Academic literature on the topic 'Adaptation du canal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Adaptation du canal"
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Ceyhanli, K. Tolga, Murat Turkun, Necdet Erdilek, Cem Peskersoy, and Timur Kose. "Evaluation of the apical adaptation performance of various root canal instruments." European Journal of Dentistry 07, S 01 (September 2013): S041—S044. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.119070.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical root canal adaptation performance of various root canal instruments. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 freshly extracted single-rooted mandibular incisors were used in this study. Coroner parts of all teeth were removed from cemento-enamel junction and root canal of each tooth was explored with a size 8 K-file until the tip of the file was just visible at the apex. Working lengths (WLs) were determined as 1 mm short of these measurements. ProTaper, K-file, profile and hedstroem files were inserted into the root canals of 10 teeth to the WL following the flaring of the coronal and middle thirds. Instruments were fixed in the root canals with acrylic resin. The apical 1 mm of each root tip was ground on wet sandpaper to expose the canal and the instrument at the WL and the apical region of each tooth was examined under stereomicroscope. The stereoscopic images of the teeth were digitized and analyzed with software in order to determine the differences between the areas of root canals and file tips. Result data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test (p = 0.05). Results: There were no significant differences between apical file/root canal areas of the evaluated instruments (p > 0.05). Conclusions: None of the evaluated instruments performed a perfect adaptation with the apical root canal surface at the WL in mandibular incisors. Therefore, total removal of the debris from the apical canal surface may not be achieved when these filing instruments are used.
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Lewis, Richard F., Wangsong Gong, Mitchell Ramsey, Lloyd Minor, Richard Boyle, and Daniel M. Merfeld. "Vestibular adaptation studied with a prosthetic semicircular canal." Journal of Vestibular Research 12, no. 2-3 (June 27, 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-122-304.
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We have developed and tested a prosthetic semicircular canal that senses angular head velocity and uses this information to modulate the rate of current pulses applied to the vestibular nerve via a stimulating electrode. In one squirrel monkey, the lateral canals were plugged bilaterally and the prosthesis was secured to the animal's head with the angular velocity sensor parallel to the axis of the lateral canals. In the first experiment, the stimulating electrode was placed near the ampullary nerve of one lateral canal. Over a period of two weeks, the gain of the horizontal VOR during yaw axis rotation gradually increased, although the response magnitude remained relatively small. In the second experiment, the stimulating electrode was placed near the ampullary nerve of the posterior canal, but the orientation of the velocity sensor remained parallel to the axis of the lateral canals. Over a one-week period, the axis of the VOR response gradually shifted towards alignment with the (yaw) axis of head rotation. Chronic patterned stimulation of the eighth nerve can therefore provide adequate information to the brain to generate a measurable VOR response, and this can occur even if the prosthetic yaw rotation cue is provided via a branch of the VIIIth nerve that doesn't normally carry yaw rotational cues. The results provided by this pilot study suggest that it may be feasible to study central adaptation by chronically modifying the afferent vestibular cue with a prosthetic semicircular canal.
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Chen, Huan, Xinyuan Zhao, Yu Qiu, Dengyou Xu, Li Cui, and Buling Wu. "The Tubular Penetration Depth and Adaption of Four Sealers: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2946524.
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Background. The tubular penetration and adaptation of the sealer are important factors for successful root canal filling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tubular penetration depth of four different sealers in the coronal, middle, and apical third of root canals as well as the adaptation of these sealers to root canal walls. Materials and Methods. 50 single-rooted teeth were prepared in this study. Forty-eight of them were filled with different sealers (Cortisomol, iRoot SP, AH-Plus, and RealSeal SE) and respective core filling materials. Then the specimens were sectioned and scanning electron microscopy was employed to assess the tubular penetration and adaptation of the sealers. Results. Our results demonstrated that the maximum penetration was exhibited by RealSeal SE, followed by AH-Plus, iRoot SP, and Cortisomol. As regards the adaptation property to root canal walls, AH-Plus has best adaptation capacity followed by iRoot SP, RealSeal SE, and Cortisomol. Conclusion. The tubular penetration and adaptation vary with the different sealers investigated. RealSeal SE showed the most optimal tubular penetration, whereas AH-Plus presented the best adaptation to the root canal walls.
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Remy, Vimal, Vineesh Krishnan, Tisson V. Job, Madhavankutty S. Ravisankar, CV Renjith Raj, and Seena John. "Assessment of Marginal Adaptation and Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealers: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 12 (2017): 1130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2188.
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ABSTRACT Aim This study aims to compare the marginal adaptation and sealing ability [mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fillapex, AH Plus, Endofill sealers] of root canal sealers. Materials and methods In the present study, the inclusion criteria include 45 single-rooted extracted mandibular premolar teeth, with single canal and complete root formation. The sectioning of the samples was done at the cementoenamel junction using a low-speed diamond disc. Step-back technique was used to prepare root canals manually. The MTA-Fillapex, AH Plus, and Endofill sealers were the three experimental sealer groups to which 45 teeth were distributed. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM), marginal gap at sealer and root dentin interface were examined at coronal and apical halves of root canal. Results Among the three maximum marginal adaptations were seen with AH Plus sealer (4.10 ± 0.10) which is followed by Endofill sealer (1.44 ± 0.18) and MTA-Fillapex sealer (0.80 ± 0.22). Between the coronal and apical marginal adaptation, significant statistical difference (p = 0.001) was seen in AH Plus sealer. When a Mann–Whitney U-test was done on MTA-Fillapex sealer vs AH Plus sealer and AH Plus sealer vs Endofill sealer, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) found between the above two groups at coronal and apical third. Conclusion The present study proves that AH Plus sealer has a better marginal adaptation when compared with other sealers used. Clinical significance For sealing space of crown wall and main cone in root canal treatment, sealers play an important role. The other advantages of sealers are that they are used to fill voids and irregularities in root channel, secondary, lateral channels, and space between applied gutta-percha cones and also act as tripper during filling. How to cite this article Remy V, Krishnan V, Job TV, Ravisankar MS, Raj CVR, John S. Assessment of Marginal Adaptation and Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealers: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1130-1134.
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ISMUHAJAROH, Bakti Nur, Didik INDRADEWA, Budiastuti KURNIASIH, and Sri Nuryani Hidayah UTAMI. "Interrelationships of Air Canal Adaptation in the Leaves of Water Lilies and Water Depth of Lebak Swampland in Kalimantan Selatan." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.1(57).18.
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Nymphaea pubescens grows in Lebak swampland in its different levels of water depth. This aquatic plant has an absorption system that moves gases through the laminae and has a convective flow system through air canals in midrib and petiole. This study aims to determine the adaptive structure of air canal in the water lilies (Nymphaea pubescens) laminae and how its structure varies along with water-depth fluctuations. The research was conducted by observing plants in 4 (four) different zones of water depth: (1) water depth between 28-95 cm (zone I), (2) 28-99 cm (zone II), (3) 54-112 cm (zone III), and (4) 55-124 cm (zone IV).
Every lamina area, lamina thickness, and cross-sectional area (XS) of petiole, a number and area of air canals in midrib and petiole were collected for analysis. The results showed that the cross-sectional area of the laminae N. pubescens increased along with water depth, but the correlation with laminae thickness decreased. The midrib air canals are symmetrically divided and there was one main canal pair, an additional three pairs of canals, and a pair of smaller canals.
The cross-sectional area of the midrib and air canal increased along with water depth. The calculation of the area of four pairs of air canals is 75%. Air canals make up 34% of midrib cross-sectional area. The midrib air canals produced one pair of air canals, an additional two pairs of canals and a pair of smaller canals. The calculation of the area of three pairs of airways is 93%. Air canals make up 31% of the cross-sectional area of the petiole. The length of the petiole, the volume of the petiole, and the volume of the air canal increased along with water depth, but the cross-sectional area of the petiole and the air canal were not related by water depth.
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Velozo, Christianne, Hugo Dantas, Basílio Rodrigues Vieira, Frederico Barbosa de Sousa, Victor Felipe Farias do Prado, Ismael Sebastião da Silva Sousa, Maria Beatriz Arruda Albuquerque, and Diana Santana de Albuquerque. "Adaptation of the single-cone in prepared long oval-shaped canals: a micro-computed tomography study." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (November 29, 2021): e444101523301. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.23301.
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The present study aimed to evaluate adaptation of the single gutta-percha cone on root canal walls prepared with the two systems, the XP-endo Shaper (XPS; FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and ProTaper Next systems (PTN; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) technology. Twenty long oval-shaped canals in mandibular incisors were scanned by micro-CT (Skyscan 1172; Bruker microCT, Kontich, Belgium). Two groups were divided into (n = 10) according to the canal preparation protocol: XPS group with an extra 45 s of instrumentation and PTN group. A gutta percha cone, with respect to the protocol used for each group (size 40, .04 taper, XPS and size 40, .06 taper, PTN) was adapted to the canal at the working length of all the samples, and all root canals were filled, using the single-cone technique. The mean values for volume of voids and percentage relative to the mentioned space were correspondingly higher in XPS group than they were PTN group, mean values for volume of voids (3.61 mm3 - 1.92 mm3) and for percentage of voids (39.25% - 23.28%), respectively, significant differences were recorded (p < 0.05) between the two groups (XPS and PTN, Student’s-t test for homogenous variances and Mann–Whitney test). The canals prepared with XPS, in the procedure performed with an extra 45 s of instrumentation, showed a higher volume of voids than those prepared with the PTN system, in obturation of the root canal with the single cone technique.
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Yakushin, Sergei B., Theodore Raphan, Jean A. Büttner-Ennever, Jun-Ichi Suzuki, and Bernard Cohen. "Spatial Properties of Central Vestibular Neurons of Monkeys After Bilateral Lateral Canal Nerve Section." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 3860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01102.2004.
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Thirty-seven neurons were recorded in the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) of two cynomolgus monkeys 1–2 yr after bilateral lateral canal nerve section to test whether the central neurons had spatially adapted for the loss of lateral canal input. The absence of lateral canal function was verified with eye movement recordings. The relation of unit activity to the vertical canals was determined by oscillating the animals about a horizontal axis with the head in various orientations relative to the axis of rotation. Animals were also oscillated about a vertical axis while upright or tilted in pitch. In the second test, the vertical canals are maximally activated when the animals are tilted back about −50° from the spatial upright and the lateral canals when the animals are tilted forward about 30°. We reasoned that if central compensation occurred, the head orientation at which the response of the vertical canal-related neurons was maximal should be shifted toward the plane of the lateral canals. No lateral canal-related units were found after nerve section, and vertical canal-related units were found only in SVN not in the rostral medial vestibular nucleus. SVN canal-related units were maximally activated when the head was tilted back at −47 ± 17 and −50 ± 12° (means ± SD) in the two animals, close to the predicted orientation of the vertical canals. This indicated that spatial adaptation of vertical canal-related vestibular neurons had not occurred. There were substantial neck and/or otolith-related inputs activating the vertical canal-related neurons in the nerve-sectioned animals, which could have contributed to oculomotor compensation after nerve section.
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Apostolska, Sonja, Elizabeta Gjorgievska, Vasilka Rendzova, Marina Eftimoska, Rade Zivkovic, and Ivica Stancic. "Adaptability of different canal sealers to the root canal dentin - scanning electron microscopy analysis." Medical review 70, no. 5-6 (2017): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1706141a.
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Introduction. The aim of this in vitro study was to test and analyze the sealing ability of three endodontic materials used for permanent obturation, in between the dentin walls and the gutta-percha points, using a scanning electron microscope. Material and Methods. Forty-five recently extracted single-root teeth, treated by a step-back technique, were divided into three groups (15 teeth in each); the canals were filled with three different permanent obturation materi?als: N2 - zinc oxide root canal cement, Gutta Flow (Coltene), and Endomethasone N (Septodont). Their sealing ability and adhesive properties were analyzed using field emission gun scanning electron microscope, at the time when they were applied between the dentin walls of the canal and the gutta-percha. Results. The results of the scanning electron microscope analysis have shown that all the three sealers have good adhesion properties when used over the root canal walls in the apical third. Good adaptation of the filling used for the root canal walls in the middle and the cervical third was found only in teeth obturated using Gutta Flow, while samples obturated by N2 - zinc oxide root canal cement and Endomethasone showed the weak?est adhesion, and greatest number of cracks between the sealer and the canal wall. Conclusion. When using a single-cone obturation technique, compared to other obturation materials, Gutta Flow shows considerably better adaptation to the root canal wall and the gutta-percha points in the apical, middle, and the cervical third of the root.
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Angelaki, D. E., and B. J. Hess. "Adaptation of primate vestibuloocular reflex to altered peripheral vestibular inputs. II Spatiotemporal properties of the adapted slow-phase eye velocity." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 2954–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.2954.
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1. The ability of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) to undergo adaptive modification after selective changes in the peripheral vestibular system was investigated in rhesus monkeys by recording three-dimensional eye movements before and after inactivation of selective semicircular canals. In the preceding paper we showed that the horizontal VOR gain evoked by passive yaw oscillations after lateral semicircular canal inactivation recovers gradually over time in a frequency-specific manner. Here we present the spatial tuning of the adapted slow-phase eye velocity and describe its spatiotemporal properties as a function of time after canal inactivation. 2. The spatial organization of the VOR was investigated during oscillations at different head positions in the pitch, roll, and yaw planes, as well as in the right anterior/left posterior and left anterior/right posterior canal planes. Acutely after bilateral inactivation of the lateral semicircular canals, a small horizontal response could still be elicited that peaked during rotations in pitched head positions that would maximally stimulate vertical semicircular canals. In addition, the phase of horizontal slow-phase velocity abruptly reversed through 180 degrees at positions close to upright, similarly to torsional slow-phase velocity. These spatial response properties suggest that the small, residual horizontal response components that are present acutely after plugging of both lateral canals originate from vertical semicircular canal signals. 3. As the horizontal response amplitude increased over time, consistent changes were also observed in the spatiotemporal tuning of horizontal slow-phase velocity. 1) The spatiotemporal response properties of horizontal slow-phase velocity acquired noncosine tuning characteristics, primarily in the pitch plane, in the right anterior/left posterior and left anterior/right posterior canal planes. Accordingly, horizontal response amplitude was nonzero during rotation in any head position in these planes and response phase varied significantly as a function of head orientation. 2) The peak horizontal response amplitude shifted spatially over time, such that 5–10 mo after plugging it was maximal during rotations at head positions close to upright. 4. In parallel to these unique spatiotemporal response properties characterizing the adapted horizontal VOR, torsional slow-phase velocity also exhibited small spatiotemporal changes after lateral canal inactivation that tended to precede in time the changes associated with the horizontal response components. In contrast, vertical slow-phase velocity in the plugged animals was unaltered and continued to be characterized by cosine-tuned spatial properties in three dimensions. 5. Recovery of the horizontal response gain during yaw oscillations in upright position, as well as the unique, noncosine spatiotemporal characteristics of the adapted horizontal VOR, were also observed in an animal with all but one vertical semicircular canals inactivated. There was, however, no sign of VOR gain recovery up to 2 mo after all semicircular canals were inactivated. These results suggest that the observed recovery of horizontal VOR is at least partly due to signals originating from the remaining intact vertical canal(s). Even in the presence of a single intact vertical canal, the improvement in horizontal gaze stability is at least partly restored through spatiotemporal changes in the processing of vestibuloocular signals that improve the gain and spatial tuning of horizontal VOR at the expense of temporal response properties.
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Lewis, Richard F., Csilla Haburcakova, Wangsong Gong, Chadi Makary, and Daniel M. Merfeld. "Vestibuloocular Reflex Adaptation Investigated With Chronic Motion-Modulated Electrical Stimulation of Semicircular Canal Afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (February 2010): 1066–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00241.2009.
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To investigate vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation produced by changes in peripheral vestibular afference, we developed and tested a vestibular “prosthesis” that senses yaw-axis angular head velocity and uses this information to modulate the rate of electrical pulses applied to the lateral canal ampullary nerve. The ability of the brain to adapt the different components of the VOR (gain, phase, axis, and symmetry) during chronic prosthetic electrical stimulation was studied in two squirrel monkeys. After characterizing the normal yaw-axis VOR, electrodes were implanted in both lateral canals and the canals were plugged. The VOR in the canal-plugged/instrumented state was measured and then unilateral stimulation was applied by the prosthesis. The VOR was repeatedly measured over several months while the prosthetic stimulation was cycled between off, low-sensitivity, and high-sensitivity stimulation states. The VOR response initially demonstrated a low gain, abnormal rotational axis, and substantial asymmetry. During chronic stimulation the gain increased, the rotational axis improved, and the VOR became more symmetric. Gain changes were augmented by cycling the stimulation between the off and both low- and high-sensitivity states every few weeks. The VOR time constant remained low throughout the period of chronic stimulation. These results demonstrate that the brain can adaptively modify the gain, axis, and symmetry of the VOR when provided with chronic motion-modulated electrical stimulation by a canal prosthesis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adaptation du canal"
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Moreira, Darlan Cavalcante. "EstratÃgias de EstimaÃÃo de Canal para AdaptaÃÃo de Enlace em Sistemas MIMO-OFDM." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2095.
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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃAtualmente a internet à uma ferramenta largamente utilizada e o grande desenvolvimentoe popularidade de tecnologias de acesso sem-fio (wireless) nos levam a um futuro no qual uma conexÃo caracterizada por estar disponÃvel âanytime, anywhereâ, ou seja, a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar, serà essencial. Tal caracterÃstica à considerada obrigatÃria em sistemas4G (quarta geraÃÃo), mas para uma experiÃncia satisfatÃria para o usuÃrio à necessÃrio que uma conexÃo segura e eficiente esteja disponÃvel. A fim de obter tal eficiÃncia, a comunidade de pesquisa tem gerado algumas soluÃÃes promissoras que obtÃm ganhos significativos no desempenho do sistema, tais como modulaÃÃo e codificaÃÃo adaptativas, codificaÃÃo espaÃo-temporal, mÃltiplas antenas e canais MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output ), modulaÃÃo multiportadora, detecÃÃo multiusuÃrio, etc. [1]. Dentre essas soluÃÃes, destaca-se a adaptaÃÃo do sistema, ou seja, o sistema deve estar em constante adaptaÃÃo para obter sempre o melhor desempenho possÃvel para cada situaÃÃo em que se encontra. No entanto, uma importante premissa para a adaptaÃÃo do sistema consiste em conhecer o estado atual em que o sistema se encontra (informaÃÃo sobre o canal de comunicaÃÃo). Para isso diversas tÃcnicas de estimaÃÃo de canal sÃo propostas na literatura, cada uma possuindo vantagens e desvantagens. Nesse trabalho o impacto da estimaÃÃo de canal na adaptaÃÃo de enlace à analisado atravÃs de simulaÃÃes computacionais1. Em particular, duas tÃcnicas de estimaÃÃo de canal com caracterÃsticas diferentes sÃo analisadas, para alguns cenÃrios especÃficos em um sistema MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ), atravÃs de uma mÃtrica que considera tanto a redundÃncia introduzida para estimar o canal quanto o erro de estimaÃÃo de canal de cada tÃcnica. Os resultados encontrados constituem curvas que podem ser utilizadas para efetuar a adaptaÃÃo de enlace do sistema de maneira mais realista, ou seja, considerando o efeito da estimaÃÃo de canal, alÃm de incluir a prÃpria tÃcnica de estimaÃÃo de canal como um parÃmetro a ser adaptado.
Atualmente a internet à uma ferramenta largamente utilizada e o grande desenvolvimentoe popularidade de tecnologias de acesso sem-fio (wireless) nos levam a um futuro no qual uma conexÃo caracterizada por estar disponÃvel âanytime, anywhereâ, ou seja, a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar, serà essencial. Tal caracterÃstica à considerada obrigatÃria em sistemas4G (quarta geraÃÃo), mas para uma experiÃncia satisfatÃria para o usuÃrio à necessÃrio que uma conexÃo segura e eficiente esteja disponÃvel. A fim de obter tal eficiÃncia, a comunidade de pesquisa tem gerado algumas soluÃÃes promissoras que obtÃm ganhos significativos no desempenho do sistema, tais como modulaÃÃo e codificaÃÃo adaptativas, codificaÃÃo espaÃo-temporal, mÃltiplas antenas e canais MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output ), modulaÃÃo multiportadora, detecÃÃo multiusuÃrio, etc. [1]. Dentre essas soluÃÃes, destaca-se a adaptaÃÃo do sistema, ou seja, o sistema deve estar em constante adaptaÃÃo para obter sempre o melhor desempenho possÃvel para cada situaÃÃo em que se encontra. No entanto, uma importante premissa para a adaptaÃÃo do sistema consiste em conhecer o estado atual em que o sistema se encontra (informaÃÃo sobre o canal de comunicaÃÃo). Para isso diversas tÃcnicas de estimaÃÃo de canal sÃo propostas na literatura, cada uma possuindo vantagens e desvantagens. Nesse trabalho o impacto da estimaÃÃo de canal na adaptaÃÃo de enlace à analisado atravÃs de simulaÃÃes computacionais1. Em particular, duas tÃcnicas de estimaÃÃo de canal com caracterÃsticas diferentes sÃo analisadas, para alguns cenÃrios especÃficos em um sistema MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ), atravÃs de uma mÃtrica que considera tanto a redundÃncia introduzida para estimar o canal quanto o erro de estimaÃÃo de canal de cada tÃcnica. Os resultados encontrados constituem curvas que podem ser utilizadas para efetuar a adaptaÃÃo de enlace do sistema de maneira mais realista, ou seja, considerando o efeito da estimaÃÃo de canal, alÃm de incluir a prÃpria tÃcnica de estimaÃÃo de canal como um parÃmetro a ser adaptado.
Nowadays the internet is a widely used tool and the great development and popularity of wireless technologies leads us to a future where the connectivity will be characterized as âanywhere, anytimeâ. Such characteristic is considered essential in 4G systems. However, for a satisfactory user experience a secure and efficient connectivity has to be always available. To obtain such efficiency, the research community has generated a number of promising solutions that achieve significative improvements in system performance, such as adaptive modulation and coding, space-time coding, multiple antennas and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output ) channels, multicarrier modulation, multiuser detection, etc. [1]. Among these solutions, the system adaptation is a particularly interesting one, there is, the system must constantly adapt itself to achieve the best performance for each situation. However, one important premise for the system adaptation is the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). To obtain this knowledge, several channel estimation strategies were proposed in the literature, each one with advantages and disadvantages. In this work we analyze the impact of channel estimation in the link adaptation through computer simulations1. Two channel estimation techniques with different characteristics were analyzed for some specific scenarios in a MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ) system. To perform the analysis it was used a metric that consider the redundancy introduced to estimate the channel and the channel estimation error of each technique. The obtained results constitute curves that can be used to perform link adaptation in a more realistic way, that is, considering the effect of channel estimation. Besides, it is shown that even the choice of the channel estimation strategy can be an adaptable parameter so that the most adequate channel estimation strategy for each system state is used.
Nowadays the internet is a widely used tool and the great development and popularity of wireless technologies leads us to a future where the connectivity will be characterized as âanywhere, anytimeâ. Such characteristic is considered essential in 4G systems. However, for a satisfactory user experience a secure and efficient connectivity has to be always available. To obtain such efficiency, the research community has generated a number of promising solutions that achieve significative improvements in system performance, such as adaptive modulation and coding, space-time coding, multiple antennas and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output ) channels, multicarrier modulation, multiuser detection, etc. [1]. Among these solutions, the system adaptation is a particularly interesting one, there is, the system must constantly adapt itself to achieve the best performance for each situation. However, one important premise for the system adaptation is the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). To obtain this knowledge, several channel estimation strategies were proposed in the literature, each one with advantages and disadvantages. In this work we analyze the impact of channel estimation in the link adaptation through computer simulations1. Two channel estimation techniques with different characteristics were analyzed for some specific scenarios in a MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ) system. To perform the analysis it was used a metric that consider the redundancy introduced to estimate the channel and the channel estimation error of each technique. The obtained results constitute curves that can be used to perform link adaptation in a more realistic way, that is, considering the effect of channel estimation. Besides, it is shown that even the choice of the channel estimation strategy can be an adaptable parameter so that the most adequate channel estimation strategy for each system state is used.
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Léonard, Sébastien. "Simulation des grandes échelles en maillage adaptatif." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01570183.
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Ning, Baozhu. "Performance Analysis of Iterative Soft Interference Cancellation Algorithms and New Link Adaptation Strategies for Coded MIMO Systems." Thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013SUPL0034/document.
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Les systèmes de communication sans fil actuels évoluent vers un renforcement des réactivités des protocles de la gestion des ressources radio (RRM) et adaptation du lien radipe (FLA) afin d'optimiser conjointement les couches MAC et PHY. En parallèle, la technologie d'antenne multiples et turbo récepteurs avancés ont un grand potentiel pour augmenter l’efficacité spectrale dans les futurs systèmes de communication sans fil. Ces deux tendances, à savoir, l'optimisation inter couche et le traitement de turbo, nécessitent le développement de nouvelles abstractions de la couche PHY (aussi appelée méthode de prédiction de la performance) qui peuvent capturer les performances du récepteur itératif par itération pour permettre l'introduction en douceur de ces récepteurs avancés dans FLA et RRM.La thèse de doctorat revisite en détail l'architecture du turbo récepteur, plus particulièrement, la classe d'algorithme itératif effectuant la détection linéaire par minimisation d’erreur quadratique moyenne avec l'annulation d’interférence (LMMSE-IC). Ensuite, une méthode semi-analytique de prédiction de la performance est proposée pour analyser son l'évolution par la modélisation stochastique de chacun des composants. Intrinsèquement, la méthode de prédiction de la performance est subordonnée à la disposition de connaissance d’information d’état du canal au niveau du récepteur (CSIR), le type de codage de canal (code convolutif ou un code turbo), le nombre de mots de code ainsi que le type d’information probabilistic sur les bits codés réinjectée par le décodeur pour la reconstruction et l'annulation d'interférence à l'intérieur d’algorithme de LMMSE -IC itératif.Dans la deuxième partie, l’adaptation du lien en boucle fermée dans les systèmes MIMO codés basés sur les abstractions de la couche PHY proposées pour les récepteurs LMMSE -IC itératifs ont été abordés. Le schéma proposé d'adaptation de liaison repose sur un faible taux de rétroaction et exploite la sélection du précodeur spatiale (par exemple, la sélection d'antennes) et du schéma de modulation et de codage (MCS) de façon à maximiser le taux moyen soumis à une contrainte de taux d'erreur de bloc. Différents schémas de codage sont testés, tels qu’un codage parcourant tous les antennes où un codage par antenne. Les simulations montrent bien le gain important obtenu avec les turbo récepteurs comparée à celui d’un récepteur MMSE classiqueCurrent wireless communication systems evolve toward an enhanced reactivity of Radio Resource Management (RRM) and Fast Link Adaptation (FLA) protocols in order to jointly optimize the Media Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers. In parallel, multiple antenna technology and advanced turbo receivers have a large potential to increase the spectral efficiency of future wireless communication system. These two trends, namely, cross layer optimization and turbo processing, call for the development of new PHY-layer abstractions (also called performance prediction method) that can capture the iterative receiver performance per iteration to enable the smooth introduction of such advanced receivers within FLA and RRM. The PhD thesis first revisits in detail the architecture of the turbo receiver, more particularly, the class of iterative Linear Minimum Mean-Square Error (soft) Interference Cancellation (LMMSE-IC) algorithms. Then, a semi-analytical performance prediction method is proposed to analyze its evolution through the stochastic modeling of each of the components. Intrinsically, the performance prediction method is conditional on the available Channel State Information at Receiver (CSIR), the type of channel coding (convolutional code or turbo code), the number of codewords and the type of Log Likelihood Ratios (LLR) on coded bits fed back from the decoder for interference reconstruction and cancellation inside the iterative LMMSE-IC algorithms. In the second part, closed-loop FLA in coded MIMO systems based on the proposed PHY-layer abstractions for iterative LMMSE-IC receiver have been tackled. The proposed link adaptation scheme relies on a low rate feedback and operates joint spatial precoder selection (e.g., antenna selection) and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection so as to maximize the average rate subject to a target block error rate constraint. The cross antenna coding (the transmitter employs a Space-Time Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (STBICM) ) and per antenna coding (Each antenna employs an independent Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation(BICM)) cases are both considered. The simulations clearly show the significant gain obtained with turbo receivers compared to that of a conventional MMSE receiver
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Abdeddaim, Mohamed Nazim. "Analyse des performances d'un réseau de capteurs exploitant le standard IEEE 802.15.4." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENM067/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les réseaux de capteurs suscitent un engouement croissant du fait du grand nombre d'applications mais également des défis inhérents à ce genre de réseaux. Le standard IEEE 802.15.4 a été proposé afin de standardiser les couches physique et MAC. Dans ce travail nous avons dans un premier temps proposé une variante multi-canal pour le standard 802.15.4 permettant de résoudre le problème de collisions de supertrames. Pour cela nous proposons de construire un réseau en arbre avec la particularité que chaque cellule du réseau utilise un canal différent permettant ainsi une réduction conséquente des interférences et augmente la capacité du réseau. Nous avons également introduit un nouveau mécanisme de construction de topologie, d'allocation de canal et d'ordonnancement de supertrames nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d'une telle solution. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons analysé l'impact des différents paramètres de la méthode d'accès du standard. Nous avons mis en exergue les faiblesses de la méthode d'accès dont les performances baissent drastiquement pour des réseaux trop importants. Partant de ce constat, nous avons proposé des mécanismes d'auto-adaptation pour la méthode d'accès du standard. Ces derniers permettent d'adapter dynamiquement la taille des fenêtres de contention en fonction des conditions de trafic observées sur le canal. Le calcul des valeurs optimales est exécuté par chaque coordinateur pour résoudre le problème de surdité. Ces mécanismes sont distribués et convergent rapidement même en cas de trafic en rafalesAn increasing interest has been observed in Wirless Sensor Network that can be explained by wide range of WSN applications as well as by the challenges involving the constraints of this type of networks. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been proposed with the objective of standardizing the physical and MAC layers. In this work, we have firstly proposed an alternative multichannel scheme for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is able to solve the problem of superframe collisions based on a cluster-tree topology approach in which each cluster uses a different channel allowing the reduction of the interference and increased network capacity. We have also difined a novel mechanism for topology construction, channel allocation, and superframe scheduling. Secondly, we have analyzed the impact of different parameters on the medium access control. We have shown the weakness of the medium access method proposed in the standard. For instance, we have observed a decrease in performance when the standard is applied in large networks. Motivated by the analysis and its results we have then proposed auto-adaptive mechanisms for the medium access control. They allow to dynamically adapt the size of the contention window according to the observed traffic conditions. Each coordinator computes the optimal values to avoid deafness. The proposed mechanisms rapidly converge even in the case of bursty traffic
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Bhouri, Mounir. "Algorithmes adaptatifs parallèles à complexité réduite, application au filtrage adaptatif multi-canal." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S003.
Full textAbstract:
Les algorithmes adaptatifs sont utilisés dans différentes applications de traitement du signal. Ainsi dans les applications telles que l'annulation d'écho acoustique, on utilise des algorithmes robustes et à faible complexité à cause des fortes contraintes imposées (temps réel, signaux complexes). Toutefois, les approches existantes de réduction de la complexité des moindres carrés concernent exclusivement les algorithmes issus du RLS, ils présentent, par conséquent, des problèmes d'instabilité numérique. Nous abordons dans cette thèse, la dérivation d'une nouvelle classe d'algorithmes adaptatifs. Ces algorithmes sont issus de l’algorithme QR-RLS par l'introduction de transformations itératives dans le schéma d'adaptation des matrices de l'algorithme. Ils présentent de ce fait d'excellentes propriétés numériques. Nous développons, également, des implémentations parallèles ainsi que des versions rapides de ces algorithmes. Les simulations dans le contexte de filtrage adaptatif multicanal, pour les applications : annulation d'écho acoustique stéréophonique et égalisation d'un canal numérique, permettent de mettre en évidence un comportement robuste des algorithmes bloc-GR. De même, cette approche s'applique au filtrage adaptatif à réponse impulsionnelle infinie (IIR), nous dérivons alors des algorithmes IIR rapides et efficaces. Finalement, nous définissons un cadre plus général d'algorithmes adaptatifs square-root qui intègre les algorithmes des moindres carrés, les algorithmes du gradient et les algorithmes bloc-QR. Ces derniers sont alors identifiés comme des intermédiaires entre les algorithmes des moindres carrés à convergence rapide et les algorithmes du gradient à convergence robuste.
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Chaabane, Chiraz. "Système embarqué autonome en énergie pour objets mobiles communicants." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071056.
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Le nombre et la complexité croissante des applications qui sont intégrées dans des objets mobiles communicants sans fil (téléphone mobile, PDA, etc.) implique une augmentation de la consommation d'énergie. Afin de limiter l'impact de la pollution due aux déchets des batteries et des émissions de CO2, il est important de procéder à une optimisation de la consommation d'énergie de ces appareils communicants. Cette thèse porte sur l'efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux de capteurs. Dans cette étude, nous proposons de nouvelles approches pour gérer efficacement les objets communicants mobiles. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une architecture globale de réseau de capteurs et une nouvelle approche de gestion de la mobilité économe en énergie pour les appareils terminaux de type IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. Cette approche est basée sur l'indicateur de la qualité de lien (LQI) et met en œuvre un algorithme spéculatif pour déterminer le prochain coordinateur. Nous avons ainsi proposé et évalué deux algorithmes spéculatifs différents. Ensuite, nous étudions et évaluons l'efficacité énergétique lors de l'utilisation d'un algorithme d'adaptation de débit prenant en compte les conditions du canal de communication. Nous proposons d'abord une approche mixte combinant un nouvel algorithme d'adaptation de débit et notre approche de gestion de la mobilité. Ensuite, nous proposons et évaluons un algorithme d'adaptation de débit hybride qui repose sur une estimation plus précise du canal de liaison. Les différentes simulations effectuées tout au long de ce travail montrent l'efficacité énergétique des approches proposées ainsi que l'amélioration de la connectivité des nœuds.
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Bolea, Alamañac Ana Isabel. "Conception et mise en œuvre de méthodes de compensation des effets du canal de propagation pour optimiser les ressources radio." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ESAE0016.
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L'augmentation des besoins en bande passante et la saturation du spectre en bande Ku (12 GHz) pour les nouveaux systèmes de communications par satellite géostationnaires, poussent à l'utilisation de fréquences plus élevées (bande Ka et Q/V, 20 à 50 GHz) où de plus grandes largeurs de bandes sont disponibles, mais où les effets atmosphériques sont importants. Il faut alors définir des techniques adaptatives (FMT : fade mitigation techniques) qui permettent d’optimiser la couche physique du système en prenant en compte les conditions de propagation qui sont variables dans le temps. La définition optimisée de ces techniques adaptatives fait l'objet de cette thèse. Le rapport décrit tout d’abord les caractéristiques principales de la propagation dans ces bandes de fréquences. Les techniques adaptatives sont ensuite analysées. L'analyse s’appuie sur un système de référence multifaisceaux pour l’accès distribué à l’lnternet. Une méthode originale d’évaluation des performances système a été développée pour quantifier l’efficacité de ces techniques et choisir leur meilleure combinaison. L'analyse a révélé le besoin de nouvelles procédures d'optimisation des bilans de liaison qui ont été mises au point. Ainsi l'introduction de l'adaptation du schéma de modulation-codage (utilisant le standard DVB-SZ et une proposition d'extension du DVB-RCS) permet une nette amélioration des résultats en termes de capacité. Après avoir quantifié l’apport de ces techniques de compensation de façon théorique, la dernière partie des travaux de recherche est dédiée à l'implémentation des techniques étudiées. La principale difficulté réside, selon la technique FMT concernée, dans l'obtention de mesures fiables et rapides de la magnitude de l'affaiblissement ou du SNIR, rapport puissance porteuse à puissance du bruit (y compris brouillages). Plusieurs architectures d'implantation des techniques FMT ont été proposées. Les sources d’erreurs associées aux différentes fonctions mises en œuvre dans l'architecture FMT ont été identifiées et quantifiées. À partir de cette analyse, une méthode de définition des seuils et des marges de décision d’activation de chaque technique est proposée. La thèse se termine par les résultats obtenus à partir d’un simulateur de la boucle de contrôle FMT. Les simulations confirment l'amélioration des performances du système grâce à l'introduction des FMT, et mettent aussi en évidence l'intérêt de la proposition de répartition non-uniforme des seuils et des marges pour optimiser la boucle de contrôle FMT.
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Abdeddaim, Mohamed nazim. "Analyse des performances d'un réseau de capteurs exploitant le standard IEEE 802.15.4." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767883.
Full textAbstract:
Les réseaux de capteurs suscitent un engouement croissant du fait du grand nombre d'applications mais également des défis inhérents à ce genre de réseaux. Le standard IEEE 802.15.4 a été proposé afin de standardiser les couches physique et MAC. Dans ce travail nous avons dans un premier temps proposé une variante multi-canal pour le standard 802.15.4 permettant de résoudre le problème de collisions de supertrames. Pour cela nous proposons de construire un réseau en arbre avec la particularité que chaque cellule du réseau utilise un canal différent permettant ainsi une réduction conséquente des interférences et augmente la capacité du réseau. Nous avons également introduit un nouveau mécanisme de construction de topologie, d'allocation de canal et d'ordonnancement de supertrames nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d'une telle solution. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons analysé l'impact des différents paramètres de la méthode d'accès du standard. Nous avons mis en exergue les faiblesses de la méthode d'accès dont les performances baissent drastiquement pour des réseaux trop importants. Partant de ce constat, nous avons proposé des mécanismes d'auto-adaptation pour la méthode d'accès du standard. Ces derniers permettent d'adapter dynamiquement la taille des fenêtres de contention en fonction des conditions de trafic observées sur le canal. Le calcul des valeurs optimales est exécuté par chaque coordinateur pour résoudre le problème de surdité. Ces mécanismes sont distribués et convergent rapidement même en cas de trafic en rafales.
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Mhamdi, Maroua. "Méthodes de transmission d'images optimisées utilisant des techniques de communication numériques avancées pour les systèmes multi-antennes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2281/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est consacrée à l'amélioration des performances de codage/décodage de systèmes de transmission d'images fixes sur des canaux bruités et réalistes. Nous proposons, à cet effet, le développement de méthodes de transmission d'images optimisées en se focalisant sur les deux couches application et physique des réseaux sans fil. Au niveau de la couche application et afin d'assurer une bonne qualité de service, on utilise des algorithmes de compression efficaces permettant au récepteur de reconstruire l'image avec un maximum de fidélité (JPEG2000 et JPWL). Afin d'assurer une transmission sur des canaux sans fil avec un minimum de TEB à la réception, des techniques de transmission, de codage et de modulation avancées sont utilisées au niveau de la couche physique (système MIMO-OFDM, modulation adaptative, CCE, etc). Dans un premier temps, nous proposons un système de transmission robuste d'images codées JPWL intégrant un schéma de décodage conjoint source-canal basé sur des techniques de décodage à entrées pondérées. On considère, ensuite, l'optimisation d'une chaîne de transmission d'images sur un canal MIMO-OFDM sans fil réaliste. La stratégie de transmission d'images optimisée s'appuie sur des techniques de décodage à entrées pondérées et une approche d'adaptation de lien. Ainsi, le schéma de transmission proposé offre la possibilité de mettre en oeuvre conjointement de l'UEP, de l'UPA, de la modulation adaptative, du codage de source adaptatif et de décodage conjoint pour améliorer la qualité de l'image à la réception. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons un système robuste de transmission de flux progressifs basé sur le principe de turbo décodage itératif de codes concaténés offrant une stratégie de protection inégale de données. Ainsi, l'originalité de cette étude consiste à proposer des solutions performantes d'optimisation globale d'une chaîne de communication numérique pour améliorer la qualité de transmissionThis work is devoted to improve the coding/ decoding performance of a transmission scheme over noisy and realistic channels. For this purpose, we propose the development of optimized image transmission methods by focusing on both application and physical layers of wireless networks. In order to ensure a better quality of services, efficient compression algorithms (JPEG2000 and JPWL) are used in terms of the application layer enabling the receiver to reconstruct the images with maximum fidelity. Furthermore, to insure a transmission on wireless channels with a minimum BER at reception, some transmission, coding and advanced modulation techniques are used in the physical layer (MIMO-OFDM system, adaptive modulation, FEC, etc). First, we propose a robust transmission system of JPWL encoded images integrating a joint source-channel decoding scheme based on soft input decoding techniques. Next, the optimization of an image transmission scheme on a realistic MIMO-OFDM channel is considered. The optimized image transmission strategy is based on soft input decoding techniques and a link adaptation approach. The proposed transmission scheme offers the possibility of jointly implementing, UEP, UPA, adaptive modulation, adaptive source coding and joint decoding strategies, in order to improve the image visual quality at the reception. Then, we propose a robust transmission system for embedded bit streams based on concatenated block coding mechanism offering an unequal error protection strategy. Thus, the novelty of this study consists in proposing efficient solutions for the global optimization of wireless communication system to improve transmission quality
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Altoé, Mariana Olivieri Caixeta. "Codificação conjunta fonte-canal utilizando codificadores universais adaptativos." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2007. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=378.
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Tradicionalmente, codificação de fonte e codificação de canal são tratados independentemente, no que se denomina sistema de codificação em dois passos. Isso ocorre porque o teorema da separação das codificações de fonte e canal garante que não há perdas em termos de confiabilidade da transmissão em assim fazê-lo quando o volume de dados gerados pela fonte cresce indefinidamente. No entanto, para seqüências finitas, foi mostrado que pode ser mais eficiente realizar a codificação em apenas um passo, denominada codificação conjunta fonte-canal, que faz uso das características da fonte ou do codificador de fonte para prover proteção contra erros. Este trabalho propõe uma técnica de codificação conjunta utilizando codificadores de fonte e canal consagrados e encontrados em aplicações práticas. São eles o codificador universal adaptativo LZW e o codificador de canal Reed-Solomon. O método proposto utiliza o fato do codificador de fonte não remover completamente a redundância dos arquivos originais para adicionar bits extras, sem perda de desempenho e sem distorção dos dados originais. A redundância remanescente no código é então utilizada para embutir os bits de paridade do código de canal. O desempenho do método é medido através de sua aplicação em arquivos dos corpos de Calgary e Canterbury. A exploração da redundância remanescente no código gerado pelo LZW pode ser aplicada aos codificadores universais LZ78 e suas variações que se baseiam no mesmo princípio de atualização do dicionário.
Books on the topic "Adaptation du canal"
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Sinha, Saurabh. Resisting change ?: Adaptations by traditional pastoralists to the Rajasthan Canal Project. London, UK: Drylands Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development, 1996.
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En torno a Cervantes: Sala de exposiciones del Canal de Isabel II, Madrid, noviembre 1997 - enero 1998. [Madrid]: Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, Consejería de Educación y Cultura, 1997.
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Sarah, Christiane-Marie Abu. Revolutionary Emotions in Cold War Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350399358.
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In autumn 1951, a diverse array of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish students from clubs like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Worker’s Vanguard launched a guerrilla struggle against British occupation of the Suez Canal Zone. Revolutionary Emotions in Cold War Egypt recovers this overshadowed revolution of 1951, and the part played by the “Canal struggle” in the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy. In a study spanning a half-dozen international archives, the book delves into the divisive court cases and rousing club newspapers, intimate memoirs and personal poetry of Egyptian activists. These documents reveal that in the early years of the Cold War, morality tales and moral emotions were at the heart of the methods and the successes of Egyptian activists. What stories did activists tell, and how did the emotional appeals and “moral talk” of Islamist and communist clubs compare? How did Arabic-speaking populations negotiate moral norms, and what role did emotions like love, anger, and disgust play in political campaigns? Taking a journey through Islamic parables about perilous beaches, communist adaptations of Greek myths, and popular stories about Juha’s Nail and Paul Revere’s Ride through the Suez Canal, this book uncovers a rich history of activist storytelling. These practices uncover the mechanics of morality tales, and reveal how activists used narratives to convert emotion to motion and drive social change. Still vitally important for readers today, such findings shed light on how paramilitary groups and protest movements use moral appeals to attract support—and why activist campaigns become the controversial epicentre of polarizing emotional battles.
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Ayala, Francisco J., and Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Taxonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the hominin tribe as it branches off within the hominoid diversification. It considers the differences between humans and chimpanzees, and explores the systems of classification of the human lineage. Next come the different adaptive strategies of the various genera of the human lineage. An outcome of different adaptations are the derived characteristic human traits, from large brains to bipedalism, which is the only apomorphy universally shared by the human lineage. Bipedalism is analyzed in detail, morphologically as well as functionally, including biomechanical features, comparing fossil exemplars to preserved footprints. The final issue explored is the narrowing of the birth canal caused by different degrees of bipedalism. Bipedalism changed somewhat its function when adjusting to running in the open savannas.
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Mordden, Ethan. The Musical. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651794.003.0009.
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This chapter analyzes and discusses the performance of Chicago, which opened in 1975. Here were the key elements of Fosse’s art, the carnal act on one hand and, on the other, the indefinable American something that toys with our imaginations and infuriates the authorities. Sex and jazz worked as a set, like crime and show business in the early talkie. The chapter argues that in his faithful adaptation of Maurine Watkins’ play, Fosse brought out all the bawdy chaos that “Chicago” meant in American mythology. To close, the chapter discusses the reception of the musical as well as the inevitable changes in the cast after the first several hundred performances of Chicago’s initial run.
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The King of Mud & Grass: A Tale of King Arthur, Merlin & Cabal. Pale Horse Books, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Adaptation du canal"
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Perin, Paola, and Sergio Masetto. "Role of K+ Channels in Semicircular Canal Adaptation." In Neurobiology, 183–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5899-6_15.
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"Climate change adaptation in the Panama Canal." In Climate Change and Adaptation Planning for Ports, 204–25. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315756813-21.
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Lane, Nancy E., and Daniel J. Wallace. "The Many Faces of Osteoarthritis." In All About Osteoarthritis, 53–60. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138733.003.0010.
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Abstract Although most people view osteoarthritis as simply “arthritis;’ in reality there are many different types of this misunderstood disorder. As noted in chapter 1, 85-90% of osteoarthritis is known as “generalized” or “primary.” In chapters 11-13, we cover specific forms of generalized, primary osteoarthritis, which have unique or special characteristics when they appear in certain parts of the body. Examples of this adaptation to differing anatomic regions include Hebreden’s nodes in the small joints of the hand, chondromalacia patellae in the kneecap, spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) or herniated discs in the back, and inflammatory or erosive osteoarthritis in the hand. Occasionally, classic osteoarthritis can be accelerated as a consequence of overuse syndromes and “wear and tear;’ as in a baseball pitcher’s shoulder or a basketball player’s knee. Trauma clearly brings on primary-appearing osteoarthritis to the area of injury or overuse earlier than it would appear otherwise. Broken bones during childhood often lead to osteoarthritic joints in later years.
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Saunders, Nicholas J. "Guerrillas and the ‘Sultan’s Mule’." In Desert Insurgency, 59–85. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722007.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses how the First World War revitalised the Hejaz Railway, but not always as the new Turkish government, their German allies, or the British could have foreseen. No one could have predicted the role the faithful railroad would play in the coming conflict, its momentous consequences, or its galvanizing role in creating modern guerrilla warfare. And nobody, let alone the recently volunteered intelligence officer 2nd Lieutenant T. E. Lawrence, could have recognized that Abdulhamid II’s dream railway would be a catalyst for the modern legend of Lawrence of Arabia. The railroad had been a strategic artery since its inception. Despite Ottoman emphasis on its religious role, and its economic and cultural effects along its route, there had always been a geopolitical dimension, as it bypassed the Suez Canal and threatened British India and the Far East. Yet there was nothing inevitable about a war fought along its length. The railroad was to be an unexpected proving ground for a new form of conflict with global reach based on a modern adaptation of traditional Bedouin raiding, itself honed by centuries of attacking Hajj caravans.
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Shepherd, Gordon M. "The Neuron Doctrine." In Foundations Of The Neuron Doctrine, 177–93. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195064919.003.0014.
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Abstract Good news travels fast in science, as Cajal’s demonstration at the Berlin Congress showed; in the months that followed, his adaptations of the Golgi method were quickly adopted and modified, the results tested, confirmed, and extended. Cajal (1989) noted and appreciated each one of his supporters: His, Waldeyer, Kölliker, and Edinger in Germany; Lugaro and Tanzi in Italy; van Gehuchten in Belgium; von Lenhossék in Switzerland; Retzius in Sweden; Azoulay, Dejerine and Duval in France. As van Gehuchten (in Cajal, 1989) recalled:
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Koch, Christof. "Synaptic Plasticity." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0019.
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Animals live in an ever-changing environment to which they must continuously adapt. Adaptation in the nervous system occurs at every level, from ion channels and synapses to single neurons and whole networks. It operates in many different forms and on many time scales. Retinal adaptation, for example, permits us to adjust within minutes to changes of over eight orders of magnitude of brightness, from the dark of a moonless night to high noon. High-level memory—the storage and recognition of a person's face, for example—can also be seen as a specialized form of adaptation (see Squire, 1987). The ubiquity of adaptation in the nervous system is a radical but often underappreciated difference between brains and computers. With few exceptions, all modern computers are patterned according to the architecture laid out by von Neumann (1956). Here the adaptive elements—the random access memory (RAM)—are both physically and conceptually distinct from the processing elements, the central processing unit (CPU). Even proposals to incorporate massive amounts of so-called intelligent RAM (IRAM) directly onto any future processor chip fall well short of the degree of intermixing present in nervous systems (Kozyrakis et al., 1997). It is only within the last few years that a few pioneers have begun to demonstrate the advantages of incorporating adaptive elements at all stages of the computation into electronic circuits (Mead, 1990; Koch and Mathur, 1996; Diorio et al.,1996). For over a century (Tanzi, 1893; Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1991), the leading hypothesis among both theoreticians and experimentalists has been that synoptic plasticity underlies most long-term behavioral plasticity. It has nevertheless been extremely difficult to establish a direct link between behavioral plasticity and its biophysical substrate, in part because most biophysical research is conducted with in vitro preparations in which a slice of the brain is removed from the organism, while behavior is best studied in the intact animal. In mammalian systems the problem is particularly acute, but combined pharmacological, behavioral, and genetic approaches are yielding promising if as yet incomplete results (Saucier and Cain, 1995; Cain, 1997; Davis, Butcher, and Morris, 1992; Tonegawa, 1995; McHugh et al., 1996; Rogan, Stäubli, LeDoux, 1997).
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Leigh, R. John, and David S. Zee. "The Vestibular-Optokinetic System." In The Neurology of Eye Movements, 55–168. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews properties and neural substrate of vestibular and optokinetic eye movements. Geometric aspects of head rotations and translations (linear movements) are related to properties of rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes. The motion sensors of the vestibular labyrinth -the semicircular canals and otolith organs - are described. The contributions that direct and indirect central pathways make to the direction and temporal properties of vestibulo-ocular responses are summarized. Optokinetic-vestibular interactions during sustained rotations are discussed. Properties of vestibular and optokinetic responses -gain, phase, and time constant - are explained as well as how they are influenced by factors including target location, mental set, and changing visual demands (vestibular adaptation and the cerebellum). The multiple cerebral areas that contribute to vestibular sensation are reviewed. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of vestibulo-ocular function is summarized including rotational and caloric testing, and vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). The pathogenesis of common vestibular and optokinetic disorders is reviewed.
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Raby, Megan. "An American Tropical Laboratory." In American Tropics. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635606.003.0002.
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During the lead-up to the Spanish-American War, U.S. botanists looked with envy at the progress of European scientists, who had access to tropical colonies. They pushed for the creation of their own “American tropical laboratory.” Chapter 1 traces the origins of the U.S. tropical laboratory movement; the resulting rental of the station at Cinchona, Jamaica; and the first decade of research there by members of the founding generation of U.S. ecologists. This history reveals their range of motivations for engaging in tropical research, from the 1890s through the outbreak of World War I and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The study of tropical organisms—with their diversity of forms and adaptations so foreign to those familiar with temperate flora and fauna—seemed to offer a path to a truly general understanding of living things. At the same time, U.S. botanists saw tropical research as the key to a place on the international scientific stage. U.S. botanists did not wait for statesponsored colonial science. Driven by a distinct set of intellectual, cultural, and professional concerns, they were ready to filibuster for science to acquire an outpost for research in the Caribbean.
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Eisner, Martin. "The Mouth (Marginal Gloss)." In Dante's New Life of the Book, 89–108. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869634.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter is the first of three in Part Two: ‘Glossing Beatrice’, each of which considers Dante’s so-called ‘divisions’, the prose portions in which he describes the different parts of his poetic compositions. Although both medieval and modern critics have dismissed this textual component, these chapters highlight their important hermeneutic, institutional, and narrative functions in the work. This chapter investigates several minor textual interventions in Dante’s text that have major implications, including the editorial modification of ‘viso’ (face) into ‘riso’ (smile) in the canzone Donne ch’avete intelletto d’amore that is motivated by a desire to make the poem align with Dante’s discussion of it in the division. This emendation introduces the issue of Beatrice’s embodiment and the place of Dante’s carnal desires in his exaltation of her, a theme that radiates throughout the tradition in adaptations of Dante’s poem from Petrarch to Pascoli, D’Annunzio, and Mandelstam. The final section examines Dante’s return to the poem in Purgatorio 24, where the significant variant ‘chiodo’ (nail) may reflect the novelty of Dante’s use of the book form to express his love for Beatrice.
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Alejandra Estrella Núñez, Mayra, Alkmini Firtinidou-Stergiou, Margherita Rago, Chenxin Jonathan Yee, Alberto Barontini, Tiago Miguel Ferreira, and Daniel V. Oliveira. "Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Areas: The Historic City Centre of Aveiro as a Case Study." In Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context: Exploring Current and Emerging Drivers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109867.
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Floods are among the most frequent and widespread natural hazards worldwide, with historic buildings proving to be particularly vulnerable. This work focuses on the large-scale flood risk assessment of the Historic City Center of Aveiro in Portugal. Due to the system of canals passing through the center and the extreme proximity to a lagoon, Aveiro is extremely prone to flooding. Furthermore, considering the great historical and artistic value the city center retains, its selection as a case study for flood risk assessment is fully supported. The work implements a recently developed methodology, combining hazard and physical vulnerability indicators to classify risk and define intervention priorities. Subsequent to an extensive survey and evaluation of almost 500 buildings, the raw data collected was classified using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. Through the macro-scale risk assessment, an essential insight is provided into the way each building is affected by flood events and, based on this knowledge, strategic rehabilitation interventions can be prioritized. To validate results, the work proposes a comparison with an analogous case study, and finally reflects upon the effective risk management and mitigation proposals as well as possible adaptations of the methodology for future applications.
Conference papers on the topic "Adaptation du canal"
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BEILICCI, Robert Florin, and Erika Beata Maria BEILICCI. "Advance Hydraulic Modelling of Irrigation Systems, Study Case Protect Agro Baba Ana Mizil Irrigation System 1155 ha, Romania." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2024 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2024_11.
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Investment "Modernization of irrigation system O.U.A.I. PROTECT AGRO BABA ANA MIZIL" is located in Prahova County, in the suburbs of the Mizil locality in the perimeter of the AHC Campia Buzaului complex development, in the irrigation system related to Plot SPP3 on Canal West 2. The total land area served by the SPP3/CV2 plot is 2171 ha, and the net area is 2076 ha. Through its rural development policy, the EU aims to help rural areas face the multiple economic, social and environmental challenges that the 21st century brings. This policy forms the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Climate change has an impact on existing water resources, especially in rural areas. Considering the poor adaptation of the existing infrastructure to the new agricultural structures, the sector remains vulnerable to climatic conditions (alternating drought and frequent floods), with significant economic effects on the economic viability of farms. This problem becomes much more acute in the context of global warming. Through their action, land improvement works (irrigation, drainage - drainage works and CES) contribute to the recovery of the land and induce beneficial effects on environmental factors: soil, water, air, supporting, once more, the inclusion of these works in the category those of public utility of national strategic interest. The case study is part of the National Strategic Program 2023-2027 - program financed by the European Union and the Government of Romania through measure DR-25 - Modernization of irrigation infrastructure The presented method allows the optimization of pipe dimensioning, respectively of the pressure and transported water discharge to irrigation capacity.
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Jenewein, Oswald. "Post-Oil Environments: Responsive Design Strategies for Coastal City-Landscapes of Oil." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.4.
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This paper summarizes parts of an interdisciplinary research and design project on climate adaptation strategies on the scale of architecture and the city within the case-study territory of Corpus Christi Bay in South Texas. In particular, this paper assesses the challenges of the emerging process of re-industrialization along the Texas Coast, highlighting significant impacts of industrial growth on the city landscape of Downtown Corpus Christi, which is located directly adjacent to the industrial oil port. A proposed masterplan is shown in this paper to demonstrate how responsive design strategies may benefit post-oil city-landscapes in the age of anthropogenic climate change. The emphasis is storm-water and flood mitigation, walkability, alternative transportation, and urban place-making in response to community input related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the AIA Framework for Designing for Equitable Communities. Methodologically, this project builds upon a mixed-methods approach. It includes qualitative and quantitative data gathered through Participatory Action Research, a successful tool to connect the research team and students to local communities, stakeholders, and constituents. The paper suggests that this era of re-industrialization needs to be seen as a transformative process that enables the aging city landscape to adapt to both changing ecological conditions and the time after this late oil boom. Urban identity, socio-economic diversity, and healthy conditions for urban ecosystems are essential parameters to inform the development of comprehensive strategies for the built environment. The responsive design strategies shown in this paper pro- pose the implementation of an infrastructural landscape addressing these challenges. The central element of the master plan is a canal that serves multiple purposes, including disaster preparation and response infrastructure, stormwater management, and alternative transportation for inner-city and city-to-city connections, has been developed to adapt Downtown Corpus Christi to the projected ecological changes.
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Machado, Ingrid de Freitas Castro, and Juraci Ferreira Galdino. "Erros do Canal de Retorno em Sistemas que Empregam Modulação Adaptativa." In XXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações. Sociedade Brasileira de Telecomunicações, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/sbrt.2009.57987.
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Thibodeaux, Austin, Zhulien Monev, Tabitha Tyler, Abbie DeCoursey, and Ning Zhang. "Flood Assessment & Modeling." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-112590.
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Abstract The purpose of our project aims to visualize, simulate, and analyze flood patterns on certain locations which have been impacted by flooding in the past. Blender is used to model the area and the FLIP Fluids Addon is then used to simulate the fluid causing the flood. The FLIP Fluids addon utilizes a cloud of particles which are based upon the Navier-Stokes equation which is the expression that describes the motion of any viscous incompressible fluid. This powerful addon can simulate the accurate flood patterns of fluid flowing with a designated velocity in any chosen direction. The velocity can be manipulated, as well as the viscosity of the fluid, gravity of the simulation world, and even the visual representation of the fluid type. FLIP Fluids words by assigning a domain, inflow, and any obstacles the fluid will interact with to the created model in Blender. Creating the model in Blender using topography data and building blueprints so that our model is as accurate as possible. One application of this is that of a building located on the southern side of McNeese State University named Collette Hall. Collette Hall is a co-ed dormitory that has a history of flooding from not only heavy rains but rising water levels in a canal just north of the building (Contraband Bayou). In our simulation, we not only worked to produce the direct behavior of flood waters entering the building, but also to demonstrate the rising water levels of Contraband Bayou using various velocity profiles of the flowing water. FLIP Fluids allows for a whitewater adaptation of the canal’s water level and gives an opportunity to manipulate and record velocity values so that the user can study the possible flooding effects. This can help administration predict the behavior of flood patterns in the Bayou, as well as giving students a visual representation of how the surrounding areas will be affected in the case of rising water levels. Our project drives home the importance of understanding flood patterns in the case of an emergency, while offering a scientific simulation for administration and students to analyze at their disposal.
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Crombez, Stéphane, and Mariane Petraglia. "Uso de banco de subfiltros adaptativos esparsos para identificação e equalização de canal submarino." In XXXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações. Sociedade Brasileira de Telecomunicações, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/sbrt.2015.126.
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Cuellar, Adriana, and Marcel Sanchez Prieto. "A River Runs Through It: Territory of Opportunistic Coexistence." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.53.
Full textAbstract:
In order to understand urban development in Latin America we must study the actions of an opportunistic environment that enables social progress. Usually, urban adaptations react to the pressures of a contested territory, that if seen as survival tactics, they amplify urban regeneration, where illicit acts of urbanism become primary sites of innovation. Such is the example of the international border between San Diego, and Tijuana. This region is no exception of witnessing the territorial conflicts and crime scenes that are typical characteristics of border regions. In particular this border encounters the highest massive migration from Latin America to the USand back (deportees), making the dividing line – in this case the Tijuana river canal – a site of urban dialectics. The channelized river has tangibly revealed the mutations and interactions of opposing realities that expose overtones, exigencies, neglected issues and/or cutting edge cultural movements. It is at this hotbed and funneling point of two countries where illicit acts of urbanism are accepted. Emblematic of an opportunistic landscape, opposing modes of operations are in some cases ignored for the sake of coexistence.
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Shchehlov, Oleksandr. "Rooftop rainwater harvesting efficiency modeling based on precipitation climatology of the southern region of Ukraine." In International Conference of Young Scientists on Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring. Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/icys-mhem.2023.024.
Full textAbstract:
The southern part of Ukraine is one of the most vulnerable regions of the country to climate change due to the increasing precipitation deficit. The region is highly dependent on a system of canals fed with water from the Kakhovka reservoir. The Kakhovka Dam destruction on June 6, 2023 and the consequent disappearance of the reservoir led to water supply problems to many settlements and agricultural lands. Rainwater harvesting in a precipitation-deficient region is an important measure for climate change adaptation. One of the solutions to mitigate the consequences of technical water deficit at the individual household level is an installation of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS). To evaluate the feasibility of using such systems and estimate the amount of water potentially collected, simulations are performed based on both climatological and climate projections data. Various indicators can be used to evaluate the RRWHS efficiency, e.g. volume of water that can be collected (precipitation inflow PI index) or the amount of time with a shortage of water in the water storage (demand exceeds supply, DES index) for a given roof area, the roof and the water storage geometry and average water consumption. The essence of the DES index is the time in days when water demand exceeds the actual water supply to the RRWHS water storage. The DES calculation involves solving the water balance equation as described in [1]. The water level change component of the equation takes into account runoff coefficient (depends on the roof geometry), the roof area, actual precipitation during a day, water outflow (daily water demand), daily evaporation rate and an area of the water storage [1]. When solving the water balance equation, the condition of not exceeding the actual water storage volume must be met. The E-OBSv27.0e dataset [2] was used as input data on precipitation over the period 1991-2020. The results of DES and PI simulations were obtained for the roof area of 50, 75, 100 m2 under the condition of the runoff coefficient equal to 0.75. The results were obtained for a fixed daily water demand of 0.3 m3 and the water storage volume of 2.0 m3. For climatological assessment, the daily DES data in the southern region of Ukraine were averaged over months, seasons and the whole climatological period. Since the efficiency of RRWHS depends on the roof area, for practical purposes PI index per 1 m2 of the collection area was calculated as well. The simulation code has been adapted to use both GFS and WRF forecast data as an input. Thus, it can be used for operational forecasting of the water level in the water storage of preset parameters in different sites of the Southern region of Ukraine.
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Arnaiz Eguren, Ignacio. "Planeamiento digital, la primera pieza de una ciudad virtual de mantenimiento distribuido." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7581.
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En los últimos años se han planteado en España diversos sistemas para traducir el Planeamiento urbano
a un sistema digital, (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canarias…). En el presente trabajo se exponen las
características principales que definen la propuesta de planeamiento digital establecida en el programa
“Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” del Ministerio de Industria, cuya arquitectura ha sido definida por el autor
de esta ponencia y que se resumen en:
* La definición de una estructura de información encapsulable en un fichero GML capaz de contener
cualquier plan independientemente de su origen, complejidad o función y que sea susceptible de
asociarle códigos de seguridad que garanticen su inviolabilidad (firma electrónica). A tal efecto se
establece un modelo de datos que contiene los componentes básicos de los planes y las relaciones
entre ellos en un lenguaje de “operación” entre planes que permitan obtener un refundido mediante un
mecanismo de computación automatizable.
* La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de diseño de Planeamiento que faciliten a los
equipos redactores construir planes digitales que cumplan la estructura digital establecida.
* La formación de Registros administrativos de planeamiento digital, que controlan la situación del
planeamiento mediante operaciones de inscripción, que son responsables de la publicidad del
planeamiento y que incluyen funciones de validación, inscripción y refundido de los planes en sistemas
de información territoriales que garanticen la vinculación jurídica no solo de los planes como piezas
individuales sino también del refundido digital.
* La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de control, validación y refundido que permitan
mantener los registros de planeamiento digital por parte de las administraciones competentes.
* La definición normalizada de los sistemas y lenguajes de visualización gráfica y acceso a la normativa
que permitan utilizar Internet como canal único de acceso al Planeamiento y de obtención de
planeamiento vinculante digital.
* La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas informáticas de explotación y consulta digital
mediante servicios WMS, WFS y XML estándar.
* La definición de estilos de representación consensuados y estables que faciliten la legibilidad del
planeamiento independientemente de su productor, de su ámbito de aplicación o de la legislación de
base en la que se apoye.
La definición de un marco legislativo urbanístico estatal, regional y municipal que contemple estos
sistemas de planeamiento digital vinculante.
* El establecimiento de las bases para la normalización de conceptos urbanísticos que faciliten la
integración del planeamiento en los niveles municipal, regional y estatal y los mecanismos de
agregación y reutilización desde los niveles de más detalle a los menos.
* La mejora de los procesos de tramitación del planeamiento, convirtiendo todo el ciclo de vida del plan
en digital, asegurando su carácter participativo, dando valor jurídico a los sistemas de notificación
basados en técnicas electrónicas, construyendo los sistemas de acceso universal a los planes
mediante Internet que permitan consultar el plan y presentar sugerencias y alegaciones, con las
siguientes condiciones: que el plan a consultar corresponda exactamente con el plan aprobado, que la
información disponible corresponda a la totalidad del plan, que el sistema de representación y
navegación esté construido de tal forma que permita acceder fácilmente a toda la información
disponible y, finalmente, construyendo sistemas de análisis y validación de la calidad de los planes,
como ayuda al informe técnico preceptivo para su aprobación.
La ponencia presenta una solución que cumple todas estas condiciones y que se postula como un posible
estándar para la sistematización y digitalización del Planeamiento Urbano, como fase inicial para la
incorporación de los procesos de gestión y ejecución urbanas hasta configurar un sistema de gestión
integral de la información territorial. Recently in Spain have emerged several technologies to convert urban planning into a digital system
(Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canary Islands…). In this document are set out the main features that
describe the proposal of digital urban planning included in the program “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red”
started by the Ministry of Industry of Spain, whose computing architecture has been designed by the
author of this paper and summarized in the following items:
* Definition of an information structure incorporated in a GML file capable to contain any plan regardless
of their origin, complexity or duty and to be able to associate security codes to ensure their inviolability
(electronic signature). For such purpose is established a data model which contains the main
components and the relationships between them in a language of “operation” among several plans in
order to achieve an adapted plan through a computing automated mechanism.
* Specification and development of all the drawing tools for urban planning in order to make easier the
duty of urban planning editors to make digital plans with a digital structure established.
* Creation of official registries for urban planning to control the state of those documents by registration
tasks. These registries are responsible of publishing the plans, and include validation, registration and
adaptation of urban planning in regional information systems that ensure legal effectiveness not only
for the separated plan but also the final adapted plan.
* Developing tools to control, to validate and to adapt the plans in order to keep maintained the digital
registries by the relevant authorities.
* Standardize definition of systems and languages for graphic viewing and provide the access to the
legal documents of urban planning and for using Internet as the only access channel to these
documents and a way to obtain digital planning with total legal effectiveness.
* Specification and development of computing tools to provide consulting services through standard
WMS, WFS and XML services.
Reach a consensus in the definition of stable drawing styles that facilitates legibility of urban planning
regardless of producer, range or legal documents that supports them.
* Definition of a city planning legal framework (state, regional) that consider these digital planning
systems.
* Establishment of the basis for standardization developments of urban planning concepts that facilitate
its integration in the different state or regional levels and set all the mechanisms of aggregation and
reuse of these levels gradually.
* Improving the stages of official processes in urban planning, making the entire life cycle of digital plan
ensuring its participative role, giving legal status to the reported systems based on digital techniques,
building universal access systems through Internet to consult, suggest and complain with the following
conditions: the consulted plan must correspond to the approved one; the information available must
correspond to the whole plan; consulting and navigation system shall become so simple that allows
easy access to all the information; finally, analysis and validation systems must be designed to verify
the quality of the plans as an assistance to the legal report for approval.
This document sets out a solution that comply all these conditions and it stands as a possible standard for
urban planning systematization and digitization, as first stage for adding management and building
processes in order to make a whole territorial information system