Relevant bibliographies by topics / Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

Academic literature on the topic 'Activities of Daily Living (ADL)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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C, Roberts, and King J. "A-023 Comparison of Informant Reports of Daily Functioning to Objective Neurocognitive Performances: Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire versus Lawton Activities of Daily Living/Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.023.

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Abstract Objective Informant reports of daily functioning are often useful when assessing functional skill impairments in neuropsychological dementia evaluations, given potential biases with self-reporting from low insight and/or a reluctance to endorse reduced independence. Two measures of informant functional skill assessments were compared within patients relative to their objective neurocognitive performances. Method Participants included 19 (32% male, 68% female; 21% Hispanic, 69% Caucasian) outpatient older adult dementia evaluations aged 60 to 90 years (Mean age = 74, SD = 7.7) who were accompanied by a family member or caregiver informant. The Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ) and the Lawton Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL/IADL) informant reports were compared relative to performances on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test delayed recall trial (HVLT), Trail Making Test Part B (TMTB), CLOX: An Executive Clock Drawing Task (CLOX1), and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, FAS and Animals (COWAT). Results Simple linear regression analyses indicated the ADLQ significantly predicted both TMTB (β = −.52, 95% CI [−.81, −.23], p < .01; R2 = .47) and HVLT (β = −.38, 95% CI [−.67, −.08], p < .01; R2 = .31) performances. The ADL/IADL scale significantly predicted TMTB performances (β = −.70, 95% CI [−1.1, −.30], p < .01; R2 = .46). A significant correlation was observed between ADLQ and ADL/IADL informant reports (r(17) = .60, p < .01). Conclusion There was a significant linear relationship between both ADLQ and ADL/IADL informant reports with TMTB performances. The ADLQ reports also significantly predicted HVLT performances. No significant relationships were observed between either ADLQ and ADL/IADL reports, and participants’ CLOX1 or COWAT FAS/Animals performances.
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Gupta, Ashim, Ajish S. R. Potty, Deepak Ganta, R. Justin Mistovich, Sreeram Penna, Craig Cady, and Anish G. Potty. "Streamlining the KOOS Activities of Daily Living Subscale Using Machine Learning." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 232596712091044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120910447.

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Background: Functional outcome scores provide valuable data, yet they can be burdensome to patients and require significant resources to administer. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a knee-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) and is validated for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction outcomes. The KOOS requires 42 questions in 5 subscales. We utilized a machine learning (ML) algorithm to determine whether the number of questions and the resultant burden to complete the survey can be lowered in a subset (activities of daily living; ADL) of KOOS, yet still provide identical data. Hypothesis: Fewer questions than the 17 currently provided are actually needed to predict KOOS ADL subscale scores with high accuracy. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Pre- and postoperative patient-reported KOOS ADL scores were obtained from the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) data registry for patients who had ACL reconstruction. Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) ML models were built to analyze each question and its value in predicting the patient’s actual functional outcome (ie, KOOS ADL score). A streamlined set of minimal essential questions were then identified. Results: The SOS registry contained 6185 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. A total of 2525 patients between the age of 16 and 50 years had completed KOOS ADL scores presurgically and 3 months postoperatively. The data set consisted of 51.84% male patients and 48.16% female patients, with a mean age of 29 years. The CatBoost model predicted KOOS ADL scores with high accuracy when only 6 questions were asked ( R2 = 0.95), similar to when all 17 questions of the subscale were asked ( R2 = 0.99). Conclusion: ML algorithms successfully identified the essential questions in the KOOS ADL questionnaire. Only 35% (6/17) of KOOS ADL questions (descending stairs, ascending stairs, standing, walking on flat surface, putting on socks/stockings, and getting on/off toilet) are needed to predict KOOS ADL scores with high accuracy after ACL reconstruction. ML can be utilized successfully to streamline the burden of patient data collection. This, in turn, can potentially lead to improved patient reporting, increased compliance, and increased utilization of PROMs while still providing quality data.
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DE JONGHE, JOS F. M. "Everyday actions are activities of daily living." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 12, no. 5 (September 2006): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617706060917.

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Giovannetti and co-authors (Giovannetti et al., 2006) highlight the importance of measuring activities of daily living (ADL) and Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) for the diagnosis of dementia. The method used, Naturalistic Action Test (NAT), is performance based. Study rationale was that “the relevance of diagnosis to everyday functioning has gone largely unexplored.” However, this statement seems to be invalid: cognitive impairment interfering with daily/social functioning is one of the DSM-IV dementia criteria. Secondly, many different ADL/IADL scales exist and are used in dementia research, including those that are performance based (Burns et al., 2004). Authors should have reviewed these scales more thoroughly and present a rationale for introducing a new one. NAT items model household chores and preparing a simple meal only. These activities are quite different from and perhaps easier to perform than using the telephone, handling finances, and similar instrumental activities. Simple activities or ADL may not be useful in differentiating dementia from normality, especially in the early stages of dementia.
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Hindmarch, Ian, Hartmut Lehfeld, Perry de Jongh, and Hellmut Erzigkeit. "The Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL)." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 9, no. 2 (1998): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000051195.

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Wu, Jiaxuan, Yunfei Feng, and Peng Sun. "Sensor Fusion for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114029.

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Activity of daily living (ADL) is a significant predictor of the independence and functional capabilities of an individual. Measurements of ADLs help to indicate one’s health status and capabilities of quality living. Recently, the most common ways to capture ADL data are far from automation, including a costly 24/7 observation by a designated caregiver, self-reporting by the user laboriously, or filling out a written ADL survey. Fortunately, ubiquitous sensors exist in our surroundings and on electronic devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) era. We proposed the ADL Recognition System that utilizes the sensor data from a single point of contact, such as smartphones, and conducts time-series sensor fusion processing. Raw data is collected from the ADL Recorder App constantly running on a user’s smartphone with multiple embedded sensors, including the microphone, Wi-Fi scan module, heading orientation of the device, light proximity, step detector, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, etc. Key technologies in this research cover audio processing, Wi-Fi indoor positioning, proximity sensing localization, and time-series sensor data fusion. By merging the information of multiple sensors, with a time-series error correction technique, the ADL Recognition System is able to accurately profile a person’s ADLs and discover his life patterns. This paper is particularly concerned with the care for the older adults who live independently.
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Eakin, Pamela. "Problems with Assessments of Activities of Daily Living." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 52, no. 2 (February 1989): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802268905200205.

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This is the second of two articles addressing the design and use of assessments of activities of daily living (ADL). The first article reviewed 15 published ADL assessments and evaluated their usefulness for occupational therapists together with any evidence for their reliability and validity. The importance of using standardised assessments was stressed. This second article explains what is meant by terms such as reliability, validity and operationalisation. It details the consequences of using assessments in which these terms are misunderstood or, even, totally absent.
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Mioshi, E., J. R. Hodges, and M. Hornberger. "Neural Correlates of Activities of Daily Living in Frontotemporal Dementia." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 26, no. 1 (February 19, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988713477474.

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Background: Little research to date has investigated neural correlates of functional disability in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: Activities of daily living (ADL) were covaried against gray matter atrophy regions via Voxel-based morphometry in FTD (n = 52) and contrasted against a dementia control Alzheimer disease (AD) group (n = 20) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 18). Results: Both patient groups had similar ADL scores. However, FTD and AD differed on the gray matter atrophy areas associated with ADL scores. The FTD showed involvement of prefrontal and thalamus regions while AD showed widespread temporal, parietal, frontal, and caudate atrophy correlating with ADL dysfunction. Importantly, only the left superior frontal gyrus was implicated in ADL dysfunction for both FTD and AD. Conclusions: Differences in underlying neural correlates of ADL impairment have important clinical implications as these differences should be taken into account when interventions are planned. Dementia subtypes might require specifically tailored interventions for functional disability.
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Ardalan, Ali, Monir Mazaheri, Hani Mowafi, Michael VanRooyen, Fariba Teimoori, and Reza Abbasi. "Impact of the 26 December 2003 Bam Earthquake on Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living of Older People." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 2 (April 2011): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000045.

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AbstractIntroduction: This study compares self-reported Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) status among elderly survivors of the 2003 Bam Earthquake before, two months after, and five years after the event, and explores related determinants.Methods: A two-stage cluster survey was conducted on 210 elderly survivors in the earthquake-stricken area five years after the event.Results: Both ADL and IADL scores decreased two months after earthquake compared to prior status (p <0.001). No differences were observed between two months and five years after the event (p >0.05). Access to medical services were not related to level of ADL or IADL (p = 0.52 and p = 0.74, respectively). Elderly survivors with lower functional capability in terms of ADL experienced more problems in access to relief items (p = 0.04), but no similar association was found for IADL (p = 0.26).Conclusion: The Bam earthquake adversely affected functional capacity of the elderly. Disaster responders must take into account functional capacity of elders when planning for medical and relief operations.
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Egan, Mary, S. A. Warren, Patrick A. Hessel, and Gail Gilewich. "Activities of Daily Living after Hip Fracture: Pre- and Post Discharge." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 12, no. 6 (November 1992): 342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929201200602.

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Sixty-one individuals hospitalized for hip fractures received activities of daily living (ADL) assessments during the 3 days prior to discharge. Information was also collected regarding anticipated role loss, depression, mental status, health status, and social support. Independence in ADL at home was measured 3 weeks following discharge by telephone interviews. The concordance between predischarge and post discharge ADL scores was low but statistically significant (Kw = .223; p < .05). Approximately 50.8% of the subjects demonstrated greater dependence post discharge. More dependent ADL performance at home was not related to role loss, depression, mental status, health status, or social support. Predischarge ADL assessments are often taken into consideration when formulating discharge plans. However, these evaluations do not always accurately predict post discharge ADL independence. It is recommended, therefore, that community follow-up be carried out with patients who have fractured hips.
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Eto, F., M. Tanaka, M. Chishima, M. Igarashi, T. Mizoguchi, H. Wada, and S. Iijima. "Comprehensive Activities of Daily Living(ADL) Index for the Elderly." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 29, no. 11 (1992): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.29.841.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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Waldau, Viktor, and Max Elfvik. "Äldre patienters upplevelser av ADL inom slutenvården." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-224634.

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Bakgrund Förlust av förmågan att utföra självständig ADL är ett vanligt problem hos äldre i slutenvården. Detta leder till lidande och förlängda vårdtider. För att kunna utveckla omvårdnaden och för att motverka detta behövs ökad insikt om patienternas upplevelser vid minskad ADL-förmåga. Syfte Att beskriva äldre patienter med försämrad ADL-förmågas upplevelser av sin vård gällande utförande av ADL inom slutenvården. Metod Kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta äldre patienter inneliggande på ett svenskt universitetssjukhus. Resultat Studiedeltagarna upplevde överlag att vården och personalen fungerade bra och att detta förbättrade deras upplevelse av att ha minskat i ADL-förmåga. Studiedeltagarna tyckte det var jobbigt att vara beroende av andra och få hjälp med personlig hygien. Vårdavdelningarnas rutiner och upplevelsen av att personalen var stressad gjorde att studiedeltagarna inte ville vara till besvär och ställa krav. Slutsats Resultaten visar att det finns ett behov av att utveckla ett mer personcentrerat förhållningsätt där riskpatienter identifieras och får möjlighet att vara delaktiga i arbetet för att stärka förmågan till självständigt utförande av ADL.
Background Loss of the ability to independently perform tasks of basic ADL is a common problem in the care of institutionalized elderly. Loss of ADL function is a source of suffering and prolonged institutionalization. It is necessary to effectively counter the risks and develop the care a deeper insight of the experiences from patients with losses in their ADL function. Purpose To describe experiences of performing of ADL in hospital as described by institutionalized elderly with a loss of ADL function. Methods Qualitative interviews with eight elderly patients institutionalized at a Swedish university hospital. Results The participants had in general a positive opinion of the care they received and they felt that it improved the feeling of having lost some ADL function. They felt troubled about being dependent of someone else and getting help with private hygiene on the basis of its personal nature. The routines and the experience of stressed staff made the participants reluctant to make demands or ask for help. Conclusion The results of the study showed that there is a need to develop a person centered approach where patients at risk are identified and given opportunity to participate in the work to strengthen their ability to perform ADL independently.
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Lilja, Margareta. "Elderly disabled persons in the home setting : aspects of activities in daily life /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4244-7/.

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Jackson, Lauren Innes. "Depression, Activities of Daily Living, and Retirement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5220/.

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Depression is a common clinical and subclinical psychiatric disorder in the middle-age to older adult population. This study examined the relationship between depression and activities of daily living (ADLs) in middle-age to older adults. This study examined longitudinal data from the 1998, wave 4, and 2000, wave 5, of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a National Panel Study sponsored by the National Institute on Aging. A negative cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between higher ADL scores and depression was hypothesized. A goal of the present study was to determine the temporal precedence of these two constructs using a cross-lag panel design to first examine the cross-sectional relationship between ADLs and depression at time-one and at time-two, and then the time-one to time-two longitudinal relationships to examine temporal precedence possible causal relationships. Finally, differences in these correlational relationships by retirement status and then by marital status were tested. There were several interesting findings, including those who were retired in both 1998 and 2000 reported fewer ADLs (i.e., worse functioning), but also reported better health than those who were working in both 1998 and 2000. Similarly, those people who were not married in both 1998 and 2000 reported fewer ADLs but better health than those who were married in both 1998 and 2000. Married individuals reported fewer depressive symptoms than those who were not married.
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Edwards, David A. "ADL-Specific Versus Standard Aquatic Exercise in Older Persons." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/588.

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With aging there is a decrease in a person’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) which may be most effectively addressed using training patterns that are biomechanically similar to ADL. Since aquatic exercise offers the opportunity to provide resistance with a high level of safety, the pool may afford the ideal environment for ADL-specific training in an aging population. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to compare a traditional aquatic exercise program (TRAD) to an aquatic program tailored to target ADL (ADLspec). Methods: Eighteen independently living individuals (68.7 + 7.5 years) were randomly assigned to a TRAD or ADLspec aquatic exercise group. The exercise groups attended 1 hr exercise sessions, 2 times per week for 8 weeks. ADL ability was assessed using the short version of the Continuous-Scale Physical Functional Performance Test (PFP-10); while strength and power were assessed using the 30s arm curl and 30 sec. chair stand tests. Results: Mixed design ANOVAs revealed a significant group x time interaction for floor sweep time with the ADLspec group outperforming the TRAD and control (CON) groups (p = .043). Additionally, the ADLspec group improved the pan weight and scarf time components of the PFP-10 (p < .020), while the TRAD group improved pan time and laundry time (p < .046). Both training groups showed similar improvements for jacket time, grocery weight, and 6-min walk, (p < .046). The ADLspec and TRAD groups also made similar improvements in upper and lower body strength, as well as lower body power across time, (p < .043). A student’s t-test revealed the TRAD group spent more time exercising during the hour session than the ADLspec group (p < .05). Conclusion: The results indicate that performing an ADLspec aquatic exercise program can increase performance of ADL that require more complex sequential movements; however, ADL more dependent on fitness may be better addressed using a TRAD intervention. These results can be helpful when designing a periodized aquatic training program to increase independence in older persons.
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Alosco, Michael L. "Executive Function and Instrumental ADL Performance in Older Adults with Heart Failure." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1364204867.

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Fieo, Robert Anthony. "Determinants of functional decline in community-dwelling older adults." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5501.

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The overarching theme of this thesis is the prevention of progressive-type disability. Unlike catastrophic disability, progressive disability is gradual and more common in older adults. Because progressive disability can take years to develop, it is often conceptualized as a continuum, from less to more disabled. Disability prevention, by definition, is designed to identify people who are as yet nondisabled but at high risk for future functional decline by identifying an early functional state associated with increased risk of subsequent disability (Fried & Guralnik, 1997). This thesis sought to address two challenges associated with identifying an early functional state of disability. The first challenge relates to instrument calibration. Traditional instruments (based on self-report) used for assessing disability, scales of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), were originally developed to describe levels of functional status in institutionalized older adults. Thus, these instruments poorly discriminate, as well as underestimate disability in the early stages of development. Poor discrimination refers to tasks or activities (i.e., scale items) that prove unresponsive to changes in a particular person’s ability level. Performance measures on the other hand, such as walk time or grip strength, have proven to be quite responsive to early declines in functional status. Despite the popularity of performance measures used to assess health status in epidemiology or gerontological research, evidence suggests that they measure a somewhat different construct than self-reported activities of daily living. ADLs have a long history of use in the medical community, yet it has been proposed that the relative standing of ADLs, in relation to communitydwelling older adults, could be enhanced by improving construct validities that are at least equivalent to those of physical performance measures. Item response theory (IRT) methodology can be used to improve the structure of ADL scales so that they are more sensitive in detecting the early stages of functional decline within relatively high functioning older adults; a stage that has been shown to be more responsive to clinical interventions aimed at prevention of overt disability or frailty. IRT can improve ADL scales in multiple ways: by confirming an underlying uni-dimensional continuum of disability, establishing interval level measurement or item hierarchies, and increasing scale precision. As part of this thesis I conducted a systematic review of functional status scales, applied to community-dwelling older adults, which employed IRT procedures. The review was useful in that it draws attention to areas of functional assessment that can be improved upon, most notably, the topic of establishing interval level data and construct under-representation. Using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, I was able to show that a common hierarchy of functional decline was observed for a diverse set of conditions and diseases that are prevalent among community-dwelling older adults. Such an indicator could be used to identify hierarchical declines relating to severity in diverse patient populations. Improvements in validity of functional status scales can also lead to the use of ADL-IADLs as potential determinates of disability, rather than simply acting as outcome measures of disability. Again using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, I examined the predictive power of IADL (mobility-type) items on later disability. Self reported difficulty in 2 or 3 of the most difficult IADL items increased the odds of being disabled eight years later by a factor of 3.5. The odds of being disabled fell to 1.9 for those reporting difficulty with one item. The second challenge of this thesis relates to defining determinants of functional decline that manifest themselves at the earliest stages of the disablement process. As previously stated physical performance measures have been shown to be sensitive to early stages of functional decline. However, can other measures, potentially spanning multiple domains, be used to identify those at high risk for future disability? In particular I was interested in whether psychosocial and cognitive variables could be used to detect changes in functional status at the preclinical stages of the disablement process. With regard to the Cardiovascular Health Study, I was able to show that, for subjects within the normal range of cognitive functioning, performance in the lowest quartile of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test resulted in a 2.2 increase in the odds of being disabled. Performance on this measure, as well as selfreported mobility noted above, could detect decrements in functional status as much as 8 years prior. With the use of the Lothian Birth Cohort sample I explicitly investigated the psychosocial domain. I found that the level of depressive symptoms increased the odds of being disabled by 56%. Again, these symptoms were assessed as much as eight years prior to self-reported disability. The general findings of this thesis indicate that refinements in ADL-IADL measures can aid in the detection of disability at the pre-clinical level, and that cognitive function and intra-individual factors play a pivotal role in speeding up or slowing down the disablement process.
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Whitehead, Phillip J. "Can an occupational therapy intervention increase independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in people who use homecare re-ablement services?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31802/.

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Homecare re-ablement services have been widely implemented by local authorities in England, although there are widespread variations in relation to occupational therapy input within them. These services aim to improve users’ ability to manage independently at home and reduce the need for other health and social care services. It is not known whether outcomes are better for people who receive occupational therapy as part of their homecare re-ablement compared with those who do not. This thesis reports a programme of work investigating this, encompassing: a systematic review, a qualitative interview study, and a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) of an occupational therapy intervention targeted at activities of daily living (ADL). For the systematic review, 11 databases were searched and 13 studies were identified comparing interventions to improve performance in ADL with routine homecare. The review found variability in the content of interventions delivered and the measures used for ADL ability. However, there was moderate evidence that the interventions led to improvements in ADL ability, although most effects were not statistically significant. Those interventions involving occupational therapists led to improvements in ADL, but the content of the occupational therapy input varied. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were completed with 12 occupational therapists working in re-ablement services and ten people who had received re-ablement services. Interviews covered experiences and opinions of the service, and were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings were categorised in three themes: (1) Re-ablement: Tasks and Activities (2) Re-ablement: Modalities and Strategies for Delivery, and (3) Facilitators and Barriers. The occupational therapists’ primary focus was delivering graded programmes to improve users’ ability to manage ADL, which they believed they were uniquely placed to provide and tailor to each individual’s needs. People using services valued this graded approach believing that it improved their confidence to manage activities. A feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in which 30 re-ablement users were randomised to receive either: usual homecare re-ablement without routine OT input (control) (n=15), or usual homecare re-ablement plus a tailored OT programme targeted at ADL (intervention) (n=15). The OT programme was tailored for each participant and included: goal-setting; teaching or practising techniques; equipment and adaptations; and provision of advice or support. Outcomes were: personal and extended ADL; quality of life; falls; and health and social care service use. These were assessed at two-weeks, three and six months post re-ablement. Although there were methodological challenges due to service changes which affected usual care and trial recruitment, it was feasible to enrol and retain participants, deliver the intervention, and collect outcome data which were responsive to change. Participants in both groups showed improvements from baseline, although overall the OT group showed greater improvement; they also used homecare services less frequently and had fewer falls. However, confidence intervals were wide, reflecting the small sample. The intervention was acceptable to participants who particularly valued the tailored advice and support. The principal conclusions were that there is some evidence that interventions targeted at personal activities of daily living can reduce homecare service users’ dependency. Although the content of interventions is variable, those involving occupational therapists appear to be beneficial. Occupational therapists believed that their specialist skills and knowledge in ADL performance were essential facilitators implementing an approach which was suited to each individual’s needs and therefore to successful re-ablement. The RCT was feasible and a further powered definitive study is warranted, subject to methodological alterations. The favourable trends in the OT group indicate the potential benefits in this population group. This is the first RCT of occupational therapy in homecare re-ablement and it is therefore important in the development of the evidence base for this area of practice. A definitive RCT is needed given the widespread national and local government investment, and policy and legislation that continues to underpin the development of homecare re-ablement services.
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Åberg, Anna Cristina. "General motor function assessment and perceptions of life satisfaction during and after geriatric rehabilitation /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3788.

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Fukutani, Naoto. "Association of Varus Thrust With Pain and Stiffness and Activities of Daily Living in Patients With Medial Knee Osteoarthritis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215467.

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© [2015] American Physical Therapy Association.
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間健康科学)
甲第19641号
人健博第33号
新制||人健||3(附属図書館)
32677
京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻
(主査)教授 市橋 則明, 教授 山田 重人, 教授 妻木 範行
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Árnadóttir, Guðrún. "Measuring the impact of body functions on occupational performance : validation of the ADL-focused occupation-based neurobehavioral evaluation (A-ONE)." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Arbetsterapi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-32083.

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Background: Among the instruments commonly used by occupational therapists working in the area of rehabilitation of persons with neurological disorders are evaluations of both occupation, such as activities of daily living (ADL), and body functions. While persons with neurological diagnoses typically have symptoms that represent diminished neurobehavioral functions, the resulting pattern of neurobehavioral impairments affecting ADL performance often differs among diagnostic groups. Usually, neurobehavioral impairments are evaluated in a context that is separate from and not natural for ADL task performance. The A-ONE is a unique instrument that can be used to evaluate both ADL performance (ADL scale) and, in the natural context of the ADL task performance, the underlying neurobehaviors that cause diminished ADL task performance among persons with neurological disorders (Neurobehavioral scale). The scales of the instrument are of ordinal type, and in their existing form, do not have measurement properties. Measurement properties are a requirement of evidence-based and quality assured rehabilitation services. The overall aim of this doctoral study was to further develop and validate the A-ONE. This included (a) internal validation to explore the potential for converting the ordinal scales of the instrument to interval scales, (b) examination of which of the neurobehavioral items would be most beneficial and clinically useful for constructing a new Neurobehavioral Impact (NBI) scale for evaluating persons with different neurological diagnoses, and (c) exploration of whether persons with right and left cerebrovascular accidents (RCVA, LCVA) differ in mean NBI measures.  Methods: This thesis is comprised of four studies which all contribute in different ways to the validation of the scales of the A-ONE. In the first three studies, Rasch analyses, a widely accepted modern test theory methodology, was used to examine internal validity of the scales and the reliability of the A-ONE measures. In the fourth study, ANCOVA was used to explore between group differences, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to explore relations between person measures from the different A-ONE scales. Results: The first study of 209 persons diagnosed with CVA and dementia provided support for converting the ordinal ADL scale to an interval scale that has potential to be used to measure change in ADL performance over time. The second and third studies, including 206 and 422 persons respectively, indicated that it is possible to construct several unidimensional versions of a new NBI scale from the neurobehavioral items of the instrument, each with different item content and hierarchical item structure. Further, some of these NBI scales could be used across different diagnostic groups. When exploring differences between 215 persons with RCVA and LCVA on the NBI scale developed for CVA, results of the ANCOVA (with ADL ability as a covariate) indicated that there is no significant difference between groups in their mean NBI measures, despite known differences in patterns of neurobehavioral impairments. Conclusions: The results of this thesis indicate that the A-ONE, although developed by traditional psychometric methods for the purpose of providing useful information for intervention planning, now also has the potential to be used to measure change and compare diagnostic groups. This additional feature will likely enhance both clinical and research potential of the instrument. In order to make the results of the study accessible for clinicians, conversion tables need to be developed.
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Books on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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The brain and behavior: Assessing cortical dysfunction through activities of daily living (ADL). St. Louis: Mosby, 1990.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on National Statistics, ed. Improving the measurement of late-life disability in population surveys: Beyond ADLs and IADLs : summary of a workshop. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2009.

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Pecchia, Leandro, Liming Luke Chen, Chris Nugent, and José Bravo, eds. Ambient Assisted Living and Daily Activities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13105-4.

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Biology for health: Applying the activities of daily living. Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Holland, Audrey L. CADL-2 communication activities of daily living: Examiner's manual. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex: pro-ed, 1999.

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James, Elder-Woodward, ed. Independent living. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

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Henriksson, Chris. Living with fibromyalgia: A study of the consequences for daily activities. Linko ping, Sweden: Dept. of Caring Sciences & Dept. of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linko ping University, 1995.

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Kennedy, Jae. A Profile of adults needing assistance with activities of daily living, 1991-1992. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 1997.

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Kennedy, Jae. A profile of adults needing assistance with activities of daily living, 1991-1992. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 1997.

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Kennedy, Jae. A profile of adults needing assistance with activities of daily living, 1991-1992. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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Troyer, Angela K. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1077.

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Upton, Jane. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_436.

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Abrams, David B., J. Rick Turner, Linda C. Baumann, Alyssa Karel, Susan E. Collins, Katie Witkiewitz, Terry Fulmer, et al. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_436.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "activities of daily living (ADL)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_21.

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Troyer, Angela K. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1077-2.

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Troyer, Angela K. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 45–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1077.

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Kim, Seoyong. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 19–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_18.

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Upton, Jane. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_436-2.

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Kim, Seoyong. "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_18-2.

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Martin, Elizabeth Sarah, Chris D. Nugent, Raymond Bond, and Suzanne Martin. "Consolidation of Results amongst Undergraduate Occupational Therapist Students in Scoring of the Barthel ADL." In Ambient Assisted Living and Daily Activities, 14–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13105-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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Chee, Pui San, I. Elamvazuthi, L. I. Izhar, Momen Kamal Tageldeen, and G. Capi. "Robotics rehabilitation for assessment of activities of daily living (ADL)." In 2016 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Manufacturing Automation (ROMA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roma.2016.7847832.

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Gabrielli, Matteo, Pietro Leo, Fabrizio Renzi, and Sonia Bergamaschi. "Action recognition to estimate Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of elderly people." In 2019 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Consumer Technologies (ISCT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isce.2019.8900995.

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Trivedi, Urvish, Redwan Alqasemi, and Rajiv Dubey. "Robot Learning From Human Demonstration of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Tasks." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71643.

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Abstract The redundant kinematic structure of the human upper body provides sufficient dexterity in performing daily living activities, such as drinking, eating, and other manipulation tasks. Most of these Activities of Daily Living (ADL) tasks can be performed using various trajectories; however, healthy humans employ some possible trajectories to accomplish these tasks. Assistive robots can explore these Cartesian trajectories and joint angles’ trajectories from human demonstrations and utilize artificial intelligence techniques to recognize, learn, and perform ADLs using robotic arms. This paper aims to develop a platform for Assistive Robots to identify and perform ADLs through human demonstration. In this paper, two Mask Regional Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) were developed to predict human intention for a given task, and the Reinforcement Learning approach was implemented for optimum trajectory planning. The First Mask R-CNN network, which was used for the detection of an object, was trained on a novel dataset. This dataset comprises images captured by the research team as well as gathered images from the internet. The first Mask R-CNN is expected to achieve two main objectives. The first objective is related to structure learning, which detects an object in a cluttered environment. The second objective is to estimate parameters that maximize the weight and detection rate of diverse types of similar objects. The first Mask R-CNN tries to detect the object with its location in the image and provides a soft mask on it. The second Mask R-CNN, which tries to detect human posture, was trained on a pre-existing dataset comprising human posture images. The output of these two Mask R-CNN’s then feed-forward to recognize human intensions that can be achieved through human-pose key points. Prediction of human intention was performed if the detected object and human pose match a range of pre-stored values specific to ADLs. Once the human intention has been identified via Mask R-CNN networks, the system starts planning for an optimal trajectory. For the trajectory planning, the Q-learning approach was implemented, which uses the concept of reward and penalty while exploring the unstructured environment in order to find an optimal trajectory. Experiments were conducted to determine the level of accuracy and reliability provided by our assistive platform in predicting human actions and performing trajectory planning. Results show that our assistive platform successfully recognized human actions such as water pouring, cereal making, and opening the door, as well as finding optimized trajectories to perform those actions.
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Wojtusiak, Janusz, Negin Asadzadehzanjani, Cari Levy, Farrokh Alemi, and Allison Williams. "Online Decision Support Tool that Explains Temporal Prediction of Activities of Daily Living (ADL)." In 14th International Conference on Health Informatics. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010325606290636.

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Nowak, Michael D., Christina J. Rideout, and Mary L. Newport. "Investigation of Forces Imposed Upon the Wrist During Activities of Daily Living." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2558.

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Abstract Injury to the wrist commonly results from a traumatic blow or repetitive loading. The effects that these incidents have upon the wrist depend primarily upon the magnitude of force, the point of application, the direction of application, and the rate of loading. Most repetitive loading injuries occur in athletes (Rettig and Patel, 1995). However, concern has been growing among clinicians about wrist injuries caused by repetitive loading that occurs during activities of daily living (ADL) (Malchaire et al., 1996). The purpose of this research was to investigate the amount of force applied to the wrist during various ADL. Hand contact forces were measured while subjects pushed on a door handle, did a standard push-up, and used their arms to help stand from a chair.
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Buele, Jorge, Jose Varela-Aldas, and Guillermo Palacios-Navarro. "Virtual Reality applications based on activities of daily living (ADL) for cognitive diagnosis and rehabilitation." In 2022 Congreso de Tecnología, Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de la Electrónica (XV Technologies Applied to Electronics Teaching Conference (TAEE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taee54169.2022.9840591.

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Afacan, Yasemin, and Elif Surer. "Modeling a User-Oriented Ontology on Accessible Homes for Supporting Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in Healthy Aging." In GoodTechs '19: EAI International Conference on Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3342428.3342662.

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Ring, J. B., and Charles Kim. "A Passive Brace to Improve Activities of Daily Living Utilizing Compliant Parallel Mechanisms." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59616.

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Idiopathic scoliosis is a deformity of the spine that affects 2–3% of adolescents. The treatment of scoliosis often requires the use of a rigid brace to align the spine and prevent progression of the deformation. The most common brace, referred to as the Boston brace, has a high success rate in preventing progression of the scoliotic curve. The common root failure is lack of patient compliance in wearing the brace for the prescribed time. This lack in compliance is due to patient discomfort, both physically and emotional, and the patients’ limited ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) when wearing the brace. The likelihood of needing surgery increases dramatically when bracing is unsuccessful. We seek to improve patients’ comfort by designing a brace that improves range of motion, while remaining stiff in the corrective direction. Primary ranges of motion were acquired using a motion capture system. A kinematic analysis was performed using homogeneous transformations and screw theory to determine primary screw axes of the motions. The required lateral stiffness for the brace was found in literature. Compliant mechanisms are used because they can apply the corrective force, but also allow the patients some range of motion. The mechanism implementation was characterized using finite element analysis and compared to a physical model test. Initial findings confirm that compliant mechanisms are suitable for the application of a scoliosis brace. We have found that the proposed brace can apply the necessary forces at reasonable displacements. The proposed brace will not allow the patient a full range of motion, but we believe that it will achieve an improved range of motion that will increase a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living.
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Huang, Y. Y., and K. H. Low. "Comprehensive signal interpretation of functional hand strength for activities of daily living (ADL) rehabilitation via multivariate data analysis (MVA)." In 2009 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2009.5246350.

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Olson, Weston R., and Panagiotis Polygerinos. "Towards a Soft Robotic 3rd Arm for Activities of Daily Living." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3323.

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Limb sensorimotor function plays an important role in activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life. Spinal cord dysfunctions, such as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), often affect limb function and limit independence. In this paper, we apply technologies from the emerging field of soft robotics to develop Soft Robotic 3rd Arms (SR3As) that branch out of the body — thus providing an artificial limb that enables effective execution of ADLs for CSM patients and the like. Soft robotics is a fairly recent addition to the field of robotics. Differing from traditional, “hard”, robotics, soft robotics are made of flexible materials such as silicone rather than stiff materials such as metals. One such soft robotic actuator is the fiber-reinforced actuator (FRA). Fabricated utilizing a combination of silicone bladder(s) and inextensible materials, these actuators are able to perform one of various motions through changes of pressure [1]. Supernumerary limbs (3rd arms), in contrast, are extra robotic limbs that can function cooperatively or independently of the user’s own limbs. These differ from exoskeletal robotics, as they are not fixated to the user’s limb to augment strength, but rather are placed elsewhere on the body to assist in tasks that would otherwise require multiple people. Examples of such devices include MIT/Boeing’s supernumerary arms to assist in the assembly of aircraft fuselage [2] or the supernumerary hand Softhand [3]. Combining these two concepts, an articulate SR3A was created (Fig. 1). By replacing traditional actuators with soft actuators, the limb is not only lighter, but it also better replicates the equivalent human limb. In addition to these benefits, the SR3A would also need to be less expensive to fabricate and actuate than an arm using rigid body components. This paper presents the design of a proof-of-concept prototype of a SR3A utilizing soft robotic actuators that could be used to assist individuals with hand impairments perform ADLs.
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Reports on the topic "Activities of Daily Living (ADL)"

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CONNOLLY, MARIE, AKAKPO DOMEFA KONOU, and MARIE-LOUISE LEROUX. Evaluating the relationship between income, survival and loss of autonomy among older Canadians. CIRANO, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/njrj5247.

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Evaluating the relationship between health at old age and income is crucial for the design of equitable public policies targeted toward the elderly. Using 2016 Canadian survey data on adults aged between 50 and 70, we estimate the relationships between individual income, longevity and dependency at the old age. We use both subjective and objective measures of the probability to survive to age 85, of the probability to have activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, and of the probability of entering a nursing home. We find that income and the (objective and subjective) probability to live to age 85 and over are positively related while income and the (objective and subjective) probability to suffer from ADL limitations are negatively related. We also find that while the objective probability to enter a nursing home is negatively correlated with income, the subjective probability is positively correlated with income. Most of our results are driven by individuals in the highest tercile of the income distribution. Our results are robust to different sensitivity checks.
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Henley, Megan, Lindie Hill, Sydney Inman, Molly King, Sam Lopez, and Carley Mahaffey. Long-Term Outcomes in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/chp.mot2.2021.0007.

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The purpose of our critically appraised topic is to combine the best evidence regarding the long-term outcomes in children with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) regarding posture and movement, gross and fine motor control, and activities of daily living (ADL) performance. The final portfolio contains eight articles. The study designs of these articles include a retrospective cohort study, two retrospective non-randomized studies without a control group, a retrospective review, a nationwide follow-up questionnaire analysis study, a case report, a case series, and a multiple quantitative case study. All studies related directly to our evidence-based PICO question and were used to determine the best evidence of the long-term outcomes in children with AFM. Overall, our findings showed that functional improvements were seen in most i ndividuals, however, this varied from complete to incomplete recovery along with some persistent motor and functional deficits. Every case is different depending on when they were diagnosed, and how quickly they were able to implement a rehabilitation program into their everyday routine.
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Konnyu, Kristin J., Louise M. Thoma, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Wagnan Cao, Gaelen P. Adam, Shivani Mehta, Roy K. Aaron, et al. Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation for Major Joint Replacement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer248.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates the rehabilitation interventions for patients who have undergone (or will undergo) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We addressed four Key Questions (KQs): comparisons of (1) rehabilitation prior (“prehabilitation”) to TKA versus no prehabilitation, (2) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after TKA, (3) prehabilitation prior to THA versus no prehabilitation, (4) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after THA. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, CINAHL®, Scopus®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from Jan 1, 2005, to May 3, 2021, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and adequately adjusted nonrandomized comparative studies (NRCSs). We evaluated clinical outcomes selected with input from a range of stakeholders. We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. Meta-analysis was not feasible, and evidence was synthesized and reported descriptively. The PROSPERO protocol registration number is CRD42020199102. Results. We found 78 RCTs and 5 adjusted NRCSs. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. • KQ 1: Compared with no prehabilitation, prehabilitation prior to TKA may increase strength and reduce length of hospital stay (low SoE) but may lead to comparable results in pain, range of motion (ROM), and activities of daily living (ADL) (low SoE). There was no evidence of an increased risk of harms due to prehabilitation (low SoE). • KQ 2: Various rehabilitation interventions after TKA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, ROM, and ADL (low SoE). Rehabilitation in the acute phase (initiated within 2 weeks of surgery) may lead to increased strength (low SoE) but result in similar strength when delivered in the post-acute phase (low SoE). No studies reported evidence of risk of harms due to rehabilitation delivered in the acute period following TKA. Compared with various controls, post-acute rehabilitation may not increase the risk of harms (low SoE). • KQ 3: For all assessed outcomes, there is insufficient (or no) evidence addressing the comparison between prehabilitation and no prehabilitation prior to THA. • KQ 4: Various rehabilitation interventions after THA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, strength, ADL, and quality of life. There is some evidence of no increased risk of harms due to the intervention (low SoE). • There is insufficient evidence regarding which patients may benefit from (p)rehabilitation for all KQs and insufficient evidence regarding comparisons of different providers and different settings of (p)rehabilitation for all KQs. There is insufficient evidence on costs of (p)rehabilitation and no evidence on cost effectiveness for all KQs. Conclusion. Despite the large number of studies found, the evidence regarding various prehabilitation programs and comparisons of rehabilitation programs for TKA and THA is ultimately sparse. This is a result of the diversity of interventions studied and outcomes reported across studies. As a result, the evidence is largely insufficient or of low SoE. New high-quality research is needed, using standardized intervention terminology and core outcome sets, especially to allow network meta-analyses to explore the impact of intervention attributes on patient-reported, performance-based, and healthcare-utilization outcomes.
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Bu, Qingguo, Wenqi Yu, Hongzhen Lian, Lei Zhang, Dandan Wang, and Xueping Wu. Effect of Exercise Intervention on the Activities of Daily Living of the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0136.

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LI, Zhendong, Hangjian Qiu, xiaoqian Wang, chengcheng Zhang, and Yuejuan Zhang. Comparative Efficacy of 5 non-pharmaceutical Therapies For Adults With Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment: Protocol For A Bayesian Network Analysis Based on 55 Randomized Controlled Trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0036.

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Review question / Objective: This study will provide evidence-based references for the efficacy of 5 different non-pharmaceutical therapies in the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI). 1. Types of studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(tDCS), Acupuncture, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy(VR) and Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation(CA) for PSCI will be recruited. Additionally, Studies should be available in full papers as well as peer reviewed and the original data should be clear and adequate. 2. Types of participants. All adults with a recent or previous history of ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke and diagnosed according to clearly defined or internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, regardless of nationality, race, sex, age, or educational background. 3.Types of interventions and controls. The control group takes non-acupuncture treatment, including conventional rehabilitation or in combination with symptomatic support therapy. The experimental group should be treated with acupuncture on basis of the control group. 4.The interventions of the experimental groups were Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(tDCS), Acupuncture, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy(VR) or Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation(CA), and the interventions of the control group takes routine rehabilitation and cognition training or other therapies mentioned above that were different from the intervention group. 5.Types of outcomes. The primary outcomes are measured with The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and/or The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), which have been widely used to evaluate the cognitive abilities. The secondary outcome indicator was the Barthel Index (BI) to assess independence in activities of daily living (ADLs).
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Inoue, Nozomu. Prediction of Pathologic Fracture Risk in Activities of Daily Living and Rehabilitation of Patients with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma of the Pelvis and Femur. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398168.

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Inoue, Nozomu. Prediction of Pathologic Fracture Risk in Activities of Daily Living and Rehabilitation of Patients With Metastatic Breast Carcinoma of the Pelvis and Femur. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408690.

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Inoue, Nozomu. Prediction of Pathologic Fracture Risk in Activities of Daily Living and Rehabilitation of Patients with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma of the Pelvis and Femur. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390912.

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Jiang, Jieting, Xinyu Li, Wang Hui, Huang Lan, and Caiqin Wu. The effect of computerized cognitive training on improving the cognitive impairment and the activities of daily living in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.3.0059.

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Zhuo, Yue, and Hong Zhang. Different Acupuncture Intervention Time-points for Improving Capacity in Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.12.0060.

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