Academic literature on the topic 'Acute coronary sindrome'

Introduction. Acute coronary syndrome, as unstable form of ischaemic heart disease, beside clinical presentation and electrocardiographic abnormalities, is characterized by increased value of troponin one of cardiospecific enzimes. Although troponin is a high specific and sensitive indicator of acute coronary syndrome, any heart muscle injury may induce its increasing, so there are some other diseases with the increased troponin value. Case report. We presented a female patient with chest pain, admitted because of suspicioun of acute coronary sindrome. Performed coronarography excluded ischemic heart disease. Considering symtomatology, electrocardiographic abnormalities, increased troponin and D-dimer values, as well as echocardiography finding we considered pulmonary embolism as a differential diagnosis, which was confirmed by pulmoangiography. Conclusion. Isolated increased troponin values are not enough for diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction, without or with ST elevation, are entities of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Main pathophysiologic mechanism of ACS is rupture of atherosclerotic plaque leading to thrombus formation in coronary arteries. Different groups of medications are given for treatment of this life-threatening condition. Acetylsalicylic acid is base of therapy and choice of other medications depends on risk factors for thrombosis and bleeding, comorbidities and the ability to transfer patient to the center where coronary stent can be implanted.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a collection of symptoms that caused by disruption of coronary arteries so that decreasing the oxygen levels to the heart muscle (myocardium). Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) is a lipid-carrying lipoprotein with the strongest predisposing factor compared to other cholesterol in supporting the formation of atheroma plaques in blood vessels that flow through the heart muscle in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Methods: This study is an analytic cross-sectional observational study aimed at seeing whether there is a relationship between levels of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) with an increase in severity of acute coronary syndrome. The population of this study were patients with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar from July 2018 – January 2019. The relationship between LDL levels and severity of acute coronary syndrome was analyzed using Spearman correlation test and multivariate analysis in the form of discriminant analysis to analyze the relationship of LDL levels with severity of acute coronary syndrome compared with other risk factors as confounding variables.Results: Spearman correlation test showed that there was a significant positive relationship between LDL levels and severity of acute coronary syndrome with p = 0.01 and Spearman’s correlation coefficient of +0.365. The result of the study of discriminant analysis test also showed that there was a significant positive relationship between LDL levels and severity of acute coronary syndrome after being analyzed along with confounding variables with a value of p = 0.004.Conclusions: There was a significant positive relationship between LDL levels and severity of acute coronary syndrome at RSUP Sanglah Latar Belakang: Sindrom koroner akut merupakan suatu sekumpulan gejala yang disebabkan adanya gangguan pada arteri koronaria sehingga kadar oksigen menuju otot jantung (miokardium) mengalami penurunan. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) merupakan lipoprotein pengangkut lipid dengan faktor predisposisi terkuat dibandingkan kolesterol lain dalam mendukung pembentukan plak ateroma pada pembuluh darah yang mengaliri otot jantung pada penderita sindrom koroner akut. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional cross-sectional analitik yang bertujuan untuk melihat apakah terdapat hubungan antara kadar Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) dengan peningkatan severitas sindrom koroner akut. Populasi dari penelitian ini merupakan pasien dengan diagnosis sindrom koroner akut di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar pada Juli 2018 – Januari 2019. Hubungan antara kadar LDL dengan severitas sindrom koroner akut dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman serta analisis multivariat berupa uji analisis diskriminan untuk menganalisis hubungan kadar LDL dengan severitas sindrom koroner akut dibandingkan dengan faktor resiko lain sebagai variabel perancu.Hasil: uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif bermakna antara kadar LDL dengan severitas sindrom koroner akut dengan nilai p = 0.01 serta koefisien korelasi Spearman sebesar +0,365. Hasil penelitian pada uji analisis diskriminan juga menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif bermakna antara kadar LDL dengan severitas sindrom koroner akut setelah dianalisis bersama variabel perancu, dengan nilai p = 0,004.Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang positif yang bermakna antara kadar LDL dan severitas sindrom koroner akut pada pasien sindrom koroner akut di RSUP Sanglah

Purpose. The study aims to determine the impact of dystyroidism on the type of acute coronary syndrome, on vascular function and coronary impairment, as well as on the myocardium and last but not least the general biological resonance of these hormones, emphasizing the role of thyroid hormones in the cardiovascular system. Methods. We introduced in the study 100 patients recently diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, without history of ischemic heart disease or thyroid disease, hospitalized in the Cardiology Clinic of the Emergency Clinical Hospital Bagdasar-Arseni Bucharest, for the interventional treatment of acute coronary syndrome. The studied patients were hospitalized between November 2014 - April 2015, with follow-up up to 5 years, evaluated clinically, bio-humorally, by echocardiography, coronary angiography with SYNTAX score calculation and electrocardiogram and pulse wave. The obtained data were integrated in Excel sheets and statistically processed with the Python program. Results. The prevalence of dystyroidism in the study group was 44% (44 patients). Hypothyroidism is predominant (34 patients; 77%), and subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in 20 (59%) of subjects with hypothyroidism. Unstable angina is the predominant type of acute coronary syndrome, both in the whole group (54 patients; 54%) and in the group of patients with hyperthyroidism (7 patients; 70%), while acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation was the type majority of presentation in patients with hypothyroidism (19 patients, 56%). Coronary heart disease varied as follows: in the total group unicoronary lesion (31 subjects; 31%), in patients with hyperthyroidism unicoronary lesion (5 subjects; 50%), in patients with hypothyroidism bicoronary lesion (10 subjects; 29%). And the calculated SYNTAX score is higher in the group of patients with dysthyroidism compared to the group of patients with euthyroidism. Discussions. Unstable angina (p = 0.006) and ventricular wall hypertrophy (p = 0.008) are predictive factors for dysthyroidism. Hypothyroidism correlates with high LDL-cholesterol levels (p = 0.0176) and hyposideremia (p = 0.0083), while hyperthyroidism correlates with thrombocytosis (p = 0.0122) and a significant nonspecific inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.0043). Dystyroidism has a direct correlation with the presence of kinetic disorders (Person correlation coefficient 0.21). Conclusion. Thyroid disease, with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can also be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and especially for ischemic heart disease.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the multisystem of coronary artery disease. The clinical manifestation of ACS is acute myocardialinfarction (AMI). About 90% coronary attack is caused by thrombus occlusion in coronary artery. The suspect of thrombosis can bediagnosed definitely by Angiography, but it is invasive. D-dimer used to measure thrombosis abnormality and fibrinolisys. The result oftheir correlation between D-dimer with ACS is still controversived. The aim of this research is to analyse, the different between plasmaD-dimer level ACS with stenosis ≥ 50% and stenosis < 50%. This study used a cross sectional design. The study consist of seventeenspecimen ACS with stenosis ≥ 50% and 17 specimen with stenosis < 50%. Plasma D-dimer level was measured with quantitativeagglutination latex method. An independent t-test statistical analysis is used in this study. The average Plasma D-dimer of ACS withstenosis ≥ 50% is 960.2 ± 404.99 µg/L thus ACS with stenosis < 50% is 300.3 ± 128.75 µg/L (p = 0.00). The plasma D-dimer levelof ACS with stenosis ≥ 50% is more significant than ACS with stenosis < 50%.

Background: To investigate in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) the prevalence and the features of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-detected macrophages accumulation (MA) in culprit plaques (CP) as compared to non culprit plaques (NCP). Methods: The study is a post-hoc analysis of a prospective study aimed at evaluating the relationship between aortic inflammation as assessed by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and features of coronary plaque vulnerability as assessed by OCT. We enrolled 32 patients with first NSTE-ACS that successfully underwent 3-vessel OCT. Results: The median age was 65 (54-72) years and 27 patients (84%) were male. CPs were clinically defined. MAs were defined as signal-rich, distinct, or confluent punctuate regions that exceed the intensity of background speckle noise. Their prevalence was 4.2 per patients and MAs were more likely found in CP than NCP (84% vs. 61%, p=0.015). MA had also a higher circumferential extension in CP and the risk for CP associated with macrophages extension was higher (OR = 4.42; 95CI;2.54-9.15, p<0.001) than that associated with the mere presence of MA (OR=3.36; 95%CI;1.30-8.66, p=0.012). CP with thrombus had a lower distance between MA and the luminal surface than CP with no thrombus (0.06 vs. 0.1 mm; p=0.04). Conclusions: In patients with NSTE-ACS, MAs are more likely present in CP where they disclose also a greater extension compared to those observed in NCP. The distance between MA and the luminal surface is lower in thrombotic CP than that in non thrombotic CP.

L'infarto miocardico in assenza di coronaropatia ostruttiva (MINOCA) è definito dall'evidenza di infarto miocardico acuto spontaneo e dalla documentazione angiografica di stenosi coronariche <50%. Negli ultimi anni, sono stati fatti grandi progressi nei campi dell'epidemiologia, patofisiologia, diagnosi, stima della prognosi e terapia di questa condizione. Finora, tuttavia, la definizione di MINOCA è piuttosto eterogenea in quanto condizioni specifiche come la miocardite e la sindrome di Takotsubo sono state spesso incluse, generando così risultati contrastanti. Questa tesi di dottorato si articola in quattro parti: parte I, Introduzione; parte II, Caratteristiche e prognosi; parte III, MINOCA e morte cardiaca improvvisa; parte IV, MINOCA e terapia farmacologica. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di valutare alcuni degli aspetti più controversi relativi a questa condizione, in particolare per quanto riguarda la prognosi e la terapia farmacologica per i pazienti affetti da MINOCA.
Myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) is defined by the evidence of a spontaneous acute myocardial infarction and angiographic documentation of coronary stenosis <50% in any potential infarct related artery, after having excluded clinically overt causes for the acute presentation. The introduction of this new concept was meant to fill a gap in knowledge and to encourage discovery of putative pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, great advances have been made in the fields of epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis estimation and therapeutics of this condition. So far, however, the definition of MINOCA is rather heterogeneous as specific cardiac conditions such as myocarditis and Takotsubo syndrome are included thus generating conflicting results. This doctoral dissertation is divided in four sections: part I, Introduction; part II, Characteristics and Prognosis; part III, MINOCA and Sudden Cardiac Death; part IV, MINOCA and Pharmacological Therapy. The aim of this work is to assess some controversial aspect of this condition, in particular with regards to the prognosis and pharmacological therapy for patients affected by MINOCA.

Introducción: El consumo recreacional de cocaína ha aumentado en los últimos años en Europa, siendo España uno de los principales países consumidores de cocaína. La cocaína tiene múltiples efectos sobre el sistema cardiovascular, entre ellos ser desencadenante de un Síndrome Coronario Agudo (SCA). Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo, entre 2001 y 2014, en pacientes con SCA menores de 50 años que ingresaban en la unidad coronaria. Se realizó una anamnesis específica del consumo de cocaína y una determinación de los metabolitos de cocaína en orina. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo fue “El consumo reciente de cocaína asociado a un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA-ACC) tiene un impacto pronóstico deletéreo a corto y largo plazo respecto al SCA no debido a cocaína”. Se definió el SCA-ACC en aquellos pacientes con SCA y determinación positiva de metabolitos de cocaína en orina o consumo reciente de cocaína por anamnesis. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1002 pacientes menores de 50 años con SCA. El 15.1% reconocían haber consumido cocaína alguna vez en su vida (el 41.7% eran exconsumidores, el 33.1% eran consumidores ocasionales y el 25.2% eran consumidores habituales de cocaína). Observamos un incremento en la prevalencia de consumo de cocaína des del 6.6% en 2002 hasta un pico del 21.7% y 20.5% en 2008 y 2009. Obtuvimos una determinación de metabolitos en orina en 864 pacientes (86.2%), siendo positiva en 52 (6%). Presentaban un SCA-ACC 59 pacientes (6.8%). Los pacientes con antecedentes de consumo de cocaína presentaban un mayor consumo de tóxicos además de cocaína como el tabaco, el alcohol y las otras drogas. En los pacientes con SCA-ACC observamos una mayor frecuencia de presentación como SCA con elevación del segmento ST (SCAEST). Los pacientes con SCA-ACC recibieron menos tratamiento con betabloqueantes en la fase aguda (40.7 contra 78.1%, p<0.001) y también al alta (59.6 contra 84.2%, p<0.001). Sin diferencias en los tratamientos de reperfusión realizados a los pacientes con SCAEST, únicamente una menor utilización de stents farmacoactivos (17.6 contra 34.5%, p=0.043). Durante la fase hospitalaria los SCA-ACC presentaron mayores complicaciones hospitalarias como la taquicardia ventricular (16.9 contra 4.7%, p<0.001), shock cardiogénico (6.8 contra 2.2%,p=0.032) y trastorno agudo de la conducción intraventricular (6.8 contra 1.5%,p=0.004) y una tendencia a mayor mortalidad hospitalaria (3.4 contra 1.0,p=0.097). El seguimiento realizado al 92.4% de los pacientes (mediana de 2381 días) observamos una mayor mortalidad en los pacientes con SCA-ACC (12.3 contra 5%,p=0.020) y también mortalidad cardiaca (7 contra 1.2%,p<0.001). El evento combinado de muerte, infarto o revascularización (MACE) también fue superior en SCA-ACC (35.1 contra 18.8%,p=0.003). El análisis multivariado de supervivencia por Coxx ajustado por la clasificación de killip y el tratamiento al alta presentó una HR de 2.126 ([IC 0.926-4.881],p=0.075) para mortalidad global, 4.038 ([IC 1.151-14.168],p=0.029) para mortalidad cardiaca y 2.015 ([IC 1.247-3.255],p=0.004) para MACE. Conclusiones: El tratamiento administrado en los pacientes con SCA-ACC es diferente al SCA-NACC, utilizando una menor proporción de fármacos betabloqueantes, así como de stents liberadores de fármaco en los procedimientos de intervencionismo coronario. Los pacientes con SCA-ACC tienen una peor evolución al seguimiento que los pacientes con SCA-NACC con una mayor incidencia de trombosis del stent, una mayor mortalidad (global y especialmente la de causa cardiaca) y tienen mayores eventos isquémicos, principalmente el infarto de miocardio. En nuestro medio se confirma nuestra hipótesis y los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo asociado al consumo reciente de cocaína presentan un peor pronostico hospitalario con mayor numero de complicaciones hospitalarias y un peor pronostico a largo plazo con mayor mortalidad y infarto de miocardio al seguimiento.
Background: Recreational cocaine consumption in European countries has increased in recent years, and Spain is one of the main cocaine-using country in Europe. Cocaine has several effects on the cardiovascular system, being a trigger for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between 2001 and 2014 in patients admitted to our coronary unit younger than 50 years old who suffered from an ACS. A detailed history of cocaine use and a determination of the metabolites of cocaine in urine were performed. Our working hypothesis was "Recent cocaine use associated with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS-ACC) has a deleterious short- and long-term prognostic impact on ACS not due to cocaine." Recent cocaine use associated with ACS (ACS-ACC) was defined as positive determination of cocaine metabolites in urine or admitting recent cocaine consumption prior to admission in the anamnesis in those patients who suffered an ACS. Results: 1002 patients younger than 50 years with ACS were included. 15.1% reported having consumed cocaine at least once in their lifetime (41.7% were former users, 33.1% occasional users and 25.2% current users). We observed an increase in prevalence of cocaine use from 6.6% in 2002 to a peak of 21.7% and 20.5% in 2008 and 2009. Determination of metabolites was obtained in 864 patients (86.2%), being positive in 52 (6%). A total of 59 patients (6.8%) presented a ACS-ACC. Patients with a history of cocaine use had a higher consumption of other substances, such as tobacco, alcohol, and other. Higher frequency of ACS with ST segment elevation was observed in cocaine users. The group of patients with ACS-ACC received less treatment with beta-blockers in the acute phase (40.7 vs 78.1%, p<0.001) and also at discharge (59.6 vs 84.2%, p<0.001). Differences in reperfusion treatments for patients with ACS-ACS were not observed in spite of a lower lower use of drug-eluting stents (17.6 vs 34.5%, p=0.043). During hospitalization, patients with ACS-ACC presented higher complications such as ventricular tachycardia (16.9 vs 4.7%, p<0.001), cardiogenic shock (6.8% vs 2.2%, p=0.032) and acute intraventricular conduction abnormalities (6.8 vs 1.5%,p=0.004) as well as a trend towards a higher hospital mortality (3.4 vs 1.0, p=0.097). Higher mortality in patients with ACS-ACC was observed (12.3% vs 5%, p=0.020) and also cardiac mortality (7% vs. 1.2%, p<0.001). The combined event of death, infarction or revascularization (MACE) was also higher in ACS-ACC (35.1 vs 18.8%, p = 0.003). Coxx survival multivariate analysis adjusted for killip classification and treatment at discharge showed a HR of 2.126 ([IC 0.926-4.881], p = 0.075) for overall mortality, 4,038 ([1,151-14,168], p = 0.029) for cardiac mortality and 2.015 ([1.247-3.255], p=0.004) for MACE. Conclusions: The treatment given in patients with ACS-ACC differs from patients with ACS-NACC, with lower proportion of beta-blocking drugs being used during admission and at discharge as well as a higher implantation of drug-eluting stents in coronary intervention procedures. Patients with ACS-ACC have a worse outcome at follow-up than patients with ACS-NACC with more incidence of stent thrombosis, higher mortality (overall and especially cardiac cause) and higher ischemic events, mainly miocardial infarction. Our hypothesis is confirmed in our setting, and patients with acute coronary syndrome associated with recent cocaine use have worse hospital prognosis with greater number of hospital complications, worse long-term prognosis with higher mortality and myocardial infarction at follow-up.

Orientadores: Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues, Maria Cecilia Bueno Jayme Gallani
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Historical Background. “Angina pectoris” has been known since in ancient Egyptian time. Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) wrote in a passage ".... If you examine a man for heart disease, he complains of pain in the arm, chest and part of the heart ....". This is the beginning of the long journey that takes us to the 1912 description of the myocardial infarction by coronary thrombosis by James Herrick, the 1962 subsequent birth of the first coronary care unit by Desmond Julian and finally in 1981 to the most modern Chest Pain Unit. Research continues to evaluate new aspects that could lead to the discovery of new strategies to reduce mortality rate of this disease. Background and aims. Preinfarction angina (defined as angina onset within 24 hours from the myocardial infarction) gives protection to the myocardium by reducing infarct size, and limiting left ventricular remodeling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation, and in particular subgroups. We compared patients with preinfarction angina (API +) to those without preinfarction angina (API-) with regard to ventricular function, end-diastolic volume and in-hospital clinical outcome. All these patients are followed up for one year under echocardiography and clinical settings, in order to assess whether any protective effects that are present during the hospital stay persist after one year. Methods and results. We evaluated over a period of two years 448 consecutive patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit for acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation. Regardless of treatment received, of these patients we analyzed in greater detail a homogeneous subgroup, which had a significant lesion on left anterior descending coronary artery. Of these patients we performed a clinical and echocardiographic follow-up to a year. This study excluded patients enrolled in other studies. Our population was divided as follows: 112 patients, representing 25%, had suffered preinfarction angina (API +) within 24 hours from myocardial infarction, the remaining 336 (75%) had had no angina in the last 24 hours (API-). The two groups compared (API + versus API-) showed no significant differences in age, sex, risk factors (hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, family history of coronary artery disease, smoking). With regard to the treatment we found that the API + group had been treated more frequently with primary angioplasty compared to the API- group (88% vs 79%, p = 0.025). With regard to the in-hospital outcome group API+ compared to API- had a significantly reduced length of stay (9 ± 4 days vs 11 ± 9 days, p = 0.004), lower presence of arrhythmias (20% vs 32%, p = 0.015 ), less presence of heart failure (6% vs 14%, p = 0.035) and with regard to data echocardiography: ventricular function was better in group API + (ejection fraction 51 ± 7 % vs 48 ± 9%, p = 0.003) in correspondence to a lower end-diastolic volume (58 ± 11 ml/m2 vs 62 ± 17 ml/m2, p = 0.005) In a one year clinic follow up the number of admissions in other departments was significantly reduced (15% vs 25% p= 0.04) in the group API+, there is no statistical difference regarding the other parameters evaluated between outcome and preinfarction angina even if they are suggestive of a better prognosis in presence of the latter (one year survival 98% in API+ vs 93% in API-). So, considering the well known benefits of revascularization with primary angioplasty and thinking that they may cover the benefits of preinfarction angina, we evaluated a very homogeneous subgroup of 277 patients who had a critical lesion on the left anterior descending coronary artery. Of these, 30% was API +, while the remaining 70% were API-. There were no significant differences with regard to clinical variables. There were no significant differences with regard to the treatment received, while confirming the data of better in-hospital prognosis of group API + compared to API- with reduced hospital stay (9 ± 4 days vs 13 ± 10 days, p = 0.01), a lower presence of arrhythmias (20% vs 32%, p = 0.03), less presence of heart failure (7% vs 17%, p = 0.029) and also with regard to echocardiography: ventricular function was greater in the API + (50 ± 8% vs 46 ± 9%, p = 0.00) at a lower end-diastolic volume (59 ± 12 ml/m2 vs 64 ± 18 ml/m2, p = 0.018). Survival at one year did not differ significantly in the two groups (API + 97% vs API- 94%), it remained an improved ejection fraction (52 ± 9 % vs 48 ± 9 %, p = 0.010) without significant differences in relation to the end-diastolic volume (67 ± 16 ml/m2 vs 69 ± 18 ml/m2). Preinfarction angina by multivariate analysis was an independent predictor of lower presence of arrhythmias (OR 0.48 with 95% CI 0.25-0.93, p = 0.03), fewer episodes of heart failure (OR 0.33 with 95% CI 0.12-0.91, p = 0.03) and reduced hospital stay (in-hospital decreased of -2.62 ± 1.21 days, p = 0.03). Concerning to the echocardiographic data obtained at the discharge preinfartion angina was also protective, with better ventricular function (higher left ventricular ejection fraction 3.21 ± 1.14%, p = 0.01), and reduced diastolic volume (decreased end diastolic volume -5.20 ± 2.26 ml/m2, p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis of the data obtained during the follow up has shown a better ventricular function also at the echocardiography performed at 1 year (2.96 ± 1.44, p = 0.03). At the clinical follow-up at one year we have seen that the presence of preinfarction angina has played a protective role with regard to new episodes of acute coronary syndrome (6 cases vs. 22, OR 0.27) and episodes of heart failure (0 cases vs 5). Conclusions. Preinfarction angina has a certain protective effect with regard to in-hospital outcome, as it is associated with a lower presence of arrhythmias, fewer episodes of heart failure and reduced hospitalization, API+ patients, in despite of equal treatment, also have better sistolic ventricular function with less volume than API- patient . At the echocardiography obtained during the follow up ventricular function is improved in the API + group and our data show a protective role of preinfarction angina even with regard to new episodes of acute coronary syndrome and new episodes of heart failure.
Premessa storica. Già al tempo degli egizi, nel papiro di Ebers (1500 a.C.) è riconoscibile la descrizione dell'angina pectoris da un passo che dice: “.... se esamini un uomo per malattia del cuore, egli si lamenta per dolore al braccio, al petto e ad una parte del cuore....”. Da qui ha inizio il lungo cammino che ci porterà alla descrizione dell’infarto nel 1912 da trombosi coronarica da parte di James Herrick, alla successiva nascita delle prime Unità coronariche nel 1962 per opera di Desmond Julian e le più moderne Chest Pain Unit nel 1981. La ricerca continua a valutare nuovi aspetti che possano portare al rinvenimento di nuove strategie per ridurre la mortalità causata da questa malattia. Background e obiettivi. L’angina preinfartuale (intesa come angina comparsa nelle 24 ore precedenti l’infarto miocardico acuto) conferisce una protezione al miocardio riducendo le dimensioni dell’infarto, e limitando il rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro. Lo scopo di questo studio è valutare i pazienti che si presentano con sindrome coronarica acuta con sopraslivellamento del tratto ST, e in particolare alcuni sottogruppi, confrontando i pazienti con angina pre-infartuale (API+) e quelli senza (API-) per quanto riguarda la funzione ventricolare, il volume telediastolico e gli outcome clinici intraospedalieri e a distanza di un anno, per poter valutare se gli eventuali effetti protettivi presenti durante la degenza si mantengano anche nel tempo. Metodi e risultati. Abbiamo valutato in un arco temporale di due anni 448 pazienti consecutivi ricoverati in Unità Coronarica per sindrome coronarica acuta con ST sopraslivellato (SCA ST sopra) indipendentemente dal trattamento ricevuto. Di questi abbiamo poi analizzato più approfonditamente un sottogruppo omogeneo, che presentava lesione emodinamicamente significativa su ramo discendente anteriore della coronaria sinistra. Di questi pazienti è stato eseguito un follow-up clinico ed ecocardiografico ad un anno. Sono stati esclusi dal presente lavoro pazienti arruolati per altri studi. La nostra popolazione risultava così suddivisa: 112 pazienti, corrispondenti al 25 %, avevano presentato angina pre-infartuale (API+) nelle 24 ore precedenti l’infarto miocardico, i restanti 336 (75 %) non avevano avuto episodi anginosi nelle ultime 24 ore (API-). I due gruppi confrontati ( API+ vs API-) fra di loro non hanno dimostrato differenze significative per quanto riguardava l’età, il sesso, i fattori di rischio (ipertensione arteriosa, ipercolesterolemia, diabete, familiarità per coronaropatia, fumo). I due gruppi sono stati confrontati per quanto riguarda il trattamento ed è risultato che il gruppo API+ era stato trattato più frequentemente con angioplastica primaria rispetto al gruppo API- (88% vs 79% con p=0.025). Per quanto riguarda l’outcome intraospedaliero nel gruppo API+ rispetto a quello API- è risultata significativamente ridotta la durata della degenza (9±4 giorni vs 11±9 giorni con p=0.004), la presenza di aritmie ( 20% vs 32% con p= 0.015), la presenza di scompenso (6% vs 14% con p=0.035) e per quanto riguarda i dati ecocardiografici: la funzione ventricolare era migliore nel gruppo API+ (frazione di eiezione 51±7% vs 48± 9% con p= 0.003) in corrispondenza di un minor volume telediastolico (58 ± 11 ml/m2 vs 62 ± 17 ml/m2 con p = 0.005). Nel follow up ad un anno è risultato significativamente ridotto il numero di ricoveri in altro reparto (15% vs 25% con p=0.04), non vi è significatività statistica per quanto riguarda gli altri parametri valutati tra outcome e angina pre IMA anche se sono suggestivi di una migliore prognosi nel caso di angina pre IMA (sopravvivenza ad un anno API+ 98% vs API- 93%). Considerando i noti vantaggi legati alla rivascolarizzazione con angioplastica primaria e pensando che questi potessero offuscare i vantaggi legati all’angina-preinfartuale, abbiamo valutato un sottogruppo particolarmente omogeneo di 277 pazienti che avevano come caratteristica una lesione critica su discendente anteriore. Di questi il 30% aveva presentato API+, mentre il restante 70% era API-. Anche in questo gruppo non vi erano differenze significative per quanto riguardava età, sesso, fattori di rischio associati (ipertensione arteriosa, diabete, ipercolesterolemia, familiarità per coronaropatia, fumo) e malattie concomitanti (insufficienza renale cronica, broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva). Non risultavano differenze significative per quanto riguarda il trattamento ricevuto, mentre si confermavano i dati di miglior prognosi intraospedialiera nel gruppo API+ rispetto a quello API- con ridotta degenza ospedaliera (9±4 giorni vs 13±10 giorni, con p=0.01), la presenza di aritmie ( 20% vs 32% con p= 0.03), la presenza di scompenso (7% vs 17% con p=0.029) e anche per quanto riguarda i dati ecocardiografici: la funzione ventricolare era maggiore nel gruppo API+ (frazione d’eiezione 50± 8% vs 46± 9% con p = 0.00) in corrispondenza di un minor volume telediastolico (59 ± 12 ml/m2 vs 64 ± 18 ml/m2 con p = 0.018). Nel follow up ad un anno la sopravvivenza non presentava differenze statisticamente significative nei due gruppi (API+ 97% vs API- 94%), mentre si manteneva una miglior frazione di eiezione (52± 9 % vs 48± 9 % con p = 0.010) senza differenze significative per quanto riguarda il volume telediastolico (67 ± 16 ml/m2 vs 69 ± 18 ml/m2). All’analisi multivariata l’angina pre-infartuale risultava predittore indipendente di minor presenza di aritmie (OR 0.48 con 95%CI 0.25-0.93, p=0.03), minori episodi di scompenso (OR 0.33 con 95%CI 0.12-0.91, p=0.03) e ridotta degenza (degenza ridotta di -2.62±1.21 giorni con p=0.03). Risultava protettiva anche per quanto riguarda i dati ecocardiografici ottenuti in dimissione con miglior funzione ventricolare (frazione di eiezione aumentata di 3.21±1.14 % con p=0.01), e minor volume telediastolico (volume telediastolico ridotto di -5.20±2.26 ml/m2 con p=0.02). L’analisi multivariata dei dati ottenuti nel follow up ha dimostrato come si mantenga predittore di migliore funzione ventricolare anche nell’ecocardiogramma eseguito ad 1 anno (frazione di eiezione aumentata 2.96±1.44 % con p=0.03). Per quanto riguarda il follow up clinico ad 1 anno abbiamo visto che la presenza di angina pre-infartuale ha svolto un ruolo protettivo per quanto riguarda nuovi episodi di sindrome coronarica acuta (6 casi vs 22, OR 0.27) e per episodi di scompenso cardiaco (0 casi vs 5). Conclusioni. L’angina pre-infartuale risulta avere un effetto protettivo certo per quanto riguarda l’outcome intraospedaliero, in quanto porta ad una minor presenza di aritmie, minori episodi di scompenso e minori giorni di degenza, inoltre i pazienti API+ hanno a parità di trattamento una migliore funzione ventricolare con minor volume telediastolico rispetto ai pazienti API-. Per quanto riguarda il follow up ad un anno la funzione ventricolare risulta migliore nel gruppo API+ e i nostri dati mostrano un ruolo protettivo dell’angina pre-infartuale anche per quanto riguarda nuovi episodi di sindrome coronarica acuta e nuovi episodi di scompenso.

Background: l’acido urico (AU) nei pazienti che si presentano con SCA è stato riconosciuto come fattore determinante la mortalità intra-ospedaliera. Inoltre esso è anche correlato con le complicanze intraospedaliere in termini di recidiva precoce di altri eventi cardiovascolari non fatali e altri outcome intermedi interpretabili come segni di decorso intra-ospedaliero complicato (l’utilizzo di contropulsatore aortico o di ventilazione non invasiva, un maggior tempo di degenza ed una maggior frequenza di sanguinamenti ma anche la presentazione con un quadro di scompenso cardiaco acuto o con FA all’ingresso in unità coronarica). Scopo dello studio: scopo principale del nostro studio è quello di valutare il ruolo dell’AU misurato in acuto come possibile determinante di mortalità intraospedaliera (outcome primario) e di complicanze durante la degenza (outcomes secondari). Scopo secondario è stato anche quello di individuare il miglior cut-off per tale associazione. Oltre all’individuazione di uno specifico cut-off è stata anche valutata la performance diagnostica, in termini di sensibilità e specificità, del cut-off classico oggi utilizzato per definire l’iperuricemia (> 6 mg/dL nelle femmine e 7 mg/dL nei maschi) e di un cut-off più basso individuato dalla letteratura più recente (5.26 mg/dL per le femmine e 5.49 mg/dL per i maschi). Metodi: Per fare questo sono stati analizzati i dati di 563 pazienti ricoverati presso l’Unità di Cure Intensive Cardiologiche (UCIC) dell’ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda. Gli outcome considerati sono la mortalità intraospedaliera per tutte le cause, il re-infarto, la trombosi intrastent, la nuova rivascolarizzazione non programmata, i sanguinamenti, gli stroke, la presentazione con scompenso cardiaco, la presentazione con FA, l’utilizzo di inotropi, contropulsatore aortico e ventilazione non invasiva, l’evidenza di coronaropatia trivasale alla coronarografia e la FE in ingresso ed in dimissione dall’UCIC. Risultati: i pazienti presentavano un’età media di 66.5 ± 12.3 anni, nel 79.2% dei casi erano maschi e nel 49.9% dei casi accedevano per STEMI. Con entrambi i cut-off i soggetti iperuricemici erano più anziani e presentavano più frequentemente FRCV e pregresso infarto miocardico. Essi morivano più frequentemente durante la degenza, giungevano al ricovero in FA o con scompenso cardiaco, presentavano con maggior frequenza coronaropatia trivasale ed utilizzavano più frequentemente contropulsatore aortico e NIV. Infine i valori di FE sia all’ingresso che in dimissione dall’UCIC erano più bassi rispetto al gruppo dei non iperuricemici. All’analisi multivariata l’AU resisteva come determinante significativo di tutti gli outcomes (esclusa la coronaropatia trivasale) in un modello contenente età, genere, precedente infarto miocardico, anamnesi positiva per ipertensione arteriosa, Charlson Comorbidity Index e creatinina. Entrambi i cut-off erano in grado di discriminare in modo statisticamente significativo l’incrementata mortalità dei pazienti iperuricemici anche se in entrambi i casi la performance in termini di Sensibilità (Sn) e Specificità (Sp) presentava alcuni problemi. Abbiamo infine provato ad individuare un cut-off ideale per questa specifica popolazione che è stato di 6.35 mg/dL con un’area sotto la curva complessiva di 0.772 e con una Sn ed una Sp di 70.3% ed 81.8%. Conclusioni: in conclusione AU risulta determinante indipendente della mortalità intraospedaliera per tutte le cause e di variabili indicative di peggior presentazione al momento dei ricovero (scompenso cardiaco, FA ed FE all'ingresso), di complicanze intra-ricovero (utilizzo di contropulsatore aortico e NIV) e di un peggior risultato sulla ripresa della funzione ventricolare sinistra (FE in dimissione). Ulteriori studi con valutazione longitudinale dell'andamento dell'AU sono necessari per chiarire definitivamente la direzionalità delle relazioni individuate.
Background: Uric acid (UA) has been related to in-hospital mortality in ACS patients. Furthermore, it has been related to early relapse of non-fatal cardiovascular events and to intermediate outcome such as use of intra-aortic balloon pump, noninvasive ventilation, longer inward stay, bleeding but also clinical presentation with AF or heart failure. Aim of the study: principal aim of our study was to evaluate the role of UA as a possible determinants of in-hospital mortality (primary outcome) and in hospital complications (secondary outcomes). Secondary aim was to identify the best cut-off and to evaluate diagnostic performance of already used cut-off (the classic one of > 6 mg/dL in female and 7 mg/dL in males, and a recently described one with 5.26 mg/dL in females and 5.49 mg/dL in males). Methods: we analyze data of 563 patients admitted for ACS at the Cardiological Intensive Care Unit of the Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital. We consider as outcome in-hospital mortality, inward myocardial infarction, instent thrombosys, bleeding, stroke, clinical presentation with heart failure of AF, inotropes, intra-aortic balloon pump and non-invasive ventilation uses during hospital stay, three vessels coronaric involvement at the coronary angiogram and EF both at admission and at discharge. Results: mean age was 66.5 ± 12.3 years, 79.2% of the patients were males and 49.9% of the ACS were STEMI. With both cut-off hyperuricemic subjects were older, with more prominent cardiovascular risk factor and previous myocardial infarction. Furthermore, they more frequently died during hospital stay, they present more frequently heart failure and AF as clinical presentation, have more commonly three vessels disease and use more frequently intra-aortic balloon pump and non-invasive ventilation. Finally, also EF at admission and discharge were lower in hyperuricemic patients. At multivariate analysis UA was a significant determinants of primary and secondary outcomes (except for three vessels coronaric disease) in a model with age, gender, previous myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension, Charlson Comorbidity Index and creatinine as covariates. Both cut-off can significantly discriminate in-hospital mortality but with only fair results in term of Sensibility (Sn) and Specificity (Sp). Finally, we identify 6.35 mg/dL as the best cut-off for this specific population with an area under the curve of 0.772, Sn 70.3% and Sp 81.8%. Conclusions: in conclusion UA was an independent determinants of in-hospital mortality and of variables suggestive of worst clinical presentation (heart failure, AF and admission EF), in-hospital complications (intra-aortic balloon pump and non-invasive ventilation uses) and worst recovery (discharge EF). Further study with longitudinal evaluation of UA during ACS are needed in order to better clarify directionality of detected relationship.

El síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) es la principal complicación de la cardiopatía isquémica y se produce como consecuencia de la inestabilización de las placas de aterosclerosis de las arterias coronarias. Se sabe que la inflamación juega un papel importante en todas las fases de la enfermedad aterosclerosa; en el inicio de la formación de la placa, en la progresión de la misma y es máxima en el momento de inestabilización y aparición del SCA. Los objetivos de esta tesis son analizar el papel e implicaciones clínicas de la anemia adquirida intrahospitalariamente y del déficit de hierro (DH) en pacientes con SCA y su posible relación con la inflamación. Para responder a estos objetivos se realizaron dos registros prospectivos de pacientes que ingresaron de manera consecutiva por un SCA en nuestro centro. Para el análisis de la anemia nosocomial se incluyeron 221 pacientes entre el 2009 y 2010 y para el análisis del DH se incluyeron, entre el 2012 y 2015, a otros 244. Se observó que la anemia nosocomial sin sangrado evidente sucede en el 25% de los pacientes con SCA, que su aparición se relaciona con un estado inflamatorio marcado indicado por valores de proteína C reactiva >3.1mg/dl y que es un predictor de morbi-mortalidad a largo plazo. Así mismo, también se observó que el DH se encuentra en más del 50% de los pacientes con SCA, que se relaciona con un estado inflamatorio marcado indicado por niveles elevados de Interleucina-6 y que su persistencia a los 30 días tras el evento coronario implica una peor capacidad funcional y una peor calidad de vida.
The Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is the main complication of ischemic cardiovascular disease and it’s caused by Coronary atherosclerotic plaque instability. It is known than Inflammation plays a key role in all phases of atherosclerosis; at the beginning of plaque formation, in its progression and reaches maximum levels at the time of ACS onset. The objectives of the present thesis are to analyze the role and clinical implications of in-hospital acquired anemia and iron deficiency (ID) in patients with ACS and their possible relationship with inflammation. In order to respond to these objectives, we performed two prospective registries of patients consecutively admitted for an ACS in our center. For the first analysis, 221 patients were included between 2009 and 2010, and for the ID analysis 244 were included between 2012 and 2015. Nosocomial anemia was observed in 25% of patients with ACS and was a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the long-term follow-up. A > 3.1mg/dl value of C-reactive protein was highly predictive of developing nosocomial anemia. In the other hand, ID was registered in more than 50% of ACS patients; its presence was related to a marked inflammatory status indicated by high levels of Interleukin-6 and its persistence 30 days after the coronary event resulted in a poorer mid-term functional recovery, as measured by exercise capacity and quality of life.

Tirti pasirinktiniai 193 pacientai, gydyti Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Kardiologijos reanimacijos ir intensyviosios terapijos skyriuje. Tyrime buvo nagrinėjami vyresnio amžiaus pacientų ūminio koronarinio sindromo klinikinės eigos ypatumai, ligonių išgyvenamumo ryšys su klinikinės eigos ypatumais bei gydymo būdais. Tuo tikslu buvo išanalizuotas vyresnio amžiaus pacientų, patyrusių ūminį koronarinį sindromą, išgyvenamumas bei didžiųjų nepageidaujamų kardiovaskulinių įvykių dažnis per 3 metus nuo ūminio koronarinio sindromo pasireiškimo pradžios. Buvo įvertintas pacientų grupių homogeniškumas pagal amžiaus grupes, ūminio koronarinio sindromo formas bei GRACE riziką. Buvo palyginti pacientų, kuriems taikytas ir netaikytas invazinis gydymas, ūminio koronarinio sindromo klinikinės eigos bei išeičių ypatumai. Tyrime buvo įvertintos išgyvenamumo sąsajos su pacientų anamnezės, klinikinės eigos bei gydymo veiksniais, taip pat bei palyginti išgyvenę ir neišgyvenę pacientai, patyrę ūminį koronarinį sindromą pagal anamnezės, klinikinės eigos bei gydymo veiksnius priklausomai nuo invazinio ar neinvazinio gydymo taikymo. Tokiu būdu buvo ieškoma veiksnių, kurie skirtingai reikšmingi pacientų, gydytų invaziniu ir neinvaziniu būdu, išgyvenamumui.
193 consecutive patients older than 75 years with ACS were included in the study. Clinical process characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in elderly patients have been assessed in this study; the relation between patient survival and clinical process characteristics as well as treatment methods has been established. For this purpose the survival of elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome and, also, the frequency of MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) during the 3 years after acute coronary syndrome has been analysed. The assessment of the patient group homogeneity according to the age group, acute coronary syndrome forms and GRACE risk has been performed. The analysis and comparison of the patients who received and those who did not receive invasive treatment, as well as the characteristics of their acute coronary syndrome clinical progress and outcomes have been presented in this study. The links between the patient survival and the factors of patient history, clinical progress and treatment have been established. The comparison of the patients with acute coronary syndrome who survived with the ones who did not survive based on the various factors of their history, clinical progress and treatment subject to the invasive or conservative treatment received has been provided. Thus, the study searched for the factors having various impacts on the patients survival depending on the treatment – invasive or conservative – received.

193 consecutive patients older than 75 years with ACS were included in the study. Clinical process characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in elderly patients have been assessed in this study; the relation between patient survival and clinical process characteristics as well as treatment methods has been established. For this purpose the survival of elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome and, also, the frequency of MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) during the 3 years after acute coronary syndrome has been analysed. The assessment of the patient group homogeneity according to the age group, acute coronary syndrome forms and GRACE risk has been performed. The analysis and comparison of the patients who received and those who did not receive invasive treatment, as well as the characteristics of their acute coronary syndrome clinical progress and outcomes have been presented in this study. The links between the patient survival and the factors of patient history, clinical progress and treatment have been established. The comparison of the patients with acute coronary syndrome who survived with the ones who did not survive based on the various factors of their history, clinical progress and treatment subject to the invasive or conservative treatment received has been provided. Thus, the study searched for the factors having various impacts on the patients survival depending on the treatment – invasive or conservative – received.
Tirti pasirinktiniai 193 pacientai, gydyti Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Kardiologijos reanimacijos ir intensyviosios terapijos skyriuje. Tyrime buvo nagrinėjami vyresnio amžiaus pacientų ūminio koronarinio sindromo klinikinės eigos ypatumai, ligonių išgyvenamumo ryšys su klinikinės eigos ypatumais bei gydymo būdais. Tuo tikslu buvo išanalizuotas vyresnio amžiaus pacientų, patyrusių ūminį koronarinį sindromą, išgyvenamumas bei didžiųjų nepageidaujamų kardiovaskulinių įvykių dažnis per 3 metus nuo ūminio koronarinio sindromo pasireiškimo pradžios. Buvo įvertintas pacientų grupių homogeniškumas pagal amžiaus grupes, ūminio koronarinio sindromo formas bei GRACE riziką. Buvo palyginti pacientų, kuriems taikytas ir netaikytas invazinis gydymas, ūminio koronarinio sindromo klinikinės eigos bei išeičių ypatumai. Tyrime buvo įvertintos išgyvenamumo sąsajos su pacientų anamnezės, klinikinės eigos bei gydymo veiksniais, taip pat bei palyginti išgyvenę ir neišgyvenę pacientai, patyrę ūminį koronarinį sindromą pagal anamnezės, klinikinės eigos bei gydymo veiksnius priklausomai nuo invazinio ar neinvazinio gydymo taikymo. Tokiu būdu buvo ieškoma veiksnių, kurie skirtingai reikšmingi pacientų, gydytų invaziniu ir neinvaziniu būdu, išgyvenamumui.