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Oliveira, Madalena. "Metajornalismo: do discurso normativo à autorreferencialidade como condição ética." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 5, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 32–43. https://doi.org/10.25200/slj.v5.n2.2016.254.
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O reconhecimento do poder do jornalismo como atividade constitutiva, isto é, como prática que age sobre o curso da história, conduziu a uma necessidade crescente de refletir sobre a ética dos procedimentos de recolha e tratamento da informação. Alvo de críticas frequentes enunciadas por escritores e intelectuais que, no século XIX, encaravam o jornalismo como uma literatura rafeira, os jornalistas passaram, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, a estar sob o olhar escrutinador da sociedade. Se a sua condição sempre foi, de algum modo, a de “vigilantes” dos poderes instituídos, a de uma espécie de “novos cães de guarda”, no dizer de Serge Halimi (1998), com o tempo, a consciência de que a vigilância também pode ser encarada como o exercício de um poder contribuiu para uma ideia de que também seria necessário “vigiar os vigilantes”. Quer na perspetiva profissional quer na perspetiva científica, desenvolveu-se então um discurso profundamente normativo em relação ao jornalismo e aos jornalistas. A definição de um estatuto profissional específico arrastou consigo a fixação de códigos de ética e deontologia que atribuíram a esta atividade um sentido de dever ser. Em consequência, alargou-se a toda a opinião pública a perceção de que tanto a conduta dos jornalistas como os efeitos da produção jornalística e da ação dos média se inscrevem num conjunto de normas reguladoras que explicitam os limites da atividade. Neste artigo, revisitamos o percurso que conduziu a uma perspetiva normativista do jornalismo. Por outro lado, reconhecendo que o jornalismo ganhou progressivamente valor-notícia, retomamos o conceito de metajornalismo para explorar uma via alternativa ao discurso convencional da norma. Com efeito, ao considerar o jornalismo sobre o jornalismo como uma prática autorreferencial, tomamo-lo no avesso do exercício normativista, deslocando o paradigma dos estudos jornalísticos de uma ética transcendental para uma ética situacional. The recognition of journalism’s power as a constitutive activity—that is, as a practice that shapes the course of history—has heightened the need to reflect on the ethics of the procedures involved in the collection and construction of news. Whereas, in the nineteenth century, journalism was the target of criticism from writers and intellectuals who considered it as coarse literature, from the second half of the twentieth century onwards, journalists began to be scrutinized by society. If the role of journalists had always been, as it were, to monitor the powers that be, to act as kinds of “new watchdogs” in the words of Serge Halimi (1998), it appeared over time that surveillance could also be considered as an exercise of power, and as such, that the “watchers” needed to be “watched.” In this regard, a deeply normative discourse developed in both professional and scientific circles. A specific professional status was defined, bringing along codes of ethics which garnered journalistic practice with a sense of duty. As a result the general public perception is that the role of journalists, the effects of journalistic production and the way media act are all accountable to regulatory norms that set the boundaries of the activity. In this submission, we revisit the history that led to the emergence of a normative perspective of journalism. While acknowledging that journalism has gained progressively in “news value,” we propose a return to the concept of meta-journalism in order to explore an alternative to the classical discourse of the norm. Indeed, by considering “journalism on journalism” to be a self-referential practice, we adopt an inverse approach to the normative exercise by shifting the paradigm of journalism studies from a transcendental ethos to a situational one. La reconnaissance du pouvoir du journalisme comme activité constitutive, c’est- à-dire comme une pratique qui agit sur le cours de l’histoire, a fait croitre la nécessité de réfléchir sur l’éthique des procédures de collecte et de traitement de l’information. Cibles de critiques fréquentes énoncées par des écrivains et des intellectuels qui, au XIXe siècle, considéraient le journalisme comme une littérature bâtarde, les journalistes sont passés, à partir de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, sous le regard scrutateur de la société. Si le rôle des journalistes a toujours été, en quelque sorte, celui de ‘vigie’ des pouvoirs institués, une espèce de « nouveaux chiens de garde », selon les mots de Serge Halimi (1998), une prise de conscience du fait que la surveillance peut également être considérée comme l’exercice d’un pouvoir, et qu’en cela, elle rend nécessaire de « regarder les vigies » est apparue. Tant dans les perspectives professionnelles que scientifiques s’est développé un discours profondément normatif par rapport au journalisme et aux journalistes. La définition d’un statut professionnel spécifique a entrainé la mise en place d’une éthique et de codes de déontologie qui ont associé à cette activité un sens du devoir être. En conséquence s’est répandue la perception, dans toute l’opinion publique, que tant le rôle des journalistes que les effets de la production journalistique et de l’action des médias font partie d’un ensemble de normes réglementaires qui régissent les limites de l’activité. Dans cet submission, nous revisitons l’histoire qui a conduit à l’émergence d’une perspective normative du journalisme. Tout en reconnaissant que le journalisme a gagné progressivement en « news value », nous proposons de revenir au concept métajournalisme afin d’explorer une voie alternative au discours classique de la norme. En effet, lorsque l’on considère la pratique du journalisme sur le journalisme comme une pratique autoréférentielle, nous adoptons la démarche inverse de l’exercice normatif, en faisant glisser le paradigme des études du journalisme d’une éthique transcendantale à une éthique situationnelle.
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Bonvin, Jean-Michel. "Individual working lives and collective action. An introduction to capability for work and capability for voice." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 18, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258911431046.
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This article presents the capability approach as an alternative conceptual and normative framework to assess the impact and relevance of existing labour market regulations. In this perspective, what matters is not GDP growth or the overall employment rate, but the development of people’s real freedom to choose a job or an activity they have reason to value. The two key notions of ‘capability for work’ and ‘capability for voice’ are presented in detail, as well as the way to use them as a framework for scientific analysis and empirical research. The article strongly emphasizes the significant difference that the use of such tools makes when it comes to assessing the impact and relevance of collective regulations in the field of work. Cet article présente l’approche par les capacités comme un cadre conceptuel et normatif alternatif pour évaluer l’impact et la pertinence des réglementations existantes du marché du travail. Dans cette perspective, ce qui importe, ce n’est pas la croissance du PIB ou le taux global d’emploi, mais le développement de la liberté effective des individus de choisir un emploi ou une activité qu’ils ont des raisons d’apprécier. Les deux notions essentielles de « capacité à exercer un travail » et de « capacité à faire entendre sa voix » sont présentées en détail, de même que la manière d’utiliser ces notions comme cadre d’analyse scientifique et de recherche empirique. L’article souligne fortement la différence considérable qu’entraîne l’utilisation de tels outils quand il s’agit d’évaluer l’impact et la pertinence des réglementations collectives dans le domaine du travail. In diesem Beitrag wird der Ansatz der Verwirklichungschancen als alternativer konzeptueller und normativer Rahmen vorgeschlagen, um die Auswirkungen und die Relevanz der bestehenden Arbeitsmarktvorschriften zu bewerten. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt ist nicht das BIP-Wachstum oder die Gesamtbeschäftigungsrate von Bedeutung, sondern die Entwicklung der realen Freiheit der Menschen, eine Arbeit oder Tätigkeit zu wählen, die sie wertschätzen. Die beiden zentralen Konzepte der “capability for work” (Verwirklichungschance im Arbeitsleben) und der “capability for voice” (Chance, für Arbeitnehmerbelange einzutreten) werden ausführlich beschrieben, und es wird erklärt, wie diese als Rahmen für die wissenschaftliche Analyse und empirische Forschungsarbeiten dienen. Der Beitrag unterstreicht den bedeutenden Vorteil, der sich aus der Verwendung derartiger Konzepte bei der Bewertung der Auswirkungen und der Relevanz kollektiver Regelungen im Arbeitsbereich ergibt.
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Storme, Matthias E. "The Foundations of Private Law in a Multilevel Structure: Balancing, Distribution of Lawmaking Power, and Other Constitutional Issues." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012013.
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Abstract: This contribution is, first of all, a reflection on the distribution of power in relation to private law in the context of multilevel government, on the one hand, and relativization of this power by a so-called law market, on the other hand. It is also a reflection on the notion that law is a balancing activity (balancing values or interests). The author argues in favour of maintaining a normative perspective instead of recognizing as law everything that pretends to be law. He also argues in favour of the classical separation of powers and discusses the legitimacy of lawmaking by the different branches of power. Notions like pluralism and diversity tend to hide political choices that undermine classical values as equality before the law and the application of the law of the land. After an analysis of the arguments in favour of or against a centralization of lawmaking power on the European level, the author argues in favour of a reversal of the actual principles of division of power between the European Union and the Member States and thus in favour of a European Civil Code (ECC) that may be amended by the Member States. Résumé: Notre contribution constitue d'abord une réflexion sur la distribution des pouvoirs en matière de droit privé dans un contexte de gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux d'une part et de relativisation de ce pouvoir par un soi-disant marché du droit d'autre part. C'est aussi une réflexion sur l'idée du droit comme activité de pesage (de valeurs ou intérêts). L'auteur défend le maintien d'une perspective normative plutôt que de reconnaître comme droit tout ce qui prétend l'âtre. Il défend une conception classique de séparation de pouvoirs et discute la légitimité de la production de normes juridiques par les différentes instances. Des notions comme pluralisme ou diversité tendent plutôt à cacher des choix politiques qui sapent des valeurs classiques comme l'égalité devant la loi ou l'application de la loi du territoire. Après une analyse des différents arguments pour et contre une centralisation du pouvoir de légiférer en droit privé au niveau européen, l'auteur défend une inversion des principes actuels de division de pouvoir entre l'Union et ses Etats membres, et dès lors en faveur d'un Code Civil Européen laissant aux Etats membres le pouvoir d'y apporter des variations.
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Miranda, Gladson. "ATIVISMO JUDICIAL E PODER NORMATIVO DO CNJ / JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND NORMATIVE POWER OF THE ANGEL." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 9 (2020): 66686–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n9-198.
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Miranda, Gladson Rogério de Oliveira. "ATIVISMO JUDICIAL E PODER NORMATIVO DO CNJ / JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND NORMATIVE POWER OF THE CNJ." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 10 (2020): 76947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n10-209.
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McAninch, Andrew. "Activity, Passivity, and Normative Avowal." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98, no. 1 (August 19, 2015): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12090.
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Bahadirovich, Raimov Elbek. "LEGAL BASIS REGULATING THE ACTIVITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS." International Journal of Law And Criminology 4, no. 12 (December 1, 2024): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume04issue12-13.
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In this article, documents are presented mainly within the framework of legal frameworks and normative legal documents that regulate the activities of higher education organizations. The cited normative legal documents and other legal frameworks for regulating some activities of higher education organizations were analyzed.
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Turdaly Zhaksylykuly, Karatayev. "Correlation of Normative Resolutions with Normative Legal Acts." Reality of Politics 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201307.
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In the given article the issues concerning normative resolutions which are given by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan according to criminal cases are pointed out. The structure and mechanism of normative resolutions are discussed. Correlation of normative legal acts are investigated. Normative legal acts consist of legal norms, they regulate and manage social relations. It means that, as the normative legal acts play an important role on the judicial sphere, they create, change the norms and even can stop their activity. Here we may include constitutional laws, codes, laws, all charters of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan which have legal power. Normative resolutions are equal for all, according to definite cases it is used not for one person, but for several people. Also, normative resolutions are used in accordance with legal acts, and until the used norm loses its power it can have definite power.
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Stevenson, John. "Normative nature of workplace activity and knowledge." International Journal of Educational Research 37, no. 1 (January 2002): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-0355(02)00023-x.
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Dzhafarova, O. "Дослідження сучасного стану теоретико-нормативного закріплення поняття публічно-сервісної діяльності." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav spec. 2, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2018-2-87-91.
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Stynska, Viktoriia. "NORMATIVE-JURIDICAL REGULATION OF CHARITABLE ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(48) (May 27, 2021): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2021.48.396-399.
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The article is devoted to the topical issue of formation of normative-legal legislation on charitable activity in Ukraine because after all, charity and charitable activity in the conditions of transformational challenges has become an important part of the social and legal life of Ukraine in overcoming crisis phenomena in economic, political, social, medical, etc. industries. The purpose of the article: is to analyze normative-legal legislation in regulation sphere of the charitable activity of Ukraine. During research, a specific search (theoretical analysis, synthesis, systematization of existing normative-legal documents) and the method of theoretical and structural clarification of the conceptual apparatus were used sphere of charitable activity in Ukraine. Research results: 1) the phenomenon of «charitable activity» is polyhedral: is considering by scientists from different positions: legal, economic, social, pedagogical and philosophical; 2) Analysis of the normative-legal base that ensure the development of charitable organizations in Ukraine: (Laws of Ukraine: «On Charity and Charitable Organizations» (1997), «On Humanitarian Aid» (1999), «On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations» (2012), «On Introduction amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine on the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of charitable text messages» (2016), «On amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine on the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of charitable telecommunications messages» (2016); National strategy for promoting the development of civil society in Ukraine for 2016-2020, etc.) testified, that the most acute at the present stage is the problem of the effectiveness of the mechanism of protection against swindling and other abuses in the field of charity; 3) Despite of the generally positive changes in the regulation of charitable activities in Ukraine, this area needs a comprehensive reform, the main task of which is to improve the current legislation of Ukraine in the charitable sphere activity.
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Chesak, Viktoriya Volodymyrivna. "NORMATIVE-LEGAL SUPPORT OF JURY ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." Law Bulletin 9 (2019): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/2414-4207.2019-9.29.
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Opara, N. G. "THE NORMATIVE BASIS OF THE JOURNALIST’S PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY." State and Regions. Series: Law, no. 1 (2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-338x-2023.1.8.
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Gordijn, Bert, and Henk ten Have. "Normative approaches and activism in global bioethics." Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18, no. 3 (June 23, 2015): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-015-9652-7.
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Namig Afandiyev, Tural. "Xarici ölkələrdə konstitusiya nəzarətinin müqayisəli təhlili və inkişaf tendensiyaları." SCIENTIFIC WORK 78, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/78/107-113.
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Constitutional control is a special type of law enforcement activity. This activity consists of checking the compliance of laws and other normative legal acts with the country's constitution. Constitutional control is realisedout by various government bodies in the world. Constitutional control in foreign countries is constantly developing. The new challenges that States have faced in recent decades have set new tasks for the constitutional control bodies. At the present stage, the constitutional control bodies are expanding the interpretation of the Constitution, laws and other normative acts. We will try to analyze new trends in the activities of constitutional control bodies in the USA, France, Germany and a number of other states.The purpose of this article is to identify the main trends in the field of constitutional control. Key words: comparative jurisprudence, constitutional control, Constitution, law, trends Tural Namiq oğlu Əfəndiyev Xarici ölkələrdə konstitusiya nəzarətinin müqayisəli təhlili və inkişaf tendensiyaları Xülasə Konstitusiya nəzarəti hüquq-mühafizə fəaliyyətinin xüsusi bir növüdür. Bu fəaliyyət qanunların və digər normativ hüquqi aktların ölkə Konstitusiyasına uyğunluğunu yoxlamaqdan ibarətdir. Konstitusiya nəzarəti dünyada müxtəlif dövlət orqanları tərəfindən həyata keçirilir. Xarici ölkələrdə konstitusiya nəzarəti daim inkişaf edir. Son onilliklərdə dövlətlərin qarşılaşdığı yeni çağırışlar konstitusiya nəzarəti orqanları qarşısında yeni vəzifələr qoymuşdur. Müasir dövrdə konstitusiya nəzarəti orqanları Konstitusiyanın, qanunların və digər normativ aktların şərhini genişləndirir. Biz ABŞ, Fransa, Almaniya vəbir sıra digər dövlətlərdə konstitusiya nəzarəti orqanlarının fəaliyyətində yeni meylləri təhlil etməyə çalışacağıq. Bu məqalənin məqsədi konstitusiya nəzarəti sahəsində əsas tendensiyaları üzə çıxarmaqdır. Açar sözlər: müqayisəli hüquqşünaslıq, konstitusiya nəzarəti, konstitusiya, hüquq, çağırışlar, Fransa, Almaniya
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Rewizorski, Marek. "Normatywne podstawy uczestnictwa Unii Europejskiej w G20." Przegląd Europejski, no. 1-2016 (June 26, 2016): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.16.4.
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This paper offers explanatory insight into the normative basis for the European Union’s participation in the G20, club of international cooperation perceived as a hub in the system of global governance. Despite a number of provisions of treaties, opinions and judgments of the ECJ governing the external dimension of the EU activity, presence of the EU in the G20 is based on informal basis, and its effectiveness is determined by arrangements between the Commission and the European Council. By investing in the paranormative model of representation in the G20, based on obscure delimitation of competences between the European Council and the Commission, the EU moved towards solutions that can be described as anomalies in a situation where each of the other members of the group strives to give its policy the greatest clarity and decisiveness.
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Vahid oğlu Əzimov, Faiq. "Interaction of state and non-state organizations." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/173-176.
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Thoughts on politics and political relations originated in the territory of Azerbaijan in ancient times and have undergone a great evolution. Factors that are very different, and sometimes even contradict each other, have played and continue to play an important role in its emergence and activity. The political system of the Republic of Azerbaijan is political in nature, reflecting the characteristics of the national and historical context. Like all post-Soviet states, the political system of the Republic of Azerbaijan feels a certain influence of the Soviet political system. With the adoption of the new Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the establishment of the parliament on the basis of the first multi-party system, the formation of the political system of Azerbaijan was legally completed on November 12, 1995. Key words: state, political system, society, government, activity
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ENDEMAÑO ARÓSTEGUI, José María. "La regulación del régimen local en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Una cuestión pendiente." RVAP 96, no. 96 (August 30, 2013): 111–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.96.2013.03.
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LABURPENA: Bai Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko erakunde erkideek bai lurralde historikoetako foru-organoek guztiek dituzte arauak ezartzeko nahiz egikaritzeko eskumenak, tokiko araubideko kontuetan. Eskumen orokorra erakunde erkideek dute, baina ez dute apenas erabili, eta araudia zatikatua eta egitura eskasekoa eman dute. Lurralde historikoetako foru-organoak direnez eskumen-atribuzio espezifikoen titularrak, haiek jardun dira buru-belarri lanean arauak sortzeko, nahiz behin baino gehiagotan eskumena dela-eta liskarra eragin izan duten. Orotara esateko, Euskadiko Tokiko Administrazioko araubide juridikoak goitik behera berrikustea behar du, eskumenak banatzen hasi aurretik foru-erakundeen eta erkidegoko erakundeen artean. RESUMEN: Tanto las instituciones comunes de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco como los órganos forales de sus territorios históricos tienen competencias normativas y ejecutivas en materia de régimen local. La competencia general corresponde a las instituciones comunes, que han hecho un escaso uso de la misma, produciendo una normativa fragmentaria y poco estructurada. Los órganos forales de los territorios históricos, como titulares de atribuciones competenciales específicas, han desarrollado una intensa actividad normativa, no siempre indiscutida desde el punto de vista competencial. En general, el régimen jurídico de la Administración Local del País Vasco precisa de una profunda revisión, previo deslinde de los ámbitos competenciales autonómico y foral. ABSTRACT: Both common institutions of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country and the foral bodies of their historical territories have normative and executive powers in the field of local government. The general power is responsibility of the common institutions, which have barely used it, so the normative is fragmented and poorly structured. The foral bodies of the historical territories, as the holders of some specific powers, have developed a deep normative activity, not always undisputed from the point of view of the powers. In general, the legal regime of the local Administration of the Basque Country needs a deep review prior to a limitation of the autonomic and foral sphere of powers.
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Jones, Constance. "Activités normatives et réunions intéressant les femmes." Diplômées 156, no. 1 (1991): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/femdi.1991.6448.
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Sykal, M. M. "Concerning normative and legal regulation of control bodies activity." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 1, no. 3 (April 27, 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2018.01.119.
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Osadchuk, S. V. "Institutional and normative legal basis of small business activity." Public administration aspects 6, no. 8 (September 10, 2018): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151848.
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This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the factors that influence small to medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance and particularly, growth. However, the paper also demonstrates that although contributing to the knowledge base, our understandings of business performance and levels of theorising remain incomplete. The paper provides a theoretical justification for the expediency of further development of the system of state management of small business development. In particular, it defines the basics of small business. It analyzes the institutional and normative support of small business activity. There have been analyzed the indicators of small business activity in recent years. There was established a negative trend of development and conditions for it for small businesses in it. The world trend of development of the market with participation of subjects of small business is defined. The most priority and least profitable projects in small business have been revealed. There was emphasized the necessity of creating more favorable conditions for development of small business by the state. The results suggest that size and age of enterprise dominate performance and are more important than strategy and the entrepreneurial characteristics of the owner. Using new data that samples early stage entrepreneurs just prior to business start up, it showed that few small businesses intend to bring a new idea to market. Instead, most intend to provide an existing service to an existing market. Having a business plan was also found to be important in the economic development. This paper seeks to contribute to the development of the literature on factors that influence the performance of businesses through a robust empirical study by updating the current problem components. Collectively, these results suggest that there are other first order reasons why small businesses form aside from the innovation or growth motives which are embedded in most theories of entrepreneurship. And this reasons connected with governance and rules of its realisation in state.
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Wardhaugh, Bruce. "A normative approach to the criminalisation of cartel activity." Legal Studies 32, no. 3 (September 2012): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2011.00226.x.
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Although cartel behaviour is almost universally (and rightly) condemned, it is not clear why cartel participants deserve the full wrath of the criminal law and its associated punishment. To fill this void, I develop a normative (or principled) justification for the criminalisation of conduct characteristic of ‘hard core’ cartels. The paper opens with a brief consideration of the rhetoric commonly used to denounce cartel activity, eg that it ‘steals from’ or ‘robs’ consumers. To put the discussion in context, a brief definition of ‘hard core’ cartel behaviour is provided and the harms associated with this activity are identified. These are: welfare losses in the form of appropriation (from consumer to producer) of consumer surplus, the creation of deadweight loss to the economy, the creation of productive inefficiency (hindering innovation of both products and processes), and the creation of so-called X-inefficiency. As not all activities which cause harm ought to be criminalised, a theory as to why certain harms in a liberal society can be criminalised is developed. It is based on JS Mill's harm to others principle (as refined by Feinberg) and on a choice of social institutions using Rawls's ‘veil of ignorance.’ The theory is centred on the value of individual choice in securing one's own well-being, with the market as an indispensable instrument for this. But as applied to the harm associated with cartel conduct, this theory shows that none of the earlier mentioned problems associated with this activity provide sufficient justification for criminalisation. However, as the harm from hard core cartel activity strikes at an important institution which permits an individual's ability to secure their own well-being in a liberal society, criminalisation of hard core cartel behaviour can have its normative justification on this basis.
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van Bavel, René, Gabriele Esposito, Tom Baranowski, and Néstor Duch-Brown. "Tracing How Normative Messages May Influence Physical Activity Intention." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 39, no. 2 (April 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0149.
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Sörös, P., J. Kassubek, C. Stippich, K. Kamada, H. Kober, R. Hopfengärtner, and J. B. Vieth. "P272 Spontaneous magnetic activity in healthy volunteers: Normative data." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (October 1996): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(96)88400-8.
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Sopilko, I. М. "Normative activity in the field of informational legal relations." Alʹmanah prava, no. 15 (September 1, 2024): 38–43. https://doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2024-15-38-43.
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The article examines the role and significance of normative activity in the field of informational legal relations. The relevance of the study of rule-making activity in the field of information legal relations lies in the need to solve the problems of the imperfection of the system of information legislation of Ukraine, namely: multiplicity and inconsistency of legal norms; shortcomings of legal technique; low level of legal culture of Ukrainian society and others. In the conditions of full-scale Russian aggression, informational rights and informational legal relations require special attention from the legislator, as they are a condition for the informational security of the state. Under these conditions, there is a need to improve the system of information legislation and its further development in the context of the European integration of Ukraine, the implementation of the norms of European and international information law in the information legislation of Ukraine, as well as the problem of systematization of national information legislation. It is noted that rule-making activity in the field of information legal relations is a form of activity of public authorities, local self-government or civil society (in the cases provided for by law), which is related to the establishment, change, cancellation of norms of information law. Factors determining the improvement of the efficiency of rule-making activity are singled out: dynamic development of information relations that require legal regulation; the inability of the legislative body to foresee all situations in the information sphere, which leads to gaps in information legislation and the need for their quick resolution by issuing separate regulatory acts. The author emphasized that the information legislation of Ukraine needs constant updating and improvement, and the norms of European and international information law need to be implemented in the information legislation of Ukraine. Normative activity in the information sphere requires the formation and identification of specific legal norms and information relations related to the collection, use, dissemination of information and data processing in information systems; legal analysis of the activities of subjects of information relations, problems of providing information services.
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Larin, Mikhail V. "Normative and Legal Regulation of Non-State Archives." Atlanti 28, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.28.1.221-228(2018).
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Questions of normative and legal regulation of non-state archives activity on the example of the Russian Federation are examined in the article. In modern conditions non-state archives became an integral part of archival system. The author has made an attempt to present development of non-state archives, as far as their normative and legal regulation and organization of activity are concerned. Systematization of types of non-state archives is given. There are archives of business organizations, political parties and public associations, churches, universities, private multi-disciplinary archives, personal archives, pointed out in this work. Examples of non-state archives’ activity are shown, which are valuable for preservation of documentary heritage.
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Coursey, Don L. "A Normative Model of Behavior Based upon an Activity Hierarchy." Journal of Consumer Research 12, no. 1 (June 1985): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209035.
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Hepper, Clifford Tate, Matthew V. Smith, Karen Steger-May, and Robert H. Brophy. "Normative Data of Shoulder Activity Level by Age and Sex." American Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 5 (March 22, 2013): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546513480613.
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Savchuk, Yullia, and Yuliia Maslova. "Normative and Legal Asрects of a Tourist Activity in Ukraine." Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport 6, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/pps.2020.06.01.001.
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Bilous, Victor, and Ivan Boiko. "NORMATIVE AND LEGAL BASIS OF ADMINISTRATIVE-PROCEDURAL ACTIVITY OF GERMANY." NAUKA I PRAVOOKHORONA 49, no. 3 (2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36486/np.2020.3(49).6.
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Urinboyevnan, Egamberdiyeva Yulduz. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING THE COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND STUDENTS." International Journal of Pedagogics 4, no. 10 (October 1, 2024): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijp/volume04issue10-33.
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This article explores the methodological approaches to developing collaborative activities between primary school teachers and students. Traditional educational paradigms, which often emphasize normative and empirical methods, are analyzed alongside modern competency-based approaches. The study highlights the limitations of rigid, teacher-centered practices that hinder student motivation and learning outcomes. In contrast, it argues for the adoption of collaborative, student-centered approaches that align educational content with students' life experiences, interests, and future goals. The research also examines the role of competencies, practical skills, and cognitive activities in fostering effective learning environments. Emphasis is placed on the need to transition from authoritative teaching to cooperative learning models, where both teachers and students actively participate in the educational process. Recommendations for improving educational content by integrating normative and personal elements are provided to enhance motivation and engagement in primary education.
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Dmitrenko, A. I. "DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ENTERPRISE PROFITABILITY BY NORMATIVE ACCOUNTING REPORTS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 2(18) (October 2, 2018): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2018-2(18)-26-33.
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Purport, goals, aspects and specificity of enterprise’s profitability evaluation aresurveyed. The importance of basic national obligatory accounting statements, namely the balancesheet and income statement, is recognized.Actual approaches to profitability estimation, listed in national enactments in the field oftaxation, crediting and privatization are analyzed. Absence of typical approach to enterprises’profitability also as discrepancy to fundamentals of financial analysis and necessity to adoptgiven formulas to current accounting reports are identified.Quantity, structure of earnings and profitability ratios are declared the core aspects ofenterprise’s profitability analysis. Technology of profit structuring and calculation ofprofitability indexes are elaborated. It is suggested that the earnings before tax should be splittedonto core activity profit, other operational activity profit, financial activity profit and otheractivity profit.Profitability ratios are divided onto four groups: financial sources profitability indexes,activity yield indexes, production resources’ profitability ratios and product/departmentprofitability indexes.
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Boele van Hensbroek, Pieter. "Cultural citizenship as a normative notion for activist practices." Citizenship Studies 14, no. 3 (June 2010): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621021003731880.
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Jansen, Peter, Jan van der Stoep, and Henk Jochemsen. "Government Communication as a Normative Practice." Philosophia Reformata 82, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23528230-08202004.
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The network society is generally challenging for today’s communication practitioners because they are no longer the sole entities responsible for communication processes. This is a major change for many of them. In this paper, it will be contended that the normative practice model as developed within reformational philosophy is beneficial for clarifying the structure of communication practices. Based on this model, we argue that government communication should not be considered as primarily an activity that focuses on societal legitimation of policy; rather, it focuses on clarifying the meaning of the actions of the government. If the government can convincingly answer the question about the reason for their actions, societal legitimation will subsequently follow. Hence, it is argued that government communication is primarily linguistically qualified.
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Lipen, S. V. "Information Technologies in Legislative Activity." Lex Russica, no. 8 (August 29, 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.153.8.111-120.
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The Russian Federation has not adopted a law on normative legal acts, in a number of CIS countries similar laws have been in force for almost two decades, and the legal regulation of these relations is constantly being improved. This experience may well be taken into account in domestic studies, including those aimed at scientific support of legislative activity. The last quarter of the century is characterized by digitalization and informatization of the legal system, laws on normative legal acts of the CIS countries can serve as quite good indicators of these processes. They clearly demonstrate the current trends of recording the information capabilities of the Internet, information and reference systems under the law, the use of other computer technologies in legislative process. In a number of countries, there is an experience of active use of electronic document circulation in carrying out examinations, in forecasting the consequences of regulatory legal acts adoption when approving and directing them into a law-making body. The publication of draft normative legal acts on Internet sites and their public discussion using Internet resources is becoming an almost mandatory element of publicity of lawmaking activities. The comparative legal characteristics of the legislation of the CIS countries may well be in demand in the development and discussion of the draft Russian law on normative legal acts.
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Osadcheva, S. A., and I. I. Satdy’kov. "Normative support of upbringing activities." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2022.2.131-135.
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Attention to the issues of organizing educational work with students intensifi ed after the recognition by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin education “federal function”. Legislative acts regulating the educational function, issues of documenting education in educational organizations that implement programs of secondary vocational education are considered. In accordance with the instruction of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, mock-ups of the Exemplary Work Program of Education and the Exemplary Calendar Plan of Educational Work were developed. According to the requirements of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”, managers and teachers of educational organizations must create such conditions for the student so that, as part of the development of the chosen qualifi cation, he has the opportunity to show the best sides of character, join the corporate culture future place of work, record successes and achievements. The law provides that in the course of the implementation of academic disciplines in an activity form (including all types of practical training), each student will be off ered the opportunity to build a personal trajectory to achieve positive feelings and attitudes towards Russian civil (basic) norms and traditional spiritual and moral values, i.e. to form personal results (to follow the path of their achievement). The algorithm for the implementation of the working program of education is analyzed in detail.
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Gur, Noam. "Normative Weighing and Legal Guidance of Conduct." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 25, no. 2 (July 2012): 359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005853.
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Contemporary legal philosophers commonly understand the normative force of law in terms of practical reason. They sharply disagree, however, on how exactly it translates into practical reason. Notably, some have argued that the directives of an authority that meets certain prerequisites of legitimacy generate reasons for action that exclude some otherwise applicable reasons, while others have insisted that such directives can only give rise to reasons that compete with opposing ones in terms of their weight (an approach I will call the weighing model). Does the weighing model provide a normative framework within which law could adequately facilitate correct decision-making? At first glance, the answer appears to be ‘yes’: there seems to be nothing about law-following values—such as coordination reasons, the desirability of social order, deferential expertise, etc.—which prevents them from being factored into our decision-making in terms of normative weight that tips the balance in favor of compliance with law inasmuch as it is worthwhile to comply with it. This impression, however, turns out to be incorrect when, drawing on a body of empirical work in psychology, I observe that many of the practical difficulties law typically addresses are difficulties that have part of their root in biases to which we are systematically susceptible in the settings of our daily activity. I argue that the frequent presence of those biases in contexts of activity which law regulates, and the pivotal role law has in counteracting them, emphatically militate against the weighing model and call for its rejection.
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Ivanova, Maya, and Yuri Ivanov. "Normative Legal Ensuring of Incorporeal Right in the Activity of Libraries." Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, no. 49 (September 17, 2018): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.49.245.
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Rakhmetov, Sattar Mukanovich. "NORMATIVE ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF REGULATION OF CRIMINAL LAW RELATIONS." Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4, no. 75 (December 29, 2023): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2023_75_4_122.
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The proposed article is devoted to the digitalization of the sphere of climate protection. Today, the main problem is climate protection through the digitalization of ecology. In solving this issue, the conditions for accelerating the pace of development of the republic's economy through the use of digital technologies in the field of climate protection and improving the quality of life of the population, the transition of the environment to a fundamentally new development trajectory were considered. Along with the elimination of gaps in environmental legislation, the process of digitalization of ecology is actively developing. This strengthens the desire of citizens living in the environment to do everything very quickly. In the issue of climate digitalization at the state level, much attention is paid to the well-being of the environment, as evidenced by the smaller number of state programs and other legal acts adopted in this area. The global and Kazakhstan trend was observed during comprehensive legal studies of the concept of green economy and other green development programs. The main goal of digitalization of the sphere of climate protection is to improve the quality of life of the population, improve the environmental situation, create opportunities for the effective operation of environmental measures, modernize the ecological system, ensure environmental safety, improve environmental digital education of the population. The digital transformation of climate protection is an important part of many national strategies to restore the ecological dangerous crisis and prevent environmental safety. In addition, the article presents additions and changes to the current environmental legislation to improve the directions in the field of digitalization of ecology, including climate protection.
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Slesarev, Alexey G. "Normative context in contemporary German media." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 4 (July 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.4-21.049.
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Socially significant ideas about the individual, his cultural and social ties, his rights and freedom are clearly formulated both in the EU Charter and in the basic law of the Federal Republic. However, it would be logical to take into consideration some criteria of social normality and compliance with the society in which certain legal norms operate. Such social normative context covers all social institutions, includes the ideas about the world and individual of all social groups, and has an inverse effect on the mentality of each individual in every field of activity, including the media sphere. The influence of the normative context affects not only the structure of information content, the way of broadcasting, the specifics of forms and types, but also characterizes the entire media system — within a particular region, country or union of states. The normative context must be necessarily determined by the individual’s idea of national self-identification; social environment; cultural landscape and geographical area; the vision of rights and freedoms. Without taking these important criteria into account, the fact of the German media system’s adherence to the Western values and European rights, and the country’s high rating in respect to civil liberties do not explain the specifics of German journalism.
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Dukhnovsky, Sergey. "Socially non-normative employee: classification problem and assessment." Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior 3, no. 2 (July 21, 2023): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2713-0622-2023-2-189-194.
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The article deals with the issues of employee’s non-normativity, its assessment and classification, including personnel risks as indicators of his/her psychological reliability. Non-normativity represents disregard for respect of accepted social norms and rules of behavior, including those in professional activity; absence of internal prohibitions on violation of norms of behavior and activity. The author demonstrates that non-normativity of an employee is a personnel risk, which can be increased by the intellectual abilities of an employee and / or peculiarities of behavior regulation. Types of non-normative employee are described: 1) non-normative, creative-emotional, 2) non-normative, creatively rational, 3) non-normative, reproductively rational, 4) non-normative, reproductive-emotional, 5) non-normative, mixed. The results of staff (personal-professional) diagnostics using the author’s questionnaire «Normativity. Intellect. Regulation» are presented. The results revealed the possibility of applying this questionnaire to assess the types and qualitative characteristics of employee’s non-normativity and the personnel risks that are relevant to it. Prospective directions of the research of the stated problem, in particular - determination and description of the preferable development of career, solved professional tasks, as well as career growth and professional-psychological type in employees of different types of social non-normativity are determined.
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Kalynovskyi, B. V., and T. O. Kulyk. "Normative activities of local councils in Ukraine." Public administration aspects 6, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151829.
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The scientific article is devoted to the research of theoretical and practical aspects of normative activity of local councils in Ukraine. The scientific sources and legal acts are researched and the work of local councils in the development, adoption, entry into force and repeal of acts of local councils is analyzed. Thanks to the conclusions made, the suggestions and recommendations for improving the national legislation and the practice of functioning of local councils in the process of normative activity are formulated.The adoption by local councils of decisions not only on the basis of law but also with the obligatory consideration of the principles of justice testifies to a high level of legal awareness and legal culture of representative bodies of local self-government, comprehensive and full consideration of the interests of the territorial community, which they are authorized to represent. This will significantly contribute to the rule of law and civil society in Ukraine.It is the judicial procedure for the recognition of unlawful acts, including local public authorities, that reflects the implementation of democratic principles, the prevention of the concentration of power in one body or the abuse of powers, since the giving of a body, more likely to the executive branch, to abolish acts of lower organs or acts of local self-government in practice can only lead to a dishonest, not in the interests of citizens, the adoption of appropriate decisions. The judicial process, in accordance with its legal nature, obliges the parties to compete, to provide arguments and evidence, gives the right to the relevant body to defend the lawfulness of its position, and also with levers, in the event of violations of the law, to apply certain measures to bring the perpetrators to justice.By their legal nature, acts of local public authority are subordinate legal acts and, in accordance with the principles of the construction and functioning of the legal system of Ukraine, they belong to a unified system of normative legal acts in Ukraine.
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Dodonov, O. G., V. G. Putyatin, A. P. Germaniuk, and S. A. Kutcenko. "ome aspects of automation of normative and legal support of intelligence activity." Mathematical machines and systems 3 (2021): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2021-3-88-105.
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Conducting intelligence activities is one of the main directions of ensuring national security of any state. This paper is devoted to some aspects of automation of normative and legal support of intelligence activity. The article considers some issues of ensuring the national security of Ukraine, the role and place of intelligence agencies in its provision; it analyzes recent research and publications on the issues related to the growing importance of intelligence in the modern world. The given paper substantiates the necessity of development of the automated system of normative and legal support of intelligence activity and formation in the structure of Ukrainian intelligence bodies a division of the intelligence activity automated normative and legal support which would be responsible for the centralized conducting of normative and legal information on the basis of uniform classification and coding standards. Intelligence support, as well as the processes of collection, accumulation, processing, storage and display of normative and legal documents concerning organization and performance of intelligence activity, classifiers (directories) of the state level, organizational and administrative documents, documents of regime rules and restrictions on intelligence activity are considered. The main tasks of the automated system of normative and legal support of intelligence activity according to different directions are considered. The article also determines some defined roles of specialists (officials) of the automated regulatory support of intelligence activities, as well as the issues of system architecture and main databases. A generalized organizational and functional structure of the automated system of normative and legal support of intelligence activity, which describes the automated functions of the system, is provided.
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Turner, Nichole, Kristen Ferguson, Britney W. Mobley, Bryan Riemann, and George Davies. "Establishing Normative Data on Scapulothoracic Musculature Using Handheld Dynamometry." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 18, no. 4 (November 2009): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.18.4.502.
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Context:Scapular strength deficits have been linked to shoulder dysfunction.Objective:To establish normative data on the scapulothoracic musculature in normal subjects using a handheld dynamometer.Design:Descriptive normative data study.Setting:Field research.Subjects:172 subjects with varying levels of overhead activity.Methods:A handheld dynamometer was used to test the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboids; and serratus anterior.Main Outcome Measures:A 2-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level and unilateral ratio by activity-level analyses. Post hoc analysis included multiple pairwise comparisons, using the Dunn-Bonferroni correction method.Results:Activity level did not significantly affect the unilateral ratios: Elevation:depression was 2.5:1, upward:downward rotation was 1.5:1, and protraction:retraction was 1.25:1. A rank order from strongest to weakest was established through significant comparisons.Conclusion:The unilateral ratios along with the rank order should be considered when discussing scapular rehabilitation protocols.
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KOZLOVSKYI, Viktor. "NORMATIVE REASON VS. ANTHROPOLOGY: SOMETHING ABOUT KANT’S TRANSCENDENTAL SUBJECT." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought), no. 3 (September 18, 2024): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2024.03.126.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between normative reason and anthropology in Kant's critical philosophy. This problem is considered in close connection with the concept of the transcendental subject, the basic concept of Kantian philosophy, as this concept applies to both theoretical and practical philosophy; this subject is also manifested in the aesthetic power of judgements and judgements of expediency. Attention is drawn to several levels of Kant's transcendental subject, where the transcendental unity of apperception, Self, is of primary importance. It is this level that Kant considered as the highest point of synthesis - both inner experience (mental) and outer experience (empirical experience) since the transcendental Self accompanies all acts of consciousness, will and power of judgement, both aesthetic and expediency judgement. In addition, other levels of transcendental subjectivity are considered, which relate to the activity of reason, especially practical reason, which is associated with the normative activity of the subject. In this context, the interaction of Kant's anthropology and its various models, with what the German philosopher defined as anthroponomy is analysed. Various aspects of this concept, its importance for the understanding of Kant's doctrine of the normative activity of reason, its ability to produce normative and legal norms of human common life, and the relationship between transcendental and anthropological aspects in this constitution are considered. Thus, Kant's discovery of anthroponomy as one of the basic dimensions of the transcendental subject, its intersection with the anthropological characteristics of man, is a significant achievement of critical philosophy. We are only on the verge of clarifying the semantic possibilities of this extremely productive conceptual construction of the eminent German philosopher.
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Hands, W. "Normative Rational Choice Theory: Past, Present, and Future." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2012): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-10-52-75.
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The paper shows that the theory of rational choice should be better understood as a normative, prescriptive, and not as a descriptive theory of human behavior. Such an interpretation amounts to claiming that there is a «normative turn» in economics. This turn means that the majority of economists no longer regards rational choice theory as an adequate description of economic activity. The author also tries to free the normative issues from ethical meanings that are commonly attributed to it in economic theory. Perspectives of the normative turn in the context of a recent development of behavioral and experimental economics are also discussed.
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Pogorelova, Z. O. "The concept and structure of the rule-making activity of the state as one of the types of human activity." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 78 (August 28, 2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.1.7.
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The article examines the theoretical and legal problems of the concept and structure of the rule-making activity of the state from the standpoint of the general scientific concept of activity and its structure. Activity is considered as work, actions of people, a specifically human form of attitude to the surrounding world, as a form of activity that characterizes the ability of a person or related systems to be the cause of changes in being. In the structure of activity, the concept and content of the goal (goals), subjects, object, means, as well as control over its implementation, are distinguished and disclosed. The purpose of rule-making activities includes the implementation of legal regulation, the protection of social relations, the achievement of its constitutional goals determined by the purpose of the state, the protection of human rights and freedoms, the provision of decent conditions for its life, the needs of the development of a democratic, social, legal state, the implementation of state tasks in the economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as the need to ensure the development of law, its systematization, maintenance of the entire array of legal acts in proper condition.The range of subjects of the state’s rule-making activity is outlined, which include state authorities authorized to adopt normative acts, local self-government bodies, their officials, and other subjects empowered by law to adopt (issue) normative acts. Disclosed means (substantive or substantial), means of implementation into the national legal system of international and European agreements, normative acts of the European Union, means and techniques of legal technique) and results of rule-making activity (there is a formal and legal form of expression of this activity in the form of a corresponding normative act and meaningful the result is regulated social relations).Forms of control over rule-making activities are outlined (the implementation of the entire range of professional and public examinations of normative acts, public discussions of draft normative acts, control checks within the powers of the relevant state authorities, monitoring the effectiveness of their implementation, judicial control in the process of challenging the relevant legal acts), as well as the assessment of the role of the procedural form of rule-making activity as one of the most important elements of rule-making activity, in which all other elements of rule-making activity are concentrated, is given.
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Kravchenko, S. O. "DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF NORMATIVE-LEGAL BASEOF ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." "Scientific Notes of Taurida V.I. Vernadsky University", series "Public Administration", no. 2 (2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/tnu-2663-6468/2022.2/09.
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Murnen, Sarah, Annette Perot, and Donn Byrne. "Coping with unwanted sexual activity: Normative responses, situational determinants, and individual differences." Journal of Sex Research 26, no. 1 (February 1989): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224498909551493.
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Breuss, Fritz, and Markus Eller. "The Optimal Decentralisation of Government Activity: Normative Recommendations for the European Constitution." Constitutional Political Economy 15, no. 1 (March 2004): 27–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cope.0000017962.76744.33.
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