Books on the topic 'Actor analysis methods'
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1
Busacca, Maurizio, and Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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Breuning, Marijke. Pedagogy and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.275.
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Pedagogical objectives and educational outcomes play a significant role in foreign policy analysis. The actor-centered approach of foreign policy analysis gives students the unique opportunity to place themselves in the shoes of decision makers and to understand the different constraints, both domestic and international, that influence the policies adopted by decision makers. In other words, foreign policy analysis can have two functions: to teach students about the processes by which foreign policy is made, or the substance of the foreign policies of various countries, and to enhance students’ ability to imagine the perspectives of others. Whether foreign policy analysis does, in fact, manage to develop this ability is an empirical question that also depends on the course emphasis and pedagogies employed. In this sense, pedagogy does not only mean excellent teaching, but also systematic investigation of teaching methods and techniques, student learning outcomes, educational assessment, and curriculum development. The literature on foreign policy analysis, pedagogy, and curriculum emphasizes active learning strategies and the need for clearly articulated learning objectives for the curriculum as a whole and the place of specific courses within it. Examples of active learning pedagogies are case teaching, simulations, and problem-based learning. Despite some very worthwhile research that has been done, there are still some gaps that need to be addressed. One is the lack of empirical work that helps evaluate the merits of the various teaching strategies in foreign policy analysis, and another is the inconsistent findings produced by the empirical studies that do exist.
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Desmarais, Bruce A., and Skyler J. Cranmer. Statistical Inference in Political Networks Research. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.8.
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Researchers interested in statistically modeling network data have a well-established and quickly growing set of approaches from which to choose. Several of these methods have been regularly applied in research on political networks, while others have yet to permeate the field. This chapter reviews the most prominent methods of inferential network analysis for both cross-sectionally and longitudinally observed networks, including (temporal) exponential random graph models, latent space models, the quadratic assignment procedure, and stochastic actor oriented models. For each method, the chapter summarizes its analytic form, identifies prominent published applications in political science, and discusses computational considerations. It concludes with a set of guidelines for selecting a method for a given application.
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Atkins, David C., and Brian R. Baucom. Emerging Methodological and Statistical Techniques in Couple Research. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.16.
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Rapid changes in technology are altering some of the basic ways in which we interact with our world, as seen in the evolution of the telephone to mobile phone to smart phone. These technological changes are ushering in new methods of data collection and analysis, which also open up new types of research questions and designs for couple researchers. This chapter reviews current and emerging methods for data acquisition and analysis in relationship science. Data acquisition methods include mobile technology and context-specific ecological momentary assessment, as well as behavioral signal-processing techniques to quantify such data. Analytic methods cover mixed models and actor–partner interdependence models, as well as a broad introduction to machine learning techniques that are appropriate for massive datasets.
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Scooter, Pandora. Bunseki Method: Practical Script Analysis for the Actor. Lulu Press, Inc., 2020.
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Hogan, John, and Mary P. Murphy, eds. Policy Analysis in Ireland. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350897.001.0001.
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This volume constitutes the Irish element in the ever-expanding International Library of Policy Analysis series, edited by Michael Howlett and Iris Geva-May and published by Policy Press. It provides unique insights into the state of policy analysis in Ireland. It draws together contributions from some of the leading policy analysis experts, both academics and practitioners, to provide a multidimensional set of perspectives on how policy analysis has developed to its current state, a century after the country gained independence. The chapters examine the range of institutions and actors involved in policy analysis from across the government, the private sector and broader civil society. The intention is not to critique specific policy outcomes or policy developments, rather the chapters focus on the organizational processes, institutions and locations that contribute to the construction and supply of policy ideas as well as methods of policy analysis and evaluation. The chapters examine the policy capabilities of the institutions wherein policy development and evaluation are conducted. Our aim is to ensure that this volume constitutes a window into the research frontier of Irish policy analysis.
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Caramani, Daniele, ed. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198820604.001.0001.
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Comparative Politics provides an introduction to the field. Comparative politics is an empirical science that deals primarily with domestic politics. It is one of the three main subfields of political science, alongside international relations and political theory. The text provides a comprehensive introduction to comparative politics. It includes three chapters dedicated to familiarizing readers with the comparative approach, discussing substance as well as method. It then guides readers through a thematically organized, comprehensive analysis of the core methods, theories, and concepts in comparative politics. Empirical data is drawn on to demonstrate key similarities and differences of political systems in practice. Increased focus is given to the Global South and its path towards democratization. At the end of each chapter, there are questions designed to encourage critical thinking. The six sections of the work deal with: theories and methods; the historical context; structures and institutions; actors and processes; public policies; and beyond the nation-state.
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Kritzer, Herbert M. Advanced Introduction to Empirical Legal Research. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781839101052.
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Herbert Kritzer presents a clear introduction to the history, methods and substance of empirical legal research (ELR). Quantitative methods dominate in empirical legal research, but an important segment of the field draws on qualitative methods, such as semi-structured interviews and observation. In this book both methodologies are explored alongside systematic data analysis. Offering an overview of the broad ELR literature, the institutions of the law, the central actors of the law, and the subjects of the law are each addressed in this highly readable account that will be essential reading for legal researchers.
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Knopf, Robert. Script Analysis for Theatre. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781408183267.
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Script Analysis for Theatre: Tools for Interpretation, Collaboration and Production provides theatre students and emerging theatre artists with the tools, skills and a shared language to analyze play scripts, communicate about them, and collaborate with others on stage productions. Based largely on concepts derived from Stanislavski’s system of acting and method acting, the book focuses on action - what characters do to each other in specific circumstances, times, and places - as the engine of every play. From this foundation, readers will learn to distinguish the big picture of a script, dissect and ’score’ smaller units and moment-to-moment action, and create individualized blueprints from which to collaborate on shaping the action in production from their perspectives as actors, directors, and designers. Script Analysis for Theatre offers a practical approach to script analysis for theatre production and is grounded in case studies of a range of the most studied plays, including Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler, Georg Büchner’s Woyzeck, Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire, and Paula Vogel’s How I Learned to Drive, among others. Readers will develop the real-life skills professional theatre artists use to design, rehearse, and produce plays.
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Jeutner, Valentin. Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808374.001.0001.
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Conventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focusses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focusses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distil their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to engender and contribute to serious theoretical and practical investigations into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The argument unfolds in three parts. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law’s contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts satisfactorily. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book’s proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making or balancing test, the book’s proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. According to the proposal, judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. Subsequently, judicial actors should hold the sovereign actor responsible for the violation of any prescriptive norm the sovereign chose to impair. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the lenses of the concept of a legal dilemma enhances international law’s conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making processes and maintains international law’s dynamic responsiveness.
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Caramani, Daniele, ed. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.001.0001.
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Comparative Politics provides an introduction to the field. It includes three chapters dedicated to familiarizing readers with the comparative approach. It then guides readers through a thematically-organized, comprehensive analysis of the core methods, theories, and concepts in comparative politics. Empirical data is drawn on to demonstrate key similarities and differences of political systems in practice. Increased focus is given to the Global South and its path towards democratization. At the end of each chapter there are questions designed to encourage critical thinking. The six sections of the work deal with: theories and methods; the historical context; structures and institutions; actors and processes; public policies; and beyond the nation-state.
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Merkel, Wolfgang, Raj Kollmorgen, and Hans-Jürgen Wagener, eds. The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.001.0001.
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Political, social, and economic transformation is a complex historical phenomenon. It can be adequately analysed only by a multidisciplinary approach. This Handbook brings together an international team of scholars who are specialists in their respective research fields. They introduce the most important areas, theories, and methods in transformation research. Most attention is placed on the historical and comparative dimension. Although focusing on postcommunist and other democratic transformations in our epoch, the Handbook therefore presents and discusses not only their problems, paths, and developments, it also deals with the antecedent ‘waves’, beginning with the Meiji Restoration in Japan in 1868 and its aftermath. The book is structured into six layers. Starting with basic concepts as systems, actors, and institutions (Section I), it then gives an overview of the major theoretical approaches and research methods (Sections II, III). The connection of theory and method with their application is essential. It allows special insights into the past and opens analytical avenues for transformation research in the future. Section IV then provides a historically oriented description and interpretation of particular ‘waves’ or types of societal transformation. With a clear focus on present transformations, the chapters in Section V provide a description and discussion of the problems, structures, actors, and courses of the transformations within different spheres of (civil) society, politics, law, and economics. Finally, the brief lexicographic chapters in Section VI delineate facts about particular relevant issues of societal transformation. Each of the chapters contains a concise list of the most important research literature.
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Danielson, Michael S. Biographies of Emigrant Politicization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0005.
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Using comparative qualitative methods based on extensive field research, this chapter examines the process through which 10 migrants became politically engaged and influential actors in their home communities. The analysis shows that the most influential migrant political actors from the state of Oaxaca have entered the fray in opposition to dominant powers back home. In contrast, the migrants who have been most influential in the states of Guanajuato and Zacatecas have tended to be mobilized by and act in support of the dominant parties in their states. The institutionalization of the state–migrant relationship in Guanajuato and Zacatecas facilitates migrant social and political engagement with governing parties. In contrast, the exclusion of migrants from influence in Oaxaca helps explain why migrants often oppose the governing party; and their experiences of exploitation and resistance as migrants in Mexico and California radicalized many of the most influential migrant leaders.
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Lynch, Julia, and Martin Rhodes. Historical Institutionalism and the Welfare State. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.25.
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This chapter examines how historical institutionalism has influenced the analysis of welfare state and labor market policies in the rich industrial democracies. Using Lakatos’s concept of the “scientific research program” as a heuristic, the authors explore the development and expansion of historical institutionalism as a predominant approach in welfare state research. Focusing on this tradition’s strong core of actors (academic path- and boundary-setters), rules (methodology and methods), and norms (ontological and epistemological assumptions), they strive to demarcate the terrain of HI within studies of the welfare state, and to reveal the capacity of HI in this field to underpin a robust but flexible and enduring scholarly research program.
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Ruback, R. Barry. Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.001.0001.
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Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.
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Del Percio, Alfonso. Turning Language and Communication into Productive Resources. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.26.
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Sociolinguistic production has recently turned its attention to the analysis of language and communication in multinational corporations. Scholars have explained that, under current capitalist conditions, language and communication have been resignified by managers, consultants, and marketing specialists as economic assets that contribute to the individualization or customization of products and services. This chapter discusses the techniques, tactics, and forms of expertise through which language and communication are governed and then turned into productive resources within multinational corporations. Drawing on an ethnographic documentation of the management of language and communication within a Swiss multinational, the chapter demonstrates that corporate actors’ policing of language and communication is not merely linguistic policing. Rather, it is a means to discipline and express control over those actors producing language and communication. That is to say, such forms of policing are a method of enhancing multinationals’ productivity and securing their competitiveness under changing market conditions.
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Grünauer, Philipp. Die globale Fragmentierung der Klimafinanzierung : Ein Mehr-Ebenen Ansatz mit Fokus auf Deutschland. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.412.
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Climate neutrality is being put on the political agenda of an increasing number of countries around the world, including Germany and Europe. The goal of achieving greenhouse gas neutrality in Europe by 2050 is a politically agreed consensus through the European Green New Deal. But how should an ecological, economic and social transformation of this magnitude be financed? As diverse and plural as the effects of climate change are, the political and financial cooperation for mitigating and adapting to climate change is decentralized and fragmented. The master's thesis therefore examines the question: What does the degree of fragmentation of global climate finance depend on and how can this be empirically recorded? Starting from a theoretical perspective of fragmented climate finance, German, European and global actors are evaluated with the help of a visual network analysis and structural patterns are interpreted with regard to the degree of fragmentation. Post-colonial structures, changes in norms and sectoral shifts can thus be worked out, as can changes in the constellations of actors and their types. As a result, the German level can be interpreted as largely synergetically fragmented. The European level, on the other hand, is mostly cooperatively fragmented, while the global level is viewed as cooperatively to conflictively fragmented. The innovative approach of evaluating cooperation in climate finance using OECD data in a network analysis is associated with both opportunities and risks. In addition to the content-related results, the method reflection therefore contributes to a scientific discourse on the meaningfulness, usability and didactics of the method in international relations.
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Wallace, Helen, and Christine Reh. 4. An Institutional Anatomy and Five Policy Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the European Union’s institutional design and how its institutions interact with national institutions in five different policy modes. It first considers the evolving role and internal functioning of the European Commission, Council of the EU, European Council, European Parliament, and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It also discusses quasi-autonomous agencies, in particular the European Central Bank (ECB), institutionalized control and scrutiny, and non-state actors. It concludes with an analysis of five EU policy modes that capture the different patterns of interaction between EU and national institutions: the classical Community method, the regulatory mode, the distributional mode, the policy coordination mode, and intensive transgovernmentalism.
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Leontyeva, Anna A., and Ksenia V. Melchakova, eds. A Stranger’s Gaze: Diplomats, Journalists, Scholars — Travellers between East and West from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-Istoriia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-1767-9.
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This collective monograph deals with the evolution of, and growing complexity in, the collection and analysis of information about the peoples and countries of East and West from the dawn of modernity to the present day. Chapters of the monograph reconstruct the biographies and careers of the main actors involved in cross-cultural dialog, such as diplomats, journalists, and scholars, who contributed to the accumulation of knowledge about political systems, methods of economic management, warfare, and the cultural achievements of the peoples of East and West. Furthermore, it explores the contribution of diplomatic and consular services to the collection, accumulation, and scrutiny of information regarding natural conditions, economics, population, social and political systems, and culture. Special attention is paid to the impact of journalism on public opinion and the spread of trustworthy and unreliable information.
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Spiegel, Avi Max. Shuttle Ethnography. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0002.
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This chapter presents the author's reflections on the methods and challenges involved in studying both legal and illegal Islamist movements up close. The author details his attempts to make contact and interview members of the Party of Justice and Development (PJD), a political party modeled after the Muslim Brotherhood. The author describes an approach he calls “shuttle ethnography,” which combines extended ethnographic fieldwork and the analysis of texts and relevant survey data when available (and appropriate). Like a shuttle diplomat, the author bounced between actors, challenging each group's pontifications with insights and objections culled from their competitors. He found that there was no better way to tease out their beliefs and positions than to invoke this contrarian view; and this allowed me to better understand the nuances and distinctions between and within groups.
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Brandsma, Gijs Jan, and Jens Blom-Hansen. Institutional Preferences on the Post-Lisbon Control Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767909.003.0005.
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This chapter seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the conflicts in the post-Lisbon politics of delegation in the EU. What is at stake? What are the preferences of the actors? How do they pursue them? The inter-institutional conflicts in the post-Lisbon period have so far occurred in four distinct arenas: (1) alignment of pre-Lisbon legislation to the delegated acts system; (2) legislative decision-making that includes delegation to the Commission; (3) cases before the European Court of Justice where aspects of delegation to the Commission have been challenged; and (4) new negotiations on the 2011 inter-institutional agreement on the delegated acts regime, the so-called Common Understanding. This chapter presents a case-based in-depth analysis of these arenas based on qualitative methods.
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Rai, Shirin M., and Carole Spary. Performing Representation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489053.001.0001.
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Breaking new ground in scholarship on gender and politics, Performing Representation is the first comprehensive analysis of women in the Indian Parliament. It explores the possibilities and limits of parliamentary democracy and the participation of women in its institutional performances. Performing Representation offers a new, multi-method analysis of the gendered nature of India’s Parliament. Through an examination of electoral data, media reports, and life stories of women MPs it sheds light on the performance, aesthetics, and norms of parliamentary life. It explores how the gendered axis of power underpins the performance of Parliament and its members as well as the political economy in which they are embedded. The book makes a strong case for taking parliamentary politics seriously in these times of populism, without either a utopian framing of women MPs as challengers of masculinized institutional politics or seeing them simply as docile actors in a gendered institution. Performing Representation raises critical questions about the politics of difference, claim-making, representation, and intersectionality. It addresses these questions as part of global feminist debates on the importance of women’s representation in political institutions.
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Levin, Dov H. Meddling in the Ballot Box. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519882.001.0001.
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This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
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Sommerer, Thomas, Hans Agné, Fariborz Zelli, and Bart Bes. Global Legitimacy Crises. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856326.001.0001.
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Abstract This book addresses the consequences of legitimacy in global governance, in particular asking: when and how do legitimacy crises affect international organizations (IOs) and their capacity to rule. The book starts with a new conceptualization of legitimacy crisis that looks at public challenges from a variety of actors. Based on this conceptualization, it applies a mixed-methods approach to identify and examine legitimacy crises, starting with a quantitative analysis of mass media data on challenges of a sample of 32 IOs. It shows that some, but not all organizations have experienced legitimacy crises, spread over several decades from 1985 to 2020. Following this, the book presents a qualitative study to further examine legitimacy crises of two selected case studies: the WTO and the UNFCCC. Whereas earlier research assumed that legitimacy crises have negative consequences, the book introduces a theoretical framework that privileges the activation inherent in a legitimacy crisis. It holds that this activation may not only harm an IO, but could also strengthen it, in terms of its material, institutional, and decision-making capacity. The following statistical analysis shows that whether a crisis has predominantly negative or positive effects depends on a variety of factors. These include the specific audience whose challenges define a certain crisis, and several institutional properties of the targeted organization. The ensuing in-depth analysis of the WTO and the UNFCCC further reveals how legitimacy crises and both positive and negative consequences are interlinked, and that effects of crises are sometimes even visible beyond the organizational borders.
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Sampson, Alejandra Ojeda, and Ma Guadalupe Banderas Chávez. The Mexican peasant woman in scientific texts. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.14.2022.e734.
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This work shows the results of research on the analysis of scientific texts around the Mexican and peasant female figure. The research was carried out with the dialectical- critical method that allows to observe the problem in a totalizing way to understand the logic with which it develops. To this end, the reading and analysis of relevant works and documents on the subject was carried out. Four elements were established for its selection: 1. That will cover the period of the Colony to those produced today; 2. Texts constructed from research results; 3. Regardless of the nationality of the author, focused on the Mexican countryside and 4. Books regardless of their date of publication and articles with no more than three years of edition. The Mexican peasant economy has rested on the actors of the family unit: woman and man, whether these are infants or adults. Although other forms of economic activities have already been transitioned, women are still fundamental to this domestic unit, as significant for the development of their communities the participatory action of them. Although the scientific discourse gives an account of the above, it does not yet clarify the meaning of work in the field dependent on gender and all the inequalities that it continues to reproduce. In addition, the gender perspective in scientific texts remains for the most part an unfinished business. Given this, the scientific debt towards women's studies is made visible in one of their most vulnerable roles: that of being a woman peasant.
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Prabhu, K. Seeta, and Sandhya S. Iyer. Human Development in an Unequal World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490240.001.0001.
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This book is about the human development paradigm that is assuming renewed importance at a time when global dialogue is preoccupied with discussing pathways for achieving the 2030 agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It deals with the knowledge of human development in an unequal world and examines a range of issues of contemporary relevance, such as social sectors, poverty, gender inequality, social exclusion, and sustainability. Arguments in favour of human freedoms and flourishing are pertinent as societies in contemporary times are getting increasing broken into multiple identities and social categories. The ‘Unequal World’ represents the conjunction of human unfreedoms due to deprivations and inequalities in multiple realms. It argues for a paradigmatic shift in analysis, policy, and methodology towards a people-centered approach rooted in human flourishing and freedoms. This book seeks to bring back people to the forefront, and refocus on the centrality of peoples’ choices and freedoms. It is anchored in the human development paradigm and examines a range of issues that reflect the dimensions of an unequal world. Set within the broader framework that includes processes, institutions, and actors, the book explores both analytical and empirical realms. The ten chapters of the book weave together the numerous concepts, methods, and evidence. The comprehensive coverage and the integrated framework presented will enable readers across the globe to arrive at a thorough understanding of the human development approach and apply these frameworks in development practice with a fresh and more relevant perspective.
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Johnson, Janet Elise. Foreign Intervention and Violence Against Women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.182.
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Violence against women represents the most popular gender related issue for global women’s activists, international development agencies, and human rights advocates. Although state responsiveness to violence against women was previously seen by feminist political scientists as only a domestic issue, international studies scholars have begun to theorize how states’ responsiveness is shaped by foreign interventions by global actors. As countries around the world began to adopt new policies opposing violence against women, social scientists adept in both feminist theory and social science methods began the comparative study of these reforms. These studies pointed to the importance of the ideological and institutional context as structural impediments or opportunities as well as suggested the more effective strategic alliances between activists, politicians, and civil servants. Those studies that attempt a deeper analysis rely upon indirect measures of effectiveness of policies and interventions, such as judging policy on how feminist it is and judging reforms based on the recognition of the relationship between violence against women and gender based hierarchies. Through these measures, feminist social scientists can estimate the response’s impact on the sex–gender system, and indirectly on violence against women, which is seen to be a result of the sex–gender system. The next challenge is differentiating between the various types of intervention and their different impacts. These various types of intervention include the “blame and shame,” in which activists hold countries up against standards; bilateral or transnational networking among activists; the widespread availability of international funding; and traditional diplomacy or warfare.
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Danielson, Michael S. Emigrants Get Political. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.001.0001.
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Migrants who live abroad or who return home after many years have become an important constituency throughout the world. This book examines Mexican migrant engagement in origin communities and finds that at times migrants powerfully impact political dynamics there, both from abroad and upon their return. Migrant hometown engagement, the subject of the book, can result in a range of different political outcomes in migrant-sending municipalities. However, these do not uniformly enhance local democracy. This is the central contention of the book and explaining what causes variation in migrant impact is the principle goal. The findings challenge the arguments of scholars, policy makers, and migrant politicians themselves who expect migrants to learn democracy in the United States and bring it back with them when they return home. Not only do migrants remit dollars, the argument goes, they remit democracy. The book employs a multi-method approach to answer these questions, providing two statistical chapters—including analysis of an original survey of more than 400 mayors from the state of Oaxaca—with two qualitative chapters based on field research in 12 Mexican municipalities and their satellite communities in the United States. The project began with an expectation that the engagement of millions of Mexican migrants in their home towns would result in thousands of political earthquakes. Instead, what may be most noteworthy is the ability of the Mexican political system to incorporate these new actors without instituting fundamental changes to the way that politics are done.
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Vogt, Manuel. Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065874.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European colonialism, this book presents two ideal-typical logics of ethnic group mobilization—one of violent competition and another of nonviolent emancipatory opposition. The book’s theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or nonviolent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent intergroup conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethnoclasses. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked subsocieties that feature distinct socioeconomic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict. Second, the theory links this structural explanation to the political actors at the heart of ethnic movements—in particular, ethnic organizations. It elucidates how these organizations fuel the risk of civil conflict in segmented unranked societies, but peacefully promote the empowerment of historically marginalized groups in stratified societies. The book draws on an innovative mixed-methods design that combines large-n statistical analyses—using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups, as well as on ethnic organizations—with case studies based on original field research in four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
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Dosenrode, Søren. Federalism as a Theory of Regional Integration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.148.
Full textAbstract:
Federations have existed in a modern form since the constitution of the United States entered into force in 1789. Riker defines a federation as follows (1975, p. 101) “a political organization in which the activities of government are divided between regional governments and a central government in such a way that each kind of government has some activity on which it makes final decision.” The process of getting to the federation, the integration process, is best described as federalism.There is some agreement on the core of what a federation is, and some disagreement over whether to apply the term “federation” strictly to states and state-like actors or in a broader sense. Federations are concrete ways to organize government, but in many writings, they are also given positive attributes, such as enhanced democracy and efficiency, too.There are two ways to think about federalism: as a politico-ideological theory of action and as an academic theory of regional integration. The first theory is propagated by writers such as Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Jean Monnet, and Altiero Spinelli. This theory is of political rather than academic interest. Academic theories of regional integration are divided into two groups, following the common practice in international relations theory: liberal theories (by far the largest group) and realist theories.Federalism theory as a theory of regional integration was abandoned too early because, inter alia, it had been linked to the development of the European Community, which was in crisis from the mid-1970s till the mid-1980s. This was a mistake. Federalism theory provides the scholar with at least two tools. First, under the title “federation,” it introduces a large number of theories, methods, and empirical studies on how to analyze the European Union and other regional integration projects. Second, as a federalism theory, especially in the realist or the Riker-McKayian version, it provides a theory of how countries may unite peacefully. This approach must be developed in terms of (a) the concept of threat, which must be broadened to include economic, social, and cultural elements, and (b) the role of a basic common culture, which primarily facilitates the founding of the federation and constitutes the foundation securing the maintenance of the new federation.A brief analysis of the development of today’s European Union, following the realist approach, demonstrates that, broadly speaking, a correspondence exists between threat and the integration process: In times of threat, the process of integration and federalization advances; in periods of peace and no crisis, the integration process stagnates.
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Ege, Gian, Andreas Schloenhardt, and Christian Schwarzenegger. Wildlife Trafficking: the illicit trade in wildlife, animal parts, and derivatives. Carl Grossmann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24921/2020.94115945.
Full textAbstract:
Wildlife trafficking threatens the existence of many plant and animal species and accelerates the destruction of wildlife, forests, and other natural resources. It contributes to environmental degradation, destroys unique natural habitats, and deprives many countries and their populations of scarce renewable resources. The more endangered a species becomes, the greater is the commercial value that is put on the remaining specimen, thereby increasing the incentive for further illegal activities. Preventing and supressing the illegal trade in wildlife, animal parts, and plants is presently not a priority in many countries. Despite the actual and potential scale and consequences, wildlife trafficking often remains overlooked and poorly understood. Wildlife and biodiversity related policies, laws, and their enforcement have, for the most part, not kept up with the changing levels and patterns of wildlife trafficking. Poorly developed legal frameworks, weak law enforcement, prosecutorial, and judicial practices have resulted in valuable wildlife and plant resources becoming threatened. The high demand for wildlife, animal parts, plants, and plant material around the world has resulted in criminal activities on a large scale. Considerably cheaper than legally sourced material, the illegal trade in fauna and flora offers opportunities to reap significant profits. Gaps in domestic and international control regimes, difficulties in identifying illegal commodities and secondary products, along with intricate trafficking routes make it difficult to effectively curtail the trade. Although several international and non-governmental organisations have launched initiatives aimed at bringing international attention to the problem of wildlife trafficking, political commitment and operational capacity to tackle this phenomenon are not commensurate to the scale of the problem. There is, to date, no universal framework to prevent and suppress this crime type and there is a lack of critical and credible expertise and scholarship on this phenomenon. As part of their joint teaching programme on transnational organised crime, the University of Queensland, the University of Vienna, and the University of Zurich examined the topic of wildlife trafficking in a year-long research course in 20182019. Students from the three universities researched selected topics and presented their findings in academic papers, some of which have been compiled in this volume. The chapters included in this v edited book address causes, characteristics, and actors of wildlife trafficking, analyse detection methods, and explore different international and national legal frameworks.