Relevant bibliographies by topics / Activity cost

Academic literature on the topic 'Activity cost'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Activity cost"

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Labunska, Svitlana, Robert Karaszewski, Olena Prokopishyna, and Iegor Iermachenko. "Cognitive analytical tools for cost management of innovation activity." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(1).2019.34.

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Promotion of innovations on the market is hampered in Ukraine by the lack of methodological approaches for analyzing the efficiency of innovative projects. The lack of appropriate methodology leads companies to refuse to innovate because of the uncertainty of final economic outcomes. The introduction of project based methods for innovation activity management allows, on the one hand, to reconcile strategic and operational objectives within the innovation process, innovation activity and general financial and economic activity of the enterprise, and on the other hand, to implement cognitive approaches to organization of company’s innovation management.The research argues the possibilities of applying the canonical correlation method for structuring the causal links between the determined components of a company innovative capability, such as innovation potential, innovative business opportunities and system margin. As these components may be further assessed by quantitative indices, the method of regression analysis is also used to develop analytical tools for innovation management, which allow to reveal the interrelated impact of expenses on the results of innovation activity. The paper analyzes changes in a company innovative capability that can be provoked by increased material, depreciation, labor and information costs and discusses directions of interrelated changes. Practical testing of submitted proposals is realized based on the Ukrainian companies’ statements for 2012–2017.
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Berling, Peter. "Holding cost determination: An activity-based cost approach." International Journal of Production Economics 112, no. 2 (April 2008): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2005.10.010.

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Charles, Shannon, and Don Hansen. "Activity-Based Parsimonious Cost Systems." Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1941658x.2014.929987.

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Bainbridge, A. E. "Cost management by activity identification." Engineering Management Journal 3, no. 1 (1993): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/em:19930008.

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Kaplan, Todd R., Israel Luski, and David Wettstein. "Innovative activity and sunk cost." International Journal of Industrial Organization 21, no. 8 (October 2003): 1111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187(03)00033-x.

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Laslo, Zohar. "Activity time–cost tradeoffs under time and cost chance constraints." Computers & Industrial Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2003): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-8352(02)00214-0.

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Andriushchenko, Kateryna, Mariia Tepliuk, Svitlana Boniar, Natalya Ushenko, and Anastasiia Liezina. "Influence of cost drivers on value-oriented management of investment activity of companies." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.31.

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Nowadays, there is a constant need to build an appropriate system for assessing the company`s value for shareholders, which implies that the company chooses an adequate model based on drivers, which allow making decisions at all management levels associated with investment activity, ensuring an increase in value for owners. The purpose of the article is to improve the methodology for assessing the influence of drivers as a critical element of value-oriented management on the investment activity of companies. The analysis technique consists of two parts. In the first part, regression models of factors influence and cost drivers on the value multipliers and shareholder profits were built. Based on the interpretation of the coefficients obtained, it should be noted that the cost-effectiveness of assets has the most powerful impact on the market value of the company and shareholder`s profitability. Thus, the presence of sustainable competitive advantages, resulting simultaneously in higher company value and profitability, the variable profitability in its turn does not fully reflect the potential for generating cash flows in the future. In the second part of the analysis, the authors built the probit models of the factors influence and cost drivers on the probability that the value multipliers of the market average values and the total profitability of shareholders are above the market average. Based on the relative strength model of the influence factors and drivers of value on value-based management, the recommendations were formulated.
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van Mechelen, Willem. "Cost-Benefit of Physical Activity Programs." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272680.77852.26.

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Boone, Tom R., Eric C. Shelley, and David P. Miller. "Launch Cost Thresholds for Economic Activity." New Space 6, no. 3 (September 2018): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/space.2017.0042.

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Hatano, Giyoo. "Cost and benefit of modeling activity." Learning and Instruction 7, no. 4 (December 1997): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4752(97)00010-8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Activity cost"

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Gurd, Bruce. "Activity based costing in its organisational context /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg978.pdf.

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Al-Amoudi, Saleh H. "An activity based quality cost and information system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7528.

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Many companies are increasing their competitiveness through quality improvement. However, a widely held view among quality practitioners is that companies simply do not know the true total cost of quality, which are mostly hidden among the general overhead of the business. This problem is often attributed to an inappropriate costing system. Thus, any system that assisted companies in identifying and properly quantifying these costs will be valuable. This research, therefore, was aimed at developing a Quality Cost Information System for manufacturing industry, and to show that such a system could provide a basis for analysing quality costs and developing and evaluating the quality improvement process. A literature review of the quality literature highlighted that the major problems that hindered potential users from implementing an effective and efficient Quality Cost system were: current quality cost measurement systems were limited by their inability to trace quality costs to their source; quality was manageable only if it could be measured; quality cost did not easily fit into the traditional cost accounting structure; traditional accounting systems were unlikely to change radically to accommodate proper quality costing. This literature review was complemented by an industrial survey aimed at identifying knowledge of quality costing and current practices in manufacturing industry. The findings of the literature review and industrial survey formed the basis for the remainder of the study. As part of an integrated solution, three approaches have been proposed and detailed: 1) A graphical model of quality costing in the form of a visual tool to facilitate the introduction and communication of a quality costing information system within the organisation. 2) A proposed integration of Activity Based Costing tools with the theory of quality costing to provide a system that can deliver valuable information. 3) A Software tool for the design of Quality Costing Information Systems. The thesis concludes with the major findings and issues raised from the research undertaken. This is followed by recommendations for the successful pursuit of the beneficial implementation of the proposed quality costing system and tools along with several suggestions for further work and future research potential.
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Richards, Melinda L. "Energy cost of physical activity in cystic fibrosis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36757/1/36757_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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Despite improvements in treatment regimens over the past few decades patients living with cystic fibrosis (CF) continue to present with malnutrition due to energy imbalance. A major factor effecting energy balance in this disease is an increased energy expenditure, the causes of which remain contentious. At rest patients with CF expend between 1 O and 20% more calories than healthy individuals however during activity energy expenditure has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore the papers described within this dissertation provide insight relating to the energy costs of standard physical activity sessions in patients with CF. Accurate body composition analysis in CF is a fundamental requirement for routine assessment of nutritional status and for appropriate expression of energy expenditure when making comparisons with healthy individuals. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis may prove beneficial in this disease but as it stands this instrument is not valid for monitoring total body water and hence fat free mass in this population. This is because factory installed regression equations that predict total body water from impedance overestimate the true volume of body water in CF. Use of the resistance index (ie- Height2 I Impedance) to predict total body water in CF permits more accurate use of bioelectrical impedance analysis in this population. The energy cost of physical activity in patients with CF is increased but is also greater than the increase in energy expenditure observed at rest. This implies that an additional energyrequiring process occurs during activity in this disease, perhaps related to the efficiency of oxidative work performance within skeletal muscles or to an increased oxygen cost of breathing. A unique feature of this thesis was the refinement of a non-invasive 13C02 breath test to evaluate energy expenditure during physical activity. This technique was developed for use in the remaining studies. In healthy controls, the 13C02 breath test is accurate in assessing energy expenditure during activity both at the population level and for individuals. This is not the case in patients with CF who demonstrate increased intra-individual variation between energy expenditure values from indirect calorimetry and the 13C02 breath test, thus indicating that this test is not useful for individual assessment in this disease.
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Gamerov, Jonatan, and Patrik Mattsson. "The impact of information in cost accounting - The problems when identifying activity cost drivers." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-55911.

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Eaglesham, Mark Alan. "A Decision Support System for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Cost Estimation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30430.

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The increased use of advanced composites in aerospace manufacturing has led to the development of new production processes and technology. The implementation of advanced composites manufacturing technology is poorly served by traditional cost accounting methods, which distort costs by using inappropriate volume-based allocations of overhead. Activity-based costing has emerged as a methodology which provides more accurate allocation of costs to products or activities by their usage of company resources. Better designs may also be produced if designers could evaluate the cost implications of their choices early in the design process. This research describes a methodology whereby companies can improve product cost estimation at the conceptual design phase, using intelligent searching and arrangement of existing accounting data to enable designers to access the activity cost information more readily. The concept has considerable scope for application in industry because it will allow companies to make better use of information that is already being recorded in their information systems, by providing it in a form which will enable designers to make better informed decisions during the design process. The design decision support framework is illustrated by applying it to a typical problem in aerospace composites manufacturing. Feasibility of the approach is demonstrated using a prototype software model of the Design Decision Support System, implemented using commercially available software.
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Stanley, James, Nicholas R. Perkins, Laura Zander, and James Stanley. "Implementation of activity based cost management aboard base installations." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9957.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This project is a comparative analysis of the implementation process of Activity Based Cost Management of Marine Corps Logistics Base, (MCLB), Albany, and the implementation procedures used aboard MCB Camp Lejeune. Interviews and data gathering were conducted to identify how the respective Business Performance Offices (BPO), plan, implement, monitor, and measure performance of their process to introduce ABCM at the base installation level. We studied the means by which the two organizations allocated resources to this change process and their cost objects. An analysis of benchmarking goals as well as relative barriers to the implementation was conducted to find commonalities between the two, or to determine if those goals and barriers were unique to each organization. It should be highlighted that this project is not intended to identify which, if either, process is superior or if inherent problems or impediments are attributable to internal issues within the respective organizations. The project describes and discusses environmental differences that facilitate or hinder the implementation and offers recommendations to aid in ABCM implementation process procedures.
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Neall, David, George Jeffrey St, Timothy Williamson, and Leonard Wise. "Activity Based Cost Structure Analysis of Submarine Force Readiness." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7051.

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EMBA Project Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Commander, Submarine Forces (COMSUBFOR) has been directed by the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) to develop a financial model that relates force readiness to budget authority given in the Navy’s Ship’s Operations Account (O&MN 1B1B). In order to develop this model, COMSUBFOR must identify the significant cost drivers with regard to submarine operations and the activities that influence them. Peninsula Graduate Consultants (PGC) has completed an analysis of a total of 33 submarine years of Fleet Readiness Training Plan (FRTP) activities and the associated repair part (1B1B-SR) spending on a daily basis. We applied our analysis to the SSN-688/688i submarines of Submarine Squadrons Two (CSS-2) and Six (CSS-6) during calendar years 2005, 2006, and 2007. All financial data was computed in terms of calendar year 2007 dollars. Furthermore, we retroactively applied the current Submarine Force business rules that define in what phase a ship is operating within the FRTP structure and the criteria for a ship to transition between phases. The repair part data was obtained from the Naval Sea Systems Command Logistics Center Open Architecture Retrieval System (NSLC OARS). Each requisition with its corresponding issue quantity, date of requisition, and net cost (accounting for issue quantity and net effect of DLR turn-in credit) was compared to each ship, by date, activity, and FRTP phase. The following are the conclusions of Peninsula Graduate Consultants. COMSUBFOR units are not providing NSLC with accurate data. Corrective and preventive maintenance requisitions are being submitted in a manner such that we were unable to isolate corrective versus preventive maintenance in OARS. The relationship between FRTP events (activities and phases) and spending is limited. Other OPTAR spending is not maintained in a format that can be correlated to date, activities, and phases. Evaluating spending by each item’s defined Mission Criticality Code (MCC) provides a focus area if maintenance must be deferred due to fiscal constraints. The following are the recommendations of Peninsula Graduate Consultants. First, adapt a method of data entry in OARS so preventive and corrective maintenance items are isolable. Commander, Naval Surface Forces Atlantic (COMNAVSURFLANT) procedures accomplish this and can be referenced for ease of implementation. Second, conduct an analysis of spending versus startups and shutdowns. This will help to determine if cycling equipment is a significant driver of maintenance spending. Third, focus on spending versus MCC when faced with funding reductions. Some items of lesser essentiality in terms of the ship’s missions and mobility may be deferrable; however, consideration must be given for the risk of a “snowball effect” resulting from numerous small items being deferred simultaneously. Finally, evaluate spending versus FRTP phase as variable on a daily basis rather than a monthly basis, which is the current method. The Force should add a tracking mechanism (“concurrent event bar” in WEBSKED) which the Operations Department will maintain to keep an accurate history of each ship’s progression through the FRTP.
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Wiegmann, Dirk. "An activity-based cost model for design-concurrent calculation." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040709/.

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Mitchell, Michael Shaun. "The role of Activity-Based Costing in UK universities." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262977.

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Darsono, Hartodjojo. "Applicability of activity-based costing in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19874856.

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Books on the topic "Activity cost"

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Activity-Based Cost Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2002.

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Mévellec, Pierre. Cost systems design. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

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Brimson, James A. Activity accounting: An activity-based costing approach. New York: J. Wiley, 1991.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7.

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Byers, Linda. Fish Management Division: Activity and cost analysis. Olympia, WA: State of Washington, Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee, 2003.

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Washington (State). Legislature. Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee. Fish Management Division: Activity and cost analysis. Olympia, WA: State of Washington, Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee, 2003.

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Activity-based models for cost management systems. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books, 1995.

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1951-, Cooper Robin, ed. Cost & effect: Using integrated cost systems to drive profitability and performance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.

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Hugh, Becker, Partridge Mike, and Perren Lew, eds. Activity-based costing and management. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1996.

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1951-, Cooper Robin, ed. Implementing activity-based cost management: Moving from analysis to action : implementation experiences at eight companies. Montvale, NJ: Institute of Management Accountants, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Activity cost"

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Drury, Colin. "Activity-based costing." In Management and Cost Accounting, 273–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6828-9_11.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "Activity-Based Costing." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 61–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_3.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 95–138. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_4.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "Introduction." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 1–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_1.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "Environmental Management and Assessment." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 23–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_2.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "The Wagonho! Case Study." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 139–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_5.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "The Farstad Shipping Case Study." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 175–206. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_6.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "The Interface Case Study." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 207–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_7.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "The Westnofa Industrier Case Study." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 247–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_8.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan, and Bert Bras. "Closure." In Activity-Based Cost and Environmental Management, 285–302. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8604-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Activity cost"

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Zhang, Bi-Xi, Xiang-Tian Xie, and Hui-Rong Liang. "Activity Cost Based Manufacturer Cost and Profit Optimization." In 2007 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2007.4370530.

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Wenhao Huang, Man Li, Weisong Hu, Guojie Song, Xingxing Xing, and Kunqing Xie. "Cost sensitive GPS-based activity recognition." In 2013 10th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2013.6816334.

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Cagliyan, Bahri, Cesur Karabacak, and Sevgi Zubeyde Gurbuz. "Human activity recognition using a low cost, COTS radar network." In 2014 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2014.6875784.

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von Wilmsdorff, Julian, Jan Niklas Kolf, and Arjan Kuijper. "Reducing Deployment Cost for Passive Electric Field Sensors." In iWOAR '22: 7th international Workshop on Sensor-based Activity Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3558884.3558886.

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xu, bin, and Jian Cui. "Cost-Effective Activity Recognition on Mobile Devices." In 8th International Conference on Body Area Networks. ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.bodynets.2013.253656.

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Wang, Ke. "The Empirical Research on Enterprise Logistics Cost Based on Activity Based Cost." In 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (MCE-14). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mce-14.2014.172.

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Ma, Xiao, Jie Li, and Bin Yang. "Accounting analysis on activity cost in logistic enterprise." In 2011 IEEE 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2011.6035177.

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Andersson, Jon, Anders Skoogh, and Bjorn Johansson. "Environmental activity based cost using discrete event simulation." In 2011 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2011.6147815.

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Xing, Jicheng. "Analysis on the Environmental Cost of Logistics Activity." In 3rd International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msetasse-15.2015.277.

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KORSMEYER, DAVID. "An activity-based methodology for operations cost analysis." In 4th Space Logistics Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-4073.

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Reports on the topic "Activity cost"

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Perkins, Nicholas R., James Stanley, and Laura Zander. Implementation of Activity Based Cost Management Aboard Base Installations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada427229.

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Badiru, Adedeji, J. R. Wirthlin, Jeffrey D. Weir, M. Al-Romaihi, Stephen Clay, and Som Soni. Composite Airframe Cost Estimation Model Research: Report on Activity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584686.

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Rennich, M. IFMIF, International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility conceptual design activity cost report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663183.

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Hart, Bernard F., and James M. Sands. Cost Comparisons of Oven and Electron-Beam Processing Using Activity-Based Modeling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413833.

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Warren, R. N. Critical analysis of the Hanford spent nuclear fuel project activity based cost estimate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148482.

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Colon-Mercado, H. R., M. C. Elvington, B. L. Garcia-Diaz, and J. B. Gaillard. Develop high activity, low cost non-PGM fuel cell electrocatalyst and stable supports. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1327785.

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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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8

Ricciulli-Marín, Diana. The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from La Violencia in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/chee.53.

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This paper studies the effect of internal conflict on local fiscal capacity using evidence from Colombia’s political conflict in the mid-20th century, better known as La Violencia. Following a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that internal conflict has negative long-term consequences in local fiscal capacity. More precisely, municipalities affected by La Violencia experienced an average reduction of 10.3% in their tax revenue and a fall of 2.8 percentage points on their ratio of taxes to total revenue. Effects lasted for more than a decade and are only partially explained by a population and economic activity downturn. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating a negative effect of violence on tax collection efficiency at the local level.
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9

Coffeen, IV, DeVorse William I., Margolis Paul G., and Scott H. Cost Analysis of a Transition to Green Vehicle Technology for Light Duty Fleet Vehicles in Public Works Department Naval Support Activity Monterey (PWD Monterey). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada631984.

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10

Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Eftihia Barnes, and Jonathon Brame. CuO enhances the photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃ through synergistic reactive oxygen species interactions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42131.

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Iron oxide (α-Fe₂O₃, hematite) colloids were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and investigated as catalysts for the photodegradation of an organic dye under broad-spectrum illumination. To enhance photocatalytic performance, Fe₂O₃ was combined with other transition-metal oxide (TMO) colloids (e.g., CuO and ZnO), which are sensitive to different regions of the solar spectrum (far visible and ultraviolet, respectively), using a ternary blending approach for compositional mixtures. For a variety of ZnO/Fe₂O₃/CuO mole ratios, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for methyl orange degradation was at least double the sum of the individual Fe₂O₃ and CuO rate constants, indicating there is an underlying synergy governing the photocatalysis reaction with these combinations of TMOs. A full compositional study was carried out to map the interactions between the three TMOs. Additional experiments probed the identity and role of reactive oxygen species and elucidated the mechanism by which CuO enhanced Fe₂O₃ photodegradation while ZnO did not. The increased photocatalytic performance of Fe2O3 in the presence of CuO was associated with hydroxyl radical ROS, consistent with heterogeneous photo-Fenton mechanisms, which are not accessible by ZnO. These results imply that low-cost photocatalytic materials can be engineered for high performance under solar illumination by selective pairing of TMOs with compatible ROS.
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