is now recognized that longstanding approaches to the management of livestock may well have valuable lessons for future adaptation. Such approaches include the reintroduction of genetically diverse and resilient breeds, as well as increased support and incentives for those farmers planning and undertaking such approaches.
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Saddique, Naeem, Muhammad Jehanzaib, Abid Sarwar, Ehtesham Ahmed, Muhammad Muzammil, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Faheem, Noman Ali Buttar, Sikandar Ali, and Christian Bernhofer. "A Systematic Review on Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies in Pakistan toward Climate Change." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081280.
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Pakistan is among the countries that are highly vulnerable to climate change. The country has experienced severe floods and droughts during recent decades. The agricultural sector in Pakistan is adversely affected by climate change. This systematic review paper set out to analyze the existing literature on adaptation measures at the farm level toward climate change in Pakistan. Adopting a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, a total of 62 articles were identified from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The review paper indicates that the main adaptation strategies adopted by farmers are as follows: changing cropping practices, changing farm management techniques, advanced land use management practices, and nonagriculture livelihood options. Further, this review shows the factors influencing the farmer’s adaptation measures to climate change. Influencing factors were examined and classified into three groups: demographic, socioeconomic, and resources and institutional. Barriers hindering farmers’ adaptive capacity were identified as lack of access to information and knowledge, lack of access to extension services, lack of access to credit facility, and lack of farm resources.
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Alizadeh, Behdad, and James Hitchmough. "A review of urban landscape adaptation to the challenge of climate change." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2017-0179.
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Purpose Urban landscapes play a significant role in supporting municipal, ecological and social systems. Besides, valuable environmental services and urban green spaces provide social and psychological services, very important for the liveability of modern cities and the well-being of urban residents. It is clear that the area of green space in a city, the method of designing urban landscape and access to urban green space potentially affect the health, happiness, comfort, safety and security of urban dwellers. Urban landscape plays a significant role in providing habitats for wildlife, and an important vegetation type in doing this is species-rich herbaceous vegetation that provides pollen and nectar plus physical habitat for native fauna. Any factor that makes an impression on the urban landscape (such as climate change) will affect people’s lives directly or indirectly. There is a universal consensus that the temperature has increased in most of the world over the past century the investigation of climate change impacts on the urban landscape is the purpose of this study. Findings Understanding the process of climate change adaptation is necessary to design plant communities for use in public landscapes. Increased CO2 and air temperature in conjunction with the changing rainfall conditions, as the three important factors of climate change, potentially alter almost all world ecosystems. Climate change provides new opportunities, and in some cases, an obligate need to use non-native plant species in conjunction with native plant species, not only to reduce the side effects of climate change but also to increase the species diversity and aesthetic value in meadow-like naturalistic planting design. Originality/value The authors confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere. In this paper, the authors report on the effects of climate change on urban landscape and suggest different kind of solutions to reduce the effects. The paper should be of interest to readers in the areas of landscape architecture, landscape ecologist, landscape planner, landscape managers and environmental designer.
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Rijal, Sushila, Sutinee Sinutok, Kuaanan Techato, Popular Gentle, Uttam Khanal, and Saroj Gyawali. "Contribution of Community-Managed Sal-Based Forest in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: A Case from Nepal." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020262.
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Forests are viable tools in combating the impacts of climate change, as they are capable of sequestering atmospheric carbon and storing it in different pools. This study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration potential of community-managed Shorea robusta (Sal) forest and assess the practices that have the potential to reduce adverse climate change impacts, thereby improving the livelihoods of forest-based communities. For this, we obtained forest inventory-derived carbon data from 11 sample plots of Shorea robusta (Sal) forest, analyzed them using allometric equations, and estimated the carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential of these forests, while focus group discussions and desk review of secondary information were employed to investigate the adaptation potential. The results show that the estimated biomass density of the selected forest is 352.46 ± 63.79 t/ha, whereas the carbon stock density is 165.66 ± 29.98 t/ha and the CO2 equivalent is 598.07 ± 110.48 t/ha. The study further revealed that community forest management, as a successful model of participatory forest management and community forest user group (CFUG) as a resourceful local institution, has been playing an important role in the diversification of livelihoods and income opportunities, social cohesion and thus climate change adaptation through collective actions. The adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts have been prioritized in the operational plans of the CFUGs. Through the promotion and prioritization of alternative energy, agroforestry and enhanced livelihood options, the CFUGs are committed to the sustainable management of forest resources and to enhancing the livelihoods of local communities. This study indicates the relevance of community forests as a priority institution for the implementation of Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) and support National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) to combat climatic impacts, providing important information for planners and policy makers in Nepal and elsewhere.
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Balsari, Satchit, Caleb Dresser, and Jennifer Leaning. "Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife." Current Environmental Health Reports 7, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4.
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Abstract Purpose of Review In this article, we examine the intersection of human migration and climate change. Growing evidence that changing environmental and climate conditions are triggers for displacement, whether voluntary or forced, adds a powerful argument for profound anticipatory engagement. Recent Findings Climate change is expected to displace vast populations from rural to urban areas, and when life in the urban centers becomes untenable, many will continue their onward migration elsewhere (Wennersten and Robbins 2017; Rigaud et al. 2018). It is now accepted that the changing climate will be a threat multiplier, will exacerbate the need or decision to migrate, and will disproportionately affect large already vulnerable sections of humanity. Worst-case scenario models that assume business-as-usual approaches to climate change predict that nearly one-third of the global population will live in extremely hot (uninhabitable) climates, currently found in less than 1% of the earth’s surface mainly in the Sahara. Summary We find that the post–World War II regime designed to receive European migrants has failed to address population movement in the latter half of the twentieth century fueled by economic want, globalization, opening (and then closing) borders, civil strife, and war. Key stakeholders are in favor of using existing instruments to support a series of local, regional, and international arrangements to protect environmental migrants, most of whom will not cross international borders. The proposal for a dedicated UN agency and a new Convention has largely come from academia and NGOs. Migration is now recognized not only as a consequence of instability but as an adaptation strategy to the changing climate. Migration must be anticipated as a certainty, and thereby planned for and supported.
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Ahove, Michael Adetunji. "Paradigm Shifts of the African Worldview." Environmental Ethics 40, no. 4 (2018): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840433.
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Africa is the most vulnerable region of the world due to anthropogenic climate change challenges on account of dependence on nature for the sustenance of agriculture as her main source of income, high level of poverty, and low level of literacy. Climate change adaptation involves strategies of adjusting to the negative effects of climate change, while climate change mitigation involves techniques that help to reduce production of greenhouse gases through burning fossil fuels. The African worldview from the frontier of Nigerian epistemological and ontological perspectives as it finds expression in climate change adaptation and mitigation is built on the foundations of its relationship with nature, traditional religion and belief systems, agricultural practices, and some other day-to-day practices. Worldview analysis of the contemporary Nigerian has been conducted and classified into Original African, Westernized African, and Little Here-and-There African, a paradigm existing in Nigerians irrespective of level of Western education. What will be the fate of the younger Nigerian climate scientist in a globalized and technologically competitive world? This question gives rise to further discussion on the principles and application of the theory of Culturo-Techno-Contextual Approach as postulated by Peter A. Okebukola and applied to creating an environment for meaningful learning on climate change adaptation and mitigation for the future generations of Nigerians.
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Cornes, Isabel Clare, and Brian Cook. "Localising climate change: heatwave responses in urban households." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-11-2017-0276.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical insights into urban household perceptions and (in)action towards the perceived impacts of climate change, based on a case study in Kensington, Victoria, Australia. This case utilises households as sites of active agency, rather than as passive recipients of climate change or associated governance. Design/methodology/approach This research trialled an approach to engaging a community in the context of disaster risk reduction (DRR). It involved a two-stage quantitative door-knocking survey (reported elsewhere), followed by a qualitative interview with interested households. In total, 76 quantitative surveys contextualise 15 qualitative interviews, which are the focus of this analysis. The findings are presented comparatively alongside the current literature. Findings Heatwaves are understood to be the most concerning hazard for the households in this sample who associate their increasing frequency and severity with climate change. However, subsequent (in)action is shown to be situated within the complexities of day-to-day activities and concerns. While respondents did not consider themselves to have “expert” knowledge on climate change, or consider their actions to be a direct response to climate change, most had undertaken actions resulting from experience with heatwaves. These findings suggest there may be an under-representation of DRR, which includes climate change adaptation actions, within the existing research. Research limitations/implications While this sample justifies the arguments and conclusions, it is not a representative sample and therefore requires follow-up. It does however challenge traditional approaches to risk management, which focus on awareness raising and education. The research highlights the unique contexts in which households perceive and act on risk, and the need for risk “experts” to consider such contexts. Originality/value This research provides empirical evidence of urban household responses to perceived climate change-related risk, an often-neglected dimension of heatwave and adaptation studies in Australia. The findings also suggest promise for the methodological approach.
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Halperin, Abby, and Peter Walton. "The Importance of Place in Communicating Climate Change to Different Facets of the American Public." Weather, Climate, and Society 10, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0119.1.
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Abstract While the need for action on climate change is urgent, individual-level behaviors to mitigate or adapt to the problem have not tracked with the increasing urgency for action. Place-based communication of climate change may catalyze action by making climate change more personally relevant. However, there is no one general public, so communication efforts can unintentionally polarize beliefs. This study aims to fill the gap in knowledge about how and why different audiences respond to place-based climate change communication, which could aid climate change communication efforts and climate scientists. Results from an experimental survey of 655 Californians and follow-up interviews indicate that prior climate change beliefs influence the effectiveness of place-based climate change communication. In particular, those who were already “concerned” about climate change, as classified by the Six Americas, were the only group to show a significant response to an intervention. This study also finds no difference in willingness to adapt to climate change between local and global framings. However, those exposed to a local framing were more likely to take personal-scale adaptation actions, while those exposed to a global framing were more likely to take policy-scale adaptation actions. These results, and the theories of place attachment and psychological distance, suggest that place-based communication may only be applicable for certain audiences (e.g., the concerned) and when the scale of the intervention matches the scale of action.
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Memarbashi, Payam, Gholamreza Mojarradi, and Marzieh Keshavarz. "Climate-Smart Agriculture in Iran: Strategies, Constraints and Drivers." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 15573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315573.
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Although climate-smart agriculture can simultaneously decline greenhouse gas emissions, increase the adaptive capacity of farmers and improve food security under climate change, constraints and drivers of scaling up are not entirely addressed in developing countries. This qualitative case study was conducted on both strawberry growers and agricultural experts to explore the perceived causes, evidence and impacts of climate change, adaptation strategies used by farmers, and constraints and drivers of climate-smart agriculture development on the strawberry farms in Kurdistan province, Western Iran. Findings indicated that the causes of climate change could be divided into anthropogenic and natural forces. Decreased precipitation, increased temperature, dust storms, greenhouse gases, forest fires, spring frosts, severe hail, floods and droughts comprised the most notable climate change evidence in the region. Both groups confirmed the impacts of climate change on the reduction in strawberry yield, increasing the perishability of the fruits, poverty, migration and other social problems. Adaptation strategies used by farmers are classified into technical–agricultural, water conservation, farm smartening, and institutional adaptation practices. However, poverty, the shortage of strawberry-processing industries, insufficient financial support, the presence of intermediaries and brokers, traditional cultivation, difficulties in shipping strawberry crops to the market, the lack of storage facilities and equipment and the export terminal along with the mistrust of strawberry growers in the agricultural organization hinder climate-smart agriculture development in the study area. Finally, several drivers were proposed, which were considered the basis for providing practical suggestions for planning and policy making for climate-smart agriculture development in strawberry farms.
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Jhan, Hao-Tang, Rhoda Ballinger, Azmath Jaleel, and Kuo-Huan Ting. "Development and application of a Socioeconomic Vulnerability Indicator Framework (SVIF) for Local Climate Change Adaptation in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041585.
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This paper outlines the development of a socioeconomic vulnerability indicator framework (SVIF) which was designed to provide a tool to inform bespoke local adaptation actions along the Taiwanese coast. The framework incorporates a range of diverse indicators, from ones that are related to demographic characteristics to others that represent economic and infrastructure features. As such, the framework encapsulates multiple and complex dimensions of socio-economic vulnerability rather than deriving a less nuanced single index; this is an approach that, whilst more commonly employed elsewhere, may mask critical features of socioeconomic vulnerability at local levels. The paper describes the piloting of the SVIF as it quantifies and visually summarizes the susceptibility and resilience of four townships (Mailiao, Kauho, Linbian and Jiadong) along the exposed coast of Southwest Taiwan. The paper demonstrates the SVIF’s potential in characterizing specific aspects of socio-economic vulnerability that local decision-makers could use to tailor local adaptation. The SVIF was successful in differentiating between the four local areas, highlighting clear differences between urban and rural townships. With further development by using a more participative approach and expanding its application to wider geographical contexts both in Taiwan and further afield, the authors are confident that the SVIF has the potential to provide a useful tool for local adaptation.
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Newall, Peter R., Lance N. Lloyd, Peter A. Gell, and Keith F. Walker. "Implications of environmental trajectories for Limits of Acceptable Change: a case study of the Riverland Ramsar site, South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14187.
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The Riverland Ramsar site in south-eastern Australia has Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) derived on the basis of hydrological regimes and vegetation requirements. This study evaluated LAC for the site against trajectories of environmental change including increasing river regulation and changing climate. The study identified a high likelihood of exceedances of the LAC from changed hydrologic regime and also from changing climate, with the combined influences increasing the likelihood of breaches. Regional climatic variations in the past call into question the concept of baseline conditions for this site and elsewhere, and suggest that management plans based on ecological variation around a point in time will be insufficient. Vulnerability assessment, adaptation enhancement, and regular reviews of site condition and regional significance are suggested components for future management of Ramsar sites.
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Ariom, Thaddaeus Obaji, Elodie Dimon, Eva Nambeye, Ndèye Seynabou Diouf, Oludotun Olusegun Adelusi, and Sofiane Boudalia. "Climate-Smart Agriculture in African Countries: A Review of Strategies and Impacts on Smallholder Farmers." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 11370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811370.
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The agricultural sector contributes approximately 10–20% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Consequently, climate change can negatively affect crop yields and livestock production thus threatening food security, especially in a vulnerable continent like Africa. This review provides an overview of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices and their impacts on smallholder farmers in five African countries (Algeria, Senegal, Benin, Nigeria and Zambia). A total of 164 published articles on CSA practices were reviewed. Analysis of extracted data showed that CSA practices are classified as follows: agricultural practices, restoration practices of degraded lands, forest and cropland regeneration practices, practices in the livestock sub-sector, water resources and use of weather and climate information services. Moreover, climate change effects differed alongside strategies adapted from one country to another. Adoption of these strategies was often influenced by financial means put in place by governments, the role of policy legislation, access to climate information and farmers’ intellectual level. To address this deficiency, scientific-outcome-based research should be used to increase the effectiveness of climate adaptation management programs. In conclusion, to enhance the uptake of climate-smart agricultural practices in Africa, this review recommends the use of scientific-research-driven adaptation measures and prioritization of climate change in governments’ agendas.
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Anderson, Kevin, and Alice Bows. "Beyond ‘dangerous’ climate change: emission scenarios for a new world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1934 (January 13, 2011): 20–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0290.
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The Copenhagen Accord reiterates the international community’s commitment to ‘hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius’. Yet its preferred focus on global emission peak dates and longer-term reduction targets, without recourse to cumulative emission budgets, belies seriously the scale and scope of mitigation necessary to meet such a commitment. Moreover, the pivotal importance of emissions from non-Annex 1 nations in shaping available space for Annex 1 emission pathways received, and continues to receive, little attention. Building on previous studies, this paper uses a cumulative emissions framing, broken down to Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations, to understand the implications of rapid emission growth in nations such as China and India, for mitigation rates elsewhere. The analysis suggests that despite high-level statements to the contrary, there is now little to no chance of maintaining the global mean surface temperature at or below 2 ° C. Moreover, the impacts associated with 2 ° C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2 ° C now more appropriately represents the threshold between ‘dangerous’ and ‘extremely dangerous’ climate change. Ultimately, the science of climate change allied with the emission scenarios for Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations suggests a radically different framing of the mitigation and adaptation challenge from that accompanying many other analyses, particularly those directly informing policy.
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Furmankiewicz, Marek, Richard J. Hewitt, Andrzej Kapusta, and Iga Solecka. "Climate Change Challenges and Community-Led Development Strategies: Do They Fit Together in Fisheries Regions?" Energies 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206614.
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Coastal and terrestrial fisheries communities in Europe, often economically marginalised, are likely to face severe impacts as climate change becomes more acute. Although progress on climate mitigation and adaptation from national governments remains slow, local development actions can also address these impacts from the bottom up. In this paper we analyse the Fisheries and Sea Operational Programme 2014–2020 and 36 Local Development Strategies prepared within the framework of this programme for the case of Poland. The strategies, which were prepared by cross-sectoral, area-based partnerships known as Fisheries Local Action Groups, are analysed using a content analysis approach. The aim was to assess the degree to which local stakeholders sought to address the climate challenge. We found that the mitigation of climate impacts and the development of renewable energy did not feature prominently in the analysed documents, suggesting that both central policymakers and local stakeholders in Polish fisheries regions had a low level of awareness about the climate problem and their potentially important role in addressing it. Transformation to a post-carbon society undoubtedly requires additional, targeted support and extensive educational activities at the local level, in Poland and elsewhere.
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Bhave, Ajay Gajanan, Ashok Mishra, and Narendra Singh Raghuwanshi. "A brief review of assessment approaches that support evaluation of climate change adaptation options in the water sector." Water Policy 16, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 959–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.097.
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Options for adapting to changing water resources' availability due to climate change have been routinely assessed for ability to alleviate expected impacts. Methods for evaluating effectiveness of adaptation options are usually based on, fundamentally different but complementary, hazards and vulnerability assessment based approaches. In this paper, we describe a framework to integrate these approaches for improved climate change adaptation policy making. We further review assessment approaches and corresponding criteria used for evaluation of planned adaptation options in the water sector. A synthesis of methods for evaluation reveals four main categories: (i) natural sciences based, (ii) social sciences based, (iii) overlapping and (iv) trans-disciplinary. Criteria from reviewed studies are classified using a scale vis-à-vis theme based classification, and unified into a criteria set covering important adaptation requirements while allowing case-specific modification. We find that important criteria, such as temporal scope of adaptation and implementability, have not been explicitly considered in scientific literature. The type of adaptation has an important bearing on evaluation and should be effectively modelled to make an informed decision regarding performance. Moreover, we suggest that it is important to explicitly consider influence of future changes in non-climatic factors along with climatic changes for a more robust analysis.
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Jamieson, Maggie, Alison Wicks, and Tara Boulding. "Becoming environmentally sustainable in healthcare: an overview." Australian Health Review 39, no. 4 (2015): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14086.
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This paper provides an overview of environmental sustainability in healthcare and highlights the need for a policy framework for action. Examples from overseas demonstrate what has effectively enabled mitigation of and adaptation to the threat of climate change. The need to overcome perceived limits and barriers to health professionals’ engagement in sustainable practice is noted. The scientific evidence recommends immediate action. What is known about the topic? Climate change has negative impacts on human health. There are co-benefits in mitigating and adapting to climate change that will benefit both humans and health systems, increasing wellbeing, financial and health system efficiency. There is a need for health professionals to engage with sustainability. Australia’s health policy makers could learn useful lessons about how to be sustainable from the significant policy and legislation work occurring elsewhere. What does this paper add? This paper reports on the context of and need for becoming sustainable in healthcare. It provides brief examples of what has occurred in other countries and advocates for a policy framework to support further action in Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? The significance of this paper is that it notes the need for a consistent, whole-of-country approach to carbon reduction in many aspects of the healthcare system. From an increased preventative focus on population health, coupled with actions in patient care, and developing a whole-of-healthcare-system approach, benefits will be realised that serve to reduce carbon emission, thereby tackling the longer-term effects of climate change. This view is supported by the noted success of increasing sustainable health system actions in the United Kingdom National Health Service and elsewhere.
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Nuhu, Mohammed Gali, and Kenichi Matsui. "Gender Dimensions of Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Smallholder Farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 10432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610432.
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Gender-specific perceptions and needs are critical to better understanding climate change adaptation capacities of local smallholder communities in Africa and elsewhere. As many rural agricultural practices are heavily impacted by male-centered traditional customs and mores, gender dimensions can determine the level of success for policy interventions. To better understand how and what gender dimensions can be important factors for farmer’s climate change adaptations, this study attempts to examine smallholder farmers’ adaptation needs and perspectives in Ghana’s Upper East Region. A focus group discussion and a questionnaire survey were conducted among 200 smallholder farmers. We found that the female respondents, who mostly belonged to low/middle-income groups, emphasized their urgent need for financial support to improve their income. They needed more farmland as 94% of them had only less than 5 acres to farm. In addition, 91% of the female respondents expressed the importance of being connected to farmers’ mutual-help groups to share information about common farming needs. We also found gender-specific needs for extension services, farm inputs, climate information, mechanization, and infrastructure. Regarding access to resources, the women respondents had little interest in investing more in farming as the land they borrowed could be taken away by male owners. The study recommends the need for gender-specific support initiatives that prioritize social protection and gender equality.
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Hume, Benjamin C. C., Christian R. Voolstra, Chatchanit Arif, Cecilia D’Angelo, John A. Burt, Gal Eyal, Yossi Loya, and Jörg Wiedenmann. "Ancestral genetic diversity associated with the rapid spread of stress-tolerant coral symbionts in response to Holocene climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (April 4, 2016): 4416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601910113.
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Coral communities in the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) withstand unusually high salinity levels and regular summer temperature maxima of up to ∼35 °C that kill conspecifics elsewhere. Due to the recent formation of the PAG and its subsequent shift to a hot climate, these corals have had only <6,000 y to adapt to these extreme conditions and can therefore inform on how coral reefs may respond to global warming. One key to coral survival in the world’s warmest reefs are symbioses with a newly discovered alga, Symbiodinium thermophilum. Currently, it is unknown whether this symbiont originated elsewhere or emerged from unexpectedly fast evolution catalyzed by the extreme environment. Analyzing genetic diversity of symbiotic algae across >5,000 km of the PAG, the Gulf of Oman, and the Red Sea coastline, we show that S. thermophilum is a member of a highly diverse, ancient group of symbionts cryptically distributed outside the PAG. We argue that the adjustment to temperature extremes by PAG corals was facilitated by the positive selection of preadapted symbionts. Our findings suggest that maintaining the largest possible pool of potentially stress-tolerant genotypes by protecting existing biodiversity is crucial to promote rapid adaptation to present-day climate change, not only for coral reefs, but for ecosystems in general.
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Danielescu, Serban, Mihai Cristian Adamescu, Sorin Cheval, Alexandru Dumitrescu, Constantin Cazacu, Mihaela Borcan, and Carmen Postolache. "Climate Change Impacts on Hydrological Processes in a South-Eastern European Catchment." Water 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152325.
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The output extracted from CNRM, MPR, and ICHEC Global Circulation Models for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathways has been used in conjunction with the SWAT model for evaluating the impacts of future climate changes on hydrological processes in a Romanian catchment (Neajlov, 3720 km2 area) in the short (2021–2050) and long term (2071–2100). During the growing season, precipitation will decrease by up to 7.5% and temperature will increase by up to 4.2 °C by 2100. For the long term (2071–2100), the decrease in soil water content (i.e., 14% under RCP 4.5 and 21.5% under RCP 8.5) and streamflow (i.e., 4.2% under RCP 4.5 and 9.7% under RCP 8.5) during the growing season will accentuate the water stress in an already water-deficient area. The snow amount will be reduced under RCP 8.5 by more than 40% for the long term, consequently impacting the streamflow temporal dynamics. In addition, our results suggest that hydrological processes in the lower portions of the catchment are more sensitive to climate change. This study is the first Romanian catchment-scale study of this nature, and its findings support the development of tailored climate adaptation strategies at local and regional scales in Romania or elsewhere.
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Sudarwanto, Sudarwanto, Amir Tjoneng, and Suriyanti Suriyanti. "EFEKTIVITAS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM KAMPUNG IKLIM (PROKLIM) DI DESA POLEONRO KECAMATAN LAMURU KABUPATEN BONE PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN." AGROTEK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pertanian 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotek.v4i2.132.
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This study aims 1). Analyzing the effectiveness of the implementation of the Village Climate Program activities in Poleonro Village; 2). Analyzing the level of community participation in the implementation of the Climate Village Program in Poleonro Village; 3). Analyzing the relationship between the socio-economic factors of the community on the level of community participation in the Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) in Poleonro Village.The research was conducted in Poleonro Village, Lamuru District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Field data collection, data processing, and analysis, as well as thesis preparation, took place from February to August 2020. The method used in this research was a descriptive method with interviews, questionnaires, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used a descriptive qualitative analysis and multiple linear regression.The results showed that the implementation of the Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) in Poleonro Village was classified as effective. This result according to the activity component of the Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) which had carried out climate change adaptation activities were 70.12%, climate change mitigation activities were 60.06%, and group activities of community and support for sustainability were 72.77%. The level of community participation in the implementation of the Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) activities in Poleonro Village for climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, group activities of community and support for the sustainability of the level of participation was high. The level of education and counseling has a positive relationship with PROKLIM activities, while the variables age and income level have a negative relationship with the level of participation.
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Rahayu, Lestari, Zuhud Rozaki, Indardi, and Ari Isdiana. "Adaptation of red rice farmers to long drought in Ponjong Districts Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012040.
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Abstract Adaptation of red rice farmers is an action taken by farmers to change crop cultivation during a prolonged drought, that cause by climate change. Adaptation consists of changes in planting patterns and crop cultivation. This study aims to describe the adaptation of red rice farmers and know the profile that influences the adaptation of red rice farmers to prolonged droughts. The study was conducted in three zones, including the northern zone (Umbulrejo Village), the central zone (Sumbergiri Village), and the southern zone (Sidorejo Village). This study was conducted in Ponjong Subdistrict purposively, on sampling conducted systematically random sampling with 200 respondents. The data were analyze using descriptive analysis, score analysis, and Spearman Rank correlation. The results showed that adaptations applied during prolonged droughts in all three zones were classified as “moderate.” The factors that affected adaptation in all three zones include age, number of family members, farming experience, income, land area, and agricultural ownership. In contrast, gender and education do not affect adaptation.
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De Vivo, Carmela, Marta Ellena, Vincenzo Capozzi, Giorgio Budillon, and Paola Mercogliano. "Risk assessment framework for Mediterranean airports: a focus on extreme temperatures and precipitations and sea level rise." Natural Hazards 111, no. 1 (October 21, 2021): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05066-0.
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AbstractThe increase of frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change gives evidence of severe challenges faced by infrastructure systems. Among them, the aviation sector is particularly at risk from the potential consequences of climate change. Airports are classified as critical infrastructures because they provide fundamental functions to sustain societies and economic activities. More specifically, Mediterranean airports face risks associated with sea level rise, higher occurrence of extreme temperature and precipitation events. These aspects require the implementation of appropriate risk assessments and definition of targeted adaptation strategies, which are still limited in the Mediterranean region. The aim of the present paper is to provide theoretical frameworks in order to assess risks of climate change on Mediterranean airports, related to extreme temperature, extreme precipitation and sea level rise. Starting from a review of the literature, we first identify the sources of climate risk that may induce potential impacts on airports, here divided in air side and land side components. In order to do so, we select a series of indicators used as proxies for identifying hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The application of these theoretical frameworks allows defining the level of risk associated to each hazard, with the goal to support the identification of specific adaptation measures for the Mediterranean airports.
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Khaniya, Bhabishya, Miyuru B. Gunathilake, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for the Impact of Climate Change and Variation in the Water Management Sector of Sri Lanka." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8821329.
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The climate of Sri Lanka has been fluctuating at an alarming rate during the recent past. These changes are reported to have pronounced impacts on the livelihoods of the people in the country. Water is central to the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and wellbeing of mankind. It is evident that pronounced variations in the climate will negatively impact the availability and the quality of water resources. The ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approach has proved to be an effective strategy to address the impact of climate change on water resources in many parts of the world. The key aim of this paper is to elaborate the wide range of benefits received through implementation of EbAs in field level, watershed scale, and urban and coastal environments in the context of Sri Lanka. In addition, this paper discusses the benefits of utilizing EbA solutions over grey infrastructure-based solutions to address the issues related to water management. The wide range of benefits received through implementation of EbAs can be broadly classified into three categories: water supply regulation, water quality regulation, and moderation of extreme events. This paper recommends the utilization of EbAs over grey infrastructure-based solutions in adaptation to climate change in the water management sector for the developing region due its cost effectiveness, ecofriendliness, and multiple benefits received on long-term scales. The findings of this study will unequivocally contribute to filling existing knowledge and research gaps in the context of EbAs to future climate change in Sri Lanka. The suggestions and opinions of this study can be taken into account by decision makers and water resources planning agencies for future planning of actions related to climate change adaptation in Sri Lanka.
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Tun Oo, Aung, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, and Stijn Speelman. "Measuring the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production in the Dry Zone of Myanmar: A Ricardian Approach." Climate 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010009.
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Myanmar is the country with the highest economic vulnerability (EV) to climate change in the Southeast Asian region. The dry zone of Myanmar occupies two-thirds of the agricultural lands and it has higher temperatures than elsewhere in the country. Climate change has severe impacts on agricultural production in this region. Moreover, changes in the precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of crop failures in the short-run and production declines in the long run. Therefore, an assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on crop production in the dry zone of Myanmar is very relevant. This paper examines the interactions between agriculture and climate and assesses the economic impact of climate change while using a Ricardian model. A cross-sectional survey covering three regions in the central dry zone: (Magwe, Mandalay, and Sagaing regions) was conducted, yielding a sample of 425 farmers. A non-linear relationship between climate indicators (temperature and precipitation) and revenue of land was found. The marginal effects were calculated by selecting economic and socio-demographic variables. The estimated marginal impacts suggest that the projected changes in temperature will affect the crop productivity of the region. The results also show that the temperature and rainfall components of global warming are both important. Predictions from three global circulation models all confirm that temperature is predicted to increase in all seasons. A significant marginal impact of increasing temperature on the net revenue of farm households was observed in the region. These findings call for policy makers and development planners to articulate the necessary climate change adaptation measures and mitigation options for reducing the negative impacts of climate change. Improved management and conservation of the available water resources could generate water for irrigation purposes and the dissemination of climate smart agricultural practices could lessen the negative impacts of climate change effects on agriculture in the dry zone of Myanmar.
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Siska, W., Widiatmaka, Y. Setiawan, and S. H. Adi. "Climate Suitability for Paddy in Sukabumi Regency by 2032 Using RCP 4.5 Scenario." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012103.
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Abstract Climate is the crucial determining component in defining the land suitability class for paddy. The paddy suitability class is expected to decrease as a result of global climate change. This study analyzed land suitability for paddy based on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 climate projection scenario of Sukabumi Regency in 2020 and 2032 using the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) 5. The parameters analyzed were precipitation (pr), and near-surface air temperature (tas). The global data was adjusted to local conditions using a bias factor calculated using observed climate data from the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency Station in Bandung. Based on the results of this study, climate (precipitation and temperature) projections for Sukabumi Regency in 2020 and 2032 are classified as highly suitable (S1) for paddy cultivation. The result of this study indicates that there would be no change in the climate suitability class for paddy cultivation in Sukabumi Regency between 2020 to 2032. However, the results of this study also identified a significant numerical decline in precipitation. Therefore, we recommend necessary climate change mitigation and adaptation programs to reduce the future risk of decreasing rice production due to crop failure.
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A, Candradijaya. "PEMANFAATAN MODEL PROYEKSI IKLIM DAN SIMULASI TANAMAN DALAM PENGUATAN ADAPTASI SISTEM PERTANIAN PADI TERHADAP PENURUNAN PRODUKTIVITAS AKIBAT PERUBAHAN IKLIM: STUDI KASUS DI KABUPATEN SUMEDANG, JAWA BARAT." Informatika Pertanian 23, no. 2 (October 26, 2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ip.v23n2.2014.p159-168.
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Despite the well-documented model-simulated adverse climate change impact on rice yields reported elsewhere, interventions to address the issue seem to be still limited, particularly at local level. This links to the uncertainty that entails to climate projection and its likely future impact, which varies across regions and climate models. The study analyzes climate change-induced rice yield reduction and the adequacy of current adaptations, to cope with a large range of impact under various climate models. Seventeen General Circulation Models (GCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) climate change with scenarios of RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, combined with CROPWAT model for near-future (2011-2040) and far-future (2041-2070) projections. The study was conducted in November-December 2013, in Ujungjaya Subdistrict, the District of Sumedang. The output confirms yield reduction to occur in the near-future, to the extent variable across the GCMs. At the highest estimation, rice yield decreases by 32.00% and 31.81%, in comparison to baseline, for near-future under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, respectively. The reduction extends, with a slightly higher degree, to the far-future. The reduction is sensitive to variation in farming practices of the local farmers, in particular that in planting time and irrigation scheduling. The shifting of planting time to better match rainfall pattern reduces the rice yield by 12.95% for rainfed and 14.07% for the irrigated farming. Meanwhile, improved irrigation scheduling reduces the yield reduction by 16.16%. The findings provide valuable inputs for relevant authorities to understand the climate change-induced rice yield reduction, and to formalate intervention strategies for spesific-location adaptation.
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Takeichi, Norihito, Chris R. S. Kaneko, and Albert F. Fuchs. "Activity Changes in Monkey Superior Colliculus During Saccade Adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 6 (June 2007): 4096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01278.2006.
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Saccades are eye movements that are used to foveate targets rapidly and accurately. Their amplitude must be adjusted continually, throughout life, to compensate for movement inaccuracies due to maturation, pathology, or aging. One possible locus for such saccade adaptation is the superior colliculus (SC), the relay for cortical commands to the premotor brain stem generator for saccades. However, previous stimulation and recording studies have disagreed as to whether saccade adaptation occurs up- or downstream of the SC. Therefore we have reexamined the behavior of SC burst neurons during saccade adaptation under conditions that were optimized to produce the biggest possible change in neuronal activity. We show that behavioral adaptation of saccade amplitude was associated with significant increases or decreases, in the number of spikes in the burst and/or changes in the shape of the movement field in 35 of 43 SC neurons tested. Of the 35, 29 had closed movement fields and 14 were classified indeterminate because the movement field could not be definitively diagnosed. Changes in the number of spikes occurred gradually during adaptation and resulted from correlated changes in burst lead and duration without consistent changes in peak burst rate. These data indicate that the great majority of SC neurons show a change in discharge in association with saccade amplitude adaptation. Based on these and previous results, we speculate that the site for saccade adaptation resides in the SC or that the SC is the final common pathway for adaptive changes that occur elsewhere in the saccade system.
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Howitt, Richard. "Decolonizing People, Place and Country: Nurturing Resilience across Time and Space." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155882.
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Indigenous peoples are easily classified as either dangerously vulnerable or inherently resilient to climate risks. There are elements of truth in both categorical statements. Yet neither is completely true. Indigenous vulnerability and resilience, and Indigenous groups’ adaptive responses to climate change, need to be understood in the messy contexts of lived experience, rather than either elegant social theories or didactic ideological politics. Climate change action and research needs to acknowledge and engage with the knowledges, ontologies and experiences of diverse Indigenous groups, along with the specific histories, geographies and impacts of colonization, and their consequences for both the colonized and colonizers. Climate change action and research needs to be integrated into wider de-colonial projects as the transformative impacts of anthropogenic climate change are inadequately addressed within both colonial and post-colonial frames. Negotiating respectful modes of belonging-together-in-Country to reshape people-to-people, people-to-environment and people-to-cosmos relationships in Indigenous domains is essential in responding to planetary scale changes in coupled human and natural systems. This paper outlines an approach that nurtures Indigenous self-determination and inter-generational healing to rethink the geopolitics of Indigenous resilience, vulnerability and adaptation in an era of climate change and the resurgence of Great Power geopolitics.
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Rey Mellado, Raquel, María Teresa Franchini Alonso, and Cristina del Pozo Sánchez. "Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza: estrategias urbanas para la adaptación al cambio climático." Hábitat y Sociedad, no. 14 (2021): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/habitatysociedad.2021.i14.13.
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Cities will suffer the impacts of climate change in the next decades. These impacts will be different according to their geographical features, the distribution and number of green spaces, the characteristics of the exterior surfaces of their floors and the density of population, among other aspects. Given this situation, many cities have begun to adopt adaptation strategies to reduce their vulnerability to the adverse effects of the climate; among which Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) stand out, which respond to ecosystem services and climate challenges, and are classified from the main ecosystems in which they affect: water, vegetation and soil. Within this context, the interest of the SBN in the international field is analyzed and the adaptation measures included in urban strategies developed to respond to this task are reviewed. The review of interventions in cities of the Mediterranean area makes it possible to value the usefulness of the NBS for urban planning and design.
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Sethi, Mahendra, Li-Jing Liu, Eva Ayaragarnchanakul, Aki Suwa, Ram Avtar, Akhilesh Surjan, and Shilpi Mittal. "Integrated Climate Action Planning (ICLAP) in Asia-Pacific Cities: Analytical Modelling for Collaborative Decision Making." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020247.
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While climate change has global causations and impacts, there is growing consensus on addressing the 2 °C challenge through local actions. However, at the local level, there is disintegrated knowledge on the following: (a) short-, mid- and long-term climate vulnerability, (b) economy and GHG structures and their future pathways, and (c) useful mitigation and adaptation undertaken elsewhere. We evaluate these gaps through a comprehensive review of scientific literature and policy approaches of urban-climate studies in the Asia-Pacific Region. Based on the research findings, we develop a collaborative research framework of an integrated climate action planning (ICLAP) model for evidence-based decision-making tool. It adopts an innovative methodology integrating knowledge and data from diverse analytics, as follows: (a) spatial: downscaling global/regional climate scenarios to forecast local climate variability (50 km × 50 km) for 2030 (SDG target) and 2050; (b) statistical: a meta-analysis of 49 five-million-plus cities to forecast economic, energy and GHG scenarios; (c) bibliometric: a systematic review of global urban climate interventions from Google Scholar that collectively aid cities on policy inputs for mid-term climate variability, GHG profiles and available solutions at their disposal. We conclude with a discussion on scientific and policy relevance of such a tool in fostering overall urban, regional and global sustainability.
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Anđelković, Goran, Ivan Samardžić, and Duško Đukić. "Research possibilities of extreme hydrological phenomena in Serbia in the function of climate change adaptation." Zbornik radova - Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, no. 68 (2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub2068005a.
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Many natural disasters are nowadays interpreted as consequences of climate changes. They represent a form of extreme occurrences, i.e. deviation of normal conditions. They are recognized as deviation in the intensity, frequency or spatial distribution of a phenomenon from normal conditions. Thus, they represent a threat to ecosystems, economic stability and can lead to social and political problems. So far, there is no generally accepted classification of the disasters. This paper starts from the fact that a special grouping represents disasters that are happening as result of interaction of atmosphere and hydrosphere, due to the mutual interconnections. It is considered that the genetic grouping of climatehydrological extremes represents the majority of natural disasters. In the near past, the Southeast Europe countries were exposed to hydrological extremes whose causes were atmospheric occurrences. Due to the region's compactness and similar geographical conditions, these countries were sensitive to similar phenomena. The paper discusses about the hydrological extremes in Serbia that represents the result of extreme climatic conditions in relation to the consequences they have in the geographical surrounding. A total of 19 extreme hydrological phenomena have been outlined in this paper. Based on the level of destructiveness, they are classified into five categories: exceptional, significant, dangerous, strong and catastrophic. Each of them can be identified using statistical thresholds as physical parameters. The type of distribution basically determines the way in which thresholds are calculated. Four methods for their detection are outlined: the normal distribution method, the peaks method, the deciles method and the recurrence interval method. Defining each unfavorable phenomenon, their classification and determination of methods for detection are conditions for recognition and announcement. This allows an adequate reaction from the social community and the risks of disasters are reduced.
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Bhusal, Kiran, Erica Udas, and Laxmi Dutt Bhatta. "Ecosystem-based adaptation for increased agricultural productivity by smallholder farmers in Nepal." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): e0269586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269586.
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The impacts of climate change are evident in the agriculture sector globally. These impacts are more severe and pronounced in a mountainous country like Nepal due to the high reliance on agro-economy and subsistence-based livelihoods by smallholder farmers that increase vulnerability and risks. Several ecosystem-based adaptation measures have proved to build the adaptive capacity of both agro-ecosystems and smallholder farmers by offering simple and affordable technologies however, these are yet to be prioritized by policy and programs for scaling. In this paper, we provide science-based evidence to traditionally used practices, such as jholmal (locally prepared bio-fertilizer and pesticides) and straw mulching by comparing their efficacy in terms of yield and reduction in disease pest infestation. The study was conducted in Kavre district of Nepal during 2017 and 2018 using participatory on-farm field trials for jholmal and straw mulching designed separately with Randomized Complete Block Design for selected vegetable crops like bitter gourd and tomato. The application of jholmal showed significant increase in bitter gourd yield both at the foothill and hilltop sites compared to the farmer’s business usual practice (in 2017 and 2018, bitter gourd yield increased by 30.5% and 31.1% in foothill, while 26.6% and 28.7% in hilltops respectively). Further, a significant reduction on fruit infestation was observed in jholmal treated plots. Similarly, there was increase in tomato yield when straw mulch was used compared to the non-mulched trials (in 2017 and 2018, tomato yield increased by 16.5% and 20.3% respectively). These findings suggest that traditionally used practices have scientific basis and offer simple, affordable and climate friendly practices to improve the health of agro-ecosystem while supporting smallholder farmers to adapt to adverse impacts of climate change and build socio-ecological resilience. These practices can be also customized depending on the local context for wider adoption and scaling across Nepal and elsewhere as ecosystem-based adaptation measures for smallholder farmers.
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Tiepolo, Maurizio, Maurizio Bacci, and Sarah Braccio. "Multihazard Risk Assessment for Planning with Climate in the Dosso Region, Niger." Climate 6, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli6030067.
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International aid for climate change adaptation in West Africa is increasing exponentially, but our understanding of hydroclimatic risks is not keeping pace with that increase. The aim of this article is to develop a multihazard risk assessment on a regional scale based on existing information that can be repeated over time and space and that will be useful during decision-making processes. This assessment was conducted in Dosso (Niger), the region most hit by flooding in the country, with the highest hydroclimatic risk in West Africa. The assessment characterizes the climate, identifies hazards, and analyzes multihazard risk over the 2011–2017 period for each of the region’s 43 municipalities. Hazards and risk level are compared to the intervention areas and actions of 6 municipal development plans and 12 adaptation and resilience projects. Over the past seven years, heavy precipitation and dry spells in the Dosso region have been more frequent than during the previous 30-year period. As many as 606 settlements have been repeatedly hit and 15 municipalities are classified as being at elevated-to-severe multihazard risk. The geographical distribution of the adaptation and resilience projects does not reflect the risk level. A third of the local development plans examined propose actions that are inconsistent with the main hydroclimatic threats.
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Rinkevich. "The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070201.
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The accelerating marks of climate change on coral-reef ecosystems, combined with the recognition that traditional management measures are not efficient enough to cope with climate change tempo and human footprints, have raised a need for new approaches to reef restoration. The most widely used approach is the “coral gardening” tenet; an active reef restoration tactic based on principles, concepts, and theories used in silviculture. During the relatively short period since its inception, the gardening approach has been tested globally in a wide range of reef sites, and on about 100 coral species, utilizing hundreds of thousands of nursery-raised coral colonies. While still lacking credibility for simulating restoration scenarios under forecasted climate change impacts, and with a limited adaptation toolkit used in the gardening approach, it is still deficient. Therefore, novel restoration avenues have recently been suggested and devised, and some have already been tested, primarily in the laboratory. Here, I describe seven classes of such novel avenues and tools, which include the improved gardening methodologies, ecological engineering approaches, assisted migration/colonization, assisted genetics/evolution, assisted microbiome, coral epigenetics, and coral chimerism. These are further classified into three operation levels, each dependent on the success of the former level. Altogether, the seven approaches and the three operation levels represent a unified active reef restoration toolbox, under the umbrella of the gardening tenet, focusing on the enhancement of coral resilience and adaptation in a changing world.
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Daanen, R. P., T. Ingeman-Nielsen, S. S. Marchenko, V. E. Romanovsky, N. Foged, M. Stendel, J. H. Christensen, and K. Hornbech Svendsen. "Permafrost degradation risk zone assessment using simulation models." Cryosphere 5, no. 4 (November 24, 2011): 1043–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-1043-2011.
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Abstract. In this proof-of-concept study we focus on linking large scale climate and permafrost simulations to small scale engineering projects by bridging the gap between climate and permafrost sciences on the one hand and on the other technical recommendation for adaptation of planned infrastructures to climate change in a region generally underlain by permafrost. We present the current and future state of permafrost in Greenland as modelled numerically with the GIPL model driven by HIRHAM climate projections up to 2080. We develop a concept called Permafrost Thaw Potential (PTP), defined as the potential active layer increase due to climate warming and surface alterations. PTP is then used in a simple risk assessment procedure useful for engineering applications. The modelling shows that climate warming will result in continuing wide-spread permafrost warming and degradation in Greenland, in agreement with present observations. We provide examples of application of the risk zone assessment approach for the two towns of Sisimiut and Ilulissat, both classified with high PTP.
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Kunkel, Kenneth E., Xin-Zhong Liang, and Jinhong Zhu. "Regional Climate Model Projections and Uncertainties of U.S. Summer Heat Waves." Journal of Climate 23, no. 16 (August 15, 2010): 4447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3349.1.
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Abstract Regional climate model (RCM) simulations, driven by low and high climate-sensitivity coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) under various future emissions scenarios, were compared to projected changes in heat wave characteristics. The RCM downscaling reduces the CGCM biases in heat wave threshold temperature by a factor of 2, suggesting a higher credibility in the future projections. All of the RCM simulations suggest that there is a high probability of heat waves of unprecedented severity by the end of the twenty-first century if a high emissions path is followed. In particular, the annual 3-day heat wave temperature increases generally by 3°–8°C; the number of heat wave days increases by 30–60 day yr−1 over much of the western and southern United States with slightly smaller increases elsewhere; the variance spectra for intermediate, 3–7 days (prolonged, 7–14 days), temperature extremes increase (decrease) in the central (western) United States. If a lower emissions path is followed, then the outcomes range from quite small changes to substantial increases. In all cases, the mean temperature climatological shift is the dominant change in heat wave characteristics, suggesting that adaptation and acclimatization could reduce effects.