Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adaptation à la vie terrestre'
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Capel, Eliott. "La grande révolution terrestre du Silurien-Dévonien : diversité et évolution des premières plantes terrestres." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2022/2022ULILR059.pdf.
Plants underwent an extensive Silurian-Devonian diversification during their progressive colonization of terrestrial surfaces (440-360 Ma). Nonetheless, the tempo and mode of this radiation remains controversial, and drivers of diversity have yet to be clearly identified. This thesis, through a series of newly-compiled datasets of plant macrofossils, and via a wide array of quantitative methods, characterizes temporal and spatial dynamics. It further evaluates the biases that may alter our perception of this landmark event. Firstly, a four-factor model was found adequate to describe the underlying structure of early vegetation dynamics. The pattern suggests ecological shifts during transitions phases, further corroborated through an in-depth characterization of global plant diversity patterns. Nevertheless, the general pattern of Silurian-Devonian plant diversity was found to heavily depend on sampling effort, although several signals of diversification and extinction seemed to be dissociated from it, implying real underlying biological signals. A subsequent continental-scale study further demonstrated that, in addition to sampling heterogeneity, geological incompleteness remained an important element in driving apparent early land plant diversity patterns. This bias is not easily corrected even with the most advanced sampling-standardization methods. Furthermore, paleogeographical discrepancies were assessed to uncover a possible spatial component into early land plant radiation. This led to the discovery of a climatologically-driven plant distribution and dispersion, further enhanced during colder periods. Lastly, this thesis includes a review of an Early Devonian plant fossil assemblage from northern France, providing taxonomically up to date and well-dated occurrences to integrate in future studies
Tou, Ihsane. "Adaptation de la couche transport des systèmes de communication hybrides satellite/terrestre." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807583.
Yamajo, Hirotsugu. "Pascal et la vie terrestre. Épistémologie, ontologie et axiologie du « corps » dans son apologétique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040110.
We comment on the epistemology, ontology and axiology of the notion of man as a body or “corps” according to Blaise Pascal, in order to shed light on the concept in relation to his apologetic views. According to Pascal, “customs” and “sentiments”, the two fundamental ways of understanding the human form, provide man with secular and religious beliefs, which both allow and yet prevent him from transcending his earthly state. This equates to the ambiguous nature of realities which Pascal calls “corps”: The term refers both to purely profane matters considered as objects for scientific research, and to religious ones with their inherent symbolism, the subject of veneration. To Pascal, man, being of flesh and blood, is fated to be caught between greatness and misery; it is this axiologically ambiguous position that demands from man faith — the hope for the eternal and spiritual life, which is denied him in life on earth
Genitoni, Julien. "Acclimatation de l’espèce aquatique invasive, Ludwigia grandiflora, au milieu terrestre : Approches physiologique et épigénétique." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARA085.
Abstract: In the context of the expansion of invasive species, their survival is conditioned by their ability to adapt. In France, Ludwigia grandiflora has invaded aquatic biotopes and its recent deployment in wet meadows has led to the emergence of two morphotypes, one aquatic and the other called “terrestrial”. The aim of this thesis was to get a better understanding of water primrose acclimation capacities to terrestrial environment through exploring genetic and epigenetic sources of flexibility. The responses of two morphotypes to different water stresses were evaluated by observing physiological traits. The epigenetic pathway was addressed by the use of a hypomethylant drug. This work showed that L. grandiflora adapts its development and metabolism according to environmental conditions.The terrestrial morphotype shows higher trait values than those of the aquatic morphotype, regardless of the condition. However, phenotypic plasticity is higher in the aquatic morphotype. Finally, our results suggest the involvement of DNA methylation and phenotypic plasticity in the response of water primrose to environmental change. Since the terrestrial morphotype has higher capacities than the aquatic morphotype, its management must become a priority. The acquisition of genomic resources in L. grandiflora will make it possible to search for genetic and epigenetic markers of acclimation to the terrestrial environment
Cloutier, Myrianne. "Religiosité, adaptation et satisfaction conjugale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26178.pdf.
Ouannes, Nesrine. "Évolution et adaptation de comportements de créatures artificielles dans un écosystème simulé." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10043.
Because of its important ecological underpinnings, the study of interactions between animals as well as with their environment is a research area of major interest in Biology. The work in this thesis belongs to the field of Artificial Life, a scientific discipline devoted to the study of natural phenomena inherent to living organisms by reproducing them by synthetic means. The aim of this research is to exploit the power of evolutionary techniques to cause behaviors of artificial creatures to emerge in a simulated ecosystem. The overarching problematic of this thesis is to evolve foraging behaviors in artificial creatures. Two models have been developed. The first model exploits bacterial chemotaxis to overcome the problem of resource detection (or features in its environment). The cell chemotactic pathway is modulated by a hybrid approach that reproduces the receptor group activity using an algebraic model, the adaptation dynamics using differential equations, as well as a metabolic model that converts nutrients into biomass In the results section, we developed a type of analysis of motion from selected bacteria and their influence on the evolved population’s behavior. We observed that the evolutionary process improves the bacteria’s capacity to react to their environment as well as their ability to grow, effectively improving their ability to survive. We then studied the effect of bacterial communication that allows new species to emerge, which exploits colony dynamics. Some of the obtained behaviors have been tested in separate environments in order to show how inter-bacterial communication can impact their behavior. The second model is about the development of 3D physically realistic creatures (herbivores) that feed on resources available in their environment. A genetic algorithm coupled to a neural network guarantees the emergence of a variety of behaviors such as the search of nutrients that are spread across the virtual ecosystem. The evolutionary process takes advantage of the virtual creature’s physical properties and an external multimodal fitness function to lead to the expected behaviors. Experiments designed to evolve virtual creatures displaying locomotion abilities shows that they attempt to reach at least one of the food sources placed on their trajectory. Our best creatures are able to reach multiple food sources within the imparted simulation time
Le, Bohec Céline. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif : Le manchot royal (Aptenodytes Patagonicus)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/LE_BOHEC_Celine_2007.pdf.
An evaluation of how animals optimize their lifetime reproductive success is a crucial step for defining their life history strategy. We investigated the trade-off between current reproductive effort, and future survival and breeding attempts to test the hypothesis that reproductive costs and individual heterogeneity in quality occur in a population of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) individually marked with transponders. Our study shows that individuals adopt different strategies to maximize their fitness according to their individual quality, but also in relation to their breeding history. High quality individuals might be able to buffer the impact of environmental stochasticity on reproductive success without jeopardizing their own survival. Therefore, in terms of survival, a late breeding attempt might not be more costly than no breeding attempt for king penguins. Nevertheless, birds might occasionally take reproductive sabbaticals to optimize their residual reproductive value as suggested by the prudent parent hypothesis. In king penguins, high quality individuals do not seem to monopolize central areas of the colony that are presumed to be of high quality (lower predation, flooding, and tick-infestation risk). Conversely, our study highlights the importance of intra-specific aggressiveness for breeding site selection and for seabird colony structuring. Moreover, we found that indices of both large- and local-scale oceanic conditions might provide different information on the influence of the environment on life history traits in an apex predator. While breeding success was found to be negatively influenced by the global SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) and the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) around Crozet, adult king penguin survival was more strongly related to warm SSTs at the marginal ice zone (MIZ) with a 2 year lag. Our study also found that fledglings had the lowest survival probability during the first year at sea, suggesting that individuals of lower quality may disappear from cohorts during this stressful time. High variability in survival between cohorts during this first winter at sea supports the cohort effect hypothesis. The majority of king penguins start to breed at 4-5 years of age and a decrease in survival and recapture between the fourth and fifth winter at sea may be related to the first breeding attempt. We found that pre-fledging body mass influences post-fledging survival and suggest that high body mass may be a handicap for birds when leaving the colony for their first voyage to sea. Finally, age difference in coloured ornament characteristics might signal breeding or social status and thus reduce the rate of agonistic interactions between juveniles and adults. This doctoral thesis allowed us to evaluate some adaptive trade-offs between fitness components defining the life-history strategies of a long-lived seabird
Cohen, Salomon Yves. "Adaptation au scotome central." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066063.
Fortin, Cassandra. "« Une femme de tout temps, d’hier, d’aujourd’hui et de demain » : les Petites Sœurs de la Sainte-Famille dans le contexte du concile Vatican II (1962-1983)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10372.
Lattaud, Claude. "Approche adaptative de systèmes multi-agents dans un contexte vie artificielle." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S021.
Amson, Eli. "Anatomie fonctionnelle du retour au milieu aquatique chez Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0012.
Guermazi, Mohammad. "Le concept d'incapacité fonctionnelle : adaptation d'outils de mesure à la langue et au mode de vie." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOMU06.
Ringot, Gabrielle. "Conséquences de la pollution environnementale sur l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie : l'exemple de la Daphnie." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS317.
Trace metals are bioavailable, persistent and concentrate in urban areas. Because of their affinity for proteins, trace metals can disturb metabolic processes and impair survival and reproductive output. In response to these new selective pressures created by such disturbed habitats, urban populations could evolve adaptations as dormancy, dispersal, detoxification or pollutant detection and avoidance abilities. Daphnia, can switch to parthenogenetic reproduction, when females produce numerous clonal daughters, to sexual reproduction. In response to several environmental cues, females start to produce males and a chitinous and resistant envelop: the ephippium that receives diapausing eggs after fertilisation. Interestingly, these sexually produced ephippia can disperse both in time (dormancy) and space and exhibit metal accumulation ability suggesting detoxification property. First, this study shows that a positive relationship exists between the environmental concentration of metals and probability of ephippia presence suggesting selection for sexual Daphnia in metal polluted habitats. Moreover, after an experimental exposure to a trace metal in urban Daphnia, ephippial fertilisation success was higher in Daphnia exposed to metal pollution compared to non-exposed Daphnia. Additionally, Daphnia individuals originating from the same population are able to detect and avoid metal pollution. These results suggest that anthropogenic pollution has evolutionary consequences in urban population and stress the need to take into account evolutionary aspects in ecotoxicological studies
Wolak, Aurore. "Mesures spécifiques de la qualité de vie dans la maladie d’Alzheimer : intérêts, propriétés et apports." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMM201/document.
With nearly one million cases of dementia in France in 2010, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related syndromes are a major public health issue. Up to now, there is no drug for treatment or preventing for AD. The only available drugs aim to slow down the progression of the disease by improving some symptoms. Therefore, it seemed necessary to have indicators enabling assessment of treatment strategies for these patients. So, health related quality of life (HRQoL) became an essential criterion for evaluation for both researchers and clinicians.Generic HRQoL tools are generally less sensitive for a given disease. That is why other specific tools for AD have been developed. None of them was validated in French. The aim of this thesis was therefore, after a review of the literature, to achieve a cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the "Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease" (QoL-AD) and "Dementia Quality of Life" (DQoL). These two questionnaires were selected because they were the most popular in English-language literature for this disease.This thesis was conducted on data collected during the PHRC National 2004 "Evaluation of the quality of life in elderly demented people: validation of a specific instrument". This study concerned a total of 155 patient-caregiver pairs recruited from seven French hospitals and a Francophone Swiss center. Patients had a confirmed diagnosis of AD (mild to moderate stage: Mini Mental State Examination > ou = 10). QoL-AD and DQoL were administered by an interviewer. The caregiver sheet of QoL-AD was self-administered. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation have been carried out for these two questionnaires.We now have at disposal two HRQoL questionnaires specifics for AD in French language. They are issued from a cross-cultural adaptation performed according to international quidelines and both have good psychometric properties. So they can be used to evaluate quality of life in Alzheimer's disease on French speaking population
Lagarde, Frédéric. "Divergences sexuelles dans les stratégies d'histoire de vie de la tortue des steppes (Testudo horsfieldi)." La Rochelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LAROS068.
The sexual differences in Steppe tortoise (Testudo horsfieldi) life history strategy were studied in Uzbekistan. Firstly, we studied growth and maturation pattern, sexual size dimorphism, and sexual dimorphism in body shape
Faille, Arnaud. "Endémisme et adaptation à la vie cavernicole chez les Trechinae pyrénéens (Coleoptera : Caraboidea) : approches moléculaire et morphométrique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0024.
Cave-dwelling beetles of the Trechinae subfamily are with Coleoptera Leptodirini the most important evolutive radiation of the Pyrenees. All the 53 species of the genera Aphaenops and Hydraphaenops are endemic of the pyrenean chain. These insects are mainly located on the northern slope of the chain. This group extremely diversified is compound of species considered as the most morphologically differenciated by the subterranean environment. Aphaenops Bonvouloir and Hydraphaenops Jeannel are compound of species with restricted distribution and high ecological requirement. Isolated in fragmented karstic massifs, populations are partially or completely isolated, so there are an excellent model to study speciation processes in subterranean environment. In order to study speciation modalities and convergence in subterranean habitats, we first realized a phylogeny of the group. These results allow us to clear affinities between taxa, to test the monophyly of the group and the phylogenetic validity of usual classification. Then we used morphometrical approaches to study the evolution in size and shape for six strustures of those insects (head, pronotum, antennas, elytal chetotaxy, elytra and male genitalia). Confrontation of phylogenetical and morphometrical results allow us to discuss the importance of convergence for each structure studied. Evolutive history of the group and the impact of recent paleogeographical events on its present distribution are discussed
Tetegan, René. "La vie liturgique au Togo, de la fin du XIXe siècle à la mise en œuvre du concile Vatican II." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAK012.
To grasp what was and remains a question in the liturgical life in Togo, we firmly rely on the fundamental concept of participation. The liturgical renewal was initiated in Togo since the late nineteenth century, marked by a creative explosion aiming to reconcile the nave and the choir, as well as looking for flexibility in worship, under the direction of the successive missionaries, helped by local pastors. Translations into local languages, building churches in harmony with faith are constitutive of this movement. In the wake of the Council, this effort has continued with the gradual implementation of the magisterial guidelines. Therefore, the actors of the liturgy are more mobilized in an uninhibited way for a wider adaptation of rites to local situations and mentalities with a return to the reality, that is to say, the fundamental anthropological reflecting « authenticity ». If one does not see inculturation as a support to an effective participation, the ideal may be biased. Adaptation, inculturation, participation, such is the triptych necessary to loosen the grip that permanently restricted the expression of cultural identity. It’s implementation requires a deep investment
Guezi, Hayat. "Adaptation au mode de vie symbiotique chez les moules du genre Bathymodiolus des écosystèmes chimiosynthétiques profonds (approche transcriptomique)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066739.
The aim of this work is to enlighten the mechanisms implicated in the maintenance and control of the host-symbiont association. The mussels of the genera Bathymodiolus host chemotrophic bacteria in bacteriocytes of their gills. An approach by quantitative-PCR on the gills of the hydrothermal vent mussel B. Azoricus and on the cold seep mussel B. Aff. Boomerang, has shown variations in the densities of endosymbionts within and between sites for both species. The study of the density effect of the symbionts on the host gene expression by transcriptomy in B. Thermophilus shows: 1) an overexpression of the genes implicated in the cell wall organization, the cellular proliferation, differentiation and growth, enabling the host to enhance number and volume of its bacteriocytes; 2) the repression of the genes implicated in the immune response and the overexpression of apoptotic genes, allowing the host to lower its symbiotic population. An analysis by transcriptomy of B. Azoricus and B. Aff. Boomerang housing a double symbiosis of sulfoxidizing bacteria (SOX) and methaneoxidizing (MOX) has shown that the increase in density of the MOX had a much lesser effect on the host gene expression than the effect of the SOX increase. The latter results mainly in the overexpression of the immune response in both Bathymodiolus species. A quantitative analysis of TUNEL indicates that B. Thermophilus could control its bacterial load by apoptosis, whereas B. Aff. Boomerang could regulate it by autophagy
Navratil, France. "Adaptation et évalutation du programme Gestion des buts personnels auprès de personnes divorcées au mitan de la vie." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2010. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1155/1/030151913.pdf.
Ricard-Jamay, Sandrine. "Adaptation et aménagement du domicile de la personne âgée : un des enjeux du maintien à domicile ? : à propos de 110 dossiers." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11126.
Gaudet, Judith. "Exploration des processus d'adaptation et des trajectoires parentales post-rupture : la situation des pères présents dans la vie de leurs enfants /." Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24576831.
Berge, Christine. "Effet de taille et adaptation à la locomotion terrestre chez les primates analyse multidimensionnelle du pelvis (primates catarrhiniens, carnivores) : implication dans l'évolution des hominidés /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376118439.
Ségurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Canceil, Olivier. "Évaluation de la symptomatologie, de l'adaptation psychosociale et de la qualité de vie d'une cohorte de 145 sujets schizophrènes et de leur évolution à deux ans." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066064.
Carrier, Anabelle. "Plasticité phénotypique chez l'Omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis) ayant deux stratégies de vie différentes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24643/24643.pdf.
Chabert, Anne-Lyse. "Transformer le "handicap" ou l'invention d'un usage détourné du monde : essai de cheminement conceptuel à partir d'expériences de vie." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070058.
The concept of disability carries within it - at least implicitly - the concept of a fundamental inability of the individual to function within the world in which he/she lives. But is there really a sturdy basis for that notion ? We will begin by briefly reviewing the studies that have already been carried out, then we will insist on giving priority to real-life experiences described by disabled individuals, who reconstruct their relationship with the world around them in a different way. What emerges from this reconstruction may seem disorderly to outsiders, but is only the product of an external perspective. The supposed gap with the expected standard is illustrated by several individual life testimonies which show the extent to which individuals can, at times, bring forth great inventiveness, followed by unflagging efforts, in order to succeed in adopting novel types of behavior via the implementation of new strategies. In order to deal with the notion of disability in a different way, we will set forth three concepts and apply them in an original manner to our field of study: "Life standard", "affordance" and "capability". These concepts will enable us to redefine the framework of the space within which the individual can, or cannot, act and live in the world and provide us with keys to understanding his/her reality. We will analyze three different areas that constitute the settings of an individual's life: 1) Organic space (studied in conjunction with the "life standard" concept), 2) Technical space, that of perception and action (analyzed thanks to the concept of "affordance") and 3) Social and human space (viewed through the concept of "capability"). Each concept is accompanied by an in-depth study of a specific example
Cario, Anaïs. "Adaptations à la vie sous haute pression hydrostatique chez les microorganismes piézophiles, l'exemple de Thermococcus barophilus." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0854.
Deep marine and continental environments represent the major ecosystems on Earth. They are colonized by organisms named piezophiles, adapted to high pressures of the deep biosphere, conditions that inhibit the growth of surface organisms. My objectives were to elucidate the special features of adaptation to high hydrostatic pressures. My model of study was a piezophilic microorganism isolated from a deep-sea vent; Thermococcus barophilus strain MP, which grows optimally at a pressure of 400 times the atmospheric pressure. I characterized the specific adaptation of two cellular compartments amongst the most sensitive to pressure: membranes and proteome. My results show that strain MP accumulates stress molecules in conditions of low pressure, which mean T. barophilus proteome is adapted to high pressure conditions. This is the first demonstration of structural adaptation in a piezophile, and also shows that T. barophilus is a true piezophile. Besides, I proved membrane adaptation mechanisms in response to pressure and temperature. These mechanisms are based on homeoviscous adaptation of lipids composition. This adaptation is unique and involves three different mechanisms: the regulation of the di-/tetraether ratio, the modulation of lipid unsaturation, and the insertion of neutral lipids in the membrane structure. These results brought me to propose a new membrane model for the piezophilic strain T. barophilus. Before confirming these observations as a possible piezophilic trait of adaptation, this study needs to be extended to other piezophilic organisms
Tchen, Nadine. "Qualité de vie et lymphomes de grande malignité : adaptation d'un instrument de mesure chez 63 sujets de plus de 65 ans." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23037.
Durand, Sylvine. "Mécanismes évolutifs à la base du maintien de la diversité génétique et conséquences adaptatives chez l'isopode terrestre armadillidium vulgare." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2287/document.
Genetic diversity is a crucial parameter for both populations and individuals. As such, heterozygosity often confers a selective advantage to individuals in numerous taxa, and sexual selection processes can result in an optimisation of offspring heterozygosity. We tested these hypotheses in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. In this work, we highlighted a higher reproductive success for more heterozygous males, which could result from both intrasexual competition and mate choice, as well as a choice for a genetically dissimilar partner. These two processes result in an increase in offspring heterozygosity. Moreover, we described for the first time a high rate of multiple paternity in natural as well as in experimental populations, increasing brood allelic richness and allowing post-copulatory sexual selection processes. Besides, we showed that more heterozygous individuals survive better when confronted to a bacterial infection, probably through a better tolerance. More heterozygous individuals are also bigger at the same age, which is particularly important in females because a big size leads to a higher fecundity. These results suggest that various mechanisms result in genetic diversity maintenance in A. vulgare populations and confer a better fitness to individuals. Thereby, it is likely that populations of this terrestrial isopod possess a high adaptive potential enabling their long-term maintenance
Pédron, Nicolas. "Structure génétique, réponses bioénergétiques et traits de vie, de populations de flets (Platichthys flesus) soumises au réchauffement climatique, sur un gradient latitudinal." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0058/document.
The European flounder (Platichthys flesus) is a catadromous fish species distributed along the North-East Atlantic coasts, from the Arctic polar circle to the Iberian Peninsula. For several decades, the southern limit of its distribution area is shifting towards the North of the Portuguese coast. A preliminary study on the flounder population biology has detected a specific energetic metabolism for a southern peripheral population in Portugal compared to Northern populations located in the Bay of Biscay and in the Channel. In the present study, we have combined population genetics with experimental challenges in the laboratory to improve our knowledge on the genetic structure of flounder populations over Europe, and on the potentially resulting phenotypic differences among populations, mainly considering bioenergetics and life-history traits. The polymorphism of microsatellite markers and of several candidate genes highlighted a significant genetic differentiation between Iberian Peninsula populations and Northen populations. A thermal and hypoxia challenge has been conducted on flounder juveniles, considering (1) enzymatic activities linked to energetic metabolism (aerobiosis and anaerobiosis) and anabolism, and (2) a proteomic approach; this common garden experiment suggested a higher capacity of central populations (from Canche and Vilaine, France) and of one peripheral Southern population (from Lima, Portugal) to cope with respectively cold condition, warm and hypoxia condition. Finally, the analysis of thermal reaction norms in fish early life history traits, considering embryo-larval stages submitted to a thermal gradient, underlined a possible local adaptation of the flounder populations to their thermal environments
Le, Clainche Julien. "L' adaptation du droit des données à caractère personnel aux communications électroniques." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10063.
Tymoigne, Gérard. "Les modes d'adaptation psychologique à l'école : étude des modalités d'adaptation à la vie scolaire chez l'enfant de huit ans à travers une épreuve projective graphique de vie scolaire." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20034.
This thesis studies, in a psychodynamic register, the ways of adaptation and conflictualization created by school. Adaptation is defined as a dynamic process setting in action two moments of appropriation of the adaptative demands : the alternation and the alternative. Those two moments are supposed to set two capacities in action : the alternation sets in action both capacities of separation and succession and the alternative, both capacities of forsaking and transformation. Alternation and alternative both summon up specific forms of tolerance to frustration. The research deals with 109 children (aged 8 years odl) taking an ordinary course, and 26 children (11 years old) who have school difficulties and are about to be orientated towards a special course. The study takes in consideration the school results, a school adaptation questionnaire and an original drawing technique that aims to set in action the capacities of alternation and alternative. The elaboration of the test and the analysis of the two parts of the drawings are presented. Examples are given. The ways of managing the alternation are studied according to the axes of separation, succession and tolerance to frustration. The analysis of separation is mostly based on the drawing of the way from home to school and on the drawing of the house. Different modalities of managing the succession are presented (absolute or relative succession, no succession). Frustration is approached in its relationship with working and playing. The ways of managing the alternative are studied according to the axes of forsaking, transformation and tolerance to frustration. Three ways of managing the alternative are presented : majorating alternative (relative and creative alternatives), minorating alternative (alternative by disappearing, by regression, by protection, by degradation, by gulliverization, by conjuring, by confabulation), and the absence of alternative (alternatives by transformation and by a-transformation)
Plasse, Martial. "Loi de Wolff et terrestrialisation : adaptation structure / fonction." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS303.pdf.
The lifestyle of extinct tetrapods is often difficult to assess when clear morphological adaptations, such as swimming paddles are absent. According to the hypothesis of bone functional adaptation, the architecture of trabecular bone adapts sensitively to physiological loadings. Previous studies have already shown a clear relation between trabecular architecture and locomotor behavior, mainly in mammals and birds. However, the link between trabecular architecture and lifestyle has rarely been examined. Here, trabecular architecture of different clades of reptiles has been correlated with a wide range of lifestyles (aquatic, amphibious, terrestrial). Humeri of squamates, turtles and crocodylians have been scanned with X-ray computed microtomography. The analysis of spherical volumes extracted from the proximal metaphyses of these humeri showed a significant phylogenetic signal for one of measured trabecular parameters. Linear discriminant analyses suggest a good separation of lifestyles in the morphological spaces. Furthermore, a new method allowed to estimate articular loadings for finite elements models from entire humeral heads of turtles. Biases related to fixations of these models and to their articular shapes has been identified. Different loadings has been calculated between the swimming and the walking of amphibious turtles. Finally, locomotions of two fossil turtles have been inferred. Thanks to these two methods, the trabecular architecture seems to be an effective tool to infer the lifestyle and the locomotion of extinct tetrapods, especially those involved in the terrestrialization and returns to aquatic environment
Mariette, Nicolas. "Traits de vie,adaptation et pouvoir invasif de lignées clonales de Phytophthora infestans, agent du mildiou de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA075/document.
West European populations of Phytophthora infestans, the oomycete causing late blight in potato, are characterized by a clonal structure and rapid replacement of dominant lineages. This work thus aimed to identify the ecological, phenotypic and evolutionary determinants of the invasive character of these clonal lineages. To this end, the phenotypic and genotypic population dynamics were analysed over two time scales, one over nearly a decade and a shorter one consisting in a longitudinal tracking over two consecutive epidemics. This monitoring was supplemented by the analysis of adaptive responses within these populations with respect to the main life-history traits of the parasite. These results tend to reject the hypothesis, often advanced, that the invasive ability is linked to a higher aggressiveness of the new clonal lineages compared to the previous ones. Moreover, the short-term study revealed complex scenario, involving the presence of two main clonal lineages (6_A1 and 13_A2)while 6_A1 isolates produced many, small sporangia, those of 13_A2 isolates are fewer but bigger. The coexistence within a single population of these strategies could result from the trade-off between the spore size and spore number, that we also demonstrated. Finally, differential responses between clones to temperature were observed, as well as clear local adaptation patterns among geographically distant populations. This work highlight that different adaptive factors can impact the same biological traits of P. infestans and that it is crucial to think about the consequences of these concom
Louis, Fabrice. "Activité et intentionnalité : le cas de l'Education Physique et Sportive." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN21006/document.
What interest could have a philosophical study on Physical Education ? What subject of interests could provide the Physical and Sportive Education (EPS) to Philosophy ? The aim of this thesis is to answer these two questions. First we will highlight the philosophical background that influence most often implicitly the pedagogical choices made by teachers, this in order to initiate a research programme in Epistomology of Physical Education. This will lead us to widen the investigation field of Physical Education ( Action , Knowledge,..) in the prospect of externalist conception. It is indeed in dissociating the language from the causes and reasons that we can understand what someone does when he acts. The focus on the meaning of the action leads us to describe the other uses that the subject could make with his gestures in other situations. Under the influence of L. Wittgenstein?s works, it is a linguistic conception of the learning process that we develop in this thesis. Consequently, we will avoid looking for the factors limiting learning success and consider solely an internalist study of the subject. In many cases it is more judicious to try to understand why the subject acts the way he does. Consequently we have identified a new way of learning in Physical Education: to know how to identify the action the subject is doing in the course of learning phase. The field of investigation in Physical Education highlighted by the externalist perspective leads to the following conclusion: to reconsider the notion of the limiting factors of the subject in order to take into account the impersonal dimension of his identity
Baqa, Hamza. "Realization of trust by a semantic self-adaptation in the Internet of Things." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAS004.
In the blooming era of the Internet of Things (IoT), trust has become a vital factor for provisioning reliable smart services without human intervention by reducing risk in autonomous decision making. However, the merging of physical objects, cyber components and humans in the IoT infrastructure has introduced new concerns for the evaluation of trust. Consequently, a large number of trust-related challenges have been unsolved yet due to the ambiguity of the concept of trust and the variety of divergent trust indicators, models and management mechanisms in different IoT scenarios. In this PhD thesis, my ultimate goal is to propose an efficient and practical trust evaluation for any IoT ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the first important objective is to augment the generic trust concept and conceptual model of trust in order to come up with a comprehensive understanding of trust, influencing factor and relevant Trust Indicators (TI) in the context of IoT. Following the catalyst, as the second objective, a trust model called REK comprised of the triad Reputation, Experience and Knowledge TIs is proposed which covers multi-dimensional aspects of trust by incorporating heterogeneous information from direct observation, personal experiences to global opinions. Knowledge TI is as “direct trust” rendering a trustor’s understanding of a trustee in respective scenarios that can be obtained based on limited available information about characteristics of the trustee, environment and the trustor’s perspective using a variety of techniques. Experience and Reputation TIs are originated from social features and extracted based on previous interactions among entities in IoT. The mathematical models and calculation mechanisms for the Experience and Reputation TIs also proposed leveraging sociological behaviours of humans in the real-world; and being inspired by the Google PageRank in the web-ranking area, respectively. Things are expected to live in different “domains” and “contexts” during their lifetime. Information generated/associated with Things should be manageable by multiple, diverse stakeholders with different roles, information and functionalities with many access levels, ecosystems with different trust level and security primitives. In that sense, as third objective of this thesis, a novel blockchain-enhanced IoT data-sharing framework named Semantic Smart Contract (SSC) is proposed taking full advantage of the provisions offered by the blockchain and semantics.The feasibility and effectiveness of the REK model, based on the proposed trust indicator, and associated Trust sharing mechanisms are proved not only by the theoretical analysis but also by real-world applications deployed in our Wise-IoT and SMESEC EU projects
Ferraro, Séverine. "Les images de la vie terrestre de la Vierge dans l'art mural (peintures et mosaïques) en France et en Italie : des origines de l'iconographie chrétienne jusqu'au Concile de Trente." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841816.
Ferraro, Séverine. "Les images de la vie terrestre de la Vierge dans l'art mural (peintures et mosaïques) en France et en Italie : des origines de l’iconographie chrétienne jusqu’au Concile de Trente." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOL033/document.
This thesis is devoted to wall images of the Virgin’s earthly life, an iconographic sequence composed of the young Mary’s history and episodes from Christ’s life which are related to the Virgin, until Pentecost. This research comes within the extended framework from the early Christian art to the Council of Trent. It is based on an abundant iconographic documentation which includes more than 2300 pictures, wall paintings and mosaics, preserved in France and Italy. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the quantitative analysis of the iconographic documentation, according to a triple point of view. A thematic analysis identifies three phases in the chronological sequence of the Virgin’s earthly life, while specifying the quantitative importance of each of the studied iconographic themes. An analysis of the geographical distribution of different listed conservation sites reveals spatial characteristics which are specific to each territory studied, in connection with local history. Finally, a chronological analysis allows to integrate wall images from great phases of the art history, as well as to highlight the most emblematic decorations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the iconographic investigation itself. As preamble, the various textual sources used in this research are presented. They are grouped into three categories : canonical sources, apocryphal gospels and medieval texts. The iconographic analysis of different themes about the Virgin’s earthly life are organized around three sequences : episodes preceding Christ’s birth (youth of Mary and Incarnation), those of Jesus’ Childhood (from the Nativity to Jesus among the Doctors) and those of adult Christ in which Mary plays a role (from Wedding at Cana to Pentecost). This analysis’ objective is to determine the different components of studied iconographic themes and to establish their specific typology, while stressing constants and breakpoints. The highlighting of the links between images and textual sources is also a priority of this research. Cross-cutting issues related to the development of Marian iconography itself, the process of images diffusion, the perception of the Marian figure as an edifying model and the study of the link between images and texts or their location in the ecclesial space are presented in the form of concluding reflections. In parallel, a selection of wall images of the Virgin’s earthly life, chosen according to the analysis arguments for their exemplary nature, is represented as three catalogues matching narrative sequences mentioned above. The selective bibliography on the various conservation sites is presented in each catalogue. Other bibliographic tools are provided in appendices volume. A thematic directory, listing all the wall images that belong to the iconographic documentation of the study, is also provided in appendix
Suchocka, Agnieszka. "État psychologique, peur de la récidive, adaptation à la maladie et qualité de vie des patients atteints d'un mélanome de la choroïde." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05H105.
Background : Treatments for choroidal melanoma (CM), the most common primary intraocular malignant cancer in adults, generate largely unknown consequences on the psychological state and the level of the quality of life (QoL). Prospective published work is relatively rare and their results are not consistent. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the psychological state (anxiety, depression), fear of recurrence (FCR) and the QoL in patients with CM over time. Account for coping strategies used by patients before and after treatment. Methods : Population : Patients diagnosed with CM receiving conservative treatment (ttt) (proton or hard of iodine) or enucleation. Tools : Quality of life (EORTC-QLQ-C30 + QLQ-OPT-30), mental adjustment to illness (MAC-44), anxiety and depression (HADS, STAI-B-trait), fear of cancer recurrence (IPRC), semi-structured interview. Data collection : Longitudinal study with fourevaluation's times: before the ttt, one month, six months and one year after the ttt. Results: 83 patients: 69 conservatives' ttt and 14 enucleations. More than half of patients (median 8) show a moderate level of anxiety before ttt which reducing after ttt (p O. OOOl). The depressive symptoms of minor intensity remained stable (p = 0. 34). The FCR persists over time (p = 0. 15). Anxious preoccupations (p = 0. 03) and negative adaptation decreased (p = 0. 01) over time. Denial (M near to 60, Med > 50) is the most frequently used coping strategy. The overall level of QoL remains relatively good with a tendency toward improvement (p = 0. 01). Conclusions: The FCR assesses a construct close to but nevertheless distinct from anxiety and psychological distress in cancer patients
Sabourin, Camille. "Adaptation française et processus de validation de questionnaires portant sur le développement positif des jeunes et les habiletés de vie en sport." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33301.
This thesis focuses on a French adaptation and presentation of evidence of validity (internal structure and relation to other variables) of two questionnaires: the short form—Youth Experience Survey for Sport (short form YES-S; Sullivan, LaForge-MacKenzie, & Marini, 2015) and the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS; Cronin & Allen, 2017). The short form YES-S assesses young people’s perceptions of their positive and negative experiences in sport, while the LSSS assesses their life skills learned in sport. The adaptation from English to French and the presentation of evidence of validity for questionnaires are important tasks, as they allow researchers from Francophone backgrounds to have evaluation tools adapted to their targeted population and to contribute to the progress of research in the field. From this perspective, this thesis follows a systematic and rigorous procedure based on the methodology proposed by Vallerand (1989). The first step performed was the creation of preliminary French versions of each questionnaire, with the help of four bilingual participants, through the back-translation method. The second step was to assess the quality of the French translations obtained by a committee of experts in the fields of sports psychology and physical education. Once these French versions improved, the third step allowed for the assessment of the clarity of the translated items with 137 student athletes. Satisfactory results were obtained; no further modifications were made to the wording of the items within the questionnaires. Finally, the fourth step was to show evidence of validity for the French adapted versions of the questionnaires (Downing, 2003). This stage was conducted with 296 student athletes. Statistical analyses revealed that the French adaptations of the short form YES-S and the LSSS can now be used in research in sport psychology.
Aujoulat, Fabien. "Adaptation et spécialisation des bactéries environnementales à l'infection humaine : étude des genres Ochrobactrum et Agrobacterium." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13501/document.
The opportunistic bacterial pathogens (OBP) cause the main part of bacterial infectious diseases. Environmental-borne OBP should encounter dramatic changes in lifestyle in order to colonize human beings. The conditions of this adaptation should precise concepts about OBP and emerging pathogens.The genera Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium groups bacteria with versatile lifestyles that establish diverse relationships with the eukaryotic cells. These environmental-borne OBP caused diverse infectious diseases in immune-compromised patients. In this study, we undertook an approach of multilocus genetic on large population of environmental and clinical strains of Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium. The population structures were compared to phenotypic traits related to adaptation and virulence in man, such as growth temperature, biofilm formation and virulence tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and human macrophages models.Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum intermedium are the two main Ochrobactrum species to be involved in human diseases. O. anthropi displays an epidemic population structure organized in two large clonal complexes (CCs). CC4 groups only human associated strains whereas CC1 contain environmental and clinical strains. Population genetics suggested that CC4 is a human-associated clone although phenotypic, genomic and virulence traits do not differ between CC1 and CC4 strains.As O. anthropi, O. intermedium displays a high genetic diversity without correlation between the genetic structure and the origin of strains. The level of genetic diversity among clinical strains appears as high as observed in the whole population. Several data such as a low level of genomic diversity suggested that O. intermedium is associated to a narrow ecological niche. The low number of environmental strains described for this species as well as an optimal growth at 37°C suggested that human beings could be the main niche for O. intermedium. Virulence in macrophage and C. elegans models showed diverse behaviour whereas some strains are able to survive and multiply in macrophages model.Multilocus genetics in a population of Agrobacterium spp. that displays diverse lifestyles, revealed a human associated population as observed for O. anthropi. The clinical genovar A7 groups 80% of the clinical strains included in the study, this strains growing at 42°C. Data obtained in this study will be confronted to the knowledge about other environmental-borne OBP such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and bacteria belonging to the species complex Burkholderia cepacia. All these bacteria displayed sub-populations associated to man or to a particular human disease. These sub-populations suggest a specialization process that will be described in the context of the speciation of bacterial pathogen in order to revisite the concept of « opportunisme infectieux »
Trottier, Catherine. "Adaptation des enfants de parents séparés : diversité des trajectoires de problèmes intériorisés et extériorisés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68756.
Bernady, Alain. "Asthme de l'adolescent : comportement des adolescents face à la crise d'asthme et retentissements de la maladie asthmatique dans leur vie de tous les jours." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23080.
Lazzarotto, Sébastien. "Qualité de vie des sujets âgés déficients auditifs : rôle, place et importance des déterminants de qualité de vie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0120/document.
The aging population in developed countries gives rise to considerable challenges in the health field, including hearing loss has a very important place. In France, about 5.5 million people are hearing impaired. Work has been conducted on the impact of hearing loss on the daily life of individuals with hearing loss related to age: communication difficulties, progressive isolation, restriction of social activities of daily living, mood changes, cognitive disorders ... The disability itself and all the consequences listed above will obviously have an impact on the quality of life of individuals and also those around them. The pair (or dyad), formed by the impaired person and his primary caregiver, itself defined as the person it considers most involved in his daily life, will thus be faced with the progressive installation of disability. This will gradually alter the relationship between the two members forming the couple and the social relations of the couple in general, be they family, professional or social at large. Each member of the couple will mobilize coping strategies of its own. In order to explore the various adjustment mechanisms within the dyad and understand the potential links between the nature of adjustment strategies on their quality of life, we performed sequentially at the following stages: 1. List tools for measuring quality of life of individuals with hearing loss related to age; 2. Identify the major determinants of the quality of life of these individuals and that of their close; 3. Examine the specific links between adjustment strategies used by each member of the dyad on its own quality of life and that of his close
Leroux, Claude. "Influence des gradients environnementaux de la zone intertidale sur l'histoire de vie du gastéropode Littorina saxatilis." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27841/27841.pdf.
Beauger, Davy. "Le retransqol : une échelle de mesure de la qualité de vie spécifique aux patients porteurs d'un greffon rénal fonctionnel. : Développement, adaptation et application." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5057.
The inclusion of the concept of quality of life (QOL) is indicative of a profound change in the way of practicing medicine, particularly in the field of nephrology for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Given the prevalence, incidence and mortality of this disease in France, it seemed important, even essential, to measure properly, appropriately and consistently, the QOL of patients with ESRD. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is therefore an important indicator of results to evaluate the consequences of this disease, the effect of medical procedures, treatment effects, or the impact of health policies.In 2007, after a study of literature concerning the assessment of QOL's scales of patients with ESRD, it was revealed a certain lack, quantitative or qualitative, of specific questionnaires for measuring QOL for ESRD patients validated in French, especially for patients with a functioning kidney transplant.In 2008, a specific scale has been developed and validated to measure the QOL of renal transplant recipients: the ReTransQol (Renal Transplant Quality of life questionnaire). After 5 years of use and application of ReTransQol in different national studies, this tool has been improved and a new version was created: the ReTransQol V2 (or RTQ V2). After lots of analysis, this scale has currently good psychometric properties and has been validated in various populations. The RTQ V2 is also used in international studies (Brazil, Germany, Canada ...), and a cross-cultural validation of the scale is planned.The ReTransQol V2 is a specific tool to assess the HRQOL and is suitable for a routine use among renal transplant recipients
Cochrane, Jean-Philippe. "Les médiateurs et modérateurs de l'effet d'une intervention cognitive-existentielle pour les personnes atteintes d'un cancer non-métastatique sur la qualité de vie existentielle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30568/30568.pdf.
Hemmer-Brepson, Claire. "Effets de la température sur la balance oxydative de vertébrés ectothermes aquatiques à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles et conséquences sur les traits d'histoire de vie : modèle poisson." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4354.
Global warming affects the phenology, range and body-sizes of species. However, the underlying physiological processes remain poorly understood. Ectothermic organisms, whose metabolism is positively correlated with temperature, would show an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under global warming. These ROS have been proposed to be one of the physiological triggers of the life history strategies. In this thesis, we explored the oxidative physiology of fish in different warming contexts and their effects on life-history traits. Our experimental and field approaches on Oryzias latipes, Perca fluviatilis & Rutilus rutilus, allowed us highlight these links. However, further studies are necessary, especially in natura where many confounding effects have made conclusions difficult
Blanck, Aurélie. "Variabilité des traits d'histoire de vie de poissons d'eau douce Européens à différentes échelles spatiales et niveaux biologiques : (population et espèce)." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10071.
The objective of improving understanding of life-history traits of organisms and their variation is recurrent in ecology. It is now widely accepted that environmental constraints in freshwaters play a key role in life-history trait variations in fish. In this context, this work aims to study the relationships between life-history traits of European freshwater fish and their environment focusing on different biological levels (population and species) and different spatial scales (continental, regional and local scales). Using biological and environmental data from published sources at the European scale and from field work in the Rhone river basin, this work illustrates (1) the effect of temperature at the continental and regional scales on several population traits, that are not confirmed for all species and (2) the weak effect of hydraulics at the continental and regional scales on population traits. By contrast, this work identifies more important relationships between hydraulics and traits than between temperature and traits at the species level. Microhabitat hydraulics seems to provide a template for species ecological strategies with fast-flowing and shallow microhabitats (riffles) selecting opportunistic species. The comparison between the intraspecific variation in traits and the interspecific variation in traits illustrates the relevance of using traits estimated at the species level and at the regional scale, and traits such as fecundity and traits associated with body size estimated at the species level from literature, in interspecific and inter-communities comparative approaches. By integrating variation of multiple traits in different biological levels and at different spatial scales, my thesis provides interesting elements for ecologists of different disciplines such as population biology and dynamics, species biology, community ecology and evolutionary ecology
Boucekine, Mohamed. "Caractérisation de l'effet response shift par l'approche des forêts aléatoires : application à la sclérose en plaques et à la schizophrénie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5062.
To asses Quality Of Life, patients are often asked to evaluate their well-being using a self-report instrument to document patient-reported outcome (PROs) measures. The data are often collected on multiple domains, such as physical function, social health and emotional health. However, longitudinal PROs, which are collected at multiple occasions from the same individual, may be affected by adaptation or "response shift" effects and may lead to under- or overestimation of the treatment effects. Response shift is the phenomenon by which an individual's self-evaluation of a construct changes due to change in internal standards of measurement (recalibration), a change in value or priorities (reprioritization), or a personal redefinition of the target construct (reconceptualisation). If the response shift is present in the data, the interpretation of change is altered and conventional difference between post-test and pre-test may not be able to detect true change in PROs measures. The aim of the work is to propose an innovative method, based on random forest method, to highlight response shift effect