Books: 'Acute Art'

1

Knapiński, Ryszard. Credo in Deum: W teologii i sztuce Kościołów chrześcijańskich. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2009.

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2

Yi shu jia de yan jing: Shanping sen lin sheng tai ke xue yuan zhi mei = The beauty of Shanping forest ecological garden : the artists' acute observations. Taibei Shi: Xing zheng yuan nong ye wei yuan hui lin ye shi yan suo, 2009.

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3

Lowry, Don. That's acute bunny: A comedy in one act. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Art Craft Pub., 1992.

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4

Moulonguet, Lise Didier. L' acte culturel. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998.

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5

Italy), Palazzo Ruspoli (Rome, ed. Acte I, pour un nouveau musée. Paris, France: Martinière, 2004.

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6

Achkasov, Evgeniy, Yuriy Vinnik, and Svetlana Dunaevskaya. Immunopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1089245.

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The monograph devoted to the study of the role of the immune system in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis consistently covers the issues of etiology, classification, diagnosis and modern treatment principles. Special attention is paid to the issues of non-specific immune protection, indicators of immune status, types of generation of reactive oxygen species in macrophage-granulocyte cells depending on the severity of acute pancreatitis. The section for assessing the structural and functional state of lymphocytes in the development of acute pancreatitis by evaluating the blebbing of the plasma membrane of the cell is presented. It is intended for General surgeons, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, residents who are trained in the specialty "Surgery". It can be useful for doctors of other specialties and senior students of higher medical schools.

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7

Achkasov, Evgeniy, Andrey Pugaev, Maksim Zabelin, and Vladislav Posudnevskiy. Acute pancreatitis: clinic, diagnosis, treatment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995531.

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The textbook consistently highlights the issues of anatomy and physiology of the pancreas, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis. Special attention is paid to determining the severity and prognosis of the disease. Modern approaches to treatment taking into account the severity of the disease, features of suppression of secretory activity of the pancreas and the role of nutritional support in the complex treatment of acute pancreatitis are presented. Attention is drawn to the timing of minimally invasive interventions for uninfected and infected postnecrotic fluid formations, as well as methods of surgical treatment in the phase of purulent-necrotic complications of acute pancreatitis. For the first time in the educational edition psychological aspects of rehabilitation of surgical patients are presented. Mastering the material of the textbook is facilitated by test tasks and questions for self-control. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. It is intended for students of medical universities, clinical residents and doctors studying in the system of additional professional education, specialty "Surgery".

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8

Parnham, M. J. Are the medical needs for the treatment of acute pain fulfilled? Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8867-7.

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9

Lecoq, Claude. La peinture et la traversée du pire: Acte créatif, savoir, soin. Paris: Acéphale, 1995.

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10

Chalumeau, Jean-Luc. Emmanuelle Renard, Fred Kleinberg: Made in India, Acte II. [Gand]: Snoeck, 2006.

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11

XXV Coloquio internacional de historia del arte: La Imagen pol´itica. M´exico, D.F: UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Est´eticas, 2006.

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12

Goldstein, Stuart L., and David Joseph Askenazi, eds. The Current State of the Art in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-952-6.

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13

Christensen, Anders Fogh, and Hanne Christensen, eds. Imaging in Acute Stroke – New Options and State of the Art. Frontiers Media SA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-534-8.

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14

State of the Art in Critical Care (Critical Care Focus). B M J Books, 1999.

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15

Vasquez, Alex. Integrative Orthopedics: Concepts, Algorithms, and Therapeutics--The Art of Creating Wellness While Effectively Managing Acute and Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders. Natural Health Consulting Corporation, 2004.

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16

Vranckx, Pascal, Wilfried Mullens, and Johan Vijgen. Non-pharmacological therapy of acute heart failure: when drugs alone are not enough. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0053.

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Acute heart failure syndrome has been defined as new-onset or a recurrence of worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure, necessitating urgent or emergency management. The management of acute heart failure syndrome is challenging, given the heterogeneity of the patient population, in terms of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic options. The management of acute heart failure syndrome is a dynamic process, requiring ongoing simultaneous diagnosis (monitoring) and treatment. Pharmacological agents remain the mainstay of therapy for acute heart failure syndrome. However, at all time, during the early diagnostic, aetiologic, and therapeutic work-up, non-pharmacologic therapy may be indicated and should be considered. The management of the complex cardiac patient with acute heart failure syndrome and/or (potential) haemodynamic compromise has become a special dimension for specialized myocardial intervention centres, providing 24 hours per day and 7 days per week state-of-the-art facilities for (primary) percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiac intensive care, including mechanical ventilation, ultrafiltration, with or without dialysis, and short-term percutaneous mechanical circulatory support. Through the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and approaches into the problems of acute heart failure syndrome, one should be better prepared to understand and treat its many facets.

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17

Dashfield, Adrian. Acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0040.

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This chapter discusses the management of acute pain. It begins with an introduction which describes the benefits of acute pain management and the measurement of pain. Analgesic drugs are then described, including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids (including their comparative efficacy). Patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and continuous peripheral nerve blockade are described. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture are discussed. The management of the patient with a substance misuse disorder is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of non-opioid adjuvant analgesics.

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18

Dashfield, Adrian. Acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0040_update_001.

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This chapter discusses the management of acute pain. It begins with an introduction which describes the benefits of acute pain management and the measurement of pain. Analgesic drugs are then described, including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids (including their comparative efficacy). Patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and continuous peripheral nerve blockade are described. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture are discussed. The management of the patient with a substance misuse disorder is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of non-opioid adjuvant analgesics.

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19

Collins, Graham, and Chris Bunch. Acute leukaemia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0286.

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Acute leukaemias are rapidly progressive, clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorders resulting in the accumulation of immature blood cell precursors (known as blasts) in the bone marrow. There are two main types, defined by the presence of myeloid lineage or lymphoid markers on the blast cells: acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of the acute leukaemias.

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20

Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh, and A. John Camm. Acute myocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.0993_update_003.

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21

Smedley, Julia, Finlay Dick, and Steven Sadhra. Acute poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651627.003.0039.

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General principles and contact details for specialist advice 792Carbon monoxide poisoning 794Cyanide 1: poisoning 796Cyanide 2: treatment 798Hydrogen sulphide poisoning 800Organophosphate poisoning 802Mercury poisoning 804Phenol poisoning 806Methaemoglobinaemia (acute treatment) 808Hydrofluoric acid exposure 810All substances are poisons: there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy....

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22

Lorenzano, Svetlana, and Danilo Toni. Acute treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0014.

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Young adults may benefit from intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator and the treatment is safe. Several important outcome predictors have been identified and can be used for an optimal selection of eligible patients. Intravenous thrombolysis should not be denied a priori in patients with stroke due to craniocervical artery dissection or illicit drug use, or young menstruating/pregnant women. It is recommended to discuss treatment risks and benefits and decisions should be made on an individual basis. Young patients may benefit from endovascular treatment despite larger infarcts. In case of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, decompressive hemicraniectomy should be considered. Due to under-representation of young patients in past randomized controlled trials, analyses from these trials and prospective studies on this age group are needed.

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23

Sharples, Edward. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Rutger Ploeg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0127.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and contributes significantly to length of stay and hence costs. Large epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate an incidence of AKI of 5–18% depending on the definition of AKI utilized. Even relatively small changes in renal function are associated with increased mortality, and this has led to strict definition and staging of AKI. Early recognition with good clinical assessment, diagnosis, and management are critical to prevent progression of AKI and reduce the potential complications, including long-term risk of end-stage renal failure. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, causes, and early management of AKI are discussed. Hypovolaemia and sepsis are the most common causes in hospitalized patients, across medical and surgical specialities. Other common causes are discussed, as well as diagnostic criteria.

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24

Chou, Jason, and George Chalkiadis. Acute Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0059.

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Age-appropriate pain assessment and management is vital in the care of children with acute pain. Assessment should happen regularly and should be documented clearly; pain should be treated and routinely reassessed. There are both short- and long-term consequences if pain is poorly treated in the acute and postoperative setting. The most effective analgesia plans are multimodal. This chapter focuses on systemic treatments of pain in the acute setting.

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25

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064.

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Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and neuromuscular fatigue, leading to dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia, use of accessory muscles of respiration, and altered consciousness. History and arterial blood gas analysis is the easiest way to assess the nature of acute RF and treatment should solve the baseline pathology. In severe cases mechanical ventilation is necessary as a ‘buying time’ therapy. The acute hypoxemic RF arising from widespread diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane is termed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is the clinical and radiographic manifestation of acute pulmonary inflammatory states.

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26

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064_update_001.

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Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and neuromuscular fatigue, leading to dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia, use of accessory muscles of respiration, and altered consciousness. History and arterial blood gas analysis is the easiest way to assess the nature of acute RF and treatment should solve the baseline pathology. In severe cases mechanical ventilation is necessary as a ‘buying time’ therapy. The acute hypoxemic RF arising from widespread diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane is termed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is the clinical and radiographic manifestation of acute pulmonary inflammatory states.

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27

Buckenmaier, Chester C., Michael Kent, Jason C. Brookman, Patrick J. Tighe, Edward R. Mariano, and David Edwards, eds. Acute Pain Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190856649.001.0001.

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Acute Pain Medicine tackles a large array of diagnostic and treatment consideration across a variety of surgical and nonsurgical acute pain conditions. It reviews a variety of acute pain–modulating factors followed by interventional and pharmacologic treatment options. For each applicable condition, perineural and neuraxial considerations are given when appropriate along with nociceptive anatomic complements. Pharmacologic modalities are described, stressing the use of multimodal analgesia and a variety of opioid-based options if necessary. The book reviews cases that commonly are associated with significant acute pain but also highlight the role of acute pain medicine physicians in the postdischarge phase. Finally, the book includes a critical update of the Military Advanced Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia handbook. This update serves as an essential bedside tool in the performance of regional anesthetic techniques and their corresponding anatomic considerations.

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28

Beattie, Mark, and Mike Stanton. Acute abdominal pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0041.

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29

Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh, and A. John Camm. Acute aortic syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.1611_update_004.

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Acute aortic syndromes comprise aortic dissection, intramural haematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. Classification, presentation, diagnosis, and management of these conditions are discussed.

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30

Adams, Harold P. Acute Ischemic Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0101.

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Ischemic stroke is a leading public health problem and the most common acute neurological disease. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke, in particular the importance of early restoration of adequate perfusion, have resulted in improvements in the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. The interval from onset of stroke until the administration of interventions to restore blood flow is a crucial factor in success of treatment. Still, patients with stroke now are being treated successfully with neurological outcomes improving. These advances are reducing the likelihood of death or disability from this potentially devastating neurological disease.

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31

Wang, Cynthia, and Michelle Y. Braunfeld. Acute Liver Failure. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0035.

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Acute liver failure produces widespread physiologic derangements including encephalopathy, coagulopathy, peripheral vasodilation, a systemic inflammatory response, and multiorgan failure. Morbidity is significant, and mortality is 50%. The classification of liver failure and the various etiologies, including viral hepatitis, drug-induced, toxins, and autoimmunity are reviewed here. The multisystem effects of acute liver failure influence all aspects of perioperative care and adequate supportive care during this time is crucial to providing the best possible outcome for the patient. Specific treatment objectives and recommendations are discussed, and the anesthetic management with regard to drug choices, hemodynamic goals, and intraoperative monitoring is reviewed.

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32

Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh, and A. John Camm. Acute myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.0596_update_004.

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Diagnosis and current therapy of ST elevation myocardial infarction are presented. Recent recommendations by the ACC/AHA and the ESC on primary PCI and fibrinolysis have been summarized and tabulated.

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33

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0162.

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Acute renal failure (also referred to as acute kidney injury) refers to a rapid decrease in renal function; it is reflected by an increase in blood urea and creatinine and is often associated with oliguria (a urine volume of less than 400 ml/24 hours). It usually develops over days to weeks. Acute kidney injury has been variously classified, but the current classifications are based on the glomerular filtration rate (or creatinine), looking at changes from baseline, and the presence of oliguria or anuria. The potential etiologies of acute kidney injury are usually considered anatomically under the headings prerenal, renal (intrinsic), and postrenal. This chapter looks at the etiology, symptoms, clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of acute kidney injury.

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34

Shirodaria, Cheerag, and Sam Dawkins. Acute coronary syndromes. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0090.

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The term ‘acute coronary syndrome’ includes unstable angina, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The difference between these three syndromes is as follows. In STEMI and NSTEMI, there is evidence of myocardial necrosis, as evidenced by raised cardiac enzymes, specifically, the very sensitive cardiac biomarker troponin. STEMI is diagnosed when the ECG shows persisting ST elevation in an appropriate territory consistent with STEMI whereas, in NSTEMI, there can be any or no ECG changes, or very transient, self-limiting ST elevation. In unstable angina, there is no myocardial necrosis, and troponins are normal. The ECG is as for NSTEMI and often shows no change, ST depression, or T-wave inversion. The prognoses in STEMI and NSTEMI are identical; unstable angina has a better prognosis than either STEMI or NSTEMI.

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35

Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Acute stroke treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0009.

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In this chapter the use of thrombolysis and the more recent application of thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke are covered. Organized stroke unit care has a major impact on both reducing mortality and improving outcome, and the chapter describes the evidence for this. It also covers other components of supportive acute stroke care, including the importance of instituting measures to avoid complications and to prevent early recurrent stroke.

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36

Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Acute abdominal pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0023.

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Acute abdominal pain is pain which is below the chest and above the pelvic brim and which has been present for ≤4 weeks. However, typically, patients present within hours of the onset of pain. The differential diagnosis does not differ much in primary and secondary care, although patients in hospital are probably more likely to be prone to iatrogenic illnesses such as pancreatitis, intestinal ischaemia, and Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, key diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty.

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37

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.

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38

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068_update_001.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.

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39

Baker, Richard. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0083.

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Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury which has a diverse aetiology but is most frequently caused by either an infection or drug reaction. Clinical features are usually non-specific or absent, although early accounts emphasized fever, rash, and eosinophilia. ATIN should be considered in all cases of acute kidney injury, especially when there is no obvious precipitant. If deemed clinically safe an early renal biopsy is recommended for diagnosis. Renal outcome will usually be good but in a significant minority, particularly the elderly, the outcome may be poor. There is evidence from a number of series that early treatment with corticosteroids leads to a more rapid and complete recovery of renal function.

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40

Patel, Nihar. Acute Pain Management. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0064.

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Age-appropriate pain assessment and management is vital in the care of children with acute pain. Pain in children should be routinely and regularly assessed, documented, treated and reassessed with clear documentation. Poor pain management in the acute and postoperative setting can result in both short- and long-term consequences. The most effective analgesia plans are multimodal. This chapter focuses on the variety of treatment options for pain in the acute setting. Topics covered include age-appropriate pain assessment tools for children; the basics of age-appropriate pain management in children; as well as the role of opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and patient-controlled analgesia in acute and postoperative pain management in children.

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41

Steinberg, Alexis, and Bradley J. Molyneaux. Acute Stroke (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0019.

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The development of a stroke is an acute neurologic emergency that requires rapid evaluation as any delay in treatment worsens outcome. There are two main types of strokes, hemorrhagic and ischemic, each requiring specific rapid assessment and interventions. If an acute ischemic stroke is suspected, then a decision regarding thrombolytic therapy and endovascular thrombectomy has to be made quickly. A hemorrhagic stroke demands rapid medical management of blood pressure, reversal of coagulopathy, and early neurosurgical consult for possible external ventricular drain (EVD) placement and hemorrhage evacuation. This chapter expands on the indicated work-up in a suspected stroke patient in the setting of the rapid response team (RRT) calls, different imaging modalities, management options in the acute and subacute periods, and post-stroke complications.

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42

Sahetya, Sarina. Acute Uncomplicated Bronchitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0029.

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Acute bronchitis is a respiratory illness characterized predominantly by cough with or without sputum production that lasts for up to 3 weeks in the presence of normal chest radiography. Additional presenting symptoms include rhinorrhea, congestion, sneeze, sore throat, wheezing, low-grade fever, myalgia, and fatigue. Causative organisms include viral and bacterial pathogens. The disease course is characterized by self-limited inflammation of the airways. Chest radiographs should be utilized to distinguish acute bronchitis from pneumonia or interstitial disease. Therapeutic recommendations are typically supportive; however, studies reveal that between 60% and 80% of patients receive unwarranted antibiotic therapy. Only those patients at high risk for serious complications (including patients over 65 with a history of hospitalization, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or current use of oral glucocorticoids) usually require routine antibiotic therapy directed toward both typical and atypical bacterial pathogens.

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43

Price, Susanna, Roxy Senior, and Bogdan A. Popescu. Acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0062.

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Echocardiography is fundamental to the assessment and management of patients with acute cardiac disease, and differs from outpatient echocardiography in some key areas. Echocardiography provides important information throughout the whole patient pathway, having been shown to change interventions in 60–80% patients in the pre-hospital setting, improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in the emergency room, and reveal the aetiology of unexplained hypotension in 48% of medical intensive care patients. Echocardiography is now included in the universal definition of acute myocardial infarction, and in international guidelines regarding the management of cardiac arrest. In the critical care setting, echocardiography can be used to as a haemodynamic monitor, to determine abnormalities of cardiac physiology and coronary perfusion, as well as defining the underlying cardiac diagnosis. This chapter focuses on situations relevant to acute cardiac care, however, where discussed elsewhere in this textbook (acute coronary syndromes, pulmonary embolism, takotsubo, aortic disease, pericarditis, cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and valvular disease) they are not covered in detail here.

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Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh, and A. John Camm. Acute and relapsing pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.1013_update_004.

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Hansen, Tom G. Acute paediatric pain management. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman and Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0073.

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Paediatric pain management has made great strides in the past few decades in the understanding of developmental neurobiology, developmental pharmacology, the use of analgesics in children, the use of regional techniques in children, and of the psychological needs of children in pain. The consequences of a painful experience on the young nervous system are so significant that long-term effects can occur, resulting in behavioural changes and a lowered pain threshold for months after a painful event. Accurate assessment of pain in different age groups and the effective treatment of postoperative pain are constantly being refined, with newer drugs being used alone and in combination with other drugs, and continue to be explored. Systemic opioids, paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and regional anaesthesia alone or combined with additives are currently used to provide effective postoperative analgesia. These modalities are often best utilized when combined as a multimodal approach to treat acute pain in the perioperative setting. The safe and effective management of pain in children includes the prevention, recognition, and assessment of pain; early and individualized treatment; and evaluation of the efficacy of treatment. This chapter discusses selected topics in paediatric acute pain management, with more specific emphasis placed on pharmacology and regional anaesthesia in the treatment of acute postoperative pain management.

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Hochman, Michael E. Diagnosing Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0017.

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This chapter, found in the chest pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that a simple protocol involving clinical criteria (the modified Wells criteria), D-dimer testing, and CT can safely and effectively exclude acute pulmonary embolism in patients who are clinically suspected of the condition. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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Moscara, De Blasi e., Loredana Longo, Andrea Malizia, Daniele Pario Perra, Simone Racheli, Carlo Michele Schirinzi, Carlo Schiuma, Marta Valenti, and Ludovico Pratesi. Accento Acuto: Young Italian Art between Subtlety and Emphasis. Charta, 2003.

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Smart, James A. Acute pain in cancer. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0013.

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Pain in patients with cancer occurs because of a variety of different causes and has both nociceptive and neuropathic pain components. It is essential that a thorough assessment of the pain is carried out in order to institute appropriate treatment. Whilst the WHO Pain Ladder is a good place to start, there are many other treatments available to treat pain in cancer. Any pharmacological or interventional treatment will be more successful if appropriate psychological support is provided.

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Kidwell, Chelsea S., and Kambiz Nael. Neuroimaging of Acute Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0102.

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The neuroimaging workup for patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke has advanced significantly over the past few decades. Evaluation is no longer limited to noncontrast computed tomography (CT), but now frequently also includes vascular and perfusion imaging. Although acute stroke imaging has made significant progress with the development of multimodal approaches, there are still many unanswered questions regarding their appropriate use in daily patient care. It is important for all physicians taking care of stroke patients to be familiar with current multimodal CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, including their strengths, limitations, and their role in guiding therapy.

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Howard, Richard F. Acute pain in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0010.

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Age and maturity affect the perception and expression of pain in children. A variety of pain assessment tools are needed to cover different age groups. The British National Formulary for Children is a source of correct formulations and doses of analgesics for children of different ages. Neonates show very high interindividual response to analgesic drugs. Between 2yrs and 12yrs, the clearance of drugs exceeds that of adults and relatively higher doses may be needed. Patient-controlled, nurse-controlled, and neuraxial analgesia can all be used in infants and children. Reducing procedural pain in children is important and requires a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods.

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