Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adaptation fonctionnelle'
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Hocine, Nadia. "Adaptation dans les jeux sérieux pour la rééducation fonctionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20245.
Full textA stroke is among the major causes of adults' disability and death worldwide. To date, a growing amount of research studies have been devoted to improve rehabilitation strategies by including serious games in the therapeutic process. The benefit of serious games lies in providing patients with a customized and immersive training environment. The thesis focuses on an adaptation technique that seeks to enhance the patients' training outcomes while maintaining their motivation. It is based on the assessment of the patient's motor abilities to dynamically adapt the game difficulty. The technique has been evaluated through experiments with healthy players, therapists and stroke patients. The results of the evaluation show that the adaptive technique has increased the training outcomes in terms of the number of tasks, number of successful tasks as well as the movement amplitude. In addition, it has also maintained the players' motivation compared with the control strategies. This can therefore be promising to enhance stroke patients' recovery
Passerini, Delphine. "Diversité génétique, génomique et fonctionnelle de Lactococcus lactis." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0041/document.
Full textThe Lactococcus lactis species belong to lactic acid bacteria group widely used for their ability to produce lactic acid in fermented dairy products. The study of the global diversity of L. lactis ssp. lactis was carry out by the integration of biological data obtained from genetic, genomic, physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. The genetic variability investigated by MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) describe two strains groups according to their phylogeny : the “environmental” strains, displaying high genetic diversity and isolated from different natural environments such as raw milks, plants and animals and the “domesticated” strains, genetically closely related, isolated from starters in dairy industries. Despite the lost of genetic diversity in domesticated strains, probably associated to a specialisation process, the integrative approach showed a genomic and functional diversity as huge as in environmental strains. The characterization of chromosome size and plasmidic content of the lactis subspecies revealed a variation higher than 300 kb in genetic coding capacity for domesticated and environmental strains. Moreover, the domesticated strains belonging to the biovar Diacetylactis showed different physiologies and metabolic regulations resulting in variable amount of aroma produced according to the strains. Finally, the genome sequencing of the A12 strain isolated from sourdough bread and its comparison with 4 other L. lactis genomes already sequenced revealed a spread pangenome (all the genes of a species). Approximately 20 % of each genome correspond to strain specific genes, showing large adaptive capacities of the subspecies. The in-depth study of the A12 strain by transcriptomic analysis allows to highlight mechanisms involved in the adaptation of a strain to a complex ecosystem
Crequer, Ewen. "Étude de l'adaptation chez Penicillium roqueforti : approches fonctionnelle et de génomique évolutive." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BRES0017.
Full textDomestication, which implies strong and recent selection in a controlled environment, is an excellent model for the study of local adaptation. Penicillium roqueforti is a filamentous fungus with four genetically and phenotypically differentiated populations, two of which have been domesticated for the production of blue-veined cheeses. In this thesis, we aimed to further study the phenotypic differences between P. roqueforti populations and to determine the genetic determinants of the differences. To do so, we compared five populations, including one described in this work and associated with non-inoculated cheese (Bleu de Termignon). Phenotypic differences of P. roqueforti populations were consistent with an adaptation to the cheese-making environment and selection for low toxicity. On the other hand, non-domesticated populations showed a more diverse metabolism than non-domesticated populations, characterized by better growth in various media and higher and more diverse metabolite production.The genetic comparison of the populations, and the QTL cartography of five crosses revealedgenomic translocation and horizontal transfer in parental strain lineages, clues to the genetic architecture of domestication of P. roqueforti, and the possible causes of the reduced toxin production in the “non-Roquefort” population
Buisson, Jérémy. "Adaptation dynamique de programmes et composants parallèles." Rennes, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAR0012.
Full textGrid platforms commonly result from the pooling of resources coming from several laboratories, providing a computational capacity that is higher than it could be expected from a single laboratory. However, resource availability is not constant: in addition to failures, maintenance frequency is raised by the presence of several administrator teams; and users share the resources. This thesis investigates how dynamic adaptation, which makes applications take into account their execution environment variability, may lead to higher performance in the context of grid computing. In particular, one of the major problems consists in finding an appropriate global state for adapting the processes. This thesis proposes a concrete solution to it in the context of applications written with the SPMD paradigm. Experimental validation shows that the proposals are relevant in the context of high performance computing, and in particular for grid computing
Allaf, Oula. "Le Muscle epitrochlearis de rat et son adaptation à la demande fonctionnelle." Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP0998.
Full textSince a long time, the humanity has given a particular place to the study of athletic gestures. It was discovered that a wide category of muscles existed in living beings and that their evolution occurred due to alterations imposed by their environment. Ln new conditions, some muscles respond in a new pattern and hence adapt themselves to a newly imposed function. This induces a structural and functional re-ordering of the muscles, leading to changes in biochemical and mechanical characteristics which tend to reflect muscle plasticity. Ln our work, a rats were suspended to induce hyperactivity of postural nature in a phasic muscle of the forelimb : the epitrochlearis. Thus, the rat has to use its forelimb to move around or to maintain his posture. Results show that, after 21 days, the epitrochlearis behaves as a slower muscle : fibbers and myosin heavy chains of type 1 are increased, maximal shortening velocity is decreased, resistance to fatigue is improved and stiffness is increased. Thanks to a model including the force-velocity relationship, the role of the myosin light chains in this adaptative process is emphasized. Moreover, an increase in the total number of muscle fibbers is observed. This could be the result of a mitotic division of satellite cells which are able to generate new undifferentiated fibbers. These fibbers should transform themselves into slow fibbers. This study confirms the relationship between fibber types, contractile proteins and mechanical properties. The observed plasticity is certainly related to the original work by the muscle during suspension, notably, the need of an important postural activity
Amson, Eli. "Anatomie fonctionnelle du retour au milieu aquatique chez Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0012.
Full textMella-Flores, Daniella. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des cyanobactéries picoplanctoniques marines et adaptation aux stress environnementaux." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066359.
Full textGrass, Vincent. "Étude fonctionnelle des intéractions génétiques du virus Zika avec les réponses antivirales de l'hôte." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN010/document.
Full textZika virus (ZIKV) infection causes neurological diseases and birth defects representing an important threat for human health. Recent studies demonstrated that interferon (IFN) response is pivotal for the control of ZIKV spread, its in utero transmission and protects against ZIKV-induced neurological diseases. It is necessary to understand the biology of this virus and what are the cellular responses involved. In infected cells, viruses are detected by receptors of the innate immune response, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This recognition leads to the production of antiviral molecules, such as type I and III interferon (IFN). Recent work shows that activation of the TLR3 pathway contributes to controlling the spread of ZIKV and its pathogenesis. We have implemented an approach to map the interactions between the viral genome and different regulators and effectors of this antiviral response, including the TLR3 virus recognition steps. This approach is based on a combination of molecular biology and experimental evolution based on the high mutation rate of ZIKV and its rapid adaptation. I was able to highlight the appearance of a phenotype of ZIKV against the antiviral defenses of human cell lines that triggered resistance to activation of the TLR3 pathway and a better spread of the virus after 5 iterative passages. I was able to observe that the adapted viral population exhibited a loss of activation of antiviral responses (i.e. ISG15, MxA) 3h after infection. The implementation and validation of the CirSeq approach allows an analysis of the accuracy of high throughput sequencing data, as well as predicting the evolution of viral escape mechanisms
Marques, da silva Wanderson. "Etude fonctionnelle du génome de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis par différentes stratégies protéomiques." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARB262/document.
Full textCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogenic bacterium, subdivided into two biovars: C. pseudotuberculosis ovis, agent of caseous lymphadenitis (small ruminants), and C. pseudotuberculosis equi, which causes ulcerative lymphangitis (equines), mastitis (bovines), and oedematous skin disease (buffalos). Functional genomics aims to elucidate the role that each gene plays in organism, as well as the interactions of these genes into a biological network. In this PhD work, various proteomic approaches were used to evaluate the functional genome of C. pseudotuberculosis: i) the analysis of the exoproteome of strains 1002_ovis and C231_ovis enabled the characterization of 60 proteins of C. pseudotuberculosis of which 18 were differentially regulated; ii) the proteome of the strain 1002_ovis was analyzed after a nitrosative stress revealing 58 proteins differentially regulated when compared to the control conditionsThese 58 proteins are involved in different biological processes which may favor the survival of this pathogen under exposition to nitrosative stress; iii) the strains 1002_ovis and 258_equi were used in a murine model of experimental infection. A comparative analysis of their extracellular proteomes before and after passage in mice revealed that 250 proteins ibnvolved in various functions were differentially regulated in C. pseudotuberculosis. Altogether, this PhD work allowed the generation of a protein data base, as well as the validation of several genes previously predicted in silico, and generated information about factors that fa
Herrera, Aude. "Adaptation génétique et fonctionnelle des communautés bactériennes dans les sols extrêmes de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10086.
Full textMEHL, HUBERT. "Adaptation cardiocirculatoire et hemodynamique au cours d'un programme court d'entrainement en endurance chez les transplantes cardiaques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR1M101.
Full textPerrin, Christophe. "Adaptation a l'effort et benefice du reentrainement a l'exercice dans les b. P. C. O." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE6525.
Full textMichalski, Nicolas. "Transduction mécano-électrique auditive : identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de ses composants." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066632.
Full textJukovskaya, Natalia. "Adaptation périphérique aux odeurs dans le bulbe olfactif : détection et conséquences sur l'hypérémie fonctionnelle locale." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T036.
Full textFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI) uses hemodynamic changes in the brain for mapping neuronal activity. Although it is recognized that functional hyperemia is triggered by neurotransmitter release rather than energy consumption by activated neurons, the mechanisms which link neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes are still under debate. We used the olfactory bulb as a biological model to study the relationship between the amount of locally released glutamate from olfactory receptor neuron terminals and blood flow changes in capillaries. We used two-photon laser scanning microscopy to measure in parallel with high spatial and temporal resolution vascular responses in individual capillaries and Ca2+variations in the terminals of Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSN). Here we report that functional hyperemia is positively or negatively coupled to the amount of the locally released glutamate as measured for Ca2+signals, depending on the absence or the presence of peripheral adaptation. In parallel we investigated the extent for which OSNs are activated homogeneously. We report that during peripheral adaptation OSN terminals are not homogeneously activated
Guermazi, Mohammad. "Le concept d'incapacité fonctionnelle : adaptation d'outils de mesure à la langue et au mode de vie." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOMU06.
Full textVolle, Emmanuelle. "Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cortex préfrontal latéral pour la mémoire de travail." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803140.
Full textLê, Sandra. "Neuropsychologie et neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle des troubles acquis de la perception visuelle : plasticité neuronale et adaptation comportementale." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20051.
Full textThrough an exceptional case of visual agnosia (SB) acquired in childhood, this thesis constitutes a neuropsychological and neuro-imaging approach to visual perception. Lesions affected the ventral stream (VS) bilaterally and the right dorsal stream (DS). Visual tests showed that SB uses a "feature by feature" visual recognition strategy. Two experiments revealed that SB may have retained a spared module for implicit face processing. A visual form detection experiment in fMRI showed that SB may have developed visual stategies involving the left DS and palliating for the quasi-absence of the VS. These observations showed us the necessity to further investigate the "role" palyed by the ventral and dorsal streams in visual perception. Finally, a neuro-imaging study was conducted on the visual residual discrimination of motion in hemianopes and showed that activation in the lateral occipital areas, but not in the calcarine cortex, is necessary for motion discrimination in these patients
Gauci, Éléonore. "Adaptation de maillage orientée fonctionnelle et basée sur une métrique pour des simulations aérodynamiques en géométrie variable." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4227/document.
Full textWhen dealing with CFD problems, mesh adaptation is interesting for its ability to approach the asymptotic convergence and to obtain an accurate prediction for complex flows at a lower cost. Anisotropic mesh adaptation method reduces the number of degrees of freedom required to reach a given solution accuracy, thus impact favorably the CPU time. Moreover, it reduces the numerical scheme dissipation by automatically taking into account the anisotropy of the physical phenomena inside the mesh. Two main approaches exist in the literature. Feature-based mesh adaptation which is mainly deduced from an interpolation error estimate using the Hessian of the chosen sensor controls the interpolation error of the sensor over the whole computational domain. Such approach is easy to set-up and has a wide range of application, but it does not take into account the considered PDE used to solve the problem. On the other hand, goal-oriented mesh adaptation, which focuses on a scalar output function, takes into consideration both the solution and the PDE in the error estimation thanks to the adjoint state. But, the design of such error estimate is much more complicated. This thesis presents the results obtained with different CFD methods : the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) flow solvers with explicit and implicit schemes are presented and coupled to the moving mesh process, the feature-based unsteady mesh adaptation for moving geometries takes into account the changes of connectivites during the whole simulation, the adjoint state is extended to moving geometries problems and goal-oriented unsteady mesh adaptation for moving meshes is derived from an a priori error estimate. Several numerical examples are considered in the aeronautics sector and the field of civil security
Mano, Jean-Pierre. "Étude de l'émergence fonctionnelle au sein d'un réseau de neuro-agents coopératifs." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30067.
Full textArivalagan, immanuel Jaison Rathina Raj. "Insights from shell proteome : biomineralization control and environmental adaptation in bivalves." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0026/document.
Full textIn this study, the SMPs from four commercially important and divergent bivalve species crassostrea gigas (pacific oyster), Mya truncata (soft shell clam), Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) and Pecten maximus (king scallop) were extracted and analysed using standardized extraction protocol and proteomic pipeline. This enables us to identify critical elements of basic biomineralization tool kit for calcification process irrespective of their shell morphology, mineralogy and microstructure. In addition, it enables the identification of SMPs that are specific to calcite and aragonite mineralogies. The signifiant numbers of SMPs found species-specific were hypothesized as adaptation to their modus vivendi. In fact, the latter proteins possess immunity-related functions and fit into specific pathway, phenoloxidase, suggesting their role in defense against pathogen. The comparative study of shell proteome of mussels living in full marine condition, North Sea and the Iow saline Baltic Sea showed the modulation of the SMPs that constitute the basic biomineralization tool kit. Higher modulation of chitin related proteins and non-modulated protein such as carbonic anhydrase, EGF and fibronectin domain containing proteins points out the impaired scaffold and mineral nucleation process in Baltic mussel. The modulation of immunity related proteins denote the influence of biotic components. These investigations show the functional diversity of SMPs and their roles beyond shell formation in the bivalvesand put forth the idea that shell is dynamic, endowed with both biochemical and mechanical protection
Volle, Emmanuelle. "ORGANISATION ANATOMO-FONCTIONNELLE DU CORTEX PREFRONTAL LATERAL POUR LA MEMOIRE DE TRAVAIL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803140.
Full textGries, Jean-Michel. "Qualité fonctionnelle du greffon et adaptation posologique de la ciclosporine au cours des greffes hépatiques : évaluation et perspectives." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P179.
Full textMazurier, Mélanie. "Biodiversité et adaptation au pathogène racinaire Verticillium alfalfae chez Medicago truncatula : Importance de la micro-évolution." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30057/document.
Full textPathogens, animals and weeds are responsible for losses ranging from 20% to 40% of global agricultural yield. Legumes are the second most grown crops after cereals as human and animal food, and their yield is also affected by pathogens. Verticillium alfalfae is a soil-borne pathogen causing high yield losses in alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa), the most worldwide legume forage crop grown. To date, there is no chemical control and crop breeding is the best way to protect alfalfa against V. alfalfae. However, Medicago sativa has a complex genome (allogamous and tetraploid), therefore in this work the model legume Medicago truncatula (diploid and self-fertile) was used to investigate genetic mechanisms involved in V. alfalfae V31-2 (Va V31-2) resistance. First, several sources of resistance were identified in M. truncatula biodiversity by assessing disease symptoms development in 261 lines from the Mediterranean basin inoculated by V. alfalfae V31-2. Reisolation of V. alfalfae V31-2 in M. truncatula stems was also led. These analyses revealed a great biodiversity of M. truncatula response towards Va V31-2. A genome wide association study (GWAS) on various disease phenotypes pinpointed several quantitative trait loci (QTL): one of them colocalized with a previous major QTL on chromosome 7 detected on LR4 and LR5 RILs populations. Both phenotypic and genetic analyses thus suggest the occurrence of different resistance mechanisms in M. truncatula populations towards V. alfalfae. Resistant candidate genes towards Va V31-2 were also identified by GWAS using 90 accessions of M. truncatula Soliman Tunisian population. These candidate genes are different from the pinpointed candidate gene of our previous GWAS analysis. These results might underline a local adaptation towards Verticillium. Consistencies between GWAS results with previous QTL and transcriptomic data led us to perform the functional validation with the candidate genes localized on chromosome 7. An original in vitro inoculation system of M. truncatula transgenic roots was used to validate Medtr7g070480 (gene encoding a SEC14 protein) as a key player towards V. alfalfae V31.2 in M. truncatula. Silencing the SEC14 gene using artificial microRNA in A17 (resistant) and F83005.5 (susceptible) lines decreases Va V31-2 colonization rate on transgenic roots whereas overexpressing MtSEC14 increases the colonization rate in A17. This MtSEC14 gene appears as a disease susceptibility gene. Moreover, 18.5% of the disease variation in the studied M. truncatula accessions is explained by the unique non-synonymous polymorphism between A17 and F83005.5 in MtSEC14. Root expression patterns of the SEC14 gene one day after inoculation by Va V31-2 was also analyzed in response to inoculation among a panel of 14 susceptible and resistant M. truncatula accessions of diverse geographic origins. No significant differences were found. At the same time, orthologous resistance candidate genes towards Va V31.2 in several other model species (Lotus japonicus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana sp.) were discovered. Pathogenicity of Va V31-2 in these species was monitored to use them as potential model for functional validation. Only one orthologous gene of MtSEC14 has been identified in Medicago sativa. Because of a great synteny between M. truncatula and M. sativa, our work could be useful for alfalfa breeding. In this work and for the first time, a susceptibility gene involved in a quantitative resistance against microorganisms in Legumes was identified
Delaforge, Elise. "Dynamique structurale et fonctionnelle du domaine C-terminal de la protéine PB2 du virus de la grippe A." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV037/document.
Full textThe ability of avian influenza viruses to cross the species barrier and become dangerously pathogenic to mammalian hosts represents a major threat for human health. In birds the viral replication is carried out in the intestine at 40°C, while in humans it occurs in the cooler respiratory tract at 33°C. It has been shown that temperature adaption of the influenza virus occurs through numerous mutations in the viral polymerase, in particular in the C-terminal domain 627-NLS of the PB2 protein. This domain has already been shown to participate in host adaptation and is involved in importin alpha binding and therefore is required for entry of the viral polymerase into the nucleus [Tarendeau et al., 2008]. Crystallographic structures are available for 627-NLS and the complex importin alpha/NLS, however, a steric clash between importin alpha and the 627 domain becomes apparent when superimposing the NLS domain of the two structures, indicating that another conformation of 627-NLS is required for binding to importin alpha [Boivin and Hart, 2011]. Here we investigate the molecular basis of inter-species adaptation by studying the structure and dynamics of human and avian 627-NLS. We have identified two conformations of 627-NLS in slow exchange (10-100 s-1), corresponding to an apparently open and closed conformation of the two domains. We show that the equilibrium between closed and open conformations is strongly temperature dependent. We propose that the open conformation of 627-NLS is the only conformation compatible with binding to importin alpha and that the equilibrium between closed and open conformations may play a role as a molecular thermostat, controlling the efficiency of viral replication in the different species. The kinetics and domain dynamics of this important conformational behaviour and of the interaction between 627-NLS and importin alpha have been characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, spin relaxation and chemical exchange saturation transfer, in combination with X-ray and neutron small angle scattering and Förster resonance energy transfer. Also, we have determined the affinities of various evolutionnary mutants of 627-NLS to importin alpha and of avian and human 627-NLS to different isoforms of importin alpha, showing that the observed affinities are coherent with the preferred interactions seen in vivo
Doriat, Jean-François. "Adaptation fonctionnelle cérébrale et plasticité des récepteurs à la suite de convulsions expérimentales chez le rat au cours du développement." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10353.
Full textMarion, Julia. "Le sevrage du porcelet à l'âge de 7 jours : adaptation structurale et fonctionnelle du pancréas exocrine et de l'intestin grêle." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10101.
Full textBouali, Saoussen. "Adaptation fonctionnelle de la neurotransmission 5-HT dans des modèles de souris en relation avec la dépression et son traitement." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066439.
Full textBouatrous, Amal. "Conception et développement d’un environnement de rééducation fonctionnelle personnalisée basé sur la réalité virtuelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0409.
Full textStroke is a major cause of death and disability, often followed by sequelae such as upper limb hemiparesis, which has a negative impact on people's independence in their daily activities. Conventional rehabilitation is necessary to regain lost functionality, but can be monotonous. Virtual reality (VR) offers an attractive, motivating and effective solution, meeting the necessary requirements for successful rehabilitation. The aim of this thesis is to design and develop a virtual environment for personalized functional rehabilitation of the upper limbs after stroke. More specifically, we have focused on the functional rehabilitation of the hand using VR-based serious games. Thus, two serious games aimed at improving coarse and fine hand movements were set up by simulating two clinical exercises, and using the Leap Motion motion sensor. Incorporating video game elements to motivate patients and personalize difficulty according to their motor skills. Finally, we implemented an approach to dynamically adapt the difficulty of the games. Close collaboration with therapists and patients was maintained during the design process, in order to meet clinical specifications. The system was evaluated in terms of measurement accuracy on healthy individuals, which proved satisfactory. In addition, a subjective clinical evaluation with real patients showed that the system was accepted and motivating, reinforcing patients' commitment to their rehabilitation
Plasse, Martial. "Loi de Wolff et terrestrialisation : adaptation structure / fonction." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS303.pdf.
Full textThe lifestyle of extinct tetrapods is often difficult to assess when clear morphological adaptations, such as swimming paddles are absent. According to the hypothesis of bone functional adaptation, the architecture of trabecular bone adapts sensitively to physiological loadings. Previous studies have already shown a clear relation between trabecular architecture and locomotor behavior, mainly in mammals and birds. However, the link between trabecular architecture and lifestyle has rarely been examined. Here, trabecular architecture of different clades of reptiles has been correlated with a wide range of lifestyles (aquatic, amphibious, terrestrial). Humeri of squamates, turtles and crocodylians have been scanned with X-ray computed microtomography. The analysis of spherical volumes extracted from the proximal metaphyses of these humeri showed a significant phylogenetic signal for one of measured trabecular parameters. Linear discriminant analyses suggest a good separation of lifestyles in the morphological spaces. Furthermore, a new method allowed to estimate articular loadings for finite elements models from entire humeral heads of turtles. Biases related to fixations of these models and to their articular shapes has been identified. Different loadings has been calculated between the swimming and the walking of amphibious turtles. Finally, locomotions of two fossil turtles have been inferred. Thanks to these two methods, the trabecular architecture seems to be an effective tool to infer the lifestyle and the locomotion of extinct tetrapods, especially those involved in the terrestrialization and returns to aquatic environment
Schell, Eve. "Anastomose iléo-anale avec réservoir iléal en J. : adaptation fonctionnelle et réinsertion socio-professionnelle des opérés : à propos de 15 cas." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1M123.
Full textDevauchelle, Anne-Dominique. "Exploration du réseau cérébral impliqué dans les traitements syntaxiques et lexico-sémantiques des phrases." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066295.
Full textMasson, Florence. "Hétérogénéité structurale et fonctionnelle de la membrane plasmique de feuilles de tabac (Nicotiana tabaccum c. V. Xanthi)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20060.
Full textAlayrangues, Julie. "Etude des réponses oscillatoires bêta aux erreurs de mouvements : dissociation fonctionnelle et spatiale des modulations de puissance bêta observées pendant la période de préparation et après le mouvement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0090/document.
Full textThe role of beta oscillations has not been clearly established yet. Recent work has shown that the beta activities observed during the preparation phase and after the movement are differently affected by movement errors. The aim of this thesis was twofold: first, to determine whether or not the pre- and post-movement beta power modulations recruit common neural substrates; second, to better understand the nature of the reflected neural processes. Using an independent component analysis approach, we strongly suggest that oscillatory responses to kinematic errors, observed before and after movement, are underpinned by distinct neural structures, respectively clearly lateralized and medial. Moreover, by contrasting different motor tasks, we show that neither of the two beta activities reflects mechanisms directly related to the output of the motor command
Doré, Hugo. "Adaptation à la niche écologique chez deux représentants majeurs du phytoplancton marin, Synechococcus et Prochlorococcus : des gènes à l'écosystème." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066512/document.
Full textThe marine picocyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are the two most abundant photosynthetic organisms on earth and are present in almost all oceans. During this PhD thesis, I explored the links between genetic diversity and niche adaptation in these two genera. First, the analysis of the distribution of picocyanobacterial populations at the global scale using a high-resolution taxonomic marker allowed me to define ecologically significant taxonomic units, to improve the delineation of their ecological niches and to identify the main abiotic factors influencing their in situ distribution. The second part of this work aimed at identifying the genetic bases of adaptation of marine picocyanobacteria to distinct niches. The comparative analysis of 81 non-redundant genomes of these organisms revealed the combined role of gene gains and losses and of substitutions in protein sequences in the diversification of both genera, and the analysis of the distribution of all known picocyanobacterial genes in the global ocean allowed me to show that each community, adapted to specific environmental conditions, possesses a distinct gene repertoire. Finally, the last part of this work has consisted in the physiological and transcriptomic characterization of five Synechococcus strains, which were submitted to light and thermal stresses in order to better understand the ecotypic variability of the stress response in this genus. Altogether, results obtained during this PhD provided many new insights into the ecological niches occupied by marine picocyanobacteria and the mechanisms allowing them to adapt to these various niches
Vile, Denis. "Significations fonctionnelle et écologique des traits des espèces végétales : exemple dans une succession post-culturale méditerranéenne et généralisations." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5080.
Full textLoseille, Adrien. "Adaptation de maillage anisotrope 3D multi-échelles et ciblée à une fonctionnelle pour la mécanique des fluides.Application à la prédiction haute-fidélité du bang sonique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361961.
Full textBenayad, Ahmed. "Conception de capteurs-émetteurs et réalisation d'un ensemble de télémesure pour l'étude de la marche normale ou appareillée en rééducation fonctionnelle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL060N.
Full textLoseille, Adrien. "Adaptation de maillage anisotrope 3D multi-échelles et ciblée à une fonctionnelle pour la mécanique des fluides : Application à la prédiction haute-fidélité du bang sonique." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361961v2.
Full textHessian based unstructured mesh adaptation has already proved its efficiency to improve the ratio between solution accuracy and the number of degrees of freedom. However, when dealing with flows with shocks, several problematics occur : (i) a loss of convergence order generally due to the presence of steep gradients or genuine discontinuities in the flow, even if a provably spatially high order method is employed, (ii) error estimates may prescribe a size converging to zero in the discontinuity vicinity. These problems lead to the loss of anisotropy. We show that these problems can be solved by using a particular multi-scales mesh adaptation procedure based on a continuous mesh model. With this approach, prescribing a minimal size is not required and anisotropy is fully preserved. Global second order mesh convergence is numerically observed even with flows with shocks. When more information is given (as the EDP or a functional output), hessian based mesh adaptation is no more optimal in the distribution of degrees of freedom in the computational domain. We address this issue by considering an a priori error estimate to control approximation error on functionals when the flow is governed by the Euler equations. This estimate allows us to derive an anisotropic mesh prescription. Finally, all adaptive strategies are applied to predict high-fidelity sonic boom signature of complex aircrafts
Jaouen, Thomas. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de porines générales et spécifiques de bactéries du genre Pseudomonas psychotrophes et mésophiles : influence de la température de croissance sur leurs comportements ionophores." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES013.
Full textIn psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, organisms that can develop in the majority of the natural environments, adaptation to low growth temperature includes a decrease in outer membrane permeability, and the major non specific porin OprF participates to this phenomenon: its major conductance value decreases depending on whether it was purified from cultures grown at optimum or low temperature. The OprF-homolog OmpA from the psychrotrophic bacterium Erwinia carotovora ssp carotovora MFCL0 presents two simultaneous conductance states, wich differs slightly according to growth temperature. Our results suggest that these proteins could adopt two alternative conformations, and that folding is thermoregulated for OprF, via strong interactions with other thermosensitive components such as lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, no difference in channel forming properties according to growth temperature was observed for structurally different outer membrane proteins from the OprD family of specific porins in Pseudomonas fluorescens MF0. Sequence analysis of the oprD, oprE1 and oprE3 genes from various Pseudomonas species shares highly variable regions in the predicted long external loops that interact directly with the external medium. This suggests that these proteins are likely to be specific channels for a wide range of nutrients, and reveals others features of the Pseudomonas adaptation potential
Loustau, Sébastien. "Performances statistiques de méthodes à noyaux." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343377.
Full textLes méthodes de régularisation ont montrées leurs intérêts pour résoudre des problèmes de classification. L'algorithme des Machines à Vecteurs de Support (SVM) est aujourd'hui le représentant le plus populaire. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse étudie les performances statistiques de cet algorithme, et considère le problème d'adaptation à la marge et à la complexité. On étend ces résultats à une nouvelle procédure de minimisation de risque empirique pénalisée sur les espaces de Besov. Enfin la dernière partie se concentre sur une nouvelle procédure de sélection de modèles : la minimisation de l'enveloppe du risque (RHM). Introduite par L.Cavalier et Y.Golubev dans le cadre des problèmes inverses, on cherche à l'appliquer au contexte de la classification.
Boixel, Anne-Lise. "Environmental heterogeneity, a driver of adaptation to temperature in foliar plant pathogen populations?" Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASA010.
Full textEnvironmental drivers, most notably temperature, affect the biology of phyllosphere microorganisms but also induce changes in their population dynamics, even in their evolutionary trajectories. The impact of climate on foliar plant disease epidemics is usually considered in forecasting models to inform management strategies. Such models focus on averages of environmental drivers but disregard both individual variation within populations and the scale and extent of biologically relevant environmental changes. These simplifications are glossing over substantial levels of individual variation that may have important consequences on the capacity of a population to adapt to environmental changes, and thus on the dynamics of epidemics in a fluctuating or changing climate. To examine the range of validity and consequences of these simplifying assumptions, I investigated how individual variation and environmental heterogeneity jointly affect fitness, phenotypic composition and resilience of populations of a foliar pathogen (Zymoseptoria tritici) inhabiting wheat canopies. Three complementary ways of exploration were adopted in this case study. First, an in vitro high-throughput phenotyping framework was developed, validated, and used to characterise the diversity in patterns of thermal responses existing across Z. tritici populations that were sampled over contrasted scales (spatial and seasonal variation of temperature). Second, the spatio-temporal thermal variations encountered in a wheat canopy, considered as a habitat exerting fluctuating selective pressures on these differential thermal sensitivities of individuals, were investigated in depth. Third, the way selection of “thermotypes” (functional groups of individuals displaying a similar thermal sensitivity) occurs and drives dynamics of Z. tritici populations was examined. To this end, both empirical (in vitro, in planta and in natura) and theoretical (in silico) competition experiments were conducted under increasingly complex selective environments. This research work demonstrates that glossing over the natural extent of individual phenotypic diversity in a phyllosphere microbial population and over the heterogeneity of selective pressures – from phyllo- to mesoclimate – leads to underestimate the resilience of this population, and thus its adaptive potential to environmental variations. In doing so, the results of this thesis, at the interface between epidemiology, micrometeorology, and ecology, improve our understanding of how important is individual variation to population dynamics and how environmental heterogeneity allows to maintain population diversity. Finally, this thesis provides insight into how large-scale patterns and local population processes are interlinked and display a “two-tier” adaptive dynamics
Kassi, N'Dja Justin. "Successions secondaires post-culturales en forêt dense semi-décidue de Sanaimbo (Côte d'Ivoire) : nature, structure et organisation fonctionnelle de la végétation." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIED005.
Full textPostcultural secondary successions have been investigated along a chronosequence of fallows embedded into a semi-deciduous tropical forest matrix (Ivory Coast). I surveyed the local species pool. Then I described species assemblages using an integrated synusial approach to build up a qualitative model of the spatio-temporal dynamics of plant communities. Structural and functional attributes of plant diversity were then quantitatively described. A secondary forest ressembling the old-growth develops as soon as 30 years after field abandonment. This forest may recover structure and function during the fourth decade of recolonization and species composition one decade later. The invasion by Chromolaena odorata did not appear to slow down the succession. I found a deterministic succession consistently with predictions of both the niche theory and the tolerance model. However hazard plays a role especially in the earliest stages of the succession that seem to be sensitive to historical factors
Stevens, Laurence. "Adaptation structurale et fonctionnelle des protéines contractiles des fibres musculaires de soleus de rat à diverses situations d'atrophie : contribution à la connaissance des perturbations enregistrées en microgravité." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD448.
Full textStoll, Chloé. "Rôle de la surdité précoce et de la langue des signes dans la plasticité fonctionnelle du champ visuel." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS040/document.
Full textOur visual system presents some flexibility and experience has been shown to tune it. Early profound deafness and sign language experience can therefore be considered as two potential sources of visual plasticity. The aim of this thesis is to untangle the respective impact of deafness (or auditory deprivation) and sign language experience on peripheral visual field perception and face processing and facial expressions recognition; two crucial mechanisms for sign language communication. Signs are indeed perceived in the lower part of the peripheral visual field and faces provided syntactic, grammatical or affective information to precise or nuances linguistic gestures. A first series of studies explores deafness and sign language experience effects on peripheral visual perception and more particularly in the lower visual space from basic to more complex visual processing. Results suggest that sign language experience in hearing population can affect some aspect of lower visual field processing and that early deafness mainly increase speed of low-level visual processing. The second series of studies explores deafness and sign language experience impact on face processing and more particularly on face recognition and expression recognition. Results suggest a difference in gaze strategy to explore and recognize face in deaf signers supported by a shift in decision-making strategy in both deaf and hearing signers for face recognition. Finally, deafness combined to sign language experience doesn’t seem to affect thresholds for facial expression recognition and categorization. Altogether the results from these six studies provide new insight in our current knowledge about visual perception in early deaf signers and highlight the importance to systematically control sign language experience since its experience can have an impact in both hearing and deaf signers. Key words: Deafness, sign language, visual plasticity, visual periphery, face recognition, facial expression recognition
Hashoum, Hazem. "Impact du changement climatique sur les interactions biotiques en forêt méditerranéenne : approches chimique, écophysiologique et fonctionnelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0480/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study allelopathic interactions in the downy oak forest in the mediterranean region and to consider how these interactions can be affected by climate change. We have shown that the dominant tree Q. pubescens and its companion species A. monspessulanum and C. coggygria have different allelopathic potentialities, evaluated in vitro on herbaceous target plants, depending on the phenological stage of the leaves, which could in natura affect the germination and growth of understory herbaceous plants. These differences in allelopathic effect may result not only from differences in the quantity of allelopathic compounds produced, but also from qualitative differences observed as a function of the phenological stage. This suggests that the allelopathic effect may vary over time to match the stage of development of the target herbaceous plants. On one of the target plants used in the bioassays, the allelopathic effects were further accentuated by changing the water and / or thermal conditions which suggests possible modifications of the allelopathic potential of the plants to be expected with climate change.Our results in the plant nursery showed the allelopathic potential of cotinus and pinus on the growth of oak seedlings, whatever the watering conditions (stressed or unstressed). By affecting in particular the biomass of the root system, the growth of which is a key element of the mediterranean species to resist the prolonged summer drought, these interactions could play an important role in the regeneration processes of downy oak
Maynaud, Géraldine. "Adaptation aux métaux lourds de populations de rhizobia impliquées dans la phytostabilisation de déblais miniers : Identification des mécanismes d’adaptation au Zn et au Cd, et structuration des populations de rhizobia adaptées aux sites miniers." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20074/document.
Full textEfficient nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Anthyllis vulneraria and Mesorhizobium metallidurans, identified in the highly Zn/Pb polluted mining site of Avinières (St Laurent-le-Minier, Gard county, France) has recently been described as a potential key bioremediation agent for stimulating the growth of a sustainable plant cover and thus limit heavy metal dispersion from contaminated sites. M. metallidurans strains were shown to be resistant to high Zn and Cd concentrations. The aim of our work was to identify and characterize genes involved in heavy metal adaptation in M. metallidurans by using genetic and transcriptomic approaches (RNAseq technology). Putative genes involved in heavy metal adaptation mechanisms such as exclusion, binding, reduction and efflux, like cadA1, encoding an efflux system PIB-type ATPase involved in Zn and Cd export, were identified in two Mesorhizobium strains associated with Anthyllis: M. metallidurans STM 2683T (Avinières mine) and Mesorhizobium sp. STM 4661 (Eylie mine). Functional studies allowed us to characterize the cadA1 efflux protein as involved in metal tolerance in M. metallidurans. Then, cadA1 was used as a metal-resistance marker to study the diversity and the distribution of Anthyllis symbionts from mine soils and unpolluted soils. This work was completed by Zn- and Cd-tolerance phenotype assays and phylogenetic analyses using taxonomical and symbiotic markers. Metals in mine environments seemed to influence the bacterial composition and the diversity with a high proportion of (i) metal-tolerant phenotypes consistent with the detection of the cadA1 gene and (ii) strains belonging to the M. metallidurans species or to a bacterial species close to it. The plant-hosts seemed to impact symbiotic diversity independently of the metal-tolerant property
BASSET-MENS, Claudine. "Propositions pour une adaptation de l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie aux systèmes de production agricole. Mise en œuvre pour l'évaluation environnementale de la production porcine." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de renneS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009828.
Full textAcher, Audrey. "Corrélats cérébraux de l'adaptation de la parole après exérèse de la cavité orale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071506.
Full textAubin, Jean-Baptiste. "Estimation fonctionnelle par projection adaptative et applications." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066473.
Full textVincent, Thomas. "Modèles hémodynamiques spatiaux adaptatifs pour l'imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112365.
Full textThe approaches developed in this PhD take place in the analysis of functional brain imaging seeking the characterization of brain structures specialization. The central modality was functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which provides an indirect, hemodynamic, measure of the neural activity. Data analysis methods are conventionally divided into: (i) a localization task of activations and (ii) an estimation task i. E. Characterizing the hemodynamic response function (HRF) linking the stimulations provided by the paradigm to the observed fMRI signal. This PhD addresses the tasks (i) and (ii) simultaneously in a joint detection-estimation model (JDE), respecting the obvious interdependence of these two processes. The JDE approach here has been extended to express a model of spatial correlation on the local response level associated with the HRF, enabling the approach to be multivariate for the detection as well as the estimation tasks. In the Bayesian framework, this modeling is achieved by the expression of a prior discrete Markov field involving a regularization factor. The unsupervised treatment regarding this parameter for the whole brain has been developed by adaptively taking into account the heterogeneity of the geometries of brain regions. The approach is validated on the cortical surface, but also in the volume through several group analyses with different acquisition conditions. These were used to assess the impact of the method in terms of significance of activation and its positioning relative to the traditional approach