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Books on the topic 'Acute confusion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Gallen, Anella. Nurses' knowledge regarding the management of acute confusion/delirium in patients receiving palliative care at home. [s.l: The author], 2003.

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2

Delirium: Acute confusional states. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

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3

Anderson, Carol L. Relationship between a systematic program of nursing care for elderly hip fracture patients and the occurrence of acute confusional states. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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4

Watkins, Julie E. Assessing confusion in elderly patients on an acute medical ward. SIHE, 1992.

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5

Hogg, Jenny. Delirium. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0040.

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Delirium (acute confusional state) is a common condition affecting between ten and thirty percent of a general hospital inpatient population. The diagnosis is suspected when there is an acute onset of confusion in the presence of a physical precipitant. Pre-existing dementia, advancing age, previous delirium and increasing illness severity favour the development of delirium. The diagnosis of delirium is solely clinical and can be quickly arrived at using assessment tools such as the cognitive Assessment Method (CAM). Historical perspectives, diagnosis, the use of assessment tools, differential diagnosis, communication with patients and relatives, prevention, prognosis, and treatment are discussed in this chapter, along with the pathophysiology of this common condition
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6

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Neurological disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0022.

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Agitation and confusion 360Status epilepticus 362Meningitis 364Intracerebral haemorrhage 366Subarachnoid haemorrhage 368Ischaemic stroke 370Guillain–Barre syndrome 372Myasthenia gravis 374ICU neuromuscular disorders 376Tetanus 378Botulism 380Neurorehabilitation 382Hyperthermias 384Agitation and confusion are common features in critical illness. Agitation is a symptom or sign of numerous acute and chronic disease states that include pain, anxiety and delirium. Agitation is present in around half of ICU patients, with 15% experiencing severe agitation. Confusion may also be chronic or acute and arise from an overlapping set of pathological processes that includes hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycaemia and dementia. It is possible to be agitated and not confused, and vice versa. Recognition and treatment of the underlying condition is of utmost importance, rather than treating the symptoms alone....
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7

Vasilevskis, Eduard E., and E. Wesley Ely. Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0226.

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Confusion is a non-specific, non-diagnostic term to describe a patient with disorientation, impaired memory, or abnormal thought process. Agitation describes an increased level of psychomotor activity, and anxious or aggressive behaviour. Many agitated patients may also be delirious, yet they only represent a minority of all delirious patients. ICU delirium is an acute cognitive disorder of both consciousness and content of thought. The hallmark of ICU delirium is a fluctuating mental status, inattention, and an altered level of consciousness. Delirium is the end product of a sequence of insults and injury that lead to a common measurable manifestation of end-organ brain injury. It does not have a single aetiology, but often has multiple different and potentially interacting aetiologies. Both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors play important roles in the development of delirium. Importantly, the new onset of delirium should prompt the physician to investigate the underlying cause. Cognitive impairment and age are among the most important non-modifiable risk factors, whereas administration of benzodiazepines is the greatest. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine shows promise as a sedative reducing the risk for delirium when compared with benzodiazepines.
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8

Aged, Help the, and Royal College of Nursing, eds. Dignity on the ward: Improving the experience of acute hospital care for older people with dementia or confusion : a pocket guide for hospital staff. London: Help the Aged, 2000.

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9

Sprigings, David. Delirium (acute confusional state). Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0041.

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Delirium is a functional brain disorder characterized by disturbances of consciousness, attention, and cognition. The term ‘acute confusional state’ is often used synonymously with ‘delirium’. Delirium may be associated with a range of associated clinical features including increased or decreased psychomotor activity (hyperactive and hypoactive variants), hallucinations and delusions, and efferent sympathetic hyperactivity. Delirium with pronounced psychomotor and sympathetic hyperactivity is more often seen in younger patients with alcohol or substance intoxication/withdrawal (delirium tremens), but no cause is specific to a clinical subtype. Delirium is distinguished from dementia (with which it may coexist, as dementia is a major risk factor for delirium) by its speed of onset (over hours or days) and reversibility with correction of the underlying cause. In some patients, however, delirium may be followed by long-term cognitive impairment, suggesting that the pathophysiology of delirium overlaps with that of dementia.
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10

Lipowski, Zbigniew J. Delirium: Acute Confusional States. Oxford University Press, USA, 1990.

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11

Thorne, Sara, and Sarah Bowater, eds. Adult Congenital Heart Disease (Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cardiology). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759959.001.0001.

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To the adult cardiologist, the language of congenital heart disease (CHD) can be confusing and the spectrum of disease bewildering. This book aims to dispel confusion and equip cardiology trainees, general cardiologists, and acute medicine physicians with a sound understanding of the principles of the physiology and management of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), so that they can treat emergencies and recognize the need for referral to a specialist unit. This handbook provides both rapid reference for use when the clinical need arises and also an insight into the basic principles of congenital heart disease, giving the reader a good grounding in the care of the adult with congenital heart disease. It presents an introduction to ACHD. It describes specific lesions and general management issues of adult congenital heart disease.
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12

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Neurological infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0019.

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This chapter covers both acute bacterial and viral, and chronic, meningitis, as well as tuberculous, cryptococcal, coccidioidal, and Histoplasma meningitis, describing meningeal symptoms (headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, photophobia) and cerebral dysfunction (confusion, coma). The chapter also covers neurocysticercosis (including parenchymal and extra-parenchymal cysts), encephalitis (an inflammatory process in the brain characterized by cerebral dysfunction), as well as brain abscess, cerebritis, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
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13

Mainwaring, Lynda. Psychological Factors and Sport-Related Concussion. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.15.

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Psychological factors related to sport concussion have been overshadowed by interests in neurocognitive recovery. This chapter begins by examining psychological factors relevant to research and management of sport concussion in the context of a culture where normalizing pain and injury is routine. Among the key components of this chapter is a discussion of emotional disturbance following concussion characterized as the “concussion crevice,” which is represented by high fatigue, low vigor, elevated depression and confusion scores, and high overall emotional distress. This differs from pre-injury “iceberg” profiles of high energy, and low depression, fatigue, and confusion, which is characteristic of mentally healthy athletes. Acute emotional response to concussion is distinguished from response to musculoskeletal injury, mirrors neurocognitive recovery, and appears to correspond with the dynamic neurometabolic restoration pattern described in the literature. Directions for future research are recommended.
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14

Martin, Daniel S., and Michael P. W. Grocott. Pathophysiology and management of altitude-related disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0350.

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Acute high-altitude related illnesses include acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO) and high altitude cerebral oedema (HACO). AMS is characterized by headache, lack of appetite, poor sleep, lethargy, and fatigue. AMS is a common, generally benign, self-limiting condition if managed with rest, no ascent, and symptomatic treatment. Descent is indicated in severe cases. HACO and HAPO are rare, but serious conditions that should be considered life-threatening medical emergencies. HACO is characterized by the presence of neurological signs (including confusion) at altitude, commonly in the presence of headache. HAPO is characterized by breathlessness and signs of respiratory distress at altitude, particularly accompanying exercise. Management of HACO and HAPO involves urgent descent, supplemental oxygen (cylinder, concentrator, or portable hyperbaric chamber) if available, and specific treatment with dexamethasone (HACO) or nifedipine (HAPO). Slow controlled ascent (adequate acclimatization) is the best prophylaxis against the acute high-altitude-related illnesses. Acetazolamide is an effective prophylaxis against AMS.
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15

Delirium: Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2010.

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16

Grassi, Luigi, and Augusto Caraceni. Delirium - Acute Confusional States in Palliative Medicine. Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.

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17

Abuella, Gihan, and Andrew Rhodes. Mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0024.

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Mechanical ventilation is used to assist or replace spontaneous respiration. Gas flow can be generated by negative pressure techniques, but it is positive pressure ventilation that is the most efficacious in intensive care. There are numerous pulmonary and extrapulmonary indications for mechanical ventilation, and it is the underlying pathology that will determine the duration of ventilation required. Ventilation modes can broadly be classified as volume- or pressure-controlled, but modern ventilators combine the characteristics of both in order to complement the diverse requirements of individual patients. To avoid confusion, it is important to appreciate that there is no international consensus on the classification of ventilation modes. Ventilator manufacturers can use terms that are similar to those used by others that describe very different modes or have completely different names for similar modes. It is well established that ventilation in itself can cause or exacerbate lung injury, so the evidence-based lung-protective strategies should be adhered to. The term acute lung injury has been abolished, whilst a new definition and classification for the acute respiratory distress syndrome has been defined.
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18

Grounds, Robert O., and Andrew Rhodes. Mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0024_update_001.

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Mechanical ventilation is used to assist or replace spontaneous respiration. Gas flow can be generated by negative pressure techniques, but it is positive pressure ventilation that is the most efficacious in intensive care. There are numerous pulmonary and extrapulmonary indications for mechanical ventilation, and it is the underlying pathology that will determine the duration of ventilation required. Ventilation modes can broadly be classified as volume- or pressure-controlled, but modern ventilators combine the characteristics of both in order to complement the diverse requirements of individual patients. To avoid confusion, it is important to appreciate that there is no international consensus on the classification of ventilation modes. Ventilator manufacturers can use terms that are similar to those used by others that describe very different modes or have completely different names for similar modes. It is well established that ventilation in itself can cause or exacerbate lung injury, so the evidence-based lung-protective strategies should be adhered to. The term acute lung injury has been abolished, whilst a new definition and classification for the acute respiratory distress syndrome has been defined.
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19

Gardiner, Matthew D., and Neil R. Borley. Core surgical skills and knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204755.003.0015.

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This chapter begins by discussing the basic principles of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, fluid therapy, healthcare-associated infection, microorganisms and antimicrobials, preoperative assessment, and acute pain, before focusing on the key areas of knowledge, namely deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, respiratory tract infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory failure, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure, stroke, acute confusional state, and haematological conditions. The chapter concludes with relevant case-based discussions.
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20

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: miscellaneous. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0028.

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Introduction to critical care 592Delirium/acute confusional state 596Stress ulcer prophylaxis 598Motility stimulants 600Mechanical ventilation 602Vasoactive agents 604Renal replacement therapy 606Treatment of alcohol withdrawal 610Dealing with poisoning enquiries 614Drug desensitization 618Drug interference with laboratory tests 620...
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21

Sicola, Virginia Rodgers. DAILY ORIENTATION PROGRAM'S EFFECT ON HOSPITALIZED ELDERLY MEDICAL PATIENTS PREDICTED TO BE AT RISK FOR AN ACUTE CONFUSIONAL STATE. 1987.

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22

Rosenbaum, Richard B. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0192.

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The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are protean: headache, affective disorders, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, strokes, psychosis, acute confusional states, myelopathies, chorea, mimics of demyelinating disease, meningitis, polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy or mononeuritis multiplex, cranial neuropathies, autonomic dysfunction, Guillain-Barre syndrome, or myasthenia gravis make an incomplete list. Each neurological manifestation needs to be analyzed separately to understand pathogenesis, possible relation to primary lupus-related inflammation and vasculopathy, and optimal treatment.
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23

Dignity on the ward: Improving the experience of actute hopsital care for older people with dementia or confusion : a pocket guide for hospital staff. London: Help the Aged, 1999.

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24

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of particular cancers. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0004.

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Certain tumour types can cause psychopathology through direct biological mechanisms such as metastatic spread to the brain, release of onconeuronal antibodies, ectopic hormone secretion, or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lung cancers, adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, brain tumours, and ovarian tumours are considered in detail. Confusional states due to brain metastases, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, hypercalcaemia of malignancy, and anti-Hu encephalitis are found in lung cancers. Severe depression, due to interleukin-6 release and its actions on the HPA axis and tryptophan metabolism, is common in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Anti-NMDA-receptor limbic encephalitis, clinically indistinguishable from acute schizophrenia, can complicate teratomas. Gliomas, pituitary tumours, and thyroid, adrenal, and testicular tumours can also disrupt mental health through various biological mechanisms described here.
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